Content deleted Content added
m grammar and wording |
Chineme Eze (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| (754 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{
{{
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=
| name = GitHub
|
| logo_size = 160px
| logo_caption = GitHub Invertocat logo
| screenshot = File:Github Docs repository screenshot.png
| screenshot_alt = files of the "github/docs" repository, with a readme file, contributor, committed date, etc.
| caption = Repository of the website's [https://docs.github.com official documentation], storing its source code
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]]
| founded = {{
| ___location = [[San Francisco]], California,
| area_served = Worldwide
| founder = {{
}}
| key_people = {{
}}
| industry = {{ubl
| Collaborative [[version control]] (GitHub)
| AI development tools ([[GitHub Copilot]])
| [[Web hosting service|Web host]] (GitHub Pages)
| [[Package repository]] ([[npm]])
}}
| revenue = {{increase}} $1 billion (2022)<ref name="techcrunch.com">{{cite web|title=Microsoft says GitHub now has a $1B ARR, 90M active users|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/25/microsoft-says-github-now-has-a-1b-arr-90m-active-users/|website=[[TechCrunch]] |date=October 25, 2022|access-date=March 20, 2023|archive-date=March 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314070710/https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/25/microsoft-says-github-now-has-a-1b-arr-90m-active-users/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| international = Yes https://p01-catalog1-html.jimdofree.com/
| employees = 5,595<ref>{{cite web|title=GitHub Diversity|url=https://github.com/about/diversity/report|website=GitHub|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-date=March 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042110/https://github.com/about/diversity/report|url-status=live}}</ref>
| url = {{URL|https://github.com/}}
| ipv6 = No<ref>{{cite web |title=IPv6 support for cloning Git repositories · community · Discussion #10539 |url=https://github.com/orgs/community/discussions/10539 |website=GitHub |access-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=dig +noquestion +noauthority @2001:4860:4860::8888 AAAA github.com |url=https://isgithubipv6.live/detail.txt |website=isgithubipv6.live |access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>
| programming_language = {{ubl
| [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
| [[JavaScript]]
| [[Go (programming language)|Go]]
| [[C (programming language)|C]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=GitHub|url=https://github.com/github|access-date=2020-09-06|website=GitHub|language=en|archive-date=March 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042029/https://github.com/github|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GitHub built a new search engine for code from scratch in Rust |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-builds-a-search-engine-for-code-from-scratch-in-rust/ |access-date=April 22, 2023 |website=[[ZDnet]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}
| website_type = Collaborative [[version control]]
| registration = Optional
| users = 150 million ({{as of|May 2025|lc=y}}) <ref>{{cite web | first=Prakash | last=Muralidharan | title=GitHub just crossed 150 million users. But that stat isn't about scale. It's about signal. | website=LinkedIn | date=2025-05-27 | url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/github-just-crossed-150-million-users-stat-isnt-scale-muralidharan-ureke | access-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>
| language = English
| launched = {{start date and age|2008|4|10}}
| current_status = Active
| parent = [[Microsoft]] (2018–present)
| module = {{infobox network service provider|child=yes}}
}}
'''GitHub
It is commonly used to host [[open
|title = The Problem With Putting All the World's Code in GitHub
|url = https://www.wired.com/2015/06/problem-putting-worlds-code-github/
Line 45 ⟶ 61:
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629152927/http://www.wired.com/2015/06/problem-putting-worlds-code-github/
|archive-date = June 29, 2015
|url-status = live |date = June 29, 2015 }}</ref>
==
=== Founding ===
The development of the GitHub platform began on October 19, 2007.<ref name="githubfirstcommit">{{cite web |url = https://www.slideshare.net/err/inside-github/28-2007_octoberThe_rst_commit_was |title = The first commit was on a Friday night in October, around 10 pm. |date = December 7, 2009 |first = Chris |last = Wanstrath |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-date = March 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042238/https://www.slideshare.net/err/inside-github/28-2007_octoberThe_rst_commit_was |url-status = live }}</ref> The site was launched in April 2008 by [[Tom Preston-Werner]], [[Chris Wanstrath]], [[P. J. Hyett]] and Scott Chacon after it had been available for a few months as a [[beta release]].<ref name="pastie">{{cite web |url = https://www.sitepoint.com/github-gist-is-pastie-on-steroids/ |title = GitHub Gist is Pastie on Steroids |date = July 24, 2008 |first1 = Josh |last1 = Catone |quote = GitHub hosts about 10,000 projects and officially launched in April of this year after a beta period of a few months. |access-date = February 13, 2018 |archive-date = March 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042257/https://www.sitepoint.com/github-gist-is-pastie-on-steroids/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Its name was chosen as a compound of ''[[Git]]'' and ''hub''.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XpnKHJAok8&t=1m30s |title = Tech Talk: Linus Torvalds on git (at 00:01:30) |date = 14 May 2007 |via = [[YouTube]] |access-date = 2022-10-03 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151220133030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XpnKHJAok8&t=1m30s |archive-date = 20 December 2015}}</ref>
===
GitHub was originally a [[flat organization]] with no middle managers, instead relying on [[Workers' self-management|self-management]].<ref name="cto-mgmt-style">{{cite web|url=https://tomayko.com/writings/management-style|title=Show How, Don't Tell What – A Management Style|last=Tomayko|first=Ryan|date=April 2, 2012|access-date=August 28, 2013|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209045932/https://tomayko.com/writings/management-style|url-status=live}}</ref> Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them ([[open allocation]]), but the chief executive set salaries.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/28/github-has-big-dreams-for-open-source-software-and-more/?_r=0|title=Dreams of 'Open' Everything|last=Hardy|first=Quentin|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=December 28, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120014019/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/28/github-has-big-dreams-for-open-source-software-and-more/?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, the company added a layer of [[middle management]] in response to harassment allegations against its co-founder and then-CEO, Thomas Preston-Werner, and his wife, Theresa Preston-Werner. As a result of the scandal, [[Tom Preston-Werner]] resigned from his position as CEO.<ref name="wsj-2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/harassment-claims-make-startup-github-grow-up-1405639553|title=Harassment claims make startup GitHub grow up|last=Evelyn|first=Rusli|date=July 17, 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=July 18, 2014|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190646/https://www.wsj.com/articles/harassment-claims-make-startup-github-grow-up-1405639553|url-status=live}}</ref> Co-founder and Product lead, [[Chris Wanstrath]], became CEO. [[Julio Avalos]], then General Counsel and Administrative Officer, assumed control over GitHub's business operations and day-to-day management.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/github-undergoing-full-blown-overhaul-160905630.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAF0JNMhS_PCRIDR6jFDZmtCuqZ4EYRKWzDyjswgUXOOB_M8kbcmhmMwD5pXsUmHZNaAV5IK9tpRkXylFrJMwgkQhloKmSMj7px6u8ceiMRgR4roVa76U7z4htCJK96L2J5LqJnQUWBoksNEbU6jDJnqPo-kCFZO4P_IISmUT7prQ | title=GitHub is undergoing a full-blown overhaul as execs and employees depart — and we have the full inside story }}</ref>
=== Finance ===
GitHub
In July 2012, four years after the company was founded, [[Andreessen Horowitz]] invested $100 million in [[venture capital]]<ref name="hugeinvestment" /> with a $750 million valuation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/09/github-pours-energies-into-enterprise-raises-100-million-from-power-vc-andreesen-horowitz/|title=GitHub Pours Energies into Enterprise – Raises $100 Million From Power VC Andreessen Horowitz|website=TechCrunch|date=July 9, 2012 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801011858/https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/09/github-pours-energies-into-enterprise-raises-100-million-from-power-vc-andreesen-horowitz/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2015 GitHub raised another $250 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2015}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) of venture capital in a [[Series B|series B round]]. The lead investor was [[Sequoia Capital]], and other investors were [[Andreessen Horowitz]], [[Thrive Capital]], IVP (Institutional Venture Partners) and other venture capital funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250m-series-b-round-to-take-risks/|title=GitHub Raises $250M Series B Round To Take Risks|last=Lardinois|first=Frederic|website=TechCrunch|date=July 29, 2015 |access-date=July 4, 2016|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130195009/https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250m-series-b-round-to-take-risks/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250m-series-b-round-to-take-risks/|title=GitHub Raises $250M Series B Round Led By Sequoia Capital|website=TechCrunch|date=July 29, 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022414/https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250m-series-b-round-to-take-risks/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company was then valued at approximately $2 billion.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://fortune.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250-million-in-new-funding-now-valued-at-2-billion/|title=GitHub raises $250 million in new funding, now valued at $2 billion|date=July 29, 2015|magazine=Fortune|access-date=July 30, 2015|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807084248/https://fortune.com/2015/07/29/github-raises-250-million-in-new-funding-now-valued-at-2-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===History===
The GitHub service was developed by [[Chris Wanstrath]], [[P. J. Hyett]], [[Tom Preston-Werner]], and Scott Chacon using [[Ruby on Rails]], and started in February 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Hiten |date=2019-06-03 |title=How GitHub Democratized Coding and Found a New Home at Microsoft |url=https://nira.com/github-history/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Nira |language=en}}</ref> The company, GitHub, Inc., was formed in 2007 and is located in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/developer/meldung/GitHub-populaerer-als-SourceForge-und-Google-Code-1255416.html|title=GitHub populärer als SourceForge und Google Code|first=Alexander|last=Neumann|website=heise Developer|date=6 June 2011 |access-date=June 8, 2018|archive-date=August 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828155712/https://www.heise.de/developer/meldung/GitHub-populaerer-als-SourceForge-und-Google-Code-1255416.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:GithubAWSTorontoSummit.jpg|thumb|GitHub at AWS Summit]]
[[File:Mapping collaborative software on GitHub.png|thumb|The shading of the map illustrates the number of users as a proportion of each country's [[Internet population]]. The circular charts surrounding the two hemispheres depict the total number of GitHub users (left) and commits (right) per country.]]
On February 24, 2009, GitHub announced that within the first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been [[fork (software development)|forked]] at least once, and 4,600 had been merged.
In 2010, GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/blog/685-one-million-repositories|title=One Million Repositories |website=GitHub Blog |first1=Zach |last1=Holman |date=July 25, 2010|access-date=April 29, 2011|archive-date=March 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313081831/https://github.com/blog/685-one-million-repositories|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, this number doubled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/blog/841-those-are-some-big-numbers|title=Those are some big numbers |website=GitHub Blog |first1=Kyle |last1=Neath |date=April 20, 2011|access-date=April 29, 2011|archive-date=April 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421213129/https://github.com/blog/841-those-are-some-big-numbers|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ReadWriteWeb]] reported that GitHub had surpassed [[SourceForge]] and [[Google Code]] in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://readwrite.com/2011/06/02/github-has-passed-sourceforge|title=Github Has Surpassed Sourceforge and Google Code in Popularity|date=June 2, 2011 |author=Klint finley |website=ReadWrite |quote=During the period Black Duck examined, Github had 1,153,059 commits, Sourceforge had 624,989, Google Code and 287,901 and CodePlex had 49,839.|access-date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045331/https://readwrite.com/2011/06/02/github-has-passed-sourceforge|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 16, 2013, GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/04/11/code-sharing-site-github-turns-five-and-hits-3-5-million-users-6-million-repositories/ |first1=Robin |last1=Wauters |title=Code-sharing site Github turns five and hits 3.5 million users, 6 million repositories|date=April 11, 2013|publisher=TheNextWeb |access-date=April 11, 2013|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927143741/https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/04/11/code-sharing-site-github-turns-five-and-hits-3-5-million-users-6-million-repositories/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the year, the number of repositories was twice as great, reaching 10 million repositories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/blog/1724-10-million-repositories |first1=Brian |last1=Doll |title=10 Million Repositories|date=December 23, 2013|publisher=The GitHub Blog |access-date=December 28, 2013|archive-date=October 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009171532/https://github.com/blog/1724-10-million-repositories|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan, its first outside of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 4, 2015|title=GitHub Expands To Japan, Its First Office Outside The U.S.|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/04/github-expands-to-japan-its-first-office-outside-the-u-s/ |first1=Jon |last1=Russell |website=TechCrunch|access-date=June 25, 2017|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023041423/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/04/github-expands-to-japan-its-first-office-outside-the-u-s/?ncid=rss|url-status=live}}</ref>
On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the third-largest [[distributed denial-of-service]] (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second.<ref name="DDOS">{{cite news|title=GitHub Survived the Biggest DDoS Attack Ever Recorded|url=https://www.wired.com/story/github-ddos-memcached/|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=Wired.com|archive-date=December 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206213856/https://www.wired.com/story/github-ddos-memcached/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hughes|first=Matthew|date=June 19, 2018|title=GitHub's free education bundle is now available to all schools|language=en-US|work=The Next Web|url=https://thenextweb.com/dd/2018/06/19/github-education-is-now-available-to-all-schools/|access-date=July 2, 2018|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042408/https://thenextweb.com/dd/2018/06/19/github-education-is-now-available-to-all-schools/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=GitHub Education is a free software development package for schools|language=en-US|work=Engadget|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/19/github-education-is-a-free-software-development-package-for-scho/|access-date=July 2, 2018|archive-date=June 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621232800/https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/19/github-education-is-a-free-software-development-package-for-scho/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On June 11, 2019, it was announced that former [[Bitnami]] chief operating officer (COO) and co-founder, Erica Brescia, would be GitHub's COO.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Ron |date=2019-06-11 |title=GitHub hires former Bitnami co-founder Erica Brescia as COO |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/11/github-hires-former-bitnami-co-founder-erica-brescia-as-coo/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
On November 3, 2021, GitHub announced that CEO [[Nat Friedman]], who become CEO when Microsoft acquired GitHub, was stepping down as CEO and GitHub's chief product officer, Thomas Dohmke, would become CEO on November 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novet |first=Jordan |date=2021-11-03 |title=Microsoft's GitHub CEO Nat Friedman is stepping down, product chief Thomas Dohmke will replace him |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/03/microsoft-github-ceo-nat-friedman-replaced-by-thomas-dohmke.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
On August 11, 2025 [[Thomas Dohmke]] announced that he was to step down as CEO at the end of 2025, to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors. Microsoft did not immediately share their intention to find a direct replacement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fried |first=Ina |date=2025-08-11 |title=Exclusive: GitHub CEO plans to step down |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/08/11/github-ceo-dohmke-step-down |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref>
=== Acquisition by Microsoft ===
[[File:Number of open source contributors by company.png|thumb|Microsoft was on top of the list of the ten organizations with the most open-source contributors on GitHub in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://octoverse.github.com/|title=The state of the Octoverse 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405182156/https://octoverse.github.com/|archive-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref>]]
From 2012, [[Microsoft]] became a significant user of GitHub, using it to host open-source projects and development tools such as [[.NET|.NET Core]], [[Chakra (JavaScript engine)|Chakra Core]], [[MSBuild]], [[PowerShell]], [[Microsoft PowerToys|PowerToys]], [[Visual Studio Code]], [[Windows Calculator]], [[Windows Terminal]] and the bulk of its product documentation (now to be found on [[Microsoft Learn|Microsoft Docs]]).<ref name="venturebeat">{{Cite news|date=June 4, 2018|title=Microsoft confirms it will acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion|language=en-US|work=VentureBeat|url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/04/microsoft-confirms-it-will-acquire-github-for-7-5-billion/|access-date=June 4, 2018|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023152/https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/04/microsoft-confirms-it-will-acquire-github-for-7-5-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1"/>
On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$7.5 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=7500000000|start_year=2018}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft acquisitions: A timeline of growth (and a few missteps) |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3535690/microsoft-acquisitions-a-timeline-of-growth-and-a-few-missteps.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Computerworld |language=en}}</ref> The deal closed on October 26, 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/26/17954714/microsoft-github-deal-acquisition-complete |title=Microsoft completes GitHub acquisition |publisher=Vox |website=[[The Verge]] |first=Tom |last=Warren |date=2018-10-26 |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030720/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/26/17954714/microsoft-github-deal-acquisition-complete |url-status=live }}</ref> GitHub continued to operate independently as a community, platform and business.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.microsoft.com/2018/06/04/microsoft-to-acquire-github-for-7-5-billion/|title=Microsoft to acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion|date=2018-06-04|website=Stories|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=June 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604142244/https://news.microsoft.com/2018/06/04/microsoft-to-acquire-github-for-7-5-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Microsoft, the service was led by [[Xamarin]]'s [[Nat Friedman]], reporting to [[Scott Guthrie]], executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI.<ref>{{Cite
There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson, [[JavaScript]] trainer and author, and Rafael Laguna, CEO at [[Open-Xchange]] over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as [[Microsoft Mobile|Nokia's mobile business]]
This acquisition was in line with Microsoft's business strategy under CEO [[Satya Nadella]], which has seen a larger focus on
Concerns over the sale bolstered interest in competitors: [[Bitbucket]] (owned by [[Atlassian]]), [[GitLab]]
In September 2019, GitHub acquired [[Semmle]], a code analysis tool.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lardinois|first=Frederic|date=2019-09-19|title=GitHub acquires code analysis tool Semmle|url=https://
In early July 2020, the GitHub Archive Program was established
=== Mascot ===
GitHub's [[mascot]] is Mona,<ref name="GitHub Brand Mascots">{{cite web|url=https://brand.github.com/graphic-elements/mascots|title=GitHub Brand Mascots|website=brand.github.com|access-date=June 17, 2025}}</ref> an [[anthropomorphized]] "octocat" with five [[Cephalopod limb|octopus-like arms]].<ref name="Octodex FAQ">{{cite web|url=https://octodex.github.com/faq.html|title=GitHub Octodex FAQ|website=github.com|access-date=September 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114181006/https://octodex.github.com/faq.html|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jaramillo">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/blog/1929-from-sticker-to-sculpture-the-making-of-the-octocat-figurine|title=From Sticker to Sculpture: The making of the Octocat figurine|last=Jaramillo|first=Tony|date=November 24, 2014|website=The GitHub Blog|publisher=GitHub|access-date=April 19, 2017|archive-date=March 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316051024/https://github.com/blog/1929-from-sticker-to-sculpture-the-making-of-the-octocat-figurine|url-status=live}}</ref> The character was created by graphic designer [[Simon Oxley]] as [[clip art]] to sell on [[iStock]],<ref name="DeAmicis">{{cite web|url=https://pando.com/2013/07/08/original-github-octocat-designer-simon-oxley-on-his-famous-creation-i-dont-remember-drawing-it/|title=Original GitHub Octocat designer Simon Oxley on his famous creation: "I don't remember drawing it"|last=DeAmicis|first=Carmel|date=July 8, 2013|website=[[PandoDaily]]|access-date=April 19, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203115301/https://pando.com/2013/07/08/original-github-octocat-designer-simon-oxley-on-his-famous-creation-i-dont-remember-drawing-it/|url-status=live}}</ref> a website that enables designers to market [[royalty-free]] [[digital image]]s.
GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat,<ref name="DeAmicis" /> and trademarked the character along with the new name.<ref name="Octodex FAQ" /> Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on the website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character, which are available on [https://octodex.github.com/ The Octodex].<ref name="McEfee">{{cite web|url=http://cameronmcefee.com/work/the-octocat/|title=The Octocat—a nerdy household name|last=McEfee|first=Cameron|date=May 12, 2016|website=CameronMcEfee.com|publisher=Cameron McEfee|access-date=April 19, 2017|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011045/http://cameronmcefee.com/work/the-octocat/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/04/technology/culture/octocat-github-microsoft/|title=What IS that thing behind Satya Nadella in the GitHub photo?|last=Goldman|first=David|work=CNNMoney|access-date=July 19, 2018|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112212049/https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/04/technology/culture/octocat-github-microsoft/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 101 ⟶ 127:
== Services ==
Projects on GitHub
Anyone can browse and download public repositories, but only registered users can contribute content to repositories. With a registered user account, users
The fundamental software that underpins GitHub is [[Git]] itself, written by [[Linus Torvalds]], creator of Linux.
=== Scope ===
The primary purpose of GitHub is to facilitate the [[version control]] and [[Issue tracking system|issue tracking]] aspects of software development. Labels, milestones, responsibility assignment, and a search engine are available for issue tracking. For version control, Git (and, by extension, GitHub) allows [[pull request]]s to propose changes to the source code. Users who can review the proposed changes can see a diff between the requested changes and approve them. In Git terminology, this action is called "committing" and one instance of it is a "commit." A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at a later time.
In addition, GitHub supports the following formats and features:
* Documentation,<ref>{{Cite web|title=GitHub.com Help Documentation|url=https://docs.github.com/en|access-date=2021-09-21|website=GitHub Docs|language=en|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105200824/https://docs.github.com/en|url-status=live}}</ref> including automatically rendered [[README]] files in a variety of [[Markdown]]-like file formats (see {{Section link|README|On GitHub}})
*[[Wikis]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=About wikis|url=https://docs.github.com/en/communities/documenting-your-project-with-wikis/about-wikis|access-date=2021-09-21|website=GitHub Docs|language=en|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921034733/https://docs.github.com/en/communities/documenting-your-project-with-wikis/about-wikis|url-status=live}}</ref> with some repositories consisting solely of wiki content. These include curated lists of recommended software which have become known as awesome lists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leonardomontini.dev/github-awesome-lists/|title=The awesome side of GitHub — Awesome lists|first=Leonardo|last=Montini|date=2023-05-07|accessdate=2023-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/most-popular-github-repos|title=15 most popular GitHub repositories every developer should know|author=Tashia T|publisher=Hostfinger|date=2023-06-08|accessdate=2023-09-30}}</ref>
* [[GitHub Codespaces]], an [[online IDE]] providing users with a virtual machine intended to be a work environment to build and test code<ref>{{Cite web |title=GitHub Codespaces documentation |url=https://ghdocs-prod.azurewebsites.net/en/codespaces |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=GitHub Docs |language=en |archive-date=2022-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018184621/https://ghdocs-prod.azurewebsites.net/en/codespaces |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GitHub Codespaces – Github |url=https://github.com/features/codespaces |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=GitHub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GitHub Codespaces documentation – GitHub Docs |url=https://docs.github.com/en/codespaces |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=GitHub Docs |language=en}}</ref>
* Graphs: pulse, contributors, commits, code frequency, punch card, network, members
* Integrations Directory<ref>{{cite web |url = https://github.com/integrations |title = Integrations Directory |work = GitHub |access-date = April 30, 2016 |archive-date = March 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042236/https://github.com/integrations |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Email notifications<ref>{{Cite web|title=About email notifications for pushes to your repository|url=https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/managing-your-repositorys-settings-and-features/managing-repository-settings/about-email-notifications-for-pushes-to-your-repository|access-date=2021-09-21|website=GitHub Docs|language=en|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921034731/https://docs.github.com/en/repositories/managing-your-repositorys-settings-and-features/managing-repository-settings/about-email-notifications-for-pushes-to-your-repository|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Discussions<ref>{{Cite news|title=GitHub Discussions Documentation|url=https://docs.github.com/en/discussions|access-date=2021-09-21|website=GitHub Docs|language=en|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921071947/https://docs.github.com/en/discussions|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Option to subscribe someone to notifications by [[Mention (blogging)|@ mentioning]] them.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://github.com/blog/821 |title = Mention @somebody. They're notified. |work = GitHub |date = March 23, 2011 |access-date = April 30, 2016 |archive-date = March 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042255/https://github.blog/2011-03-23-mention-somebody-they-re-notified/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Emoji]]s<ref>{{cite web |url = https://help.github.com/categories/writing-on-github/ |title = Github Help / Categories / Writing on GitHub |publisher = Github.com |access-date = April 30, 2016 |archive-date = March 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042258/https://docs.github.com/en/github/writing-on-github |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Nested [[to do list|task-lists]] within files
* Visualization of [[Geospatial analysis|geospatial]] data
* 3D render files
* Support for previewing many common image formats, including Photoshop's PSD files
* PDF document viewer
* Security Alerts of known [[Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures]] in different packages
GitHub's Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the [[Open Source Definition]]. The [[terms of service]] state, "By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-service/ |title=GitHub Terms of Service
=== GitHub Enterprise ===
GitHub Enterprise is a self-managed version of GitHub
=== GitHub Pages ===
Like the rest of GitHub, it includes free and paid service tiers. Websites generated through this service are hosted either as [[subdomain]]s of the github.io ___domain or can be connected to custom [[Domain name|domains]] bought through a third-party [[___domain name registrar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|title=Ubuntu Server Cookbook|last=Sawant|first=Uday R.|date=2016-06-30|publisher=Packt Publishing Ltd|isbn=9781785887987|language=en|access-date=June 15, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224628/https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|url-status=live}}</ref> GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption.<ref>All GitHub Pages sites, including sites correctly configured with a custom ___domain, support HTTPS and HTTPS enforcement.{{cite web |url=https://help.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/securing-your-github-pages-site-with-https |title=Securing your GitHub Pages site with HTTPS |website=help.github.com |publisher=GitHub |access-date=2020-06-01 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042317/https://docs.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/securing-your-github-pages-site-with-https |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Custom domains on GitHub Pages gain support for HTTPS.{{cite web |url=https://github.blog/2018-05-01-github-pages-custom-domains-https |title=Custom domains on GitHub Pages gain support for HTTPS |first=Parker |last=Moore |date=2018-05-01 |website=github.blog |publisher=GitHub |access-date=2020-06-01 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042231/https://github.blog/2018-05-01-github-pages-custom-domains-https/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== GitHub Actions ===
GitHub Actions was officially launched on November 13, 2019. It was first announced in October 2018 at GitHub Universe as a way to automate workflows, but the full general availability (GA) release came a year later in 2019. GitHub Actions,<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is GitHub Actions? • GitHub Actions|url=https://resources.github.com/downloads/What-is-GitHub.Actions_.Benefits-and-examples.pdf|access-date=2021-12-06|website=GitHub|language=en|archive-date=December 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203130324/https://resources.github.com/downloads/What-is-GitHub.Actions_.Benefits-and-examples.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> which allows building [[continuous integration]] and [[continuous deployment]] pipelines for testing, releasing and deploying software without the use of third-party websites/platforms. Unlike many other CI/CD tools, GitHub Actions launched with a marketplace where developers could share and reuse prebuilt actions (e.g., testing, linting, deployments). GitHub wanted to reduce reliance on third-party services and keep developers within the GitHub ecosystem. GitHub Actions provided hosted runners (Linux, Windows, macOS) that could dynamically scale, eliminating the need for self-managed build servers.
=== Gist ===
GitHub also operates a [[pastebin]]-style site called '''Gist''',
Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a [[pastebin]] by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and [[Transport Layer Security|TLS encryption]] for private pastes. Because each "gist"
Unregistered users
Gists' [[URL]]s use hexadecimal IDs, and edits to Gists are recorded in a [[version control|revision history]], which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a "split" and "unified" view. Like repositories, Gists can be forked, "starred", i.e., publicly bookmarked, and commented on. The count of revisions, stars, and forks is indicated on the gist page.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gist.github.com/shaunlebron/746476e6e7a4d698b373/revisions|title=Build software better, together|access-date=November 20, 2021|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120232151/https://gist.github.com/shaunlebron/746476e6e7a4d698b373/revisions|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Education program ===
GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students free access to more than a dozen popular development tools and services. GitHub partnered with [[Bitnami]], [[Crowdflower]], [[DigitalOcean]],
In 2016, GitHub announced the launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.blog/2016-06-25-github-campus-experts-technology-leadership-at-your-school/|title=GitHub Campus Experts
=== GitHub Marketplace service ===
GitHub also provides some [[software as a service]] (
* Waffle.io:
* Rollbar: provides real-time debugging tools and full-stack exception reporting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Rollbar Provides New and Updated Software Development Kits |url=https://www.dbta.com/Editorial/News-Flashes/Rollbar-Provides-New-and-Updated-Software-Development-Kits-152657.aspx |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Database Trends and Applications |language=en-US |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816000340/https://www.dbta.com/Editorial/News-Flashes/Rollbar-Provides-New-and-Updated-Software-Development-Kits-152657.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Lolapps Engineers Launch Rollbar, An Error-Tracking Platform For Developers That Has A Sense Of History |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/26/former-lolapps-engineers-launch-rollbar-an-error-tracking-platform-for-developers-that-has-a-sense-of-history/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=TechCrunch |date=February 26, 2013 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117060025/https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/26/former-lolapps-engineers-launch-rollbar-an-error-tracking-platform-for-developers-that-has-a-sense-of-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Codebeat: automated code analysis for web and mobile developers.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* [[Travis CI]]: [[continuous integration]] service.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* GitLocalize: provides utilities to manage project translation and internationalisation.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
=== GitHub Sponsors ===
GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/sponsors |title=
==GitHub Copilot ==
{{main|GitHub Copilot}}
[[File:GitHub Codespaces side by side terminal.webp|thumb|[[GitHub Codespaces]] layout <br> [[GitHub Copilot]] on the left <br> Code editor in center <br> Terminal on the right]]
GitHub Copilot was one of the first widely adopted [[AI]]-assisted software development tools. The preview launched in 2021 for [[VSCode]] users and was based on [[Open AI]]'s Codex model.
GitHub Copilot is now available to use on GitHub.com directly, on the [[command line]], as well as in several [[Integrated development environment|IDE]]s. Users are able to choose from a range of [[LLM]]s for some features.
==GitHub Archive Program==
{{main|GitHub Archive Program}}
In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site<ref name=blog>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-16|title=GitHub Archive Program: the journey of the world's open source code to the Arctic|url=https://github.blog/2020-07-16-github-archive-program-the-journey-of-the-worlds-open-source-code-to-the-arctic/|access-date=2020-07-18|website=The GitHub Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107021412/https://github.blog/2020-07-16-github-archive-program-the-journey-of-the-worlds-open-source-code-to-the-arctic/|url-status=live}}</ref> in an abandoned mountain mine in [[Svalbard]], Norway, part of the [[Arctic World Archive]] and not far from the [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]]. The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant but significant public repositories. The 21[[terabyte|TB]] of data was stored on ''piqlFilm'' archival film reels as [[Barcode#Matrix (2D) barcodes|matrix (2D) barcode]] ([[Boxing barcode]]), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GitHub Has Stored Its Code in an Arctic Vault It Hopes Will Last 1,000 Years|url=https://gizmodo.com/github-has-stored-its-code-in-an-arctic-vault-it-hopes-1844420340|access-date=2020-07-18|website=Gizmodo|date=July 17, 2020 |language=en-us|archive-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008022102/https://gizmodo.com/github-has-stored-its-code-in-an-arctic-vault-it-hopes-1844420340|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GitHub, the world's largest open-source software site, just had mounds of data stored in the permafrost chamber of an old coal mine deep in an Arctic mountain for 1,000 years |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/github-the-worlds-largest-open-source-software-site-just-had-mounds-of-data-stored-in-the-permafrost-chamber-of-an-old-coal-mine-deep-in-an-arctic-mountain-for-1000-years/ar-BB16U75c |date=2020-07-18 |website=[[MSN]] |publisher=Microsoft |first=Katie |last=Canales |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010534/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/github-the-worlds-largest-open-source-software-site-just-had-mounds-of-data-stored-in-the-permafrost-chamber-of-an-old-coal-mine-deep-in-an-arctic-mountain-for-1000-years/ar-BB16U75c |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=21 Terabytes of Open Source Code Is Now Stored in an Arctic Vault |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/21-terabytes-of-open-source-code-is-now-stored-in-an-arctic-vault/ |website=Vice.com |publisher=Vice Media |first=Kevin |last=Truong |date=17 July 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042248/https://www.vice.com/en/article/m7jpab/21-terabytes-of-open-source-code-is-now-stored-in-an-arctic-vault |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=buried>{{cite web| title=Buried deep in the ice is the GitHub code vault| first=Nate| last=Byrne| website=ABC News| publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date=12 August 2020| url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-13/github-code-vault-in-artic-svalbard-safeguards-against-calamity/12517948| access-date=13 August 2020| archive-date=November 15, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115015832/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-13/github-code-vault-in-artic-svalbard-safeguards-against-calamity/12517948| url-status=live}}</ref>
The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into the molecular structure of [[quartz glass]] platters, using a
== Controversies ==
Line 172 ⟶ 208:
=== Harassment allegations ===
In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner
=== Sanctions ===
On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on [[Medium (website)|Medium]] that GitHub had blocked his private repositories
<blockquote>GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for [[Developer (software)|developer]] collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-starts-blocking-developers-in-countries-facing-us-trade-sanctions/|title=GitHub starts blocking developers in countries facing US trade sanctions|last=Tung|first=Liam|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2019-08-10|archive-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924024105/https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-starts-blocking-developers-in-countries-facing-us-trade-sanctions/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/29/8934694/github-us-trade-sanctions-developers-restricted-crimea-cuba-iran-north-korea-syria|title=GitHub restricts developer accounts based in Iran, Crimea, and other countries under US sanctions|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-07-29|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-08-10|archive-date=August 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810062929/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/29/8934694/github-us-trade-sanctions-developers-restricted-crimea-cuba-iran-north-korea-syria|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden the use of [[Virtual private network|VPNs]] and [[Proxy server|IP proxies]] to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GitHub and Trade Controls |url=https://help.github.com/en/articles/github-and-trade-controls |
=== Censorship ===
{{main|Censorship of GitHub}}On December
On March 26, 2015, a large-scale [[DDoS]] attack was launched against GitHub.com that lasted for just under five days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/blog/1981-large-scale-ddos-attack-on-github-com|title=Large Scale DDoS Attack on github.com|date=March 27, 2015|publisher=GitHub|access-date=March 31, 2015|archive-date=March 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328034203/https://github.com/blog/1981-large-scale-ddos-attack-on-github-com|url-status=live}}</ref> The attack, which appeared to originate from China, primarily targeted GitHub-hosted user content describing methods of [[Internet censorship circumvention|circumventing Internet censorship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/27/8299555/github-china-ddos-censorship-great-firewall|title=Last night, GitHub was hit with massive denial-of-service attack from China|date=March 27, 2015|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=March 27, 2015|archive-date=March 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043021/https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/27/8299555/github-china-ddos-censorship-great-firewall|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coding-website-github-hit-with-cyberattack-1427638940|title=U.S. Coding Website GitHub Hit With Cyberattack|date=March 29, 2015|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=March 29, 2015|archive-date=March 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043011/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coding-website-github-hit-with-cyberattack-1427638940|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/03/massive-denial-of-service-attack-on-github-tied-to-chinese-government/|title=Massive denial-of-service attack on GitHub tied to Chinese government|date=March 31, 2015|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=April 1, 2015|archive-date=March 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043017/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/03/massive-denial-of-service-attack-on-github-tied-to-chinese-government/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On April 19, 2020, Chinese police detained Chen Mei and Cai Wei (volunteers for Terminus 2049, a project hosted on GitHub), and accused them of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble
=== ICE contract ===
{{See also|Microsoft and unions#United States}}
GitHub has a $200,000 contract with [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE) for the use of their on-site product GitHub Enterprise Server. This contract was renewed in 2019, despite internal opposition from many GitHub employees. In an email sent to employees, later posted to the GitHub blog on October 9, 2019, CEO [[Nat Friedman]] stated, "The revenue from the purchase is less than $200,000 and not financially material for our company." He announced that GitHub had pledged to donate $500,000 to "nonprofit groups supporting immigrant communities targeted by [[First presidency of Donald Trump|the current administration]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=GitHub and US Government developers |url=https://github.blog/2019-10-09-github-and-us-government-developers/ |website=The GitHub Blog |publisher=GitHub |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042959/https://github.blog/2019-10-09-github-and-us-government-developers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, at least 150 GitHub employees signed an open letter re-stating their opposition to the contract, and denouncing alleged human rights abuses by ICE. {{As of|2019|11|13|df=US|post=,}} five workers had resigned over the contract.<ref>{{cite web |title=As GitHub's Conference Begins, Five Employees Resign Over ICE Contract |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/as-githubs-conference-begins-five-employees-resign-over-protest-ice-contract/ |website=Vice |language=en |date=13 November 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2019 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043012/https://www.vice.com/en/article/evjwwp/as-githubs-conference-begins-five-employees-resign-over-protest-ice-contract |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghaffary |first1=Shirin |title=GitHub is the latest tech company to face controversy over its contracts with ICE |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/10/9/20906605/github-ice-contract-immigration-ice-dan-friedman |website=Vox |language=en |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=November 15, 2019 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043021/https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/10/9/20906605/github-ice-contract-immigration-ice-dan-friedman |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Letter from GitHub employees to CEO about the company's ICE contract |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/letter-from-github-employees-to-ceo-about-the-company-s-ice-contract/fb280de9-2bc3-40d5-b1a5-e3b954bf0d25/ |date=Oct 9, 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |access-date=November 15, 2019 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322043039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/letter-from-github-employees-to-ceo-about-the-company-s-ice-contract/fb280de9-2bc3-40d5-b1a5-e3b954bf0d25/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The ICE contract dispute came into focus again in June 2020 due to the company's decision [[
=== Capitol riot comments and employee firing ===
In January 2021, GitHub fired one of its employees after he expressed concern for colleagues
=== Twitter source code leak ===
In 2023, parts of the social media platform [[Twitter]] were uploaded onto GitHub. The leak was first reported by the ''New York Times'' and was part of a legal filing Twitter submitted to the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]. Twitter claimed that the postings infringed on copyright property owned by them, and asked the court for information to identify the user who posted the source code to GitHub, under the username "FreeSpeechEnthusiast".<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Innocenzio |first=Anne |date=2023-03-27 |title=Twitter hunts Github user who posted source code online |url=https://apnews.com/article/twitter-source-code-github-leak-3e79927806911f9ee112b0383b51102a |access-date=2023-03-27 |publisher=AP News |language=en }}</ref>
==
In 2012, [[Linus Torvalds]], the original developer of Git, highly praised GitHub, stating, "The hosting of github{{sic}} is excellent. They've done a good job on that. I think GitHub should be commended enormously for making open source project hosting so easy." However, he also sharply criticized the implementation of GitHub's merging interface, saying, "Git comes with a nice pull-request generation module, but GitHub instead decided to replace it with their own totally inferior version. As a result, I consider GitHub useless for these kinds of things. It's fine for hosting, but the pull requests and the online commit editing, are just pure garbage."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McMillan |first=Robert |date=2012-05-11 |title=Linus Torvalds Invented Git, But He Pulls No Patches With GitHub |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/05/torvalds-github/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205182545/https://www.wired.com/2012/05/torvalds-github/ |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=2022-01-27 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tim Anderson |date=2021-09-06 |title=GitHub merges 'useless garbage' says Linus Torvalds as new NTFS support added to Linux kernel 5.15 |url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/06/github_merges_useless_garbage_says/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127204556/https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/06/github_merges_useless_garbage_says/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=[[The Register]] |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
Line 208 ⟶ 247:
* [[DevOps]]
* [[Gitea]]
* [[GitLab]]
* [[Codeberg]]
* [[Timeline of GitHub]]
* [[GitHub Copilot]]
* [[Replit]]
== References ==
{{
== External links ==
Line 219 ⟶ 263:
{{Microsoft}}
{{Microsoft FOSS}}
{{Bug tracking systems}}
[[Category:GitHub| ]]
Line 227 ⟶ 272:
[[Category:Computing websites]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2008]]
[[Category:Microsoft acquisitions]]
Line 233 ⟶ 277:
[[Category:Microsoft websites]]
[[Category:Open-source software hosting facilities]]
[[Category:Project management software]]
[[Category:Remote companies]]
[[Category:
| |||