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{{Programma spaziale
<!-- <!-- {{Update|updated=24 January 2014|reason= |date=February 2019}} Hmm, Flights section has been added in last 5 years, what else is there to add about last 5 years? Use update section ({{Update|section}}) tags where needed instead. --&gt;
|scopo=trasporto commerciale di equipaggi
{{Infobox space program
|organizzazione_responsabile=[[NASA]]
|name= Commercial Crew Development Program
|paese_origine={{USA}}
|image= File:NASA Commercial Crew Program logo.svg
|vettore=Falcon 9 (SpaceX)<br/>Atlas V (Boeing)
|image_size= 150px
|immagine=
|alt=
|didascalia=Logo del programma
|caption=
|veicolo_con_equipaggio=[[Dragon 2]] (SpaceX)<br/>[[CST-100]] (Boeing)
|country= United States
|primo_lancio_con_equipaggio=
|organization= [[NASA]]
|primo_lancio=[[SpaceX Demo 1]]
|purpose= Commercial crew transportation
|cost=
|status= Current
|duration= 2010 - present
|firstflight= [[SpX-DM1]]
|firstcrewed= [[SpX-DM2]]
|lastflight=
|successes=
|failures=
|partialfailures=
|launchsite=
* [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]] ([[Boeing]])
* [[Kennedy Space Center]] ([[SpaceX]])
|vehicletype= [[International Space Station]] crew transport
|launcher=
* [[Falcon 9]] ([[SpaceX]])
* [[Atlas V]] ([[Boeing]])
}}
[[File:NASA_Commercial_Crew_group_photo_at_JSC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Il primo gruppo dei nove astronauti selezionati per il programma Commercial Crew Development e i due veicoli selezionati, il Boeing [[CST-100 Starliner]] (''sinistra'') e lo SpaceX [[Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]]]
Il '''Commercial Crew Development''' ('''CCDev''') è un programma, composto da più fasi, atto allo sviluppo di tecnologie spaziali, e finanziato dal [[Governo federale degli Stati Uniti d'America|governo statunitense]] e gestito dalla [[NASA]]. Lo scopo del programma è di incentivare lo sviluppo di veicoli con equipaggio di aziende private lanciati in [[orbita terrestre bassa]]. Il programma è gestito dal Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (С3РО).<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home|titolo=Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Office|autore=Erling Holm|sito=NASA|data=3 luglio 2013|lingua=en|accesso=4 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=2 aprile 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150234/https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
 
Nel 2010, nella prima fase del programma, la NASA fornì un totale di 50 milioni di dollari a cinque aziende statunitensi; il denaro avrebbe dovuto essere utilizzato per la ricerca e sviluppo in concetti e tecnologie del volo umano nel settore privato. A ottobre dello stesso anno, la NASA richiese una seconda serie di proposte per progetti di sviluppo tecnologico con una durata massima di 14 mesi.<ref name="nasa20101025">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/oct/HQ_10-277_CCDev.html|titolo=NASA Seeks More Proposals On Commercial Crew Development|sito=nasa.gov|data=25 ottobre 2010|lingua=en|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> Ad aprile 2011, la NASA annunciò che premierebbe con circa 270 milioni a quattro aziende che soddisfacessero gli obiettivi del CCDev 2.
==Program overview==
[[File:STS-135 Harmony's hatch with U.S. flag - closeup - cropped.jpg|thumb|Flag left aboard ISS by the crew of [[STS-135]] is to be retrieved by the next crew launched on an American vehicle.]]
 
Ad agosto 2012, NASA conferì Space Act Agreements per la terza fase, chiamata CCiCap; sarebbe durata fino al 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html|titolo=NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil|autore=Kay Grinter: KSC|sito=nasa.gov|lingua=en|accesso=4 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=19 marzo 2017|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023004/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> CCiCap è seguita dalla quarta e ultima fase, chiamata CCtCap, con i contratti della Part 15 della [[Federal Acquisition Regulation]] (FAR). I contratti sono stati assegnati a [[SpaceX]] e a [[Boeing]] a settembre 2014.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/|titolo=American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil|sito=blogs.nasa.gov|lingua=en|accesso=4 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=11 novembre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111145646/https://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> I voli di prova di entrambi i veicoli sono programmati per il 2019.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-delays-commercial-crew-test-flights-to-latter-half-of-2018/|titolo=SpaceX delays commercial crew test flights to latter half of 2018|sito=SpaceNews.com|data=11 gennaio 2011|lingua=en|accesso=3 marzo 2019}}</ref> I contratti prevedono che SpaceX e Boeing forniscano sei voli di rifornimenti alla [[Stazione spaziale internazionale|ISS]] tra il 2019 e il 2024.<ref name="govconwire.com">{{Cita web|url=https://www.govconwire.com/2017/01/boeing-spacex-secure-additional-crewed-missions-under-nasas-commercial-space-transport-program/|titolo=Boeing, SpaceX Secure Additional Crewed Missions Under NASA’s Commercial Space Transport Program|sito=GovCon Wire|lingua=en|accesso=3 marzo 2019}}</ref> Il primo gruppo di astronauti assegnato a volare sui due veicoli furono annunciati il 3 agosto 2018.<ref name="firstastronauts">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|titolo=NASA Assigns Crews to First Test Flights, Missions on Commercial Spacecraft|editore=NASA|data=3 agosto 2018|lingua=en}}</ref>
The NASA CCDev program followed [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] (COTS), a program for developing commercial launch capability to send cargo into low Earth orbit. In December 2009, NASA provided the following description of the CCDev program:<ref name=nasa20091208/>
 
== Requisiti ==
{{quote|The objectives of the Commercial Crew & Cargo Program are to implement U.S. Space Exploration policy with investments to stimulate the commercial space industry; facilitate U.S. private industry demonstration of cargo and crew space transportation capabilities with the goal of achieving safe, reliable, cost effective access to low-Earth orbit; and create a market environment in which commercial space transportation services are available to Government and private sector customers.<ref name=nasa20091208/>
I requisiti principali dei veicoli per questo programma sono:
 
* Portare quattro astronauti e la loro attrezzatura alla [[Stazione spaziale internazionale]] (ISS);<ref name="nasa20110726">{{cita web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|titolo=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough|cognome=Bayt|nome=Rob|editore=NASA|data=26 luglio 2011|accesso=27 luglio 2011|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref name="CCfactsheet">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/660622main_2012.06.18_CCP.pdf|titolo=Commercial Crew Program – fact sheet|sito=nasa.gov|editore=NASA|data=febbraio 2012|lingua=en|formato=pdf|accesso=14 luglio 2012|dataarchivio=16 febbraio 2017|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216084029/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/660622main_2012.06.18_CCP.pdf|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
The Commercial Crew & Cargo Program is applying Recovery Act funds to stimulate efforts within the private sector to develop and demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities. NASA plans to use funds appropriated for "Exploration" under the American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) through its C3PO to support efforts within the private sector to develop system concepts and capabilities that could ultimately lead to the availability of commercial human spaceflight services. These efforts are intended to foster entrepreneurial activity leading to job growth in engineering, analysis, design, and research and to promote economic recovery as capabilities for new markets are created.<ref name=nasa20091208/>
* Assicurare il ritorno dell'equipaggio in caso di emergenza;<ref name="nasa20110726" />
* Servire da rifugio sicuro per 24 ore in caso di emergenza;<ref name="nasa20110726" /><ref name="CCfactsheet" />
* Capace di rimanere agganciato per 210 giorni—<ref name="nasa20110726" /><ref name="CCfactsheet" /> lo [[Space Shuttle]] poteva rimanere agganciato solo per un massimo di 12 giorni.<ref name="boeing200507">{{cita web|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2005/july/i_ids4.html|titolo=Space Shuttle upgrade lets astronauts at ISS stay in space longer|cognome=Memi|nome=Ed|data=luglio 2005|editore=Boeing|accesso=16 dicembre 2011}}</ref>
 
== Panoramica del programma ==
ARRA provided $400 million for space exploration related activities. Of this amount, $50 million is to be used for the development of commercial crew space transportation concepts and enabling capabilities. This effort is known as CCDev. The purpose of this activity is to provide funding to assist viable commercial entities in the development of system concepts, key technologies, and capabilities that could ultimately be used in commercial crew human space transportation systems. This development work must show, within the timeframe of the agreement, significant progress on long lead capabilities, technologies and commercial crew risk mitigation tasks in order to accelerate the development of their commercial crew space transportation concept.<ref name=nasa20091208/>}}
[[File:STS-135 Harmony's hatch with U.S. flag - closeup - cropped.jpg|thumb|Bandiera lasciata sulla ISS dall'equipaggio del [[STS-135]] sarà recuperata dal prossimo equipaggio lanciato da un veicolo statunitense]]
Il programma CCDev segue [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] (COTS), un programma per lo sviluppo di lanci commerciali di merci in orbita terrestre bassa. A dicembre 2009, NASA ha fornito la seguente descrizione del programma CCDev:<ref name=nasa20091208>{{Cita web |url=http://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf |titolo=Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development |opera=JSC-CCDev-1 |data= 9 dicembre 2008 |curatore=NASA |accesso= 12 marzo 2019}}</ref>
{{Citazione||3=The objectives of the Commercial Crew & Cargo Program are to implement U.S. Space Exploration policy with investments to stimulate the commercial space industry; facilitate U.S. private industry demonstration of cargo and crew space transportation capabilities with the goal of achieving safe, reliable, cost effective access to low-Earth orbit; and create a market environment in which commercial space transportation services are available to Government and private sector customers.<ref name=nasa20091208/>
 
The Commercial Crew & Cargo Program is applying Recovery Act funds to stimulate efforts within the private sector to develop and demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities. NASA plans to use funds appropriated for "Exploration" under the American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) through its С3РО to support efforts within the private sector to develop system concepts and capabilities that could ultimately lead to the availability of commercial human spaceflight services. These efforts are intended to foster entrepreneurial activity leading to job growth in engineering, analysis, design, and research and to promote economic recovery as capabilities for new markets are created.<ref name=nasa20091208/>
Contract funding for the CCDev program is different from traditional [[space industry]] contractor funding used on the Space Shuttle, Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury programs. Contracts are explicitly designed to fund subsystem technology development objectives that NASA wants for NASA purposes; all other system technology development is funded by the commercial contractor. Contracts are issued for fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones. "NASA's contribution is fixed".<ref name="nasaRendezvous2010-2">{{cita web |titolo=Moving Forward: Commercial Crew Development Building the Next Era in Spaceflight |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/475795main_rendezvous_v4n3.pdf |work=Rendezvous |publisher=NASA |pages=10–17 |year=2010 |accessdate= February 14, 2011 |quote="Just as in the COTS projects, in the CCDev project we have fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones," Thorn said. "There's no extra money invested by NASA if the projects cost more than projected."}}</ref>
 
ARRA provided $400 million for space exploration related activities. Of this amount, $50 million is to be used for the development of commercial crew space transportation concepts and enabling capabilities. This effort is known as CCDev. The purpose of this activity is to provide funding to assist viable commercial entities in the development of system concepts, key technologies, and capabilities that could ultimately be used in commercial crew human space transportation systems. This development work must show, within the timeframe of the agreement, significant progress on long lead capabilities, technologies and commercial crew risk mitigation tasks in order to accelerate the development of their commercial crew space transportation concept.<ref name=nasa20091208/>|lingua=en}}
===Funding and effect on schedule===
[[File:CCP Budget requests.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|Requested vs appropriated funding by year]]
 
I finanziamenti per il programma CCDev sono diversi dai finanziamenti consueti usati per i programmi Space Shuttle, Apollo, Gemini, e Mercury. I contratti sono stati ideati esplicitamente per finanziare lo sviluppo di tecnologia di sottosistemi che la NASA desidera per i suoi scopi; tutte le altre tecnologie sviluppate sono finanziate dall'appaltatore. I contratti sono istituiti per tappe intermedie a prezzo fisso. "Il contributo della NASA è fissato".<ref name="nasaRendezvous2010-2">{{cita web |titolo=Moving Forward: Commercial Crew Development Building the Next Era in Spaceflight |url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/475795main_rendezvous_v4n3.pdf |opera=Rendezvous |editore=NASA |pp=10-17 |anno=2010 |accesso=14 febbraio 2011 |citazione="Just as in the COTS projects, in the CCDev project we have fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones," Thorn said. "There's no extra money invested by NASA if the projects cost more than projected." |dataarchivio=21 agosto 2020 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821011719/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/475795main_rendezvous_v4n3.pdf |urlmorto=sì }}</ref>
The first flight of the CCDev program was planned to occur in 2015, but insufficient funding caused delays.<ref name="AvBolden">{{cita web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_05_31_2013_p05-01-582316.xml|titolo=NASA Chief Repeats Warnings On Commercial Crew Delays |last=Norris |first=Guy |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=Aviation Week |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=sfnAp2013/> [[Administrator of NASA]] [[Charles Bolden]] attributed the delays to insufficient funding from [[US Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cita web |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/bolden/posts/post_1367334429451.html |titolo=Launching American Astronauts from U.S. Soil |last=Bolden |first=Charles |date=30 April 2013 |accessdate=1 May 2013 |quote=If NASA had received the President's requested funding for this plan, we would not have been forced to recently sign a new contract with Roscosmos for Soyuz transportation flights. Because the funding for the President's plan has been significantly reduced, we now won't be able to support American launches until 2017. Even this delayed availability will be in question if Congress does not fully support the President's fiscal year 2014 request for our Commercial Crew Program, forcing us once again to extend our contract with the Russians.}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-making-plans-for-russian-secession-from-iss/|titolo=NASA Making Plans for Russia's Secession From ISS|last=Leone|first=Dan|date=4 March 2015|publisher=SpaceNews|accessdate=5 March 2015|quote=Had we gotten the funding that was first requested when I became the NASA administrator [in 2009], we would have been all joyously going to the Kennedy Space Center later this year to watch the first launch of some commercial spacecraft with our crew members on it.}}</ref> [[Michael López-Alegría]], President of the [[Commercial Spaceflight Federation]], also attributed the delays in the program to funding problems.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/2013/05/csf-president-michael-lopez-alegria-statement-on-nasa-contract-extension-with-roscosmos/ |titolo=CSF President Michael Lopez-Alegria Statement on NASA Contract Extension with Roscosmos |date=2 May 2013 |publisher=Commercial Spaceflight Federation |accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref>
 
===Finanziamenti e l'effetto sulla tabella di marcia===
For the fiscal year (FY) 2011 budget, US$500 million was requested for the CCDev program, but Congress granted only $270 million.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/072110senate-panel-cuts-commercial-crew-adds-funds-for-orion-and-heavy-lift.html |titolo=Senate Panel Cuts Commercial Crew, Adds Funds for Orion and Heavy Lift |date=July 21, 2010 |publisher=Space News |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> For the FY 2012 budget, $850 million was requested but Congress approved a budget of $406 million, and as a result the first flight of CCDev was postponed from 2016 to 2017.<ref name="sfnAp2013">{{cita web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/23commercialcrew/|titolo=Reduced budget threatens delay in private spaceships|last=Clark|first=Stephen |date=2011-11-23 |publisher=Spaceflightnow |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> For the 2013 budget, 830 million was requested but Congress approved $488 million.<ref name="April2013">{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/742926main_20130419_heoc_mcalisiter%20=TAGGED.pdf|titolo=Commercial Spaceflight Update |last=McAlister |first=Phillip |date=18 April 2013 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> For the FY 2014 budget, $821 million was requested, Congress approved $696 million.<ref name=AvBolden/>{{update after|2014|12|15}}<!-- how much was actually received by NASA in FY2104? --&gt;<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487|titolo=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour?|author=Joe Pappalardo|date=September 16, 2014|work=Popular Mechanics}}</ref> In FY 2015, NASA received $805 million from Congress for the CCDev program; 95% of the $848 million requested by the [[Obama administration]] and the largest annual amount since the beginning of the program.<ref name="sfn20141214">{{cita news |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |titolo=NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/ |accessdate=2014-12-15 |work=Spaceflight Now |date=2014-12-14}}</ref>
[[File:CCP Budget requests.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Comparazione tra finanziamenti richiesti (''blu'') e approvati (''arancio'')]]
Il primo volo del programma CCDev sarebbe dovuto accadere nel 2015, ma è stato posticipato per mancanza di fondi.<ref name="AvBolden">{{cita web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_05_31_2013_p05-01-582316.xml |titolo=NASA Chief Repeats Warnings On Commercial Crew Delays |cognome=Norris |nome=Guy |data=31 maggio 2013 |editore=Aviation Week |accesso=10 agosto 2013 |dataarchivio=15 ottobre 2013 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091140/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_05_31_2013_p05-01-582316.xml |urlmorto=sì }}</ref><ref name=sfnAp2013/> L'[[amministratore della NASA]] [[Charles Bolden]] attribuì i ritardi ai finanziamenti insufficienti dal [[Congresso degli Stati Uniti|Congresso]].<ref>{{cita web |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/bolden/posts/post_1367334429451.html |titolo=Launching American Astronauts from U.S. Soil |cognome=Bolden |nome=Charles |data=30 aprile 2013 |accesso=1º maggio 2013 |citazione=If NASA had received the President's requested funding for this plan, we would not have been forced to recently sign a new contract with Roscosmos for Soyuz transportation flights. Because the funding for the President's plan has been significantly reduced, we now won't be able to support American launches until 2017. Even this delayed availability will be in question if Congress does not fully support the President's fiscal year 2014 request for our Commercial Crew Program, forcing us once again to extend our contract with the Russians. |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604011914/http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/bolden/posts/post_1367334429451.html |urlmorto=sì }}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-making-plans-for-russian-secession-from-iss/|titolo=NASA Making Plans for Russia's Secession From ISS|cognome=Leone|nome=Dan|data=4 marzo 2015|editore=SpaceNews|accesso=5 marzo 2015|citazione=Had we gotten the funding that was first requested when I became the NASA administrator [in 2009], we would have been all joyously going to the Kennedy Space Center later this year to watch the first launch of some commercial spacecraft with our crew members on it.}}</ref> Anche [[Michael López-Alegría]], presidente della [[Commercial Spaceflight Federation]], attribuì i ritardi a problemi di finanziamenti.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/2013/05/csf-president-michael-lopez-alegria-statement-on-nasa-contract-extension-with-roscosmos/ |titolo=CSF President Michael Lopez-Alegria Statement on NASA Contract Extension with Roscosmos |data=2 maggio 2013 |editore=Commercial Spaceflight Federation |accesso=2 maggio 2013 |dataarchivio=20 aprile 2016 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420224055/http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/2013/05/csf-president-michael-lopez-alegria-statement-on-nasa-contract-extension-with-roscosmos/ |urlmorto=sì }}</ref>
 
Per il budget dell'anno fiscale (AF) 2011, il programma richiedeva 500 milioni di dollari, ma il Congresso ne concesse solo 270 milioni.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/072110senate-panel-cuts-commercial-crew-adds-funds-for-orion-and-heavy-lift.html |titolo=Senate Panel Cuts Commercial Crew, Adds Funds for Orion and Heavy Lift |data=21 luglio 2010 |editore=Space News |accesso=18 aprile 2012 |urlarchivio=https://archive.is/20120909193900/http://www.spacenews.com/civil/072110senate-panel-cuts-commercial-crew-adds-funds-for-orion-and-heavy-lift.html }}</ref> Per l'AF 2012, sono richiesti 850 milioni ma il Congresso approvò un budget di 406, e di conseguenza il primo volo del CCDev fu posticipato al 2017.<ref name="sfnAp2013">{{cita web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/23commercialcrew/|titolo=Reduced budget threatens delay in private spaceships|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen |data=23 novembre 2011 |editore=Spaceflightnow |accesso=18 aprile 2012}}</ref> Per il budget del 2013, sono stati richiesti 830 milioni e sono stati approvati 488 milioni.<ref name="April2013">{{cita web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/742926main_20130419_heoc_mcalisiter%20=TAGGED.pdf |titolo=Commercial Spaceflight Update |cognome=McAlister |nome=Phillip |data=18 aprile 2013 |editore=NASA |accesso=10 agosto 2013 |dataarchivio=4 marzo 2016 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213118/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/742926main_20130419_heoc_mcalisiter%20%3DTAGGED.pdf |urlmorto=sì }}</ref> Per l'AF 2014, sono stati approvati 696 milioni a fronte degli 821 richiesti.<ref name=AvBolden/><!-- how much was actually received by NASA in FY2104? --><ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487|titolo=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour?|autore=Joe Pappalardo|data=16 settembre 2014|opera=Popular Mechanics}}</ref> Per l'AF 2015, la NASA ha ricevuto 805 milioni, il 95% degli 848 richiesti.<ref name="sfn20141214">{{cita news |cognome1=Clark |nome1=Stephen |titolo=NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/ |accesso=15 dicembre 2014 |opera=Spaceflight Now |data=14 dicembre 2014}}</ref>
===Spaceflight gap after STS===
{{see also|Space Shuttle retirement}}
[[File:ASTP Saturn IB.jpg|thumb|[[Saturn IB]] mounted on the "milkstool" platform. Its 1975 flight was the last manned U.S. mission until 1981]]
 
=== Pausa dopo lo Space Shuttle ===
After the last flight of the STS in 2011 the clock began ticking on a U.S. spaceflight gap.<ref name="space.com">{{cita news |last1=Denise Chow |titolo=NASA Faces Awkward, Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap |url=https://www.space.com/11387-nasa-future-human-spaceflight-hurdles-nss27.html |accessdate=August 10, 2018 |work=Space.com |date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> The previous spaceflight gap was between 1975 (a [[Saturn IB]] launch) and the first STS flight in April 1981, about six years.<ref name="space.com"/> Unlike the last human spaceflight gap, the U.S. has bought seats on the still-active Russian launcher as part of their continuing joint international project, the International Space Station.<ref name="space.com"/> U.S. Congress was aware such a gap could occur and accelerated funding in 2008 and 2009 in preparation for the retirement of the Shuttle.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> At that time the first crewed flight of the planned [[Ares I]] launcher would not have occurred until 2015, and its first use at ISS until 2016.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/02/extra-nasa-funds-initial-step-towards-gap-reduction/|titolo=Extra NASA funds: An initial step towards gap reduction options/extension - NASASpaceFlight.com|publisher=}}</ref> Steps were also taken to extend STS operation past 2010.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> However, in 2010 the Ares I was cancelled and focus shifted to the [[Space Launch System]] and the commercial crew program.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html|titolo=NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System|first=Brooke|last=Boen|date=June 6, 2013|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016 the first manned flight of SLS is [[Exploration Mission 2]], to launch in 2021 at the earliest.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars|titolo=First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars|first=Gary|last=Daines|date=December 1, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016 a manned commercial crew mission might occur as early as 2018.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/boeing-spacex-update-progress-crewed-spacecraft/|titolo=Boeing, SpaceX update progress on commercial crew spacecraft – SpaceFlight Insider|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cita web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/nasa-officials-mulling-the-possibility-of-purchasing-soyuz-seats-for-2019/|titolo=NASA officials mulling the possibility of purchasing Soyuz seats for 2019|publisher=}}</ref> If NASA does get access to its own launcher it may be able to again trade seats rather than buy them, or the two countries may organize another sale.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> NASA has bought seats for 2018, and it may need to buy seats for 2019 also.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/>
{{see also|Abbandono dello Space Shuttle}}
[[File:ASTP_Saturn_IB.jpg|miniatura|Il [[Saturn IB]] montato sulla piattaforma "milkstool". Il suo volo del 1975 è stato l'ultima missione umana statunitense fino al 1981]]
Dopo l'ultimo volo del [[programma Space Shuttle]] (STS) nel 2011, ci fu una pausa dei voli spaziali statunitensi.<ref name="space.com">{{cita news|autore=Denise Chow|url=https://www.space.com/11387-nasa-future-human-spaceflight-hurdles-nss27.html|titolo=NASA Faces Awkward, Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap|pubblicazione=Space.com|data=14 aprile 2011|accesso=11 marzo 2019}}</ref> La pausa precedente era stata di circa sei anni, tra il 1975 (un lancio del [[Saturn IB]]) e il primo volo del STS ad aprile 1981.<ref name="space.com" /> A differenza della scorsa pausa, gli Stati Uniti hanno comprato voli del lanciatore russo per partecipare al progetto congiunto della Stazione Spaziale Internazionale.<ref name="space.com" /> Il Congresso era consapevole che sarebbe avvenuta la pausa, quindi accelerò i finanziamenti nel 2008 e nel 2009 in preparazione al ritiro dello Shuttle.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/02/extra-nasa-funds-initial-step-towards-gap-reduction/|titolo=Extra NASA funds: An initial step towards gap reduction options/extension}}</ref> Al tempo, il primo volo con equipaggio del lanciatore [[Ares I]] non sarebbe avvenuto fino al 2015, e il suo primo uso per la ISS fino al 2016.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com" /> Furono presi provvedimenti per estendere le operazioni del STS oltre il 2010.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com" /> Tuttavia, nel 2010 l'Ares I fu cancellato in favore dello [[Space Launch System]] e del ''commercial crew program''.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html|titolo=NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System|cognome=Boen|nome=Brooke|data=6 giugno 2013|accesso=30 aprile 2019|dataarchivio=13 aprile 2012|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413084219/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> Nel 2016 il primo volo con equipaggio del SLS pianificato è la [[Exploration Mission 2]], e il lancio sarebbe avvenuto al minimo al 2021.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars|titolo=First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars|cognome=Daines|nome=Gary|data=1º dicembre 2016|accesso=8 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=28 luglio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214952/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars/|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> Nel 2016 una missione commerciale con equipaggio poteva accadere già nel 2018.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/boeing-spacex-update-progress-crewed-spacecraft/|titolo=Boeing, SpaceX update progress on commercial crew spacecraft – SpaceFlight Insider}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cita web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/nasa-officials-mulling-the-possibility-of-purchasing-soyuz-seats-for-2019/|titolo=NASA officials mulling the possibility of purchasing Soyuz seats for 2019}}</ref> Se la NASA avesse accesso al suo lanciatore potrebbe riuscire a vendere voli invece di comprarli, o le due nazioni potrebbero organizzare un'altra vendita.<ref name="arstechnica.com" /> La NASA comprò voli per il 2018, e potrebbe doverli comprare anche per il 2019.<ref name="arstechnica.com" />
 
La NASA boughtcomprò seatsdei onposti thesul Russianlanciatore launcherrusso evenanche whilementre thelo Space Shuttle wasera activein attività, ande partnersi inpartner thenella InternationalStazione SpaceSpaziale StationInternazionale projectavevano neededbisogno todi cross-trainallenarsi oncon each-othersle attrezzature launcherse andi equipmentlanciatori.<ref>{{cita web|url=httphttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/7352868/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/time-running-out-space-station-deal/#.WF1OpBKeZ_4|titolo=Time running out for space station deal|datedata=April 1,aprile 2005|publisher=}}</ref> WhenQuando thefinì STSil programprogramma endedSTS, thisquesto aspectaspetto ofdi thepartecipazione involvement inalla ISS continuedcontinuò, ande la NASA hasaveva aun contractcontratto forper seatsvoli untilalmeno atfino leastal 2017.<ref name="space.com1">{{cita web|url=http://www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html|titolo=NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft|publisher=}}</ref> TheIl priceprezzo hasè variedcambiato overnel timetempo, ande theuna batchpartita ofdi seatsposti fromdal 2016 toal 2017 worksè out tocostata 70.,7 millionmilioni per passengerpasseggero per flightvolo.<ref name="space.com1" /> TheL'uso useda ofparte thedella RussianNASA launcherdel Soyuzlanciatore byrusso NASASojuz wasera auna partparte ofdel theprogramma ISS programorganizzata whichnegli wasanni orchestrated1990 inquando theil 1990sprogetto whenfu that project was planned outpianificato: itè isusato usedcome asimbarcazione thedi emergencyemergenza lifeboatnella forstazione theanche stationprima evendel beforeritiro thedello Space Shuttle retiredcosì sotutti anyonequelli stayingnella onstazione thedovettero stationallenarsi hadsu to train on this spacecraftquel regardlessveicolo.<ref>{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4|titolo=What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft?|firstcognome=SandraMay|lastnome=MaySandra|datedata=May20 20,maggio 2015|publisher=}}</ref> TheIl firstprimo Soyuzvolo flightSojuz toalla ISS innel 2000 includedincludeva aun U.S.astronauta astronautstatunitense ([[SoyuzSojuz TM-31]] ascome partparte ofdella [[Expedition 1]]). UGli astronauti statunitensi hanno volato regolarmente sul Sojuz mentre lo Shuttle era in attività alla Stazione.S Allo stesso modo i russi e gli altri partner internazionali volarono sullo Space Shuttle e sul Sojuz, a volte solo in una direzione del viaggio.<ref>{{cita astronautsweb|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/hl_20.html|titolo=HL-20 regularly flewLifting onBody theSpaceplane for Personnel Launch System|data=4 agosto 2016}}</ref> A prescindere da ciò, durante il suo sviluppo, i "posti" del CCDev sono stati spesso paragonati ai prezzi del Sojuz.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2011/05/14/commercial-crew-to-cost-more-than-soyuz/|titolo=Commercial Crew To Cost More Than Soyuz}}</ref> whileNon theavendo Shuttlealtri programlanciatori regularlydisponibili, visitedla theNASA Stationforse dovrà comprare dei posti di volo fino al 2019 per accedere alla Stazione Spaziale Internazionale.<ref name="arstechnica.com" /> L'altro partner principale nella ISS, evenl'ESA, asannullò itlo broughtsviluppo majordel componentssuo sistema di lancio umano, il mini-shuttle [[Hermes (shuttle)|Hermes]], nel 1992.<ref>{{cita Likewiseweb|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/History_Hermes_spaceplane_1987|titolo=History: RussianHermes andspaceplane, other1987|cognome=esa|nome=}}</ref> internationalL'ESA partnersaveva alsoprecedentemente flewscambiato onhardware thedi Spacelab per voli sullo Space Shuttle.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf andSpace Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46. Quote: "..Later, NASA purchased LM2, the Soyuzsecond spacecraftlab"]</ref> C'è stato interesse dall'Europa per i partecipanti al CCDev, sometimessoprattutto onlyper [[Dream Chaser]], con un partito che dice che era il "..veicolo ideale per una vasta gamma di applicazioni spaziali."<ref>{{cita news|nome=Peter B.|cognome=de Selding|url=http://spacenews.com/dlr-renews-cooperation-with-snc-on-dream-chaser/|titolo=DLR oneRenews directionCooperation ofwith theSNC on Dream Chaser|data=17 aprile 2015|accesso=21 aprile 2015|opera=Space News}}</ref> Gli U.S.A. stavano lavorando a un veicolo per la fuga di emergenza, chiamato [[HL-20 Personnel Launch System]] ma fu cancellato nel 1993 in favore dell'utilizzo di veicoli Sojuz extra; non sviluppare altri veicoli era visto come modo per risparmiare denaro in conseguenza alla ristrutturazione del progetto Space Station Freedom quando l'[[Unione Sovietica|URSS]] fu dissolta nel journey1991.
 
== Fasi ==
The U.S. was working on an emergency escape vehicle called the [[HL-20 Personnel Launch System]] but was cancelled in 1993 in favor of using extra Soyuz spacecraft as lifeboats; not developing another spacecraft was seen as a way to save money in the aftermath of restructuring the Space Station Freedom project when the USSR dissolved in 1991.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/hl_20.html|titolo=HL-20 – Lifting Body Spaceplane for Personnel Launch System|first=|last=x0av6|date=August 4, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Regardless, CCDev "seats" have often been compared to Soyuz prices for comparison during its development.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2011/05/14/commercial-crew-to-cost-more-than-soyuz/|titolo=Commercial Crew To Cost More Than Soyuz|publisher=}}</ref> With no other launcher available NASA may have to buy seats until 2019 to access the international space station.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> The other main partners in ISS, the ESA, cancelled its own manned launch system, the [[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes]] mini-shuttle, in 1992.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/History_Hermes_spaceplane_1987|titolo=History: Hermes spaceplane, 1987|first=|last=esa|publisher=}}</ref> The ESA had previously traded Spacelab hardware for flights on Space Shuttles.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf Space Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46. Quote: "..Later, NASA purchased LM2, the second lab"]</ref> There has been some interest from Europe in the CCDev contenders, especially with [[Dream Chaser]], with one party saying it was, "..ideal vehicle for a broad range of space applications."<ref>{{cita news |last=de Selding |first=Peter B. |url=http://spacenews.com/dlr-renews-cooperation-with-snc-on-dream-chaser/ |titolo=DLR Renews Cooperation with SNC on Dream Chaser |work=Space News |date=April 17, 2015 |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref>
=== CCDev 1 ===
[[File:CST-100_pressure_vessel.jpg|miniatura|La costruzione del recipiente in pressione del CST-100 era uno degli obiettivi del CCDev 1 per la Boeing]]
Nella fase 1 del CCDev, la NASA ha avviato degli [[Space Act Agreements]] con molte aziende che lavoravano su tecnologie e sistemi adatti al volo spaziale umano. I finanziamenti erano forniti come parte dell'[[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]. Nel 2010, fu assegnato a cinque aziende statunitensi un totale di $50 milioni, con lo scopo di promuovere la ricerca e lo sviluppo di nuove idee e tecnologie per il volo umano nel settore privato.<ref name="nasa200912082">{{Cita web|url=http://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf|titolo=Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development|opera=JSC-CCDev-1|data=9 dicembre 2008|editore=NASA|accesso=10 febbraio 2011}}</ref><ref name="Anasa20100201">{{Cita news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html|titolo=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds|data=1º febbraio 2010|opera=press release|editore=NASA|accesso=2 febbraio 2010|dataarchivio=28 luglio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193823/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf|titolo=Commercial Crew and Cargo Program|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305034240/http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf}}</ref> Il totale della {{Tutto attaccato|fase 1}} avrebbe dovuto essere di $150 milioni, la maggior parte dei quali fu deviato al [[programma Constellation]] dal senatore [[Richard Shelby]] (R-AL).<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.spacepolitics.com/2009/07/03/shelby-wins-battle-on-stimulus-funding|titolo=Shelby wins battle on stimulus funding}}</ref> Tutti i 53 obiettivi per le cinque aziende avrebbero dovuto essere raggiunti entro la fine del 2010.<ref name="nasaRendezvous2010-2" />
 
Da un totale di 36 aziende,<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf|titolo=JSC-CCDev-1 Selection Statement for Commercial Crew Development|data=8 dicembre 2009|lingua=en}}</ref> la NASA assegno i fondi di sviluppo del CCDev 1 alle seguenti cinque aziende:
==Phases==
 
* [[Blue Origin]]: $3,7M per un innovativo [[Launch Escape System|Launch Abort System]] (LAS) e [[Recipiente in pressione|recipienti in pressione]] in materiale composito.<ref>{{Cita news|url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/|titolo=Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle|autore=Jeff Foust}}</ref> Nel 2011, con la fine del secondo test a terra, Blue Origin completò il lavoro sul sistema di fuga come da contratto. Completò anche "il lavoro sull'altro aspetto del suo contratto, un lavoro di riduzione dei rischi su un recipiente in pressione composito" per il suo veicolo.<ref name="nsj20110204">{{Cita news|titolo=CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now?|url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/|giornale=NewSpace Journal|data=4 febbraio 2011|accesso=5 febbraio 2011|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605111613/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/}}</ref>
===CCDev 1===
* [[Boeing]]: $18M per lo sviluppo della capsula [[CST-100 Starliner]] che mostrò nell'ottobre 2010.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1054|titolo=NASA Selects Boeing for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Award to Study Crew Capsule-based Design}}</ref> Secondo il sito della NASA furono raggiunti tutti gli obiettivi.<ref name="Boeing_complete">{{cita web|titolo=Boeing CCDev|url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/boeing/index.html|opera=Commercial Crew & Cargo|editore=NASA|accesso=28 febbraio 2013|dataarchivio=7 aprile 2013|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407174646/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/boeing/index.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
[[File:CST-100 pressure vessel.jpg|thumbnail|Construction of the CST-100 pressure vessel was one of Boeing's CCDev 1 milestones]]
* [[Paragon Space Development Corporation]]: $1.4M per una Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) Air Revitalization System (ARS) Engineering Development Unit (un [[sistema di supporto vitale]], controllo [[HVAC]] e di rivitalizzazione dell'aria).<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/ccdev_info.html|titolo=CCDev Information|data=20 luglio 2010|editore=NASA|accesso=30 aprile 2019|dataarchivio=9 novembre 2018|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109103152/https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/ccdev_info.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> Con il completamento dei test a metà dicembre 2010 del suo "Commercial Crew Transport Air Revitalization System", un sistema di supporto vitale progettato per l'utilizzo in molti veicoli commerciali, Paragon ha completato tutto il suo lavoro come da contratto.<ref name="nsj20110204" />
* [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]: $20M per lo sviluppo del [[Dream Chaser]],<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml|titolo=SNC receives largest award of NASA's CCDev Competitive Contract|data=1º febbraio 2010|editore=SNC|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207081838/http://sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml}}</ref> uno [[spazioplano]] [[Sistema di lancio riutilizzabile|riutilizzabile]] che può trasportare sia merci sia persone (fino a un massimo di otto) in orbita terrestre bassa.<ref name="tr20110118">{{Cita news|cognome=Bourzac|nome=Katherine|titolo=A Private Space Shuttle Replacement|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/computing/27094/?p1=MstRcnt&a=f|giornale=Technology Review|data=18 gennaio 2011|editore=MIT|lingua=en|citazione=This spacecraft, the size of a business jet, will take cargo and up to eight people into low Earth orbit, where the space station is located, and then return and land on commercial airport runways.|accesso=15 giugno 2021|urlarchivio= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401183853/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/422439/a-private-space-shuttle-replacement/|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> Sierra Nevada completò il lavoro previsto dal suo contratto nel dicembre 2010, con il test strutturale del suo veicolo di test.<ref name="nsj20110204" />
* [[United Launch Alliance]]: $6,7M per un [[Emergency Detection System]] (EDS) per certificare al trasporto umano i suoi [[Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle]] (EELV).<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45|titolo=NASA Selects United Launch Alliance for Commercial Crew Development Program|data=2 febbraio 2010|accesso=25 febbraio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> A dicembre 2010, ULA effettuò una dimostrazione del suo Emergency Detection System;<ref name="nsj20110204" /> secondo il sito della NASA furono raggiunti tutti gli obiettivi.<ref name="ULA_completed">{{Cita web|titolo=United Launch Alliance CCDev|url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/unitedlaunchalliance/index.html|opera=Commercial Crew & Cargo|editore=NASA|accesso=28 febbraio 2013|dataarchivio=7 aprile 2013|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407174709/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/unitedlaunchalliance/index.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
 
=== CCDev 2 ===
Under CCDev {{nowrap|phase 1}}, NASA has entered into funded [[Space Act Agreements]] with several companies working on technologies and systems for human space flight. Funding was provided as part of the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]. A total of $50 million for 2010 was awarded to five American companies with the intention of fostering research and development into human spaceflight concepts and technologies in the private sector.<ref name="nasa20091208">{{cita web |url=http://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf |titolo=Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development |work=JSC-CCDev-1 |date= December 9, 2008 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Anasa20100201">{{cita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |titolo=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |date=February 1, 2010 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate=February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |titolo=Commercial Crew and Cargo Program |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305034240/http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |archivedate=March 5, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref> The {{nowrap|phase 1}} amount was originally intended to be $150 million, most of which was diverted to the [[Constellation program]] by Senator [[Richard Shelby]] (R-AL).<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spacepolitics.com/2009/07/03/shelby-wins-battle-on-stimulus-funding |titolo=Shelby wins battle on stimulus funding}}</ref> All 53 delivery milestones for the five companies were scheduled to be completed by the end of 2010.<ref name=nasaRendezvous2010-2/><!-- full list and details on each milestone and pay-for-performance contract amount is in the nasaRendezvous2010-2 ref --&gt;
[[File:SpaceX Dragon v2 (Crew) unveiled at Hawthorne facility (16581815487).jpg|alt=Crew Dragon|thumb|Modello iniziale della Crew Dragon di SpaceX selezionato da NASA nel CCDev 2]]
Il 18 aprile 2011, la NASA premiò quattro aziende con $270 milioni per lo sviluppo di veicoli statunitensi che possano far volare astronauti dopo l'[[abbandono dello Space Shuttle]].<ref name="ft20110418">Dean, James. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143351/http://space.flatoday.net/2011/04/nasa-awards-270-million-for-commercial.html "NASA awards $270 million for commercial crew efforts"]. space.com, April 18, 2011.</ref><ref name="aw20110422">{{Cita news|cognome=Morring|nome=Frank, Jr.|titolo=Five Vehicles Vie To Succeed Space Shuttle|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/04/25/AW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle|giornale=Aviation Week|data=22 aprile 2011|accesso=23 febbraio 2011|citazione=''the CCDev-2 awards, ... went to Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Space Exploration Technologies Inc. (SpaceX).''|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070704/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Fawst%2F2011%2F04%2F25%2FAW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle}}</ref>
 
====Proposals selectedProposte finanziate ====
NASA awarded development funds to five companies under CCDev 1:
* [[Blue Origin]]: $3.7M for an innovative 'pusher' [[Launch Escape System|Launch Abort System]] (LAS) and composite [[pressure vessel]]s.<ref>{{cita news |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/ |titolo=Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle |author=Jeff Foust}}</ref> {{As of|2011|2}}, with the end of the second ground test, Blue Origin has completed all work for the pusher escape system planned under the contract. It has also "completed work on the other aspect of its award, risk reduction work on a composite pressure vessel" for its vehicle.<ref name="nsj20110204">{{cita news|titolo=CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now? |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/ |newspaper=NewSpace Journal |date=February 4, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605111613/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/ |archivedate=June 5, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* [[Boeing]]: $18M for development of the [[CST-100]] capsule it demonstrated in October 2010.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1054|titolo=NASA Selects Boeing for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Award to Study Crew Capsule-based Design}}</ref> According to NASA's website all milestones were completed.<ref name="Boeing_complete">{{cita web|titolo=Boeing CCDev|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/boeing/index.html|work=Commercial Crew & Cargo|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Paragon Space Development Corporation]]: $1.4M for a plug-and-play [[environmental control]] and [[life support system]] (ECLSS) Air Revitalization System (ARS) Engineering Development Unit.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/ccdev_info.html |titolo=CCDev Information |date=July 20, 2010 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> With "the completion of testing in mid-December [2010] of its 'Commercial Crew Transport Air Revitalization System', a life support system intended for use on [multiple different] commercial crew vehicles", Paragon has completed all work under the contract.<ref name=nsj20110204/>
* [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]: $20M for development of the [[Dream Chaser (spacecraft)|Dream Chaser]],<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |titolo=SNC receives largest award of NASA's CCDev Competitive Contract |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=SNC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207081838/http://sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |archivedate=February 7, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> a reusable [[spaceplane]] vehicle that can transport cargo and up to eight people to low Earth orbit.<ref name="tr20110118">{{cita news |last=Bourzac |first=Katherine |titolo=A Private Space Shuttle Replacement |url=http://technologyreview.com/computing/27094/?p1=MstRcnt&a=f |newspaper=Technology Review |date= January 18, 2011 |agency=MIT |accessdate= January 22, 2011 |quote=This spacecraft, the size of a business jet, will take cargo and up to eight people into low Earth orbit, where the space station is located, and then return and land on commercial airport runways.}}</ref> Sierra Nevada completed its work under the contract in December 2010, with the structural testing of its [[Test article (aerospace)|engineering test article]]—its fourth and final milestone.<ref name=nsj20110204/>
* [[United Launch Alliance]]: $6.7M for an [[Emergency Detection System]] (EDS) for [[Human-rating certification|human-rating]] its [[Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle]]s (EELVs).<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45 |titolo=NASA Selects United Launch Alliance for Commercial Crew Development Program |date=February 2, 2010}}</ref> In December 2010, ULA carried out a demonstration of its Emergency Detection System;<ref name=nsj20110204/> according to NASA's website all milestones were completed.<ref name="ULA_completed">{{cita web|titolo=United Launch Alliance CCDev|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/unitedlaunchalliance/index.html|work=Commercial Crew & Cargo|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}</ref>
 
* [[Blue Origin]]: $22 milioni. Tecnologie a sostegno di un design per un muso di veicolo orbitale biconico, e di un [[launch abort system]] per motori a ossigeno e idrogeno liquido.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf|titolo=Archived copy|accesso=5 dicembre 2013|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215051509/http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf}}, p. 2-1</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.blueorigin.com/technology|titolo=Blue Origin Technology|accesso=23 giugno 2019|dataarchivio=10 gennaio 2018|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110171630/https://www.blueorigin.com/technology|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
====Proposals received====
* [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]: $80 milioni. [[Dream Chaser]]
During the evaluation phase of CCDev1 proposals were received from the following participants:<ref>[http://www.hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf JSC-CCDev-1 "Selection Statement for Commercial Crew Development"]. NASA via hobbyspace.com, December 8, 2009.</ref>
* [[SpaceX]]: $75 milioni. launch abort system integrato per la [[Dragon 2]]<ref name="sxu20110117">{{Cita web|titolo=Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2|url=http://www.spacex.com/updates.php|opera=SpaceX Updates webpage|editore=[[SpaceX]]|data=17 gennaio 2010|accesso=17 gennaio 2011|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607183859/https://www.spacex.com/updates.php|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
* [[Boeing]]: $92,3 milioni. Ulteriore sviluppo del [[CST-100 Starliner]]<ref name="mab20101214">[http://moonandback.com/2010/12/14/boeing-submits-proposal-for-2nd-round-of-commercial-crew-dev/ Boeing Submits Proposal for 2nd Round Of Commercial Crew Dev] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623173754/http://moonandback.com/2010/12/14/boeing-submits-proposal-for-2nd-round-of-commercial-crew-dev/ |date=23 giugno 2019 }}. ''moonandback.com'' spaceflight news, December 14, 2010, accessed December 27, 2010.</ref>
{{Col-break}}
*[[Ad Astra Rocket Company]]
*[[AlphaSpaces]]
*[[Andrews Space]]
*ARES Corporation
*[[Alliant Techsystems]] (ATK)
*[[Ball Aerospace]]
*[[Bigelow Aerospace]]
*[[Blue Origin]]
*Blue Smoke
{{Col-break}}
*[[Boeing]]
*[[Dii Aerospace Laboratories]]
*[[Exploration Partners]]
*[[Firestar Engineering]]
*[[Global Outpost]]
*[[HMX, Inc.]]
*[[IE Group]]
*[[KT Engineering]]
*[[Oceaneering Space Systems]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[Odyssey Space Research]]
*[[Orbital Outfitters]]
*[[Orbital Sciences Corporation]]
*[[Orbital Technologies]]
*[[Paragon Space Development]]
*[[Planetspace]]
*[[S.T.A.R. Systems]]
*[[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]
*[[UC Davis College of Engineering|SpaceED – UC Davis]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[SpaceX]]
*[[Stone Aerospace]]
*[[The Expanding Universe (company)|The Expanding Universe]]
*[[Thomas Lee Elifritz]]
*[[United Launch Alliance]]
*[[Universal Space Lines]]
*[[Universal Transport Systems]]
*Vivace <!-- The company, not the speed to play music --&gt;
*[[XCOR Aerospace]]
{{col-end}}
 
==== Proposte selezionate senza finanziamenti ====
===CCDev 2===
[[File:DragonRider Mock-up - Musk and Bolden.jpg|thumbnail|The construction of a Dragon crew mock-up was one of SpaceX's CCDev 2 milestones, it is seen here during an event]]
 
* [[United Launch Alliance]]: estendere il lavoro di sviluppo per certificare l'[[Atlas V]] al trasporto umano<ref name="NASA-ULA">{{Cita web|titolo=NASA Begins Commercial Partnership With United Launch Alliance|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.html|editore=[[NASA]]|accesso=18 luglio 2011|dataarchivio=11 novembre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111234015/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
NASA sought a second set of Commercial Crew Development proposals in October 2010. These could be both new concepts and proposals that mature the design and development of system elements, such as launch vehicles and spacecraft. NASA originally planned to issue about $200 million of Space Act Agreements in March 2011.<ref name=nasa20101025/> On April 18, 2011, NASA awarded nearly $270 million to four companies for developing U.S. vehicles that could fly astronauts after the Space Shuttle fleet's retirement.<ref name="ft20110418">Dean, James. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143351/http://space.flatoday.net/2011/04/nasa-awards-270-million-for-commercial.html "NASA awards $270 million for commercial crew efforts"]. space.com, April 18, 2011.</ref>
* [[Alliant Techsystems]] (ATK) e [[Astrium]] proposero lo sviluppo del Liberty.<ref name="sdc20110208">{{Cita news|cognome=Malik|nome=Tariq|titolo=Scrapped NASA Rocket May be Resurrected for Commercial Launches|url=http://www.space.com/10792-liberty-rocket-ressurects-scrapped-nasa-ares1.html|accesso=10 febbraio 2010|editore=SPACE.com|data=8 febbraio 2010}}</ref> NASA condividerà conoscenze e tecnologie.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2011-09-13/NASA-atk-liberty-rocket/50386970/1|titolo=NASA, private firm may team up on Liberty rocket|accesso=13 settembre 2011|editore=USA Today|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914135524/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2011-09-13/NASA-atk-liberty-rocket/50386970/1|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278|titolo=Commercial Crew Program Forum Presentation|accesso=23 giugno 2019|dataarchivio=20 ottobre 2011|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145602/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
* [[Excalibur Almaz]] Inc. stava sviluppando un sistema con equipaggio con hardware del periodo sovietico modernizzato per voli turistici in orbita; è stato firmato uno Space Act Agreement per sviluppare ulteriormente le idee di EAI per il trasporto in orbita terrestre bassa.<ref name="Excalibur Almaz Agreement">{{Cita web|titolo=CCP and Excalibur Sign Space Act Agreement|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|editore=NASA|accesso=23 giugno 2019|dataarchivio=11 giugno 2017|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000603/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111103/NEWS02/311030050/Excalibur-Almaz-NASA-sign-commercial-spaceflight-deal |titolo="Excalibur Almaz, NASA sign commercial spaceflight deal" |accesso=25 febbraio 2019 |urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042908/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111103/NEWS02/311030050/Excalibur-Almaz-NASA-sign-commercial-spaceflight-deal |urlmorto=sì }}</ref>
 
==== Proposte non selezionate ====
In August the same year, NASA provided status on the progress milestones of the four companies developing crew vehicle technologies under CCDev 2.<ref name="nsdc20110801">{{cita news |last=Bergin|first=Chris |titolo=NASA oversight of CCDev-2 Partners reveals progress milestones |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/nasa-ccdev-2-partners-reveals-progress-milestones/ |newspaper=NASA Spaceflight |date= August 1, 2011 |accessdate= August 3, 2011}}</ref> There are nine-to-eleven specific milestones, spread over the second quarter of 2011 through to the second quarter of 2012, that each company must meet to receive their performance-based funding for CCDev 2.<ref name="nasa20110816">{{cita web |titolo=CCDev 2 Milestone Schedule |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/580961main_CCPCCDev2-Public_508.pdf |format=pdf |date= August 16, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= August 20, 2011}}</ref>
 
* [[Orbital Sciences]] propose lo spazioplano Prometheus<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/OrbitalQuarterly_Winter2011.pdf?prid=762#search=%22prometheus%22|titolo=The Shape of Things to Come – Orbital's Prometheus™ Space Plane Ready for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Initiative}}</ref>
====Proposals selected====
* [[Paragon Space Development Corporation]] propose un ulteriore sviluppo del Commercial Crew Transport-Air Revitalization System.<ref>{{Cita web|titolo=(press release) Paragon Space Development Corporation Completes All Development Milestones on the NASA Commercial Crew Development Program|url=http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf|editore=Paragon|data=31 gennaio 2011|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715043642/http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf}}</ref>
Winners of funding in the second round of the CCDev were:<ref name="aw20110422">{{cita news |last=Morring |first=Frank, Jr. |titolo=Five Vehicles Vie To Succeed Space Shuttle |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/04/25/AW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2011-04-22 |accessdate=2011-02-23 |quote=''the CCDev-2 awards, ... went to Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Space Exploration Technologies Inc. (SpaceX).'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070704/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Fawst%2F2011%2F04%2F25%2FAW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |archivedate=December 21, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[t/Space]] propose un veicolo riutilizzabile per merci o per un equipaggio di otto persone<ref name="cl20110211">{{Cita web|cognome=Boyle|nome=Alan|titolo=Let's talk about the final frontier|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier|opera=Cosmic Log|editore=MSNBC|accesso=13 febbraio 2011|data=11 febbraio 2011|citazione=''the proposal calls for the development of a spaceship that could be sent into space on a variety of launch vehicles. ... "Up to eight crew, Soyuz-like architecture (recoverable reusable crew element, expendable orbital/cargo module). Incorporates HMX's patented integral abort system (uses OMS/RCS propellant in separate abort engines). Can fly on Atlas 401 [a configuration for the Atlas 5 rocket], F9 [SpaceX's Falcon 9] or [[Taurus II]] (enhanced) but with a reduced cargo and crew capability on the latter vehicle. Goal is to be the lowest-price provider on a per-seat basis. Nominal land recovery with water backup."''|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215002006/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier}}</ref>
* [[United Space Alliance]] propose di far volare commercialmente i restanti due veicoli Space Shuttle.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41397955/ns/technology_and_science-space/|titolo=NASA weighs plan to keep shuttle until 2017 – Technology & science – Space – NBC News|opera=msnbc.com}}</ref>
 
=== Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap) ===
* [[Blue Origin]], Kent, Washington: $22 million. Blue Origin proposed advancing technologies in support of a [[nose cone design#Bi-conic|biconic nose cone design]] orbital vehicle, including launch abort systems and restartable, [[liquid oxygen]]/[[liquid hydrogen]] engines.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |titolo=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215051509/http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |archivedate=February 15, 2013 |df=mdy }}, p. 2-1</ref><ref>[https://www.blueorigin.com/technology " Blue Origin Technology"]. Blue Origin. Retrieved February 1, 2016.</ref> Blue Origin has since completed all of its CCDev 2 milestones.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/> In November 2014, NASA announced three additional unfunded milestones, which include further testing of Blue Origin's propellant tank, BE-3 engine and pusher escape system.<ref name="NASArelease20141114">{{cita web |titolo=RELEASE 14-317 NASA Commercial Crew Partners Continue System Advancements |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2014/release-20141114.html#.VPgYUY5lyp0 |website=NASA.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Dream_Chaser_pre-drop_tests.3.jpg|miniatura|Il collaudo del Dream Chaser Engineering Test Article era una della tappe del CCiCap di Sierra Nevada]]
* [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]], Louisville, Colorado: $80 million. Sierra Nevada proposed four {{nowrap|phase 2}} extensions of its [[Dream Chaser]] [[spaceplane]] technology.<ref name=aw20101217/> Like the Orbital Sciences proposal, the Dream Chaser was also a [[lifting body]] design.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20101217/UPDATES01/101217126/Companies-submit-plans-for-new-NASA-spacecraft- Companies submit plans for new NASA spacecraft]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Daily Record'', 2010-12-17, accessed 2010-12-20.</ref> Sierra Nevada will use [[Virgin Galactic]] to market Dream Chaser commercial services and will use Virgin's [[WhiteKnightTwo]] carrier aircraft as a platform for drop trials of the Dream Chaser atmospheric test vehicle in 2012.<ref name="aw20101217">[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p32-277537.xml&headline=Orbital%20Aims%20For%20Station%20With%20Lifting%20Body Orbital Aims For Station With Lifting Body]. ''[[Aviation Week]]'', 2010-12-17, accessed 2010-12-20. "will use Virgin to market its services. But Sierra is also in discussions about using Virgin's WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft as a platform for drop trials of the Dream Chaser atmospheric test vehicle"</ref><ref name="nsj20101216">[http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/12/16/virgin-joins-forces-with-two-companies-on-ccdev/ Virgin joins forces with two companies on CCDev], ''NewSpace Journal'', 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18.</ref><ref name="bdc20110206">{{cita news |last=Trivers |first=Elise |titolo=NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver touts Colorado's role in space exploration |url=http://www.dailycamera.com/boulder-county-news/ci_17304881 |at= 00:18 |accessdate=2011-02-06 |newspaper=Boulder Daily Camera |date=2011-02-05 |quote=Behind me is the Dream Chaser. It's the core structure that will become an atmospheric flight test vehicle in 2012 for drop tests. We're gonna take it up on the Virgin Galactic White Knight 2, the big airplane, that's gonna carry it underneath, drop it, and we'll do approach and landing tests, much like what was done for the Space Shuttle before it flew into space.}}</ref>
Per la fase 3, detta Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap) e originariamente chiamata CCDev 3,<ref name="gov">{{Cita web|url=https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=230715a3035c3af460f542da1ad80562&tab=core&_cview=0|titolo=COMMERCIAL CREW INTEGRATED CAPABILITY|data=23 gennaio 2012|editore=NASA}}</ref> la NASA cercava proposte di progetti completi, come navicelle, vettori, servizi di lancio, operazioni a terra e di recupero. A settembre 2011, la NASA pubblicò una richiesta per proposte (''request for proposal'', da cui RFP).<ref name="Gerstenmaier_statement">{{Cita web|url=http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/101211_Gerstenmaier.pdf|titolo=Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Committee on Science, Space and Technology; U. S. House of Representatives|pp=6-7|data=12 ottobre 2011|accesso=25 febbraio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921125017/http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/101211_Gerstenmaier.pdf|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
* [[Space Exploration Technologies]] (SpaceX), Hawthorne, California: $75 million. SpaceX proposed<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spacex.com/multimedia/videos.php?id=58 |titolo=Commercial Crew Development (CCDEV) video|at=3:40 |publisher=[[SpaceX]] |format=video |date=2011-01-14 |accessdate=2011-01-17}}</ref> to develop an "integrated launch abort system design" for the [[Dragon spacecraft]], with theoretical advantages over the more traditional tractor tower approaches used on earlier manned space capsules. The system would be part of SpaceX's Draco maneuvering system, which is currently used on the Dragon capsule for in-orbit maneuvering and de-orbit burns.<ref name="sxu20110117">{{cita web |titolo=Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2 |url=http://www.spacex.com/updates.php |work=SpaceX Updates webpage |publisher=[[SpaceX]] |date=2010-01-17 |accessdate=2011-01-17}}</ref> SpaceX completed its CCDev 2 milestones by August 2012.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/>
* [[Boeing|The Boeing Company]], Houston, Texas: $92.3 million. Boeing proposed additional development for the seven-person [[CST-100|CST-100 spacecraft]], beyond the objectives for the $18 million received from NASA in CCDev 1. The capsule will have personnel and cargo configurations, and is designed to be launched by multiple different rockets and be reusable up to 10 times.<ref name="mab20101214">[http://moonandback.com/2010/12/14/boeing-submits-proposal-for-2nd-round-of-commercial-crew-dev/ Boeing Submits Proposal for 2nd Round Of Commercial Crew Dev]. ''moonandback.com'' spaceflight news, December 14, 2010, accessed December 27, 2010.</ref>
 
L'ultima RFP fu pubblicata il 7 febbraio 2012, con il termine per il 23 marzo 2012.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848|titolo=CCiCap Solicitation|data=7 febbraio 2012|editore=NASA|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214755/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579|titolo=Commercial Crew Integrated Capability Pre-Proposal Conference|data=14 febbraio 2012|editore=NASA|accesso=14 febbraio 2012|urlmorto=sì|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217052232/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579}}</ref>
====Proposals selected without NASA funding====
* [[United Launch Alliance]] proposed to extend development work on [[Human-rating certification|human-rating]] the [[Atlas V]] rocket.<ref name="tss20110110">{{cita web |last=Sowers |first=George |titolo=Broadcast 1493, @07:10 |url=http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1493 |work=broadcast of The Space Show |date=January 10, 2011 |publisher=[[The Space Show]] |accessdate=2011-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727162848/http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1493 |archivedate=July 27, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Although not selected for funding, NASA entered into an unfunded Space Act Agreement with ULA in July 2011 to share information with the goal of advancing the development of the rocket, which is the proposed launch vehicle for the Blue Origin, Boeing and Sierra Nevada Corporation proposals.<ref name="NASA-ULA">{{cita web |titolo=NASA Begins Commercial Partnership With United Launch Alliance |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref>Bergin, Chris. [http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/07/nasa-ula-saa-complete-human-rating-atlas-v/ "NASA and ULA agree SAA to complete the human rating of Atlas V"]. nasaspaceflight.com, July 18, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g5cmAe26QGOSkayCOzR_wAkKd4nw?docId=CNG.683c48c2b56ffbdeb1682f2da8863427.c31 "NASA inks agreement with maker of Atlas V rocket"]</ref><ref>Amos, Jonathon. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14194716 "Atlas rocket in line for human launches"]. ''BBC News''. July 18, 2011. Retrieved: July 19, 2011.</ref> ULA finished completing all of their CCDev 2 milestones by September 2012.<ref name="CCPDec2012Update">{{cita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/713715main_CCP_Overview_20121203_508.pdf |titolo=Commercial Crew Program Update |date=December 2012|publisher=NASA |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref>
* [[Alliant Techsystems]] (ATK) and [[Astrium]] proposed development of the [[Liberty (rocket)|Liberty rocket]] derived from the [[Ares I]] and [[Ariane 5]].<ref name="sdc20110208">{{cita news |last=Malik|first=Tariq |titolo=Scrapped NASA Rocket May be Resurrected for Commercial Launches |url=http://www.space.com/10792-liberty-rocket-ressurects-scrapped-nasa-ares1.html |accessdate=2010-02-10 |publisher=SPACE.com |date= 2010-02-08}}</ref> On September 13, 2011, it was reported that NASA intended to form at agreement with ATK to further develop the Liberty rocket as a heavy launch vehicle capable of launching humans into space. Although no funding is to be provided by NASA, the agency will share expertise and technology.<ref>{{cita web |url= https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2011-09-13/NASA-atk-liberty-rocket/50386970/1 |titolo= NASA, private firm may team up on Liberty rocket |accessdate= 2011-09-13 |publisher= USA Today}}</ref><ref>[http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278 "Commercial Crew Program Forum Presentation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145602/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278 |date=October 20, 2011 }}, p. 7. commercialcrew.nasa.gov, September 16, 2011.</ref> ATK finished completing all of its CCDev 2 milestones by August 2012.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/>
* [[Excalibur Almaz]] Inc. is developing a crewed system incorporating modernized, Soviet-era space hardware designs intended for tourism flights to orbit. On October 26, 2011, NASA announced it had entered into an unfunded Space Act Agreement with EAI, establishing a framework to collaborate to further develop EAI's spacecraft concept for low Earth orbit crew transportation. EAI's concept for commercial crew to the ISS is to use the company's planned three-person space vehicle with an intermediate stage and fly the integrated vehicle on a commercially available launch vehicle.<ref name="Excalibur Almaz Agreement">{{cita web|titolo=CCP and Excalibur Sign Space Act Agreement|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>[http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111103/NEWS02/311030050/Excalibur-Almaz-NASA-sign-commercial-spaceflight-deal "Excalibur Almaz, NASA sign commercial spaceflight deal"]</ref> Excalibur Almaz finished completing all of their CCDev 2 milestones by June 2012.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/>
 
Gli Space Act Agreements finanziati furono concessi il 3 agosto 2012 e emendati il 15 agosto 2013.<ref name="nasa20120803">{{Cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html|titolo=NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil|data=3 agosto 2012|editore=NASA|accesso=24 giugno 2019|dataarchivio=3 giugno 2016|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603044146/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref name="srnasa20130815" />
====Proposals not selected====
Proposals that were not awarded funds in the second round of the CCDev program were:
* [[Orbital Sciences]] proposed the [[Prometheus (spacecraft)|Prometheus]] lifting-body spaceplane vehicle, about one-quarter the size of the Space Shuttle.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/OrbitalQuarterly_Winter2011.pdf?prid=762#search=%22prometheus%22 |titolo=The Shape of Things to Come – Orbital's Prometheus™ Space Plane Ready for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Initiative}}</ref> The [[VTVL#Other approaches|Vertical Takeoff, Horizontal Landing]] (VTHL) vehicle would be launched on a human-rated Atlas V rocket but would land on a runway.<ref name="wsj20101214">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704694004576020192942362626?mod=WSJ_topics_obama Orbital Proposes Spaceplan for Astronauts], ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', December 14, 2010, accessed December 15, 2010.</ref> The initial design would carry a crew of four, but it could carry up to six people or a combination of crew and cargo. In addition to Orbital Sciences, the consortium included [[Northrop Grumman]] that would have built the spaceplane and the [[United Launch Alliance]] that would have provided the launch vehicle.<ref name="ps20101216">[http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-12/jumping-new-space-race-orbital-sciences-unveils-mini-shuttle-spaceplane-design Jumping into the New Space Race, Orbital Sciences Unveils Mini-Shuttle Spaceplane Design], ''[[Popular Science]]'', 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18. ''"Orbital Sciences isn't the kind of independent, private, "new space" enterprise as, say, SpaceX. It's a consortium of defense and aviation heavy-hitters: Northrop would build the plane, and the rockets would be provided by United Launch Alliance (read: Boeing and Lockheed)."''</ref> [[Virgin Galactic]] also confirmed it would be teaming with Orbital on the Orbital CCDev 2 project.<ref name=nsj20101216/> After failing to be selected for a CCDev phase 2 award by NASA, Orbital announced in April 2011 it would likely wind down its efforts to develop a commercial crew vehicle.<ref name="nsj20110422">{{cita journal |titolo=Orbital may wind down its commercial crew effort |journal=NewSpace Journal |date=2011-04-22 |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/04/22/orbital-may-wind-down-its-commercial-crew-effort |accessdate=2011-04-25 |quote=''CEO Dave Thompson said ... "I don't, at this time, anticipate that we'll continue to pursue our own project in that race. We'll watch it and if an opportunity develops we may reconsider. But at this point, I would not anticipate a lot of activity on our part in the commercial crew market."''}}</ref>
* [[Paragon Space Development Corporation]] proposed additional development of the Commercial Crew Transport-Air Revitalization System (CCT-ARS) program in 2011, to permit the building-out of the other parts of the Environmental Control and Life Support Systems to provide the complete solution for its commercial crew transport customers.<ref>{{cita web |titolo=(press release) Paragon Space Development Corporation Completes All Development Milestones on the NASA Commercial Crew Development Program |url=http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf |publisher=Paragon |date=2011-01-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715043642/http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf |archivedate=July 15, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[t/Space]] proposed a recoverable, reusable, eight-person crew or cargo transfer spacecraft that could launch on a variety of launch vehicles including the Atlas V, [[Falcon 9]] and [[Taurus II]] rockets.<ref name="cl20110211">{{cita web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |titolo=Let's talk about the final frontier |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier |work=Cosmic Log |publisher=MSNBC |accessdate=2011-02-13 |date=2011-02-11 |quote=''the proposal calls for the development of a spaceship that could be sent into space on a variety of launch vehicles. ... "Up to eight crew, Soyuz-like architecture (recoverable reusable crew element, expendable orbital/cargo module). Incorporates HMX's patented integral abort system (uses OMS/RCS propellant in separate abort engines). Can fly on Atlas 401 [a configuration for the Atlas 5 rocket], F9 [SpaceX's Falcon 9] or [[Taurus II]] (enhanced) but with a reduced cargo and crew capability on the latter vehicle. Goal is to be the lowest-price provider on a per-seat basis. Nominal land recovery with water backup."'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215002006/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier |archivedate=February 15, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
*[[United Space Alliance]] proposed under a plan called Commercial Space Transportation Service (CSTS) to fly commercially the two remaining Space Shuttle vehicles, ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' and ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', twice a year from 2013 to 2017.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41397955/ns/technology_and_science-space/|titolo=NASA weighs plan to keep shuttle until 2017 – Technology & science – Space – NBC News|work=msnbc.com}}</ref>
 
Il 3 agosto 2012 furono annunciate le proposte selezionate:
===Commercial Crew integrated Capability===
[[File:Dream Chaser pre-drop tests.3.jpg|thumbnail|Flight testing of the Dream Chaser Engineering Test Article was one of Sierra Nevada's CCiCap milestones]]
 
* Sierra Nevada Corporation: $212,5 milioni. [[Dream Chaser]]/[[Atlas V]]<ref name="nasa20120803" />
The Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative is the third round of the CCdev program and was originally called CCDev 3.<ref name="gov">{{cita web |url=https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=230715a3035c3af460f542da1ad80562&tab=core&_cview=0 |titolo=COMMERCIAL CREW INTEGRATED CAPABILITY |date=2012-01-23 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref>
* SpaceX: $440 milioni. [[Dragon 2]]/[[Falcon 9]]<ref name="nasa20120803" />
For this phase of the program, NASA wanted proposals to be complete, end-to-end designs including spacecraft, launch vehicles, launch services, ground and mission operations, and recovery. In September 2011, NASA released a draft request for proposals (RFP).<ref name="Gerstenmaier_statement">{{cita web |url=http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/101211_Gerstenmaier.pdf |titolo=Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Committee on Science, Space and Technology; U. S. House of Representatives |pages=6–7 |date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>
* Boeing: $460 milioni. [[CST-100]]/[[Atlas V]].<ref name="nasa20120803" />
 
=== Certification Products Contract (CPC) fase 1 ===
The U.S. government's was originally intended to use a new contracting mechanism for CCiCap that differed from the Space Act Agreement's fixed-price, milestone-based contracts of the previous phases. {{As of|2011|10}}, NASA was planning to award competitive contracts under the more traditional [[Federal Acquisition Regulations]] (FAR) system instead of using Space Act Agreements.<ref name=Gerstenmaier_statement/> After some months of planning for the new-style contracting approach, NASA announced in mid-December 2011 it would resume use of Space Act Agreements because of Congressional funding reductions to the program for [[2012 United States federal budget|Fiscal Year 2012]].<ref name="aw20121215">{{cita news |last=Morring |first=Frank |titolo=NASA Shifts CCDev Back To Space Act |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2011/12/15/awx_12_15_2011_p0-406939.xml&headline=NASA%20Shifts%20CCDev%20Back%20To%20Space%20Act |work=Aviation Week |date=December 15, 2011 |accessdate=December 16, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="sn20121216">{{cita news |last=Leone |first=Dan |titolo=Citing Budget Uncertainty, NASA Switches Commercial Crew Procurement Approach |url=http://spacenews.com/civil/111215-budget-nasa-switches-commercial-crew-procurement.html |work=Space News |date=December 15, 2011 |accessdate=December 16, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> NASA planned to use FAR contracts for the certification of Commercial Transportation Services to the ISS.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=502 |titolo=Commercial Crew Program – December 20, 2011 Program Forum presentation |date=December 20, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=January 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612115703/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=502 |archivedate=June 12, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The final RFP was released on February 7, 2012, with proposals due on March 23, 2012.<ref>{{cita web |url=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848 |titolo=CCiCap Solicitation |date=2012-02-07 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214755/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848 |archivedate=February 16, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cita web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579 |titolo=Commercial Crew Integrated Capability Pre-Proposal Conference |date=February 14, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=February 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217052232/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579 |archivedate=February 17, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
La prima fase del Certification Products Contract (CPC) comportava lo sviluppo di un piano di certificazione con standard ingegneristici, test e analisi.<ref name="CPC1">{{Cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html|titolo=NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil|data=10 dicembre 2012|editore=NASA|accesso=24 giugno 2019|dataarchivio=21 ottobre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001939/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
 
I vincitori del finanziamento della fase 1 del CPC, annunciati il 10 dicembre 2012, furono:<ref name="CPC1" />
The funded Space Act Agreements were awarded on August 3, 2012, and amended on August 15, 2013. CCiCap contracts were planned to be completed by August 2014.<ref name="nasa20120803">{{cita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html |titolo= NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil |date= August 3, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= August 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name=srnasa20130815/> NASA hoped facilitating development of this U.S. capability will provide safe, reliable and cost effective human transportation to low-Earth orbit (LEO).<ref name=gov/>
 
* Sierra Nevada Corporation: $10 milioni.
====Proposals selected====
* SpaceX: $9.6 milioni.
Winners of funding in the third round of the Commercial Crew Development program, announced on August 3, 2012, were:
* Boeing: $9.9 milioni.
* Sierra Nevada Corporation, Louisville, Colorado: $212.5 million. Sierra Nevada Corporation proposed further development of its [[Dream Chaser]] [[spaceplane]]/[[Atlas V]] system.<ref name=nasa20120803/>
* Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), Hawthorne, California: $440 million. SpaceX proposed further development of the [[Dragon spacecraft]] / [[Falcon 9]] system.<ref name=nasa20120803/>
* The Boeing Company, Houston, Texas: $460 million. Boeing proposed further development for the [[CST-100|CST-100 spacecraft]]/[[Atlas V]] system.<ref name=nasa20120803/>
 
=== Commercial Crew Transportation Capability ===
====Proposals that passed acceptability screening====
Il Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) è la seconda fase del CPC e include gli ultimi sviluppi, collaudi e verifiche per permettere voli di prova con equipaggio verso la ISS.<ref name="CPC1" /><ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719">{{Cita news|titolo=NASA Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract CCTCAP Draft RFP|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=44387|data=19 luglio 2013|opera=SpaceREF|accesso=24 giugno 2019|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> NASA fornì la Request For Proposal del contratto il 19 luglio 2013; la data di risposta era il 15 agosto 2013.<ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719" />
* ATK – [[Liberty (rocket)|Liberty]]<ref name="CCiCap">{{cita web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docID=645|titolo=Commercial Crew Integrated Capabilities Selection Statement|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910072408/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docID=645|archivedate=September 10, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 
Il 16 settembre 2014 la NASA ha annunciato che Boeing e SpaceX avevano ricevuto i contratti per fornire servizi di lancio con equipaggio per la ISS. Boeing poteva ricevere fino a $4.2 miliardi, mentre SpaceX fino a $2.6 miliardi.<ref name="CCtCapBlogAnnounce">{{Cita web|titolo=American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil|cognome=Bolden|nome=Charlie|url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/|sito=NASA.gov|accesso=24 giugno 2019|dataarchivio=11 novembre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111145646/https://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
====Proposals not selected====
* [[Space Operations]]<ref name="CCiCap"/>
* [[American Aerospace]]<ref name="CCiCap"/>
* [[Spacedesign Corporation]]<ref name="CCiCap"/>
 
Sia il [[CST-100]] sia il [[Dragon V2|Dragon 2]] effettueranno un volo senza equipaggio (rispettivamente il [[Boe-OFT]] e lo [[SpaceX Demo 1]]), poi un volo di prova con equipaggio, e in seguito fino a sei voli operativi per la ISS.<ref>{{Cita news|cognome1=Foust|nome1=Jeff|titolo=NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41924nasa-commercial-crew-awards-leave-unanswered-questions|accesso=21 settembre 2014|opera=Space News|data=19 settembre 2014|citazione="We basically awarded based on the proposals that we were given," [[Kathy Lueders]], NASA commercial crew program manager, said in a teleconference with reporters after the announcement. "Both contracts have the same requirements. The companies proposed the value within which they were able to do the work, and the government accepted that."|pubblicazione=|urlarchivio=https://archive.is/20140921132432/http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41924nasa-commercial-crew-awards-leave-unanswered-questions}}</ref><ref name="NASApress20140916">{{Cita web|titolo=RELEASE 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international|editore=NASA|accesso=29 ottobre 2014}}</ref>
====Development achievements====
NASA reported that {{as of|2014|11|lc=y}}, Boeing had completed its CCiCap milestones;<ref name=NASArelease20141114/> Sierra Nevada had completed 10 of its 13 milestones; SpaceX had completed 13 of its 18 milestones. SpaceX received an extra milestone that is to be completed by March 2015.<ref name="nasaroi20140700">{{cita web |titolo=Commercial Spaceflight – 60 Day Report, Issue 16 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/NASA_ROI_Report_July_2014_Final_TAGGED_2.pdf |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref> The milestones are listed in the appendixes to the Funded Space Act Agreements.{{refn|The Agreements and amendments are linked to from the CCiCap page of the NASA web site and in the External links below.<ref name=ksc_20130416/>|group=N|}}<ref name="ksc_20130416">{{cita web |titolo=Commercial Crew Program (CCP) – Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/page.cfm?ID=38 |website=commercialcrew.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 10, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119064658/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/page.cfm?ID=38 |archivedate=November 19, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In May 2014, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corporation and SpaceX completed reviews detailing plans to meet NASA's certification requirements to transport crew members to and from the ISS.<ref name="NASA_20140530">{{cita web |titolo=NASA and Industry Complete First Phase to Certify New Crew Transportation Systems |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-industry-complete-first-phase-to-certify-new-crew-transportation-systems/#.U742bkAUqSo |website= nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
 
== Lista delle missioni dimostrative ==
====Preparation for the next phase====
A gennaio 2017 la NASA ordinò dodici missioni per portare astronauti alla ISS, sei per fornitore.<ref name="govconwire.com" /> La selezione degli astronauti per le prime quattro missioni fu annunciata il 2 agosto 2018.<ref name="firstastronauts" /><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.newsledge.com/nasa-spacex-boeing-crew/|titolo=NASA Picks SpaceX and Boeing's First Crew|data=9 luglio 2015|lingua=en|accesso=4 marzo 2019}}</ref>
In June 2014, Boeing announced it intended to send out preliminary lay-off notices to 215 employees—approximately 170 in Houston and 45 in Florida—to prepare for the possibility that Boeing would not be selected to continue work into the next phase following the expected NASA shortlist in mid-2014. These advance notices are required under the [[Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act]] (WARN) legislation under U.S. law, and must be issued 60 days before any large lay-off is expected to take effect. If Boeing was selected to continue, the lay-offs would not occur and Boeing would hire an additional 75 personnel. Sierra Nevada "is not preparing any WARN notices to its Dream Chaser workforce".<ref name="sn20140617">{{cita news |last1=Koltz|first1=Irene |titolo=Boeing Preparing Layoff Notices in Case of Commercial Crew Loss |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/40931boeing-preparing-layoff-notices-in-case-of-commercial-crew-loss|accessdate=2014-06-18 |publisher=Space News |date=2014-06-17 }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
===Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase 1===
! Missione
The first phase of the Certification Products Contract (CPC) involved the review of the integrated crew transportation systems through the creation of a certification plan that would result in the development of engineering standards, tests and analyses of the systems' designs.<ref name="CPC1">{{cita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html |titolo= NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil |date=10 December 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref> This phase of CPC was expected to run from January 22, 2013, to May 30, 2014.<ref name=CPC1/>
! Stemma
! Navetta
! Data di lancio
! Data di atterraggio
! Equipaggio
! Esito missione
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Crew Dragon Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]]
|
| [[Dragon 2 DragonFly|C201 ''DragonFly'']]
| 6 maggio 2015
| 6 maggio 2015
| {{ND}}
| {{Successo}}
|-
| colspan="6" | Pad Abort Test, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.<ref>{{cita web|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|titolo=SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/|editore=Spaceflight Now|data=6 maggio 2015|accesso=6 maggio 2015|dataarchivio=10 giugno 2015|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610060727/http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/}}</ref>
|-
 
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo 1|Crew Dragon Demo-1]]
====Proposals selected====
|
Winners of funding of phase 1 of the CPC, announced on December 10, 2012, were:<ref name=CPC1/>
| [[Crew Dragon C204|C204]]
* Sierra Nevada Corporation, Louisville, Colorado: $10 million.
| 2 marzo 2019<ref name="nasa-201902062">{{cita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/|titolo=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates|data=6 febbraio 2019|editore=NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog|accesso=8 febbraio 2019|dataarchivio=2 marzo 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302204511/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/}}</ref>
* Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), Hawthorne, California: $9.6 million.
| 8 marzo 2019
* The Boeing Company, Houston, Texas: $9.9 million.
| {{ND}}
| {{Successo}}
|-
| colspan="6" | Volo di prova senza equipaggio.
|-
 
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Boeing Pad Abort Test]]
===Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase 2===
|
The second phase of the CPC was expected to begin in mid-2014; it would involve a full and open competition and would include the final development, testing and verifications to allow crewed demonstration flights to the ISS.<ref name=CPC1/> Phase 2 is called Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap).<ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719"/> NASA proposed the second phase of the program would begin purchasing commercial astronaut transportation services with the CCtCap solicitation. Contract award and funding occurred in 2014; flights of NASA astronauts on CCtCap-provided vehicles would not occur before 2017.<ref name=pm20140131/> In a change from previous CCDev programs where commercial providers tested the developed technology to NASA contractual requirements, CCtCap will include Joint Test Teams (JTT) with NASA personnel operating in a traditional NASA acquisition approach in which NASA oversees some design choices and offers flexible-price cost-sharing to pay for the tests.<ref name=pm20140131/> NASA issued the draft CCtCap contract's Request For Proposals (RFP) on July 19, 2013; the response date was August 15, 2013.<ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719">{{cita news |titolo=NASA Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract CCTCAP Draft RFP |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=44387 |date=July 19, 2013 |work=SpaceREF |accessdate=July 22, 2013 }}</ref>
| S1
 
| 4 novembre 2019
According to the letter and Executive Summary:
| {{ND}}
* "The [CCtCap] contract is the second phase of a 2-phased procurement strategy to develop a U.S. commercial crew space transportation capability to achieve safe, reliable and cost effective access to and from the [ISS] with a goal of no later than 2017".<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 4}}
| {{ND}}
* Performance-based payments are to be used in this competitive, negotiated acquisition.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 1}}
| {{parziale|Parziale fallimento}}
* Proposed deviation language to specific FAR and NFS clauses and proposed waiving of clauses were suggested.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 1}}
|-
* Under CCtCap the final Design, Development, Test, and Evaluation (DDTE) activities necessary to achieve NASA's certification of a Crew Transportation System (CTS) will be conducted.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 4}} The contract will be issued under Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) Part 15 and will be Firm Fixed Price (FFP).<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 4}}
| colspan="6" | Test di annullamento del lancio nella base [[White Sands Missile Range]], [[Nuovo Messico]]. Uno dei tre paracadute non si è aperto completamente a causa di un errore nell'installazione, ma il sistema ha funzionato correttamente.
 
|-
There are four separate Contract Line Items (CLINs) for CTS certification; ISS mission support, special studies and additional cargo capability if proposed.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP">{{cita web |titolo=Draft Request for Proposal, NNK14467515R, CCtCap |url=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/eps/eps_data/157250-DRAFT-001-001.pdf |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 22, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|p. 4}} NASA was to supply four Docking System Block 1 Units on a no-charge-for-use basis. The first unit would be available in February 2016.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 8}} NASA held a Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference at Kennedy Space Center on December 4, 2013, after formally requesting proposals for CCtCap in late November that year.<ref name="pa20131206">{{cita news |last=Messier|first=Doug |titolo=NASA Holds Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/06/nasa-holds-commercial-crew-preproposal-conference/ |accessdate=2013-12-07 |newspaper=Parabolic Arc |date=2013-12-06 }}</ref>
 
NASA's 2014 budget for CCtCap was {{USD|696 million}}; it was reduced from an [[Obama Administration]] request of {{USD|821 million}}.<ref name="pm20140131">{{cita news |last=Pappalardo|first=Joe |titolo=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour? |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487 |accessdate=2014-02-01 |newspaper=Popular Mechanics |date=2014-01-31 }}</ref> In May 2014, NASA announced each awardee was to perform at least one crewed test flight to verify the spacecraft could dock with the ISS and all its systems performed as expected. NASA intended to meet its station crew rotation requirements by including at least two, and at most six crewed, post-certification missions in the contracts.<ref name="NASA_web_20140530">{{cita web |last1=Anna Heiney |titolo=NASA and Industry Complete First Phase to Certify New Crew Transportation Systems |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-industry-complete-first-phase-to-certify-new-crew-transportation-systems/ |website=NASA.gov |date= |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref> NASA also intended CCtCap would allow U.S. providers to supply other customers.<ref name=NASA_web_20140530/>
 
====Awards====
On September 16, 2014, NASA announced that Boeing and SpaceX had received contracts to provide crewed launch services to the ISS. For completing the same contract requirements, Boeing could receive up to US$4.2 billion, while SpaceX could receive up to US$2.6 billion.<ref name="CCtCapBlogAnnounce">{{cita web |titolo=American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil |last=Bolden |first=Charlie |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/ |website=NASA.gov |accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> Both Boeing [[CST-100]] flying on United Launch Alliance (ULA) [[Atlas V]] and SpaceX [[Dragon V2]] flying on [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust|Falcon 9]] were awarded for the same set of requirements: completing development and certification of their crew vehicle then flying a certification flight followed by up to six operational flights to the ISS. The contracts included at least two operational flights for each company.<ref name=sn20140921/>
 
The total program award of US$6.8 billion covers development costs through CCtCap program funding—$3.42 billion over the years 2015–2019 with $848 million in the commercial crew budget request for FY 2015—and $3.4 billion for operational crew resupply to the ISS—12 flights with four astronauts on each flight, where NASA assumed the same per-seat price of $70.7 million it would pay for each Soyuz seat in 2016.<ref name="sn20140921">{{cita news |last1=Foust|first1=Jeff |titolo=NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41924nasa-commercial-crew-awards-leave-unanswered-questions |accessdate=2014-09-21 |work=Space News |date=2014-09-19 |quote= "We basically awarded based on the proposals that we were given," Kathy Lueders, NASA commercial crew program manager, said in a teleconference with reporters after the announcement. "Both contracts have the same requirements. The companies proposed the value within which they were able to do the work, and the government accepted that."}}</ref><ref name="NASApress20140916">{{cita web |titolo=RELEASE 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international |website=www.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> With the program awards in September, NASA did not release the number of proposals it received or any details about the selection process; it stated such information would be released "at an 'appropriate' but unspecified date".<ref name=sn20140921/>
 
On September 26, 2014, Sierra Nevada Corporation submitted a protest of the CCtCap awards, stating to have undercut Boeing by $900 million while scoring close to its competitors in the other criteria.<ref name="CCtCapSNCProtest">{{cita web |titolo=Sierra Nevada Corporation Challenges Award of NASA's Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract |url=http://www.sncorp.com/press_more_info.php?id=634 |website=sncorp.com |date= |accessdate=October 3, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928122638/http://www.sncorp.com/press_more_info.php?id=634 |archivedate=September 28, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) had until January 5, 2015, to rule on the protest.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/42266court-rejects-sierra-nevada-motion-to-reinstate-commercial-crew-stop-work|titolo=Court Rejects Sierra Nevada Motion to Reinstate Commercial Crew Stop-Work Order|work=SpaceNews.com}}</ref> By October 1, 2014, NASA had instructed Boeing and SpaceX to halt work on the CCtCap contracts.<ref name="CCtCapWorkHalt">{{cita news |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |titolo=Boeing, SpaceX told to stop work under crew contracts |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1410/01cctcapprotest/ |work=Space News |date=October 1, 2014 |accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref> On October 8, 2014, NASA instructed the contractors to proceed with contract work during the GAO review.<ref name="Proceed_order">{{cita web |titolo=NASA Exercises Authority to Proceed with Commercial Crew Contracts |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html#.VDcj91et81B |website=www.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=October 10, 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, the GAO denied Sierra Nevada Corporation's protest.<ref name="blog20150105">{{cita web |last1=scovey |titolo=GAO denies SNC Protest |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2015/01/05/gao-denies-snc-protest |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
 
In 2016 the firms scheduled additional testing and certification milestones. The auditors do not expect the first flights until late 2018.<ref name="Audit_CCtCap_20160901">{{cita book |last1=NASA Office of Inspector General, Office of Audits |titolo=NASA's Commercial Crew Program: Update on Development and Certification Efforts |date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=NASA |edition=Report No. IG-16-028 |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY16/IG-16-028.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2016}}</ref>
 
====CCtCap contract progress====
{{As of|2014|12}}, both SpaceX and Boeing had started work on their Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contracts.<ref name="NASArelease20141222">{{cita web |titolo=RELEASE 14-207 NASA Commercial Crew Partners Complete 23 Milestones in 2014, Look Ahead to 2015 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2014/release-20141222b.html |website=NASA.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
 
{{As of|2016|9}} although both companies are advancing they are running behind their previous schedule. Additional milestones have been agreed with NASA see Annex B (Boeing) and Annex C (SpaceX) of the September 2016 Audit of the Commercial Crew Program.<ref name="Audit_CCtCap_20160901"/> Boeing increased its milestones from 23 to 34 and has achieved 15.<ref name="Boeing_Milestones_20160903">{{cita news |last1=Doug Messier |titolo=Boeing Commercial Crew Milestone Status |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/09/03/boeing-commercial-crew-milestone-status |accessdate=September 4, 2016 |publisher=Parabolic Arc |date=September 3, 2016}}</ref> SpaceX has increased its milestones from 18 to 21 and has achieved 8. SpaceX also has an uncompleted milestone left over from CCiCap.<ref name="SpaceX_Milestones_20160903">{{cita news |last1=Doug Messier |titolo=SpaceX Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) Milestone Status |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/09/03/spacex-commercial-crew-milestone-status |accessdate=September 4, 2016 |publisher=Parabolic Arc}}</ref>
 
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test]]
==Flights==
|
[[File:NASA Commercial Crew.jpg|right|frameless]]
| [[Boeing Starliner Calypso|S3.1 ''Calypso'']]
{{As of|2017|1}} NASA has ordered twelve commercial post-certification missions to deliver astronauts to the International Space Station, six with each supplier.<ref name="govconwire.com"/> Astronaut selections for the first four missions were announced on August 2, 2018.<ref>https://www.newsledge.com/nasa-spacex-boeing-crew/</ref><ref name=firstastronauts />
| 20 dicembre 2019
{| class="wikitable sortable"
| 22 dicembre 2019
| {{ND}}
| {{parziale|Parziale fallimento}}
|-
| colspan="6" | Volo di prova senza equipaggio.
!Spacecraft
!Mission
!Description
!Crew
!Date
|-
 
|[[Dragon 2]]
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test]]
|[[SpX-DM1]]
|
|Uncrewed test flight
| [[Crew Dragon C205|C205.1]]
|None
| 19 gennaio 2020<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.launchphotography.com/Delta_4_Atlas_5_Falcon_9_Launch_Viewing.html|titolo=Rocket Launch Viewing Guide for Cape Canaveral|editore=launchphotography.com|nome=Ben |cognome=Cooper|data=2 novembre 2019|accesso=4 novembre 2019|dataarchivio=9 febbraio 2016|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209063848/http://www.launchphotography.com/Delta_4_Atlas_5_Falcon_9_Launch_Viewing.html}}</ref>
|2 March 2019<ref>{{cita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/22/demo-1-flight-readiness-concludes/|titolo=Demo-1 Flight Readiness Concludes|website=blogs.nasa.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
| 19 gennaio 2020
| {{ND}}
| {{Successo}}
|-
| colspan="6" | Usata la capsula inizialmente prevista per la Crew Dragon Demo-2.<ref name="NASA Static Fire Investigation">{{cita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/05/28/nasa-provides-update-on-spacex-crew-dragon-static-fire-investigation/|titolo=NASA Provides Update on SpaceX Crew Dragon Static Fire Investigation – Commercial Crew Program|editore=NASA|accesso=28 maggio 2019|dataarchivio=28 maggio 2019|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528202821/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/05/28/nasa-provides-update-on-spacex-crew-dragon-static-fire-investigation/}}</ref>
|[[CST-100 Starliner|CST-100]]
|[[Boe-OFT]]
|Uncrewed test flight
|None
|NET April 2019<ref name=":0">{{cita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/nasa-partners-update-commercial-crew-launch-dates/|titolo=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates – Commercial Crew Program|website=blogs.nasa.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref>
|-
 
|[[Dragon 2]]
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo 2|Crew Dragon Demo-2]]
|[[Dragon_2#Abort_and_hover_tests|In Flight Abort Test]]
| [[File:Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png|75px]]
|In-flight abort test at [[max Q]]
| [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|C206.1 ''Endeavour'']]
|None
| 30 maggio 2020<ref name= "Clarkaprile17">{{cita web|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|titolo=NASA, SpaceX set maggio 27 as target date for first crew launch|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/nasa-spacex-set-maggio-27-as-target-date-for-first-crew-launch/|editore=Spaceflight Now|data=17 aprile 2020|accesso=17 aprile 2020|dataarchivio=21 aprile 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421094936/https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/nasa-spacex-set-maggio-27-as-target-date-for-first-crew-launch/}}</ref><ref name=SF>{{cita web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/dragon_spx-dm2.htm|titolo=Crew Dragon SpX-DM2|editore=Spacefacts|accesso=31 maggio 2020|dataarchivio=3 luglio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703194414/http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/dragon_spx-dm2.htm}}</ref>
|June 2019<ref name=":0" />
| 2 agosto 2020
| {{Bandiera|USA}} [[Douglas Hurley]]<br />{{Bandiera|USA}} [[Robert Behnken]]
| {{Successo}}
|-
| colspan="6" | Primo volo con equipaggio della navetta Crew Dragon
|[[Dragon 2]]
|[[SpX-DM2]]
|Crewed test flight
|[[Robert Behnken]], [[Douglas Hurley]]
|July 2019<ref name=":0" />
|-
 
|[[CST-100 Starliner|CST-100]]
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test]]
|[[Boe-CFT]]
|
|Crewed test flight
| [[Boeing Starliner Calypso|S3.2 ''Calypso'']] {{Abbr|♺|Navetta riutilizzata}}
|[[Michael Fincke]], [[Christopher Ferguson]], [[Nicole Aunapu Mann]]
| 5 giugno 2024
|NET August 2019<ref name=":0" />
| 7 settembre 2024
| {{bandiera|USA}} [[Barry Wilmore]]<br/>{{bandiera|USA}} [[Sunita Williams]]
| {{parziale|Parziale fallimento}}
|-
| colspan="6" | Primo test con equipaggio della navetta ''Starliner''.<ref name="sfn_ls">{{cita web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/|titolo=Launch Schedule|cognome=Clark|nome=Stephen|editore=Spaceflight Now|data=26 aprile 2021|accesso=14 ottobre 2023}}</ref>. Nella fase di avvicinamento alla stazione spaziale internazionale, la navetta ha avuto malfunzionamenti su cinque propulsori di manovra. L'equipaggio è riuscito ad effettuare il docking, ma la NASA non è riuscita a stabilire chiaramente la causa del problema, ed è stato ritenuto più sicuro far rientrare la Starliner senza equipaggio. Wilmore e Williams rientreranno a Terra con la navetta SpaceX Crew Dragon a febbraio 2025.<ref name=Harwood240725>{{cita news |titolo=Boeing's Starliner space capsule faces crucial tests |nome=William |cognome=Harwood |data=25 luglio 2024 |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/08/24/nasa-rules-out-bringing-astronauts-home-on-boeings-starliner/ |accesso=7 settembre 2024|lingua=en}}</ref>
|[[Dragon 2]]
|[[First operational flight of Dragon 2|USCV-1]]
|First Dragon mission to carry a long duration Expedition crew to the ISS
|[[Michael S. Hopkins]], [[Victor J. Glover|Victor Glover]]
|August 2019
|-
 
|[[CST-100 Starliner|CST-100]]
|[[CTS-1|USCV-2]]
|First Starliner mission to carry a long duration Expedition crew to the ISS
|[[Sunita Williams]], [[Josh Cassada]], [[Soichi Noguchi]]
|February 2020
|}
 
== Riassunto dei finanziamenti ==
==Funding summary==
Di seguito è tabulato il finanziamento di tutti gli appaltatori, diviso per ogni fase del programma CCDev — i valori del CCtCap sono massimi e comprendono i voli post-programma.
The funding of all commercial crew contractors for each phase of the CCP program is as follows—CCtCap values are maxima and include post-development operational flights.{{how many|are the number of flights the same for all providers?|date=March 2019}}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Riassunto dei finanziamenti (milioni di [[Dollaro statunitense|$ americani]])
|+ Funding Summary (millions of [[USD|US$]])
!Fase
! Round<br><small>(years)</small>
<small>(anni)</small>
! CCDev1<ref name="Bnasa20100201">{{cita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |titolo=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |date=February 1, 2010 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <br><small>(2010–2011)</small>
!CCDev1<ref name="Bnasa20100201">{{cita news|lingua=en|autore=|url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html|titolo=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds|pubblicazione=NASA|data=1º febbraio 2010|accesso=5 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=28 luglio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193823/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> <small>(2010–2011)</small>
! CCDev2<ref>{{cita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/agreementsfeature.html |titolo=NASA Awards Next Set Of Commercial Crew Development Agreements |work=press release |date= April 18, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= June 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/sep/HQ_11-312_CCDEV_Announ.html |titolo=NASA Releases Commercial Crew Draft RFP, Announces CCDEV2 Optional Milestones |date=September 19, 2011 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate= June 9, 2012}}</ref><br><small>(2011–2012)</small>
!CCDev2<ref>{{cita news|lingua=en|autore=|url=https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/agreementsfeature.html|titolo=NASA Awards Next Set Of Commercial Crew Development Agreements|pubblicazione=NASA|data=18 aprile 2011|accesso=5 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=10 novembre 2018|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110083048/https://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/agreementsfeature.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><ref>{{cita news|lingua=en|url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/sep/HQ_11-312_CCDEV_Announ.html|titolo=NASA Releases Commercial Crew Draft RFP, Announces CCDEV2 Optional Milestones|pubblicazione=NASA|data=19 settembre 2011|accesso=5 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=28 ottobre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028091117/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/sep/HQ_11-312_CCDEV_Announ.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><small>(2011–2012)</small>
! CCiCap<ref name=nasa20120803/><ref name="srnasa20130815">{{cita web|titolo=NASA Announces Additional Commercial Crew Development Milestones|url=http://spaceref.biz/2013/08/nasa-announces-additional-commercial-crew-development-milestones.html|work=Space Ref|date= August 15, 2013|publisher=SpaceRef Interactive Inc.|accessdate=August 16, 2013}}</ref> <br><small>(2012–2014)</small>
!CCiCap<ref name=":1" /><ref name="srnasa20130815">{{cita web|url=http://spaceref.biz/2013/08/nasa-announces-additional-commercial-crew-development-milestones.html|titolo=NASA Announces Additional Commercial Crew Development Milestones|data=15 agosto 2013|lingua=en|accesso=5 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=18 settembre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918163547/http://spaceref.biz/2013/08/nasa-announces-additional-commercial-crew-development-milestones.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> <small>(2012–2014)</small>
! CPC1<ref name=CPC1/><br><small>(2013–2014)</small>
!CPC1<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html|titolo=NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil|autore=Kay Grinter|lingua=en|accesso=5 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=21 ottobre 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021001939/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref><small>(2013–2014)</small>
! CCtCap<ref name=NASApress20140916/>
!CCtCap<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international|titolo=NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to Intern|autore=Allard Beutel|data=7 aprile 2015|lingua=en}}</ref>
! Total<br><small>(2010–2017{{update after|2019|3|3|df=US}}</small>
!Totale
<small>(2010–2017)</small>
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center" colspan="7"| '''ManufacturersProduttori ofdi spacecraftnavicelle'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Boeing|The Boeing Company]]
| 18.,0
| 92.,3 + 20.,6<sup>1</sup>
| 460.,0 + 20<sup>3</sup>
| 9.,9
| 44200,200.0
| '''44820,820.9'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Blue Origin]]
| 3.,7
| 22.,0
|
|
|
| '''25.,7'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]
| 20.,0
| 80.,0 + 25.,6<sup>1</sup>
| 212.,5 + 15<sup>3</sup>
| 10.,0
|
| '''362.,1'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[SpaceX]]
|
| 75.,0
| 440.,0 + 20<sup>3</sup>
| 9.,6
| 22600,600.0
| '''33144,144.6'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Excalibur Almaz]]
|
| 0<sup>2</sup>
|
|
|
| '''0'''
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | '''Manufacturers ofProduttori launchdi vehicleslanciatori'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[United Launch Alliance]]
| 6.,7
| 0
|
|
|
| '''6.,7'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Alliant Techsystems]] (ATK)
|
| 0
|
|
|
| '''0'''
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | '''OthersAltri'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Paragon Space Development Corporation]]
| 1.,4
|
|
|
|
| '''1.,4'''
|-
! Total:
! 49.,8
! 315.,5
! 11167,167.5
! 29.,6
! 66800,800.0
! 88362,362.4
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left" colspan="7"|<sup>1</sup> ''Quantità aggiuntiva ottenuta nel 2011.''
<sup>1</sup> ''Additional amount awarded in 2011.''<br>
<sup>2</sup> ''Space Act Agreement signed in 2011 in the frame of CCDev2.''<ref name="Excalibur Almaz Agreement"/><br>
<sup>3</sup> ''Additional amount awarded in 2013.''<br>
|}
 
<sup>2</sup> ''Space Act Agreement firmato nel 2011 nell'ambito del CCDev2.''<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|titolo=CCP and Excalibur Sign Space Act Agreement|lingua=en|accesso=5 marzo 2019|dataarchivio=11 giugno 2017|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000603/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] (COTS) 2000s spacecraft development program, predecessor to the CRS and CCDev programs
* [[Commercial Resupply Services]] (CRS) Contract to deliver Cargo to the ISS
* [[NASA Docking System]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]
* [[Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee]]
* [[Space Shuttle retirement#Current and future Space Shuttle successors|Space Shuttle successors]]
 
<sup>3</sup> ''Quantità aggiuntiva ottenuta nel 2013.''
==Notes==
|}
{{Reflist|group=N}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html Official NASA Commercial Crew Program page]
*[https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ccp-press-kit/main.html Official NASA Press Kit relating to the Commercial Crew Program]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/document_library.html Commercial Crew & Cargo Document Library on NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/contracts/CCDev.html CCDev 1 Space Act agreements]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMrlv-YAjTs Partners Mature Spacecraft Designs], NASA video update, 14 January 2014.
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Boeing-CCtCap-Contract(1).pdf Boeing CCtCap Contract (redacted)]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX-CCtCap-Contract.pdf SpaceX CCtCap Contract (redacted)]
 
{{Manned ISS flight}}
{{ISS modules}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}
{{NASA navbox}}
 
[[Category:Human spaceflight]]
[[Category:Space Act Agreement companies]]
[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight]]
[[Category:International Space Station]]
-->{{T|lingua=inglese|argomento=astronautica|data=marzo 2019}}{{Infobox programma spaziale|scopo=trasporto commerciale di equipaggi|organizzazione_responsabile=[[NASA]]|paese_origine={{USA}}}}[[File:NASA_Commercial_Crew_Program_logo.svg|destra|230x230px|Commercial Crew Program logo]]
[[File:NASA_Commercial_Crew_group_photo_at_JSC.jpg|miniatura|350x350px|Primo gruppo dei nove astronauti selezionati per il programma Commercial Crew Development e i due veicoli selezionati, il Boeing [[CST-100 Starliner]] (sinistra) e il SpaceX [[Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]]]
Il '''Commercial Crew Development''' ('''CCDev''') è un programma di sviluppo di tecnologie spaziali, con multiple fasi, finanziato dal [[Governo federale degli Stati Uniti d'America|governo statunitense]] e gestito dalla [[NASA]]. Lo scopo del programma è di incentivare lo sviluppo di veicoli con equipaggio di aziende private lanciati in [[orbita terrestre bassa]]. Il programma è gestito dal Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO).<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home|titolo=Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Office|autore=Erling Holm|sito=NASA|data=2013-07-03|lingua=en|accesso=2019-03-04}}</ref>
 
Nel 2010, nella prima fase del programma, la NASA fornì un totale di 50 milioni di dollari a cinque aziende statunitensi; il denaro sarebbe dovuto essere utilizzato per la ricerca e sviluppo in concetti e tecnologie del volo umano nel settore privato. A ottobre dello stesso anno, la NASA richiese una seconda serie di proposte per progetti di sviluppo tecnologico con una durata massima di 14 mesi.<ref name="nasa20101025">{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/oct/HQ_10-277_CCDev.html|titolo=NASA Seeks More Proposals On Commercial Crew Development|editore=NASA|data=25 ottobre 2010|lingua=en|opera=press release 10-277}}</ref> Ad aprile 2011, la NASA annunciò che premierebbe con circa 270 milioni a quattro aziende che soddisfassero gli obiettivi del CCDev 2.
 
Ad agosto 2012, NASA conferì Space Act Agreements per la terza fase, chiamata CCiCap; sarebbe durata fino al 2014.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html|titolo=NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil|autore=Kay Grinter: KSC|sito=www.nasa.gov|lingua=en|accesso=2019-03-04}}</ref> CCiCap è seguita dalla quarta e ultima fase, chiamata CCtCap, con i contratti della Part 15 della [[Federal Acquisition Regulation]] (FAR). I contratti sono stati assegnati a [[SpaceX]] e a [[Boeing]] a settembre 2014.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/|titolo=American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil|sito=blogs.nasa.gov|lingua=en-US|accesso=2019-03-04}}</ref> I test flight di entrambi i veicoli sono programmati per il 2019.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-delays-commercial-crew-test-flights-to-latter-half-of-2018/|titolo=SpaceX delays commercial crew test flights to latter half of 2018|sito=SpaceNews.com|data=2018-01-11|lingua=en|accesso=2019-03-03}}</ref> I contratti prevedono che SpaceX e Boeing forniscano sei voli di rifornimenti alla [[Stazione Spaziale Internazionale|ISS]] tra il 2019 e il 2024.<ref name="govconwire.com">{{Cita web|url=https://www.govconwire.com/2017/01/boeing-spacex-secure-additional-crewed-missions-under-nasas-commercial-space-transport-program/|titolo=Boeing, SpaceX Secure Additional Crewed Missions Under NASA’s Commercial Space Transport Program|sito=GovCon Wire|lingua=en|accesso=2019-03-03}}</ref> Il primo gruppo di astronauti assegnato a volare sui due veicoli furono annunciati il 3 agosto 2018.<ref name="firstastronauts">{{cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|titolo=NASA Assigns Crews to First Test Flights, Missions on Commercial Spacecraft|editore=NASA|data=3 agosto 2018|lingua=en}}</ref>
 
== Requisiti ==
I requisiti principali dei veicoli per questo programma sono:
 
* Portare quattro astronauti e la loro attrezzatura alla [[Stazione Spaziale Internazionale]] (ISS);<ref name="nasa20110726">{{cita web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|titolo=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough|cognome=Bayt|nome=Rob|data=26 luglio 2011|editore=NASA|accesso=27 luglio 2011|urlmorto=yes|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107|dataarchivio=28 marzo 2012}}</ref><ref name="CCfactsheet">{{cita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/660622main_2012.06.18_CCP.pdf|titolo=Commercial Crew Program – fact sheet|data=febbraio 2012|editore=NASA|accesso=14 luglio 2012}}</ref>
* Assicurare il ritorno dell'equipaggio in caso di emergenza;<ref name="nasa20110726" />
* Servire da rifugio sicuro per 24 ore in caso di emergenza;<ref name="nasa20110726" /><ref name="CCfactsheet" />
* Capace di rimanere agganciato per 210 giorni—<ref name="nasa20110726" /><ref name="CCfactsheet" /> lo [[Space Shuttle]] poteva rimanere agganciato solo per un massimo di 12 giorni.<ref name="boeing200507">{{cita web|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2005/july/i_ids4.html|titolo=Space Shuttle upgrade lets astronauts at ISS stay in space longer|cognome=Memi|nome=Ed|data=luglio 2005|editore=Boeing|accesso=16 dicembre 2011}}</ref>
 
== Panoramica del programma ==
{{...|astronautica}}
 
== Fasi ==
{{...|astronautica}}
 
== Voli ==
{{...|astronautica}}
 
== Riassunto dei finanziamenti ==
{{...|astronautica}}
 
== Note ==
Riga 427 ⟶ 310:
 
== Voci correlate ==
 
* [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] - programma predecessore ai CRS e al CCDev
* [[Commercial Resupply Services]]
 
== Collegamenti esterni ==
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html|titolo=Sito ufficiale del NASA Commercial Crew Program|lingua=en}}
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ccp-press-kit/main.html|titolo=Press Kit ufficiale relativo al Commercial Crew Program|lingua=en}}
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/document_library.html|titolo=Commercial Crew & Cargo Document Library su NASA.gov|lingua=en|accesso=30 aprile 2019|dataarchivio=25 aprile 2018|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425140913/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/document_library.html|urlmorto=sì}}
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/contracts/CCDev.html|titolo=CCDev 1 Space Act agreements|lingua=en|accesso=30 aprile 2019|dataarchivio=19 gennaio 2021|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119142054/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/contracts/CCDev.html|urlmorto=sì}}
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMrlv-YAjTs|titolo= Partners Mature Spacecraft Designs|data=14 gennaio 2014|lingua=en}}
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Boeing-CCtCap-Contract(1).pdf|titolo=Contratto CCtCap con Boeing CCtCap Contract (censurato)|lingua=en|accesso=30 aprile 2019|dataarchivio=28 luglio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728204210/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Boeing-CCtCap-Contract(1).pdf|urlmorto=sì}}
* {{Cita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX-CCtCap-Contract.pdf|titolo=Contratto CCtCap con SpaceX (censurato)|lingua=en|accesso=30 aprile 2019|dataarchivio=28 luglio 2020|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193508/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX-CCtCap-Contract.pdf|urlmorto=sì}}
{{Portale|astronautica}}
 
[[Categoria:Programmi NASA]]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html Sito ufficiale del NASA Commercial Crew Program]
* [https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ccp-press-kit/main.html Press Kit ufficiale relativo al Commercial Crew Program]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/document_library.html Commercial Crew & Cargo Document Library su NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/contracts/CCDev.html CCDev 1 Space Act agreements]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMrlv-YAjTs Partners Mature Spacecraft Designs], video aggiornamento NASA, 14 gennaio 2014.
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Boeing-CCtCap-Contract(1).pdf Contratto CCtCap con Boeing CCtCap Contract (censurato)]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX-CCtCap-Contract.pdf Contratto CCtCap con SpaceX (censurato)]
{{Portale|astronautica}}