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{{Short description|Multirole combat aircraft family by Hawker Siddeley, later British Aerospace}}
{{otheruses4|the Harrier family of V/STOL aircraft|other uses of "Harrier"|Harrier}}
{{For|the video game|Harrier Jump Jet (video game)}}
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{{infobox Aircraft
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
|name = Harrier Jump Jet
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
|type = STOVL strike/fighter aircraft
{{Infobox aircraft
|manufacturer = [[Hawker-Siddeley]] <br/>[[McDonnell Douglas]]/[[British Aerospace]] <br/>[[Boeing]]/[[BAE Systems]]
|name = Harrier jump jet
|image = Image:harrier.gr7a.zd431.arp.jpg
|image = File:Spanish EAV-8B Harrier II+ "Cobra" (27448607244) (cropped).jpg
|caption = A Harrier GR7A of the Royal Air Force
|caption = A Harrier II in hover with downward jet exhaust
|designer =
|type = [[Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing|V/STOL]] [[Attack aircraft|strike aircraft]]
|first flight =
|manufacturer = [[Hawker Siddeley]] <br />[[British Aerospace]] / [[McDonnell Douglas]] <br />[[Boeing]] / [[BAE Systems]]
|introduced = 1969
|retireddesigner =
|first_flight = 28 December 1967
|status =
|introduction = 1969
|primary user = [[United States Marine Corps]]<ref name="harrier_org_uk">"[Harrier Production http://www.harrier.org.uk/history/history_production.htm]." [www.harrier.org.uk Harrier.org.uk].</ref>
|national_origin = United Kingdom
|more users = [[Royal Air Force]]<br>[[Fleet Air Arm]]<br>[[Spanish Navy]]
|retired =
|produced = <!--years in production, e.g. 1970-1999, if still in active use but no longer built-->
|status = In service
|number built =
|primary_user = [[United States Marine Corps]] <!--Limit one (1) primary user (user with most aircraft). Top four users listed in 'primary user' and 'more users' fields based on number of their fleets. -->
|unit cost =
|more_users = [[Royal Air Force]] (retired) <br />[[Spanish Navy]] <br />[[Italian Navy]]<!-- Limit is three in 'more users' field, four total users with primary user. Please separate with <br />.-->
|developed from = [[Hawker P.1127|Hawker P.1127/Kestrel FGA.1]]
|produced = 1967–2003
|variants with their own articles = [[Hawker-Siddeley Harrier|Harrier]] <br/>[[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier]] <br/>[[AV-8 Harrier II]] <br/>[[BAE Harrier II]]
|number_built =
|developed_from = [[Hawker Siddeley P.1127]]
|variants = [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] <br />[[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] <br />[[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II]] <br />[[British Aerospace Harrier II]]
}}
 
The '''Harrier''', informally referred to as the '''Harrier jump jet''', is a family of jet-powered [[attack aircraft]] capable of [[vertical/short takeoff and landing]] operations (V/STOL). Named after [[Harrier (bird)|the bird of prey]],<ref>{{Cite web|author=Searle, Adrian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jun/28/tate-britain-fiona-banner1|title=Fiona Banner's toys for boys are a turn-on at Tate Britain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 June 2010|access-date=21 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022100907/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jun/28/tate-britain-fiona-banner1|archive-date=22 October 2013|quote=the Harrier is in any case named after a bird of prey.}}</ref> it was originally developed by British manufacturer [[Hawker Siddeley]] in the 1960s. The Harrier emerged as the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many attempted during that era. It was conceived to operate from improvised bases, such as car parks or forest clearings, without requiring large and vulnerable [[air base]]s. Later, the design was adapted for use from [[aircraft carrier]]s.
'''Harrier Jump Jet''', often referred to as just "the Jump Jet", covers a series of a military VSTOL [[turbofan|jet]] aircraft. It is capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing ([[V/STOL]]) and is the only truly successful design of this type from the many that arose in the [[1960s]].
 
There are two generations and four main versionsvariants of the Harrier Jumpfamily, developed by both UK and US Jet.manufacturers:
{{Tree list}}
* [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] (first generation)
** [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II]] (second generation)
** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[British Aerospace Harrier II]]
{{Tree list/end}}
 
The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is the first generation-version and is also known as the AV-8A or AV-8C Harrier; it was used by multiple air forces, including the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and the [[United States Marine Corps]] (USMC). The Sea Harrier is a [[naval aviation|naval]] strike/air defence fighter derived from the Hawker Siddeley Harrier; it was operated by both the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. During the 1980s, a second generation Harrier emerged, manufactured in the United States as the AV-8B and in Britain as the British Aerospace Harrier II respectively. By the start of the 21st century, the majority of the first generation Harriers had been withdrawn, many operators having chosen to procure the second generation as a replacement. In the long term, several operators have announced their intention to supplement or replace their Harrier fleets with the [[STOVL]] variant of the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35 Lightning II]], designated as the F-35B.
*'''[[Hawker-Siddeley Harrier]]''' - 1st generation Harrier, also known as the AV-8A Harrier.
 
==Development==
*'''[[BAE Sea Harrier|British Aerospace Sea Harrier]]''' - Maritime strike/air defence fighter aircraft.
===Background===
Throughout the 1950s, particularly in the years following the [[Korean War]], a number of aircraft companies in both Europe and America separately decided to investigate the prospective capabilities and viability of [[VTOL|vertical take-off and landing]] (VTOL) aircraft, which would eliminate the requirement for vulnerable runways by taking off and landing vertically as opposed to the conventional horizontal approach.<ref name= "mason 3">Mason 1967, p. 3.</ref> In addition to military applications, the prospect of applying such technology to commercial airliners was also viewed with considerable interest by the mid-1950s, thus the value of developing viable vertical take-off systems was judged to be substantial. However, during this era, few companies envisioned that a VTOL aircraft could also be compatible with the characteristics of high performance military aircraft.<ref name= "mason 3"/>
 
[[File:Hawker P.1127 ‘XP831’ (19253036156).jpg|thumb|Underside view of the first prototype P.1127. The rotating jet nozzles were a key design element of its VTOL capability]]
*'''[[AV-8 Harrier II|Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II]]''' - 2nd generation Harrier.
During 1957, following an approach by the British aero engine manufacturer [[Bristol Engine Company]], who were designing an innovative [[vectored thrust]] engine, British aviation conglomerate [[Hawker Aircraft]] developed their design for an aeroplane that could meet an existing [[NATO]] specification calling for a ''"Light Tactical Support Fighter"''.<ref name= "mason 3"/> Bristol's projected vectored thrust engine, which received the name ''Pegasus'',<ref group= "N">The name "[[Pegasus]]" for the engine was in keeping with Bristol's tradition of naming engines after figures from [[classical mythology]].</ref> harnessed rotatable "cold" jets which were positioned on either side of the [[Gas turbine engine compressors|compressor]] along with a "hot" jet which was directed via a conventional central tailpipe; this concept had originated from Michel Wibault, a French aviation consultant. Throughout much of the early development work, there was no financial support for the project from [[HM Treasury]]; however, support for the engine development portion of the effort was sourced via NATO's [[Mutual Weapon Development Program]] (MWDP).<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1965/1965%20-%202487.html |title=VTOL Aircraft 1965 |work=Flight |date=20 May 1965 |pages=769–770 |number=2932 |volume=87 |first=James |last=Hay Stevens}}</ref><ref name= "mason 3">Mason 1967, p. 3.</ref><ref name= Jefford_21-22>Jefford 2006, pp. 21–22.</ref>
 
Senior project engineer [[Ralph Hooper]] at Hawker promptly set about establishing an initial layout for a theoretical aircraft to take advantage of the Pegasus engine, using data provided by Bristol.<ref name= "mason 3"/> During March 1959, the newly merged [[Hawker Siddeley]] decided to privately fund a pair of prototypes of the design, which had received the internal company designation of [[Hawker Siddeley P.1127|P.1127]], to demonstrate the design's capabilities.<ref>Spick and Gunston 2000, p. 358.</ref> During the 1960s, the P.1127 attracted the attention of the RAF; this would eventually result in the development and issuing of Requirement ASR 384, which sought a V/STOL aircraft for ground attack operations.<ref name= Jefford_13>Jefford 2006, p. 13.</ref> During late 1965, the RAF placed an order for six pre-production ''P.1127 (RAF)'' aircraft.<ref name= Jenkins_p21>Jenkins 1998, p. 21.</ref>
*'''[[BAE Harrier II|BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II]]''' - British variant of the 2nd generation Harrier.
 
===Requirements and emergence===
==Introduction to the Harrier Family==
{{Main|Hawker Siddeley P.1127|Hawker Siddeley P.1154}}
[[Image:AV-8B Harrier II-.jpg|thumb|An AV-8B Harrier II+ of VMA-223 prepares for landing on the flight deck aboard the USS Nassau (LHA 4)]]
[[File:Hawker Siddeley XV-6A Kestrel USAF.jpg|thumb|Hawker Siddeley XV-6A Kestrel in later USAF markings|alt=An aircraft landed on a runway]]
The '''[[Hawker Siddeley]] Harrier GR.1/GR.3''' and the '''AV-8A Harrier''' are the first generation of the Harrier series, the first operational close-support and reconnaissance [[attack aircraft]] with V/STOL capabilities. These were developed directly from the [[Hawker P.1127]] prototype and the Kestrel evaluation aircraft.
Around the same time as the RAF's interest in the concept, NATO proceeded to develop their own specification, [[NBMR-3]], which called for a [[vertical takeoff and landing]] (VTOL) aircraft; specific requirements included the expectation for the performance of such an aircraft to be equivalent to the conventional [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II]] fighter. Specifications called for a supersonic V/STOL strike fighter with a [[combat radius]] of {{Convert|250|nmi|km|order=flip}}, a cruise speed of Mach&nbsp;0.92, and a dash speed of Mach&nbsp;1.5.<ref name= "wood 215">Wood 1975, p. 215.</ref> During the early 1960s, Hawker commenced work upon developing a supersonic version of the P.1127, designated the ''P.1150'', culminating in the abortive [[Hawker Siddeley P.1154|Hawker P.1154]]. NBMR.3 also attracted ten other contenders, among which was P.1154's principal competitor, the [[Dassault Mirage IIIV]]. The P.1154 was ultimately selected to meet NBMR-3; however, this did not lead to orders being placed.<ref name= "wood 216">Wood 1975, p. 216.</ref>
 
On 6&nbsp;December&nbsp;1961, prior to the design being submitted to NATO, it was decided that the P.1154 would be developed with the requirements for use by both the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and [[Royal Navy]] (RN).<ref name=buttler_118-119>Buttler 2000, pp.&nbsp;118–119.</ref> Following the cancellation of the NBMR-3 requirement, HSA focused all its attention on the British joint requirement.<ref name= "wood 216">Wood 1975, p. 216.</ref> Accordingly, development of the type continued for some time; however, by October&nbsp;1963, the Ministry of Aviation was concerned with the project's progress, and noted that the effort to combine a strike aircraft and a fighter in a single aircraft, and trying to fit that same airframe to both of the services, was "unsound".<ref name=buttler_120>Buttler 2000, p.&nbsp;120.</ref> On 2&nbsp;February&nbsp;1965, work on the P.1154 was cancelled by the new British government on grounds of cost at the point of prototype construction.<ref name=buttler_121>Buttler 2000, p.&nbsp;121.</ref>
The Harrier was extensively redeveloped, leading to the [[RAF Harrier II|Harrier GR7/GR9]] and [[AV-8 Harrier II|AV-8B Harrier II]], that were built by [[BAE Systems]] and [[Boeing]].
 
Irrespective of work on the P.1154 programme, development had continued on the subsonic P.1127 evaluation aircraft.<ref name= Jenkins_p21/> A total of nine aircraft, known as the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel, was ordered and manufactured for testing.<ref name= "mason 7">Mason 1967, p. 7.</ref> During 1964, the first of these had commenced flight operations; the Kestrel was assessed by the multinational "Tri-partite Evaluation Squadron", which consisted of British, US and German pilots, to determine how VTOL aircraft could be operated; the evaluations were finalised in November 1965.<ref>Spick and Gunston 2000, p. 362.</ref> During 1966, following the cancellation of the P.1154, the RAF opted to proceed with ordering a modified derivative of the P.1127/Kestrel for service, which was designated the Harrier GR.1.<ref name= Jenkins_p21>Jenkins 1998, p. 21.</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%201559.html "VTOL Aircraft 1966".] ''Flight International'', 26 May 1966. p. 884.</ref>
The '''[[BAE Systems]] Sea Harrier''' is a naval VTOL/[[STOVL]] jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft, a development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The first version entered service with the [[Royal Navy]] [[Fleet Air Arm]] in April [[1980]] as the '''Sea Harrier FSR.1''', and was informally known as the "'''Shar'''". The latest version is the '''Sea Harrier FA2'''. It was withdrawn from Royal Navy service in March 2006.
 
===First-generation Harriers===
The '''[[Boeing]]/[[BAE Systems]] AV-8B Harrier II''' is a family of second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing ([[V/STOL]]) jet [[multi-role aircraft]] of the late 20th century. Developed from the earlier Hawker-Siddeley Harrier, it is primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small [[aircraft carrier]]s. Versions are used by several [[NATO]] countries, including the [[United Kingdom]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], and the [[United States]].
{{Main|Hawker Siddeley Harrier|British Aerospace Sea Harrier}}
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 400
|image1 = DN-ST-87-06219.JPEG
|width1 = 1900 |height1 = 1100
|alt1 =
|caption1 = Hawker Siddeley Harrier, in Spanish service
|image2 = SeaHarrier (cropped).jpg
|width2 = 1600 |height2 = 1000
|alt2 =
|caption2 = British Aerospace Sea Harrier, in Royal Navy service
|footer =
}}
The ''[[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] GR.1/GR.3'' and the ''AV-8A Harrier'' were the first generation of the Harrier series, the first operational close-support and reconnaissance [[attack aircraft]] with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities. These were developed directly from the Hawker P.1127 prototype and the Kestrel evaluation aircraft. On 18 April 1969, the Harrier GR.1 officially entered service with the RAF when the Harrier Conversion Unit at [[RAF Wittering]] received its first aircraft.<ref name="evans p21-22">Evans 1998, pp.&nbsp;21–22.</ref> The [[United States Marine Corps]] (USMC) also chose to procure the type, receiving 102 AV-8A and 8 TAV-8A Harriers between 1971 and 1976.<ref name= Nordeen_31>Nordeen 2006, p.&nbsp;31.</ref>
 
The [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] is a naval V/STOL jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft; it was a navalised development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier. The first version entered service with the [[Royal Navy]]'s [[Fleet Air Arm]] in April 1980 as the ''Sea Harrier FRS.1'', and was informally known as the ''Shar''.<ref name="Grove">Grove 1987, pp. 319–320.</ref> Sea Harriers played a high-profile role in the [[Falklands War]] of 1982, flying from the aircraft carriers [[HMS Invincible (R05)|HMS ''Invincible'']] and [[HMS Hermes (R12)|HMS ''Hermes'']].<ref name= 'max.af.mil'>{{cite journal |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1984/mar-apr/duffner.html |title= Conflict in the South Atlantic: the impact of air power |first= Robert W. |last= Duffner |journal= Air University Review |___location= Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama |publisher= Department of the Air Force |date= March–April 1984 |issn= 0002-2594 |access-date= 18 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100110214537/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1984/mar-apr/duffner.html |archive-date= 10 January 2010 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=T3MhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3796,8465827&dq=sea+harrier&hl=en |title= Sea Harrier changes face of air warfare |newspaper=Tri City Herald |first= Patrick J |last= Sloyan |date= 23 May 1982}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> Wartime experiences led to the production of an improved model in the form of the upgraded ''Sea Harrier FA2''; this version entered operational service on 2 April 1993.<ref name='janesx'>{{cite journal|url=http://defense-archive.teldan.com/Article/First-Flight-for-Sea-Harrier-FRS.aspx?sID=277683 |title=First Flight for Sea Harrier FRS2 |publisher=Janes Defense Weekly |volume=10 |issue=13 |page=767 |date=1 November 1988}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name ='retiregraph'>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1389438/Sea-Harrier-cuts-leave-the-fleet-exposed-The-decision-to-retire-the-decisive-weapon-of-the-Falklands-conflict-means-the-Navy-will-have-to-rely-on-America-for-air-support.-David-Graves-reports.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1389438/Sea-Harrier-cuts-leave-the-fleet-exposed-The-decision-to-retire-the-decisive-weapon-of-the-Falklands-conflict-means-the-Navy-will-have-to-rely-on-America-for-air-support.-David-Graves-reports.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= Sea Harrier cuts leave the fleet exposed The decision to retire the decisive weapon of the Falklands conflict means the Navy will have to rely on America for air support |first= David |last= Graves |work=The Telegraph |date= 2 April 2002 |access-date=1 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Sea Harrier was also procured by the [[Indian Navy]], where the first Indian Sea Harriers entered squadron service during December 1983.<ref name ='Hir 276.'>Hiranandani 2000, p. 276.</ref>
The '''BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II (GR5, GR7, and GR9 series)''' is a second generation V/STOL aircraft used by the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and, since 2006, the [[Royal Navy]]. It was developed from the earlier Hawker-Siddeley Harrier and is very closely related to the US built [[AV-8 Harrier II|AV-8B Harrier II]]. Both are primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, and are often operated from small aircraft carriers.
 
===Second-generation Harriers===
==Development==
{{Main|McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|British Aerospace Harrier II}}
==Variants==
{{multiple image
[[Image:Hawker P. 1127 - NASA.jpg|thumb|the predecessor of the Harrier]]
|align = right
===Pre-Harrier protype and evaulation aircraft===
|direction = horizontal
{{main|Hawker P.1127}}
|total_width = 400
* Hawker P.1127 (1960)
|image1 = Harrier AV-8B banking left, revealing under-fuselage section.jpg
* Hawker Siddeley Kestrel FGA.1 (1964)
|width1 = 1570 |height1 = 1100
|alt1 =
|caption1 = McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II, in United States Marine Corps service
|image2 = British Aerospace Harrier GR5, UK - Air Force AN0964385.jpg
|width2 = 1600 |height2 = 1000
|alt2 =
|caption2 = British Aerospace Harrier II, in Royal Air Force service
|footer =
}}
 
As early as 1973, Hawker Siddeley and American aviation manufacturer McDonnell Douglas were jointly working on development of a more capable version of the Harrier. Early efforts concentrated on the development of an improved [[Rolls-Royce Pegasus|Pegasus engine]], designated the ''Pegasus 15'', which was being tested by [[Bristol Siddeley]].<ref name=Wilson_p26>Wilson 2000, p.&nbsp;26.</ref> During August 1981, the program received a boost when [[British Aerospace]] (BAe)<!-- "BAe" is correct. --> and McDonnell Douglas signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU), marking the UK's re-entry into the program.<ref name=Wilson_p26/> The Harrier was extensively redeveloped by McDonnell Douglas, and later joined by British Aerospace (now parts of [[Boeing]] and [[BAE Systems]], respectively), leading to the family of second-generation V/STOL jet [[multi-role aircraft]]. The American designation for this was the ''[[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|AV-8B Harrier II]]''.<ref>Nordeen, Lon O. ''Harrier II, Validating V/STOL''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2006. {{ISBN|1-59114-536-8}}.</ref>
===RAF Harriers===
{{main|Hawker Siddeley Harrier}}
*Single-seater combat aircraft
** Harrier GR.1 (1966)
** Harrier GR.1/1A (1969)
** Harrier GR.3/3A
 
On 12 December 1983, the first production AV-8B was delivered to the USMC. The AV-8B is primarily used for attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref name=Nordeen_p59>Nordeen 2006, p.&nbsp;59.</ref><ref>Jenkins 1998, p.&nbsp;76.</ref> The RAF also chose to procure the second generation of the British Aerospace-built (with McDonnell Douglas as subcontractor) [[British Aerospace Harrier II|Harrier II GR5/GR7/GR9]], which entered service in the mid-1980s.<ref name="jeff 81-82">Jefford et al. 2006, pp. 81–82.</ref> This model was also operated by several other [[NATO]] countries, including Spain and Italy. In December 1989, the first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Harrier II was declared operational.<ref name="Nordeen 68">Nordeen 2006, p. 68.</ref> The British Harrier II was used by the RAF and later by the [[Royal Navy]] up to 2010, at which point the Harrier II and the [[Joint Force Harrier]] operational unit was disbanded as a cost-saving measure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12003381 |title=Last trip for one of Britain's iconic aircraft |work=BBC News |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><ref>Wyatt, Caroline. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11997084 "Struggle at the top over decision to scrap UK Harriers."] ''BBC News'', 15 December 2010.</ref>
* Two-seater training aircraft
** Harrier T.2/2A (1970)
** Harrier T.4/4A
** Harrier T.4N
** Harrier T.8 (1994)
** Harrier Mk.52 (two-seat company demonstrator)
** Harrier T.Mk 60
 
Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harriers of all types were delivered. While the manufacture of new Harriers concluded in 1997, the last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003, ending the Harrier production line.<ref>[http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/harrier/ "Harrier Projects"]. airforce-technology.com. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=___domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}
===AV-8 Harrier (US, Spain, Thailand)===
{{main|Hawker Siddeley Harrier}}
* AV-8A Harrier/Harrier Mk.50 (USMC version, 1970)
* TAV-8A Harrier/Harrier Mk.54
* AV-8C Harrier
 
==Operation==
* AV-8S Matador/Harrier Mk.53 (for Spain, later Thailand)
[[File:Aircraft engine RR Pegasus cut-out RH.jpg|thumb|Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine on display; sections have been cut out to provide an internal view|alt=Aircraft engine, partially uncovered as an exhibit]]
* AV-8S Matador/Harrier Mk.55 (second batch of AV-8S for Spain, later Thailand)
[[File:Pegasus-engine-diagram.svg|thumb|alt=Nozzle locations|Locations of the four nozzles at the sides of the Pegasus engine]]
* TAV-8S Matador/Harrier T.54 (for Spain, later Thailand)
 
The Harrier jump jet, though capable of taking off vertically, can do so only at less than its maximum loaded weight. In most cases a [[STOL|short take off]] is needed to lift the required amount of fuel and weapons needed for a training sortie/mission, using forward speed to supplement the jet lift with aerodynamic lift. A short takeoff also uses less fuel than a [[VTOL|vertical take off]]. On some aircraft carriers, a [[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump ramp]] is used at the bow of the carrier to help the aircraft become airborne. Landings are not usually done in a conventional manner because the range of speeds at which this is advisable is narrow due to the relatively vulnerable outrigger undercarriage. Operationally, a near-vertical landing with some forward speed is preferred; this technique is called [[shipborne rolling vertical landing]] (SRVL). Rotating the vectored thrust nozzles to some angle other than rearwards during normal flight (to a maximum of 8-degree forward of vertical, i.e. 98 deg.) is called [[vectoring in forward flight]], or "VIFFing". This is a [[dog fight|dog-fighting]] tactic, allowing for more sudden braking and higher turn rates. Braking could cause a chasing aircraft to overshoot and present itself as a target for the Harrier, a technique formally developed by the USMC for the Harrier in the early 1970s.<ref name=Nordeen_33-4>Nordeen 2006, pp. 33–34.</ref><ref name=spick_382>Spick 2000, pp. 382–383.</ref> This technique was much discussed in the media before the [[Falklands War]] in 1982, but ultimately not used by British pilots in that conflict.<ref>"Air War South Atlantic" by Jeffrey Ethel and Alfred Price published in 1983.</ref> However, the ability to rotate the nozzles slightly forwards did allow the aircraft to fly slowly backwards in the hover, which was widely used in British and American airshows.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/bKQlxCbaRQ4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200615044004/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQlxCbaRQ4&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKQlxCbaRQ4 |title = British Aerospace Harrier flying backwards |website=[[YouTube]]|date = 21 July 2008 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===British Aerospace Sea Harrier===
[[Image:SeaHarriers FA2 in Persian Gulf.jpg|thumb|Sea Harriers FA.2 on the deck of [[HMS Illustrious|HMS ''Illustrious'']] in the Persian Gulf]]
{{main|BAE Sea Harrier}}
* Sea Harrier FRS.1 (1979)
* Sea Harrier FA2 (1988)
* Sea Harrier FRS.51 (1983)
 
The wind direction is critical during VTOL manoeuvres because unless it enters the intake from straight ahead it will push the nose sideways as it turns to enter the intake (known as intake momentum drag). If not corrected immediately, the aircraft will roll out of control. The pilot has a wind vane in front of the windscreen to help keep pointing into the wind.<ref>A View From The Hover My Life In Aviation, John Farley2008, {{ISBN|978 0 95327 52 5 0}}, p.81</ref> The procedure for vertical takeoff involves facing the aircraft into the wind. The swivelling nozzles are pointed vertically downwards (thrust vector 90°) and the throttle is pushed to its maximum stop, at which point the aircraft leaves the ground. The throttle is adjusted until hovering is achieved at the desired altitude.<ref name= Brown_83>Brown 1970, p. 83.</ref> The short-takeoff procedure involves proceeding with a normal takeoff and then rotating the nozzles partially downwards (a thrust vector less than 90°) at a speed below the normal takeoff speed; usually this is done at about {{convert|65|kn|km/h}}. For a shorter takeoff run the thrust vector is greater for more jet lift.<ref name= Jefford_42/> The reaction control system uses thrusters at the aircraft extremities, nose, tail and wingtips. Thrust from the engine can be temporarily syphoned to control the aircraft's pitch, roll and yaw before it is going fast enough for the elevators, rudder and ailerons to become effective.<ref>[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/control/TH28G9.htm "Hawker Harrier reaction control system"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014143000/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Theories_of_Flight/control/TH28G9.htm |date=14 October 2011}} ''U.S. Centennial of Flight'', 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</ref>
===McDonnell Douglas-BAe/Boeing AV-8B Harrier II===
[[Image:AV-8A.jpeg|thumb|US Marine Corp AV-8B Harrier]]
{{main|AV-8 Harrier II}}
* AV-8B Harrier II (1983)
* EAV-8B Matador II (for Spain)
* AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack (1987)
* AV-8B Harrier II Plus (1992) (USMC, Spain, Italy)
 
The Harrier has been described by pilots as "unforgiving" to fly.<ref>Nordeen 2006, p. 60.</ref> The aircraft is capable of forward flight (where it behaves like a fixed-wing aircraft above its [[Stall (flight)|stall]] speed) and [[VTOL]] (where the conventional [[lift (force)|lift]] and [[Flight control surfaces|control surfaces]] are ineffective) along with [[STOL]]. Accelerating and decelerating transitions between hovering and conventional flight required considerable skill and concentration on the part of the pilot, especially in crosswind conditions.<ref name="Merriman p.178,179">Properly To Test, Book One "The Early Years",Reminiscences Of Flying At The Aeroplane And Armament Experimental Establishment Boscombe Down, Bernard Noble 2003, {{ISBN|0 9544507 1 X}}, Chapter 21 Merriman, p.178,179</ref> Pilots for the combined UK/US/Germany trials on the Kestrel were first given several hours of helicopter tuition.{{refn|In preparation for flying the Kestrel, pilots of the Tripartite Evaluation Squadron were provided with several hours of helicopter piloting tuition, all of whom agreed on the effort being highly worthwhile preparation.<ref name= Jefford_41/>|group=N}}<ref name= Jefford_41>Jefford 2006, p. 41.</ref> [[Royal Air Force]] pilots destined for Harrier squadrons were usually selected from those with single-seat fast-jet experience. On two occasions the [[Royal Air Force]] explored whether experienced helicopter pilots, with their ability to hover and transition to forward flight, would be a better source for Harrier squadrons. In both cases the pilots were completely out of their depth with conventional flight, navigation, orientation and weapons delivery at the high speeds of a fast jet.<ref name="Merriman p.178,179"/> With the introduction of two-seat Harriers, less experienced pilots were introduced. The [[United States Marine Corps]] also started with very experienced pilots, who were mostly test pilots.<ref>Flight International Magazine, "The Royal Air Force record", 27 August 1977, p.588,589</ref> In addition to normal flight controls, the Harrier has a lever for controlling the direction of the four vectoring nozzles. Pilots were impressed that to control the aircraft's vertical flight required only a single lever added in the cockpit.<ref name= Jefford_42>Jefford 2006, p. 42.</ref> For horizontal flight, the nozzles are directed rearwards by shifting the lever to the forward position; for short or vertical takeoffs and landings, the lever is pulled back to point the nozzles downward.<ref>Markman and Holder 2000, pp. 74–77.</ref><ref name=Jenkins_25>Jenkins 1998, p. 25.</ref>
===BAe-McDonnell Douglas/BAE Systems Harrier II===
{{main|BAE Harrier II}}
* Harrier GR5/5A (1985)
* Harrier GR7/7A (1992)
* Harrier GR9/9A (2002)
* Harrier T10
* Harrier T12
 
===Replacement===
==Controls and handling==
During 2010, it was announced that the RAF and RN would retire their remaining Harriers by 2011,<ref name="sdsr2010">[http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_191634.pdf "Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022127/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/%40dg/%40en/documents/digitalasset/dg_191634.pdf |date=22 December 2010}}. ''HM Government'', 19 October 2010. Retrieved: 19 October 2010.</ref> and in December 2010 the RAF's Harrier GR9s made their last operational flights.<ref name="BBC News">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11996936 "Harrier jump jets make final flight from RAF Cottesmore"]. BBC News,</ref> In June 2011, the MoD denied press reports that the aircraft were to be sold to the [[US Marine Corps]] for spares to support their AV-8B fleet.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8576541/Harrier-jump-jets-sold-for-peanuts.html "Harrier jump-jets sold 'for peanuts'{{-"}}]. ''The Telegraph'', 15 June 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=16612 "MoD denies sale of Harriers to US"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701030547/http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=16612 |date=1 July 2011}}. ''DMJ'', 15 June 2011.</ref> However, at the end of November 2011, Defence Minister [[Peter Luff]] announced the sale of the final 72 Harriers to the [[US Marine Corps]], with the aircraft to be used as sources of spare parts for the Marine Corps's airworthy fleet.<ref name="flight fatigue">{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Dave |title=USMC hopes new method for tracking fatigue life will help extend Harrier to 2030 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usmc-hopes-new-method-for-tracking-fatigue-life-will-help-extend-harrier-to-2030-372797/ |work=Flightglobal |access-date=12 August 2012 |date=9 June 2012}}</ref>
[[Image:Vector-nozzle-sea-harrier-jet.jpg|thumb|Sea Harrier FRS2 ZA195 vector thrust nozzle]]
While the Harrier is one of the most flexible aircraft ever made, the level of understanding and skill needed to pilot it is considerable. The Harrier is capable of both forward flight (where it behaves in the manner of a typical fixed-wing aircraft above its [[Stall (flight)|stall]] speed), and [[VTOL]] and [[STOL]] manoeuvres (where the traditional [[lift (force)|lift]] and [[Flight controls|control surfaces]] are useless). This requires skills and understanding more usually associated with [[helicopter]]s. Most services demand great aptitude and extensive training for Harrier pilots, as well as experience of piloting both types of aircraft. Many recruit trainee pilots from the most experienced and skilled helicopter pilots in their organisations.
 
{{As of|2024|05|06}}, the [[STOVL]] variant of the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35 Lightning II]], designated the F-35B, has replaced the [[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|AV-8B Harrier II]] in service with the [[US Marine Corps]].<ref name="harrier_org_uk">[http://www.harrier.org.uk/history/history_production.htm "Harrier Production"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224191029/http://www.harrier.org.uk/history/history_production.htm |date=24 December 2017}}. Harrier.org.uk. Retrieved: 21 July 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/aeronautics/mediacenter/mediakits/f35/F-35FastFacts01142010.pdf "F-35 Lightning II Program Update & Fast Facts"]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}. lockheedmartin.com. Retrieved: 26 August 2010.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Attack Squadron 214 Transitions to the F-35B |url=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2980238/marine-attack-squadron-214-transitions-to-the-f-35b/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=United States Marine Corps Flagship |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[RAF]] and [[Royal Navy]] introduced the F-35B in June 2018 with their first F-35 unit, [[617 Squadron]].<ref>{{cite news |title=''Dambusters To Be Next Lightning Ii Squadron'' |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/dambusters-to-be-next-lightning-ii-squadron-18072013 |date=18 July 2013 |newspaper=RAF MOD |access-date=19 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715012639/http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/dambusters-to-be-next-lightning-ii-squadron-18072013 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |title=UK orders first operational F-35 combat aircraft|url=http://www.janes.com/article/46164/uk-orders-first-operational-f-35-combat-aircraft |access-date=23 November 2014 |newspaper=Janes Defence |date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>Chuter, Andrew. [https://archive.today/20120730111759/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120510/DEFREG01/305100002/It-8217-s-Official-U-K-Switch-Back-STOVL-F-35 "It’s Official: U.K. To Switch Back to STOVL F-35"]. Defense News, 10 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Lockheed |title=United Kingdom |url=https://www.f35.com/f35/global-enterprise/united-kingdom.html |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.f35.com |language=en}}</ref>
The Harrier has two control elements that a fixed-wing aircraft does not usually have. These are the thrust vector and [[Reaction Control System|reaction control system]]. The thrust vector refers to the slant of the four engine nozzles and can be set between zero degrees (horizontal, pointing directly back) and 98 degrees (pointing down and slightly forwards). The 90 degree place is generally used for VTOL maneuvering. Thrust vector is adjusted by a control next to the thrust lever. The reaction control is achieved by manipulating the control stick and is similar in action to the [[Helicopter|cyclic control]] of a helicopter. While irrelevant during forward flight mode, these controls are essential during VTOL and STOL, and are used together during these manoeuvres. Wind direction and the point of reference of the aircraft to this is also crucial during VTOL manoeuvres (in this sense operation is limited compared with a helicopter, which can take off and land in side winds). The Harrier's landing gear configuration also complicates normal landing; it is necessary to ensure that the wing-mounted stabiliser struts contact the runway simultaneously; bounce or tilt to one side can result if this is not achieved.
 
As of March 2021, Italian Navy AV-8Bs had been replaced by F-35Bs, on the Italian aircraft carrier ''Cavour''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy |url=https://www.f35.com/f35/global-enterprise/italy.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |author=Lockheed Martin |website= f35.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Nativi, Andy |author2=Menon, Jay |author3=Sweetman, Bill |title=Navies Worldwide Invest In Sea-Based Airpower |work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |publisher=Penton Media |___location=New York |date=5 April 2012 |issn=0005-2175}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gain |first=Nathan |date=2021-03-26 |title=Italian Navy's Cavour aircraft carrier certified for F-35B operation |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/03/italian-navys-cavour-aircraft-carrier-certified-for-f-35b-operation/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
The procedure for VTO involves parking the aircraft facing into the wind. The aircraft is brought to a halt, throttle to idle, wheels locked. The thrust vector is set to 90 degrees and the throttle brought up to maximum. The aircraft leaves the ground rapidly. The throttle is trimmed until a hover state is achieved at the desired altitude. During the ascent and hover, the reaction control system is continuously adjusted to maintain position over the patch of ground, much as it is with a helicopter. The aircraft has to face into the wind when taking off in this way. A side wind causes the aircraft to pitch away from the lee side. This would alter the thrust vector away from vertical and cause the aircraft to slew sideways. This is hard to control and dangerous. In severe cases the aircraft can [[settling with power|settle with power]] while moving to the side. While taking off in windy conditions is always more difficult when within [[ground effect]], it is easier to maintain heading away from the ground effect as the tailplane tends to stabilise the heading into the wind. At hover, the thrust vector is slowly returned to horizontal while the altitude and [[angle of attack]] is maintained in a specified range. At or shortly after normal take off speed, the thrust vector is set to horizontal and thrust is usually trimmed back to control acceleration.
 
In 2016, the [[Indian Navy]] retired the last of their remaining 11 Sea Harriers, which had been operating from {{INS|Viraat}} in favour of the conventional [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raghuvanshi|first1=Vivek|title=Indian Navy Retires Sea Harriers|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/naval-aviation/2016/03/21/indian-navy-retires-sea-harriers/82070296/|access-date=21 May 2017|work=Defense News|date=21 March 2016}}</ref>
[[Image:Harrier operators.png|thumb|400px|Operators of the Harrier (all variants)]]
The STO procedure involves proceeding with normal take off and then applying a thrust vector (less than 90 degrees) at a runway speed below normal take off speed. For lower take off speeds, the thrust vector applied is greater. The vector and thrust is then trimmed until take off speed. Several procedures have been described for different runway lengths.
 
Starting in 2007, Spain was looking to replace its Harrier IIs – with the likely option being the F-35B.<ref>{{cite news |first= Jim |last= Wolf |url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/fighter-lockheed-buyers-idUKN2735708720090227 |title= Lockheed says interest growing in F-35 fighter |work=Reuters |date= 27 February 2009 |access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704203809/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/02/27/fighter-lockheed-buyers-idUKN2735708720090227|archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hoyle |first=Craig |title=Farnborough: Face the Facts with Steve O'Bryan |work=[[Flightglobal]] |date=20 July 2010 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-face-the-facts-with-steve-obryan-344745/ |access-date=31 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308182547/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-face-the-facts-with-steve-obryan-344745/|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> However, in May 2014, the Spanish government announced that it had decided to extend the aircraft's service life to beyond 2025 due to a lack of funds for a replacement aircraft.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ing|first=David|title=Spain to extend AV-8B Harrier service life|journal=Jane's Defence Weekly|volume=51|issue=27|date=28 May 2014|publisher=Jane's Information Group|___location=Surrey, UK|issn=0265-3818}}</ref>
In forward flight, the Harrier is at an advantage compared with fixed wing aircraft in that in the event of stalling, recovery is possible by quickly adjusting the thrust vector and throttle. For STOL and VTOL landing, it is necessary to drop below the normal stall speed and apply this method (against all the instincts of the trained fixed wing pilot). The thrust vector control allows for the engine nozzles to be adjusted to a maximum stop of 98 degrees. This facilitates backward motion as needed but is not normally applied during VTOL as the heading into the wind tends to require some forward thrust via attitude control to maintain a fixed hovering position.
 
==Variants==
The Harrier is capable of vectored-thrust maneuvers, in which the thrust nozzles are rotated beyond 0 degrees in forward flight for the purpose of decreasing the loading of the wing, and thusly, increasing instantaneous and sustained turn performance in the horizontal plane. Because this reduces thrust to the aft of the aircraft, acceleration and maneuvers in the vertical plane are hampered by thrust vectoring, where thrust-to-weight is more necessary than low [[wing loading]].
{{Main|List of Harrier variants}}
 
; Hawker P.1127
==Popular culture==
: (1960)
{{main|Harrier Jump Jet in popular culture}}
; Kestrel FGA.1
The Harrier's unique characteristics have led to it being featured a number of films and video games, most notably the [[James Bond]] movie ''[[The Living Daylights]]''.
: (1964)
; Harrier GR.1/1A/3/3A
: (from 1966)
; Harrier T.2/2A/4/4A/8/52/60
: (from 1970)
; AV-8A/C/S Harrier Mk.50/53/55/Matador
; TAV-8A/S Harrier Mk.54/Matador
; Sea Harrier FRS.1/FRS.51/F(A).2
: (from 1978)
; AV-8B Harrier II/EAV-8B Matador II/AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack/AV-8B Harrier II Plus
: (from 1983)
; TAV-8B Harrier II/ETAV-8B Matador II/
; Harrier GR.5/5A/7/7A/9/9A
: (from 1985)
; Harrier T.10/12
 
<gallery widths="200" heights="150">
==References==
File:Hawker P. 1127 - NASA.jpg|The Hawker P.1127, predecessor to the Harrier
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
File:Harrierxv752.jpg|An RAF Harrier GR3 on display at Bletchley Park, England
{{reflist}}
File:SeaHarriers FA2 in Persian Gulf.jpg|Royal Navy [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier FA2s]] of [[801 Naval Air Squadron]] on the deck of [[HMS Illustrious (R06)|HMS ''Illustrious'']] in the Persian Gulf
File:Harrier AV-8B.jpg|US Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier
File:AV-8B Harrier landing aboard Principe de Asturias (R11).jpg|AV-8B Harrier landing aboard ''Principe de Asturias''
File:Bae harrier gr9 zg502 takeoff arp.jpg|[[RAF]] Harrier GR9 arrives at [[RIAT]] 2008
</gallery>
 
==Operators==
# {{note|Hansard}} House of Commons Hansard, Written Answers, [[January 5]] 2004 [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/cm040105/text/40105w06.htm#40105w06.html_sbhd8]
{{Main|List of Harrier operators}}
# {{note|Cottesmore}} RAF Cottesmore Station Harrier Specifications [http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcottesmore/harspec.html]
[[File:Harrier operators.png|thumb|Operators of the Harrier (all variants)]]
[[File:DN-ST-87-06219.JPEG|thumb|A Spanish Navy AV-8S Matador aircraft|alt=A parked Harrier]]
[[File:AV8A-159240-0247.jpg|thumb|United States Marine Corps AV-8A of [[VMA-231]] in 1980|alt=several Harriers stored on board a ship]]
{{Update|section|date=April 2021}}
 
;{{IND}}
{{cite book|author=Cowan, Ed Charles W.|title=Flypast 2|year=1972|publisher=Profile Publications Ltd, Berkshire, Windsor, England|id=ISBN 0-85383-191-2}}
*[[Indian Navy]] (former)<ref>[http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/naval/naval-aviation/2016/03/21/indian-navy-retires-sea-harriers/82070296/ Indian Navy Retires Sea Harriers] 21 March 2016. Accessed 3 April 2016.</ref>
;{{ITA}}
*[[Italian Navy]] (former)
;{{ESP}}
*[[Spanish Navy]]
;{{THA}}
*[[Royal Thai Navy]] (former)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pacificwingsmagazine.com/2011/03/08/end-of-a-legend%E2%80%94harrier-farewell/ |title=Pacific Wings Magazine &#124; Leading the Way in Aviation Coverage &#124; Aviat… |access-date=26 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714183820/http://pacificwingsmagazine.com/2011/03/08/end-of-a-legend%E2%80%94harrier-farewell/ |archive-date=14 July 2012 }}</ref>
;{{UK}}
*[[Royal Air Force]] (former)
*[[Royal Navy]] (former)
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Marine Corps]]
 
==External linksSpecifications==
An unusual feature of the Harrier family of aircraft is their use of two types of [[flight control]] to provide pitch, roll and yaw control: conventional [[Flight control surfaces|control surfaces]] for wingborne flight, and a system of reaction control valves directing jets of [[bleed air]] from the high-pressure compressor of the engine out through the extremities of the nose, tail, and at the wingtips during [[vectored thrust]]–borne flight and hover modes. The two systems are fully interlinked but air is not supplied to the reaction control valves during conventional wingborne flight.<ref>"[http://www.harrier.org.uk/technical/Basic_TechNet.htm Technical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416065615/http://harrier.org.uk/technical/Basic_TechNet.htm |date=16 April 2012 }}" page on harrier.org.uk website, viewed 24 November 2013</ref>
*[http://www.naval-history.net/F63braircraftlost.htm Harriers lost in the Falklands]
*http://www.photoboxgallery.com/MaritimeAviationNews
Photographs of Harrier G R Mk 7 deployed aboard HMS Illustrious
* [http://www.aeroplaneart.com.au/Images/JSJ_Hawker_Siddeley_1127.jpg A picture of the Hawker Kestrel ''XS688'' at the 1964 Farnborough Air Show]
* [http://www.a-ttl.co.uk/indexMil.htm Website with Sea Harrier Pictures]
*[http://www.rtptv.homestead.com/rtpharrier.html RTP-TV AeroSpace Show: Video of Harrier Hovering]
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/planes/av-8b.pdf Navy.mil - Standard Aircraft Characteristics: AV-8B Harrier II]
* [http://news.mod.uk/news/press/news_headline_story.asp?newsItem_id=3462 UK MoD Release lauds No. 1 Squadron & No. 3 Squadron's role in Afghanistan] with GR7As ([[August 10]], 2005)
* Defense Industry Daily: [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/03/av8b-harrier-finding-success-in-iraq/index.php AV-8B Harrier finding Success in Iraq] ([[March 30]], 2005)
*[http://www.pulitzer.org/year/2003/national-reporting/works/national1.html The Vertical Vision] - a Pulitzer Prize winnning article in three parts on the accident prone Harrier published in 2002
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
== Related content ==
|-
{{Commons|Hawker Siddeley Harrier|Hawker Siddeley Harrier and its derivatives}}
! !! Kestrel FGA.1 !! Harrier GR3/AV-8A !! Sea Harrier FA2 !! Harrier GR9 !! AV-8B+ Harrier
{{aircontent|
|-
!Crew
| colspan="5" | One (Two for trainer versions)
|-
!Length
| {{convert|42|ft|6|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on|lk=on}}|| {{convert|47|ft|2|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|46|ft|6|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|46|ft|4|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|47|ft|8|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Wingspan
| {{convert|22|ft|11|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|25|ft|3|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|25|ft|3|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|30|ft|4|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|30|ft|4|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Height
| {{convert|10|ft|9|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|11|ft|4|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|12|ft|4|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|11|ft|8|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|11|ft|8|in|m||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Empty weight
| {{convert|10000|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on|lk=on}}|| {{convert|12200|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|14052|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|12500|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}?|| {{convert|13968|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Maximum take-off weight <br/>(short takeoff)
| {{convert|17000|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|26000|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|26200|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|31000|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|31000|lb|kg||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Max speed
| {{convert|545|mph|km/h|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|731|mph|km/h|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|735|mph|km/h|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|662|mph|km/h|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|662|mph|km/h|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}
|-
!Combat radius
| || {{convert|200|nmi|km||sigfig=3|abbr=on}} || || {{convert|300|nmi|km||sigfig=3|abbr=on}} || {{convert|300|nmi|km||sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Engine
| [[Rolls-Royce Pegasus|Pegasus 6]] || Pegasus 11 Mk 101 || Pegasus 11 Mk 106 || Pegasus 11 Mk 107 || Pegasus 11 Mk 105
|-
!Thrust
| {{convert|15000|lbf|kN|sigfig=3|abbr=on|lk=on}} || {{convert|21800|lbf|kN|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|21800|lbf|kN|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|| {{convert|24750|lbf|kN|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} || {{convert|23500|lbf|kN|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
|-
!Radar
| None || None || [[Ferranti Blue Fox|Blue Fox]] / [[Blue Vixen]] || None || [[APG-65 and APG-73|AN/APG-65]]
|}
: Sources: Nordeen<ref>Nordeen 2006, Appendix C.</ref>
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|United Kingdom}}
{{aircontent
 
|see also=
* [[Aircraft in fiction#Harrier family|Aircraft in fiction - Harrier family]]
* [[Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.]]
* [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]]
|related=
* [[Hawker Siddeley P.1127|Hawker P.1127/Hawker Siddeley Kestrel]]
* [[Hawker Siddeley P.1154]]
* [[Hawker- Siddeley Harrier]]
* [[BAEMcDonnell SeaDouglas AV-8B Harrier II]]
* [[AV-8British Aerospace Harrier II]]
* [[BAE Harrier II]]
 
|similar aircraft=
* [[Bell X-14]]
* [[RockwellHunting XFV-12H.126]]
* [[YakovlevRockwell YakXFV-3812]]
* [[YakovlevRyan YakXV-415 Vertifan]]
* [[BoeingShort X-32SC.1]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-36]]
* [[F-35 Lightning II]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-38]]
 
|sequence=
*'''Hawker-Siddeley/BAE:'''
** [[Hawker P.1052|P.1052]] - [[Hawker P.1072|P.1072]] - [[Hawker P.1081|P.1081]] - [[Hawker P.1127|P.1127/Kestrel]] - [[Hawker-Siddeley Harrier|Harrier]] - [[Hawker Siddeley P.1154|P.1154]] - [[BAE Sea Harrier]] - [[BAE Harrier II]]
*'''US Military:'''
** [[A-5 Vigilante|A-5]] - [[A-6 Intruder|A-6]] - [[A-7 Corsair II|A-7]] - '''AV-8''' - [[Northrop YA-9|YA-9]] - [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]] - [[A-12 Avenger II|A-12]]
 
|see also=
* [[Portal:British aircraft since World War II]]
 
|lists=
* [[List of VTOL aircraft of the RAF]]
* [[List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm]]
* [[List of attack aircraft]]
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
* [[List of VTOL aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
* [[List of Harrier family losses]]
* [[List of active United States military aircraft]]
* [[List of active United Kingdom military aircraft]]
* [[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
{{Active military aircraft of the United States}}
 
}}
 
==References==
[[Category:Active United Kingdom military aircraft]]
===Notes===
[[Category:British experimental aircraft 1960-1969]]
{{Reflist|group=N}}
[[Category:British fighter aircraft 1960-1969]]
 
[[Category:British attack aircraft 1970-1979]]
===Citations===
[[Category:British fighter aircraft 1970-1979]]
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:British attack aircraft 1980-1989]]
 
[[Category:British fighter aircraft 1980-1989]]
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Brown, Kevin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qNgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80 "The Plane That Makes Airfields Obsolete"]. ''Popular Mechanics'', 133(6), June 1970, pp.&nbsp;80–83.
* Buttler, Tony. ''British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950''. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85780-095-8}}.
* {{cite book |last= Hiranandani |first= G.M. |title= Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC|___location=New Delhi, India |publisher= Lancer Publishers |year= 2000 |isbn =1-897829-72-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grove |first=Eric J |title=Vanguard to Trident; British Naval Policy since World War II |publisher=The Bodley Head |year=1987 |isbn=0-370-31021-7}}
* Jefford, C.G., ed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110105084744/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/documents/Journal%2035A%20-%20Seminar%20-%20the%20RAF%20Harrier%20Story.pdf ''The RAF Harrier Story.''] London: Royal Air Force Historical Society, 2006. {{ISBN|0-9530345-2-6}}.
* Jenkins, Dennis R. ''Boeing/BAe Harrier''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-58007-014-0}}.
* Markman, Steve and Bill Holder. ''Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7643-1204-9}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''The Hawker P.1127 and Kestrel (Aircraft in Profile 93)''. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
* {{Cite book |last=Nordeen |first=Lon O. |title=Harrier II, Validating V/STOL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9aQXZ5rsLYC|___location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=1-59114-536-8}}
* Spick, Mike and Bill Gunston. ''The Great Book of Modern Warplanes''. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-7603-0893-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Stewart |title=BAe/McDonnell Douglas Harrier |publisher=Airlife, 2000 |isbn=1-84037-218-4 |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Derek |title= Project Cancelled |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |year=1975 | ___location=London| isbn=0-356-85109-5}}
{{Refend}}
 
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Eden |editor-first=Paul |title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft |date=July 2006 |___location=London, UK |publisher=Amber Books, 2004 |isbn=1-904687-84-9 |ref={{harvid |Eden |2004}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bull |first=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of military technology and innovation |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-57356-557-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gunston |first=Bill and Mike Spick |title=Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today |___location=New York |publisher=Crescent Books |year=1983 |isbn=0-517-41265-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/modernaircombata0000guns }}
* {{Cite book |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |title=The Iraq War: strategy, tactics, and military lessons |url=https://archive.org/details/iraqwarstrategyt00cord |url-access=registration |publisher=Centre for Strategic and International Studies |year=2003 |___location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0-89206-432-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=David G. |title=Making and Doing Deals: Contracts in Context ''(second edition)'' |___location=Newark, New Jersey |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2006 |isbn=0-8205-7044-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Andy |title=BAE / McDonnell Douglas Harrier |year=1998 |publisher=The Crowood Press |___location=Ramsbury, UK |isbn=1-86126-105-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grove |first=Eric |title=The Future of Sea Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM4OAAAAQAAJ |publisher=Routledge |year=1990 |___location=London, UK |isbn=0-415-00482-9 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert |title=NATO air power |___location=Shrewsbury, UK |publisher=Airlife Publishing |year=1987 |isbn=0-906393-80-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lambert |first=Mark |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94 |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |year=1993 |___location=Coulsdon, UK |isbn=0-7106-1066-1}}
* Polmar, Norman, and Dana Bell. ''One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 2003. {{ISBN|1-59114-686-0}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Polmar |first=Norman |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC |___location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=1-59114-685-2 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=John W. R. |author-link=John W. R. Taylor |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89 |___location=Coulsdon, UK |publisher=Jane's Defence Data |year=1988 |isbn=0-7106-0867-5}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ashley |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAZt49uUiuIC&pg=PA56 |title=Jump Jet |journal=[[Popular Science]] |volume=233 |issue=4 |date=October 1988 |pages=56–59, 112, 114 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Karen |title=V/STOL Comes of Age |journal=[[Flight International]] |date=19 July 1986 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%201660.html |pages=23–25 |access-date=22 July 2011 }}
* Bishop, Chris and Chris Chant. ''Aircraft Carriers''. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Zenith Imprint, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7603-2005-5}}.
* Braybrook, Roy. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUjMYkfr-pwC ''Battle for the Falklands: Air Forces''.]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1982. {{ISBN|0-85045-493-X}}.
* Bull, Stephen. ''Encyclopedia of Military Rechnology and Innovation''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1-57356-557-1}}.
* Burr, Lawrence and Peter Bull. ''US Fast Battleships 1938–91: The Iowa Class''. New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|1-84603-511-2}}.
* Congress Committee on Appropriations. "Department of Defense Appropriations for 1979: Part 5". Washington D.C., USA: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979.
* Cowan, Charles W. (ed.) ''Flypast 2''. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972. {{ISBN|0-85383-191-2}}.
* Davies, Peter and Anthony M. Thornborough. ''The Harrier Story''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1997. {{ISBN|978-1-55750-357-2}}.
* Evans, Andy. ''BAe/McDonald Douglas Harrier''. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-86126-105-5}}.
* Farley, John, OBE. ''A View From The Hover: My Life In Aviation''. Bath, UK: Seager Publishing/Flyer Books, 2010, first edition 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-9532752-0-5}}.
* Freedman, Lawrence. ''The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Volume II: War and Diplomacy''. London, UK: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-415-41911-6}}.
* Friedman, Norman. ''U.S. Aircraft Carriers: an Illustrated Design History''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-87021-739-9}}.
* Gunston, W. T. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1977/1977%20-%200201.html "Pegasus updating prospects".] ''Flight International'', 22 January 1977, pp.&nbsp;189–191.
* Hannah, Donald. ''Hawker FlyPast Reference Library''. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982. {{ISBN|0-946219-01-X}}.
* Jackson, Paul. "British Aerospace/McDonnell Douglas Harrier". ''World Air Power Journal'', Volume 6, Summer 1991. pp.&nbsp;46–105.
* James, Derek N. ''Hawker, an Aircraft Album No. 5''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973. {{ISBN|0-668-02699-5}}. (First published in the UK by Ian Allan in 1972)
* Layman, R D and Stephen McLaughlin. ''The Hybrid Warship''. London: Conway, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85177-555-1}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''Harrier''. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, Third edition, 1986. {{ISBN|0-85059-801-X}}.
* Mason, Francis K. ''Hawker Aircraft since 1920''. London: Putnam, 1991. {{ISBN|0-85177-839-9}}
* Miller, David M. O. and Chris Miller. "Modern Naval Combat". Crescent Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-517-61350-6}}.
* Moxton, Julian. [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1982/1982%20-%202681.html "Supersonic Harrier: One Step Closer".] ''Flight International'', 4 December 1982, pp.&nbsp;1633–1635.
* Sturtivant, Ray. ''Fleet Air Arm Fixed-Wing Aircraft since 1946. '' Tonbridge, Kent, UK: [[Air-Britain]] (Historians), 2004. {{ISBN|0-85130-283-1}}.
* Sturtivant, Ray. ''RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912''. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: [[Air-Britain]] (Historians), 2007. {{ISBN|0-85130-365-X}}.
* Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. ''United States Navy Aircraft since 1911''. Putnam Aeronautical, 1990. {{ISBN|0-87021-792-5}}.
* Vann, Frank. ''Harrier jump jet''. New York, USA: Bdd Promotional Book Co, 1990. {{ISBN|0-7924-5140-6}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Markman |first=Steve and Bill Holder |chapter=MAC-DAC/BAe AV-8 Harrier Vectored Thrust VTOL |title=Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight |___location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=0-7643-1204-9}}
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%202326.html ''The P.1127 Analysed'']&nbsp;– a 1962 ''[[Flight International]]'' article on the Hawker P.1127
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200628.html ''P.1127 Development'']&nbsp;– a 1963 ''Flight International'' article on the development of the Hawker P.1127
* [http://www.combataircraft.com/aircraft/fseaharrier.aspx British Aerospace Sea Harrier]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121094050/http://www.airsceneuk.org.uk/hangar/2003/shars/shars.htm Sea Harrier Still Alive and Kicking (archive article)]
* [http://www.harrier.org.uk/ Harrier history website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402071911/http://harrier.org.uk/welcome/index.htm |date=2 April 2009 }}
* [http://www.naval-history.net/F63braircraftlost.htm Harriers lost in the Falklands]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828062011/http://www.wingweb.co.uk/aircraft/Harrier_VTOL_Jump-Jet_part1.html Harrier development & service, 4 part series]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215085053/http://www.photoboxgallery.com/MaritimeAviationNews Photographs of Harrier G R Mk 7 deployed aboard HMS Illustrious]
* [http://www.rtptv.homestead.com/rtpharrier.html RTP-TV AeroSpace Show: Video of Harrier Hovering]
* [http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/av8b/index.htm AV-8B Plus product page] at Boeing.com
* [http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=40EAA7E2-1C25-4857-A429-E2D7D16ED62B AV-8B Harrier II fact sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204032951/http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.display&key=40EAA7E2-1C25-4857-A429-E2D7D16ED62B |date=4 December 2011}} and [https://archive.today/20121205011112/http://www.history.navy.mil/planes/av8.htm AV-8B Harrier II history page] at Navy.mil
* [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/attack/av8/ McDonnell Douglas/British Aerospace AV-8B Harrier II Attack Fighter page] on Aerospaceweb.org
* [http://www.virtualusmcmuseum.com/3-D_Models2.asp?pc_strURL=Tower_3&strModel=VR_Harrier 3D view of Harrier AV-8B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314093326/http://www.virtualusmcmuseum.com/3-D_Models2.asp?pc_strURL=Tower_3&strModel=VR_Harrier |date=14 March 2012}} at the National Museum of the Marines Corps site
* Greg Goebel {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060925134615/http://www.vectorsite.net/avav8_3.html Harriers]}}
* [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?distict_entry=true&aircraft_genericsearch=British%20Aerospace%20Harrier Photos of this aircraft on Airliners.net]
* [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/03/av8b-harrier-finding-success-in-iraq/index.php Defense Industry Daily: AV-8B Harrier finding Success in Iraq (30 March 2005)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224042605/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/03/av8b-harrier-finding-success-in-iraq/index.php |date=24 February 2007}}
 
{{Hawker Aircraft aircraft}}
{{US Army VTOL}}
{{US STOL and VTOL aircraft}}
{{McDD aircraft}}
{{Harrier variants}}
{{US attack aircraft}}
{{BAE aircraft}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Harrier Jump Jet| ]]
[[Category:British Aerospace aircraft|Sea Harrier]]
[[Category:1970s British attack aircraft]]
[[Category:1980s British attack aircraft]]
[[Category:1960s British experimental aircraft]]
[[Category:1960s British fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:1970s British fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:1980s British fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:British inventions]]
[[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]]
[[Category:FleetHawker Air Armaircraft|P1127]]
[[Category:U.S.Hawker attackSiddeley aircraft 1970-1979|Harrier]]
[[Category:UnitedHistory Statesof Marinescience Corpsand technology in the United equipmentKingdom]]
[[Category:VTOLMcDonnell Douglas aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:1970s United States attack aircraft|V-08AB Harrier II]]
[[Category:1980s United States attack aircraft]]
[[Category:V/STOL aircraft by thrust vectoring]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable bicycle landing gear]]
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