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→Key: sanskrit isnt hindi, ज्ञ isnt [ɡj]
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{{IPA key|H:IPA-SA}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] and [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|[[Template:IPA-sa}}]], and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.
 
See [[shiksha]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.
 
{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|limit=2}}
 
==Key==
 
{| style="background: none;"
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
Line 20 ⟶ 17:
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | No English equivalentclu'''bh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''eep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like wi'''d'''oth
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | Nore'''dh'''ead English(but equivalent[[Dental consonant|dental]])
|-▼
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big>▼
| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like '''j'''uice, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)▼
|-▼
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}</big>▼
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | No English equivalenthe'''dgeh'''og▼
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like North[[American English|American]] boarbir'''d'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | NoAmerican English equivalentbir'''dh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
Line 41 ⟶ 44:
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | No English equivalentlo'''gh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
Line 48 ⟶ 51:
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak
▲|-
▲| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big>
▲| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like '''j'''uice
▲|-
▲| <big>{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}</big>
▲| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | No English equivalent
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɟ}}{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ज्ञ}}<ref> a ligature of ज् + ञ</ref> || jñ || style="text-align: left;" | No English equivalent
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
Line 74 ⟶ 68:
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | ca'''nyn'''onyon<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly likeAmerican bur'''n'''t<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | basti'''nng'''k<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
Line 89 ⟶ 83:
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref>/r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref>
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | [[Indian English|Indian]] '''r'''oti
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
Line 95 ⟶ 89:
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like North American wor'''sh'''ip
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like s'''t'''able
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like '''t'''able (but dental)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big>
Line 110 ⟶ 104:
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like ri'''ch'''ewes, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}</big>
Line 130 ⟶ 124:
| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪi}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
|-
Line 136 ⟶ 130:
| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊu}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | lf'''oou'''kll
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | lf'''oo'''tl
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
|{{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}}|| e || style="text-align: left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] w'''ai'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPA|aːi̯ɐːi̯}}</big><ref>[ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref>
|{{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}}|| ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
|{{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}}|| o || style="text-align: left;" | st'''o'''ldry
|-
|<big>{{IPA|aːu̯ɐːu̯}}</big><ref>[au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref>
|{{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}}|| au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow'''
|-
! colspan="4" |Syllabic Consonants
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r̩|r̩}}</big><ref>[rĭɻĭ] or [ɽɪɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.</ref>
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" |Possibly like b'''ir'''d
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r̩ː|r̩ː}}</big><ref>[ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.</ref>
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | longer ṛ
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l̩ːl̩|l̩ːl̩}}</big><ref>[lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.</ref>
|ऌ, पॢ
|ḷ
Line 175 ⟶ 169:
|ः<ref>Visarga, added after a vowel. </ref>
|ḥ
| style="text-align: left;" |head'''h'''ead
|}
<br>
Line 189 ⟶ 183:
|}
|}
 
==See also==▼
*[[IPA vowel chart with audio]] {{spoken}}
*[[IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio]] {{spoken}}
*[[:File:The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(revised_to_2015).pdf|IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)]]
 
==Notes==
Line 200 ⟶ 189:
==References==
* {{cite web | publisher=Ulrich Stiehl | first1=Maciej | last1=Zieba | first2=Ulrich | last2=Stiehl | title=The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit | url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf | accessdate=27 September 2011 | date=June 9, 2002}}
 
▲==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Sanskrit IPA|pages}}
*{{clc|Pages with Pali IPA|pages}}
 
{{IPA keys}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit"