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{{Short description|American author and political activist (born 1947)}}
[[Image:Ward-churchill.jpg|thumb|150px|Photo of Ward Churchill from University of Colorado faculty web page]]
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}
'''Ward LeRoy Churchill''' (born [[October 2]], [[1947]]) is an [[United States|American]] writer, Vietnam veteran, [[political activism|political activist]], and [[academic]]. He is a full professor of [[ethnic studies]] at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]], author of over twenty books and over 150 published essays. He has, "decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics." [http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf] In addition to his academic writing, Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion. His work is primarily about the [[United States|U.S.]] and its historical treatment of political dissenters and of [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] peoples.
{{Infobox person
|name=Ward Churchill
|image=Ward Churchill.jpg
|imagesize=200px
|caption=Churchill speaking at the Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair in May 2005.
|birth_name=Ward LeRoy Churchill
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1947|10|02}}<ref name="DOB">{{cite web |title=Curriculum vitae of Ward L. Churchill |url=http://wardchurchill.net/archived/churchill_full_CV.pdf |website=wardchurchill.net |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>
|birth_place=[[Urbana, Illinois]], United States
|alma_mater=[[University of Illinois at Springfield|Sangamon State University]] (BA, MA)
|death_date=
|death_place=
|occupation=Author
|spouse=
|website=
|footnotes=
|children=
}}
'''Ward LeRoy Churchill''' (born October 2, 1947)<ref name="DOB" /> is an American activist, author, and former [[academic staff|academic]]. He was a [[professor]] of [[ethnic studies]] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] from 1990 until 2007.<ref name="wrongly fired">[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/03/us/03churchill.html?hp&_r=0 Jury Says Professor Was Wrongly Fired]; ''New York Times''; Kirk Johnson and Katherine Q. Seelye; April 2, 2009</ref> Much of Churchill's work focuses on the historical treatment of [[political dissenters]] and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] by the United States government, and he expresses controversial views in a direct, often confrontational and abrasive style.<ref>Chapman Page 92–93</ref> While Churchill has claimed Native American ancestry, [[genealogical research]] has failed to unearth such ancestry, and he is not a recognized member of any tribe.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/09/professor-ward-churchi |title="I Never Claimed I Was F***ing Sitting Bull" |last=Enzinna |first=Wes |magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=September 2017 |accessdate=2025-04-22}}</ref>
 
In January 2005, Churchill's 2001 essay "[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]" gained attention. In the work, he argued the [[September 11 attacks]] were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful [[U.S. foreign policy]] over the latter half of the 20th century; the essay is known for Churchill's use of the phrase "[[little Eichmanns]]" to describe the "technocratic corps" working in the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name="college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm">{{cite news |first=Charlie |last=Brennan |date=February 3, 2005 |title=College journalist touched off firestorm |work=Rocky Mountain News |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/03/college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081016160806/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/03/college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm/ |archive-date=October 16, 2008}}</ref>
Churchill was widely discussed and criticized in the [[mass media]] in 2005, for a 2001 essay in which he questioned the innocence of many of the people killed in the [[World Trade Center attacks]], labeling them as "[[technocrats]]" and "[[little Eichmann]]s."<ref>A revised and expanded version of the essay ''Some People Push Back'' appears in {{cite book | first=Ward | last=Churchill | year=2003 | title=[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality | publisher=AK Press | id=ISBN 978-1-902593-79-1}}</ref> The University of Colorado stated support for Churchill's right to engage in controversial political speech.
 
In March 2005, the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct.<ref name="misconduct_report">{{Cite book |title=Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill |first1=Marianne |last1=Wesson |first2=Robert |last2=Clinton |first3=José |last3 =Limón |first4=Marjorie |last4=McIntosh |first5=Michael |last5=Radelet |date=May 9, 2006 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060523111342/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2006}}</ref> Churchill was fired on July 24, 2007.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill">{{cite news|url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/jul/25/cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill/ |title=CU regents fire Ward Churchill |first=Berny |last=Morson |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=July 25, 2007}}</ref> Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment. In April 2009, a Denver jury found that Churchill was unjustly fired, awarding him $1 in damages.<ref name="wrongly">{{cite news |title=Jury Says Professor Wrongly Fired |last1=Johnson |first1=Kirk |last2=Seelye |first2=Katharine Q. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/03/us/03churchill.html?hp |date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=John |first=Aguilar |date=April 2, 2009 |title=Churchill wins his case, awarded $1 in damages – Reinstatement at CU to be decided at future hearing |journal=Daily Camera |url= http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2009/apr/02/ward-churchill-trial-blog-jury-university-colorado/ |access-date=April 3, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090405174548/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2009/apr/02/ward-churchill-trial-blog-jury-university-colorado/ |archive-date=April 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> In July 2009, however, a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill's request to order his reinstatement, holding that the university had "quasi-judicial immunity". Churchill's appeals of this decision were unsuccessful.
Following an investigation of Churchill's past research, the University's Standing Committee on Research Misconduct recommended Churchill be sanctioned for repeated acts of "serious research misconduct." On June 26, 2006, CU Interim Chancellor Phil DiStefano issued a notice of intent to dismiss Churchill from his faculty position at the University of Colorado Boulder.<ref>[http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/9424240/detail.html Denver TV channel report on the recommendation to dismiss Churchill]</ref>
Churchill has been "relieved of his duties by interim chancellor Phil DiStefano, but he will stay on the CU payroll until the termination is final."<ref>[http://www.denverpost.com/ci_3982474]</ref>
Some observers concerned with academic freedom argue that the investigation is in retaliation for Churchill's controversial statements about the World Trade Center attacks.<ref name="witch">{{cite journal
| first=Mike
| last=Littwin
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2006
| month=May 18
| title=Witch hunt apparently pays off at CU
| journal=Rocky Mountain News
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =7A
| id =
| url =http://www.insidedenver.com/drmn/news_columnists/article/0,1299,DRMN_86_4707875,00.html
| accessdate=January 25
| accessyear=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.swans.com/library/art12/zig094.html
| author=Tom Mayer
| title=The Report On Ward Churchill
| work=Swans Commentatary (June 19, 2006)
| accessdate=July 13
| accessyear=2006}}</ref> Churchill has filed an appeal against his proposed dismissal.
 
==Early life and education==
== Background ==
Churchill was born in [[Urbana, Illinois]], to Jack LeRoy Churchill and Maralyn Lucretia Allen. His parents divorced before he turned two. He grew up in [[Elmwood, Illinois]], where he attended local schools.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005">{{cite news
=== Ethnic Background ===
|title=Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past |first1=Dave |last1=Curtin |first2=Howard |last2=Pankratz |first3=Arthur |last3=Kane |work=Denver Post |url= https://www.denverpost.com/2005/06/08/questions-stoke-ward-churchills-firebrand-past/ |date=June 9, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000349/http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_0002709008|archivedate=October 1, 2007|accessdate=May 7, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In 1966, Churchill was [[conscription|drafted]] into the [[United States Army]]. On his 1980 resume, he claimed to have served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases."<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /> In a 1987 profile in the ''[[Denver Post]]'', Churchill claimed to have attended [[United States Army Airborne School|paratrooper school]] and to have volunteered for a 10-month stint on [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol]] in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]. Churchill also claimed to have spent time at the Chicago office of the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS), and provided firearms and explosives training to members of the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weather Underground]].<ref name="LRRP">[http://www.gnosis.cx/photos/news/Churchill-DenverPost-1987.gif photostat of ''Denver Post'' article, Claire Martin and (name illegible), ''Denver Post''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619192424/http://www.gnosis.cx/photos/news/Churchill-DenverPost-1987.gif |date=June 19, 2007 }}, January 18, 1987. Retrieved February 7, 2010</ref> In 2005, the ''Denver Post'' reported on fabrications in Churchill's service record. [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] personnel files showed that Churchill was trained as a [[film projectionist]] and light truck driver, but they do not reflect paratrooper school or LRRP training.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" /><ref name="DP_Feb_3_2005" />
Churchill was born in [[Elmwood, Illinois]]. Both of his birth parents are listed as white on the 1930 census, as are all of his other ancestors on previous censuses and other official documents. <ref>http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3841949,00.html</ref>
 
Churchill received his B.A. in technological communications in 1974 and his M.A. in [[Communication studies|communication theory]] in 1975, both from Sangamon State University (now the [[University of Illinois at Springfield]]).<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" />
Churchill claims ancestry of three different tribes, [[Creek people|Creek]]<ref>[http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html University of Colorado Ethnic Studies page.]</ref>, [[Cherokee]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ward Churchill | title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial | journal=Socialism and Democracy | year=2002 | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages= | url=http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm}}</ref>, and [[Metis]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Churchill files suit to stop dismissal from CU | work=Indianz.com | url=http://www.indianz.com/News/2006/016686.asp | date=2006-11-01}}</ref><ref>[http://www2.ncsu.edu/univ_relations/humanrights.html North Carolina State Univ., Office of University Relations, posting of Ward Churchill speech. March 28, 2004]</ref> and had stated that he was an enrolled member of the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]]. According to tribal chief George Wickliffe, Churchill's claims to Keetowah membership are "are deemed fraudulent by the United Keetoowah Band," and that Churchill "could not prove any Cherokee ancestry." <ref>"Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud," Rocky Mountain News, May 17, 2005.</ref> Moreover, the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|United Keetoowah Band]] [[Ward Churchill: Misconduct Issues#Questioned ethnicity|responded]] to Churchill's claim by clarifying that he was not an enrolled member, but an honorary associate member (just as former [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]] was) for few months in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ward Churchill|title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial|journal=Socialism and Democracy|year=2002|volume=19|issue=3|pages= | url=http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm}}</ref> The tribal statement said that Churchill's membership claim in the Keetowah tribe after receiving an Associate Membership "is akin to receiving an honorary doctorate, and then claiming to have received eight years worth of university education."<ref>Keetowah tribe press release, May 2005.</ref> The [[Rocky Mountain News]] investigated and found "no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" [of Churchill].<ref>http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3841949,00.html</ref> The [[Denver Post]]'s genealogical investigation resulted in the same conclusion. Ernestine Berry, who was on the tribe's enrollment committee (Keetoowah) and served on the tribal council for four years, told the [[The Denver Post]]: "He (Churchill) was trying to get recognized as an Indian. He could not prove he was an Indian (Cherokee) at all."<ref>{{cite web | author=Howard Pankratz | title=CU prof affirms Indian heritage | work =Denver Post | url=http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_0002689334 | date=2005-02-03}}</ref>
 
==Career==
=== Early life and education ===
===University of Colorado Boulder===
In 1978, Churchill began working at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] as an [[affirmative action]] officer in the university administration. He also lectured on issues relating to [[Native Americans in the United States]] in the [[ethnic studies]] program. In 1990, the University of Colorado hired him as an [[associate professor]], although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position. The following year he was granted [[tenure]] in the Communication department, without the usual six-year probationary period, after having been declined by the [[Sociology]] and [[Political Science]] departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/ConferenceReport.pdf|title=Conference report}}</ref>
 
Churchill received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from [[Alfred University]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |title= Alfred University, Honorary Degrees, 1990–1999 |access-date= August 28, 2007 |archive-date= May 24, 2003 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030524095848/http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |url-status= dead }}</ref>
Churchill attended Elmwood High School.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nndb.com/people/925/000090655/ | title=Ward Churchill | author=Soylent Communications | work=NNDB: tracking the entire world | accessdate=April 7 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> In 1966, Churchill was drafted into the [[United States Army]]. On his 1980 resume, Churchill said he served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases."<ref>''Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past,'' Denver Post, 02/13/2005.</ref> In a 1987 article on Churchill, the ''[[Denver Post]]'' printed Churchill's claims that he went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for [[Vietnam war|Vietnam]] and served a 10-month tour as "a LURP" [sic], one of a six-man team sent out on [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol]] to track down North Vietnamese.<ref>Denver Post, January 18, 1987. ([http://www.gnosis.cx/photos/news/Churchill-DenverPost-1987.gif photostat of ''Denver Post'' article])</ref>. Military records obtained through the [[Freedom of Information Act]] show that Churchill was trained as a projectionist and light truck driver, and give no indication that he went to paratrooper school or trained for LRRP.<ref>Radio host [[Bob Newman]] published these military records to dispute the ''Denver Post'' 1987 claim that he had trained as a paratrooper and in [[reconnaissance]]. ([http://www.mensnewsdaily.com/archive/newswire/news2005/0205/021105-ward-churchill.htm "Ward Churchill's Military Claims Proven False"], ''Mens News Daily'' (Guerneville, CA: Java King, February 11, 2005); Retrieved August 11, 2005).</ref>
<!--What are the timeframes on the B.A. and the M.A.??? And what is the timeframe on the honorary doctorate??? It is presented in a POV matter in that they look like they are one right after the other chronologically when that is probably far from the truth. He received the honorary doctorate years and years later, yet this section is written as if it chronological and that is misleading. Area for improvement.-->
 
In 1994, then CU-Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian, saying "it has always been university policy that a person's [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] or [[ethnicity]] is self-proving."<ref name="RMN 2005-02-17">{{cite news |title=Red-flagged career: Churchill's tenure at CU marked by warnings of trouble |first1=Charlie |last1=Brennan |first2=Stuart |last2=Steers |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=February 17, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/17/red-flagged-career/}}</ref>
Following his military service, Churchill received his [[B.A.]] and [[Master's degree|M.A.]] in [[Communication studies|Communication]] from Sangamon State University, now the [[University of Illinois at Springfield]].
 
In 1996, Churchill moved to the new Ethnic Studies Department of the University of Colorado. In 1997, he was promoted to [[full professor]]. He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=Churchill tenure questioned: Prof was granted job security without usual review process |first1=Berny |last1=Morson |first2=Charlie |last2=Brennan |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=February 16, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/16/churchill-tenure-questioned/}}</ref><ref name="personnel_file">{{cite news |first=Jefferson |last=Dodge |title=Churchill's personnel files released by CU-Boulder |work=Silver & Gold Record |date=February 24, 2005 |url= https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/4218.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060922112926/http://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/4218.html |archive-date=September 22, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary Degrees, 1990–1999 |work=Special Collections & Archives |publisher=Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University |url= http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030524095848/http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 24, 2003}}</ref> Documents in Churchill's university personnel file show that Churchill was granted tenure in a "special opportunity position".<ref name="personnel_file" />
According to the ''Denver Post'' article, Churchill said that he had been politically [[Radicalization|radicalized]] as a result of his experiences in Vietnam, and that he had taught bomb-making to members of the [[Weatherman (organization)|Weather Underground]].
 
In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9/11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado&nbsp;— his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year.<ref name="resigns_chair">[http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/44.html Ward Churchill Resigns Administrative Post] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060924200253/http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/44.html |date=September 24, 2006}}, University of Colorado Boulder,
Churchill began working as an [[affirmative action]] officer at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] in the late 1970s. In 1990, he was hired as an assistant professor and was granted tenure the following year. There are allegations that his hiring as an assistant professor and his tenure grant went against normal University of Colorado procedure because normally these positions require an academic [[doctorate]], which Churchill did not possess.<ref>Ken Masugi, [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1345497/posts ''A Colleague of Alger Hiss? How Ward Churchill Got Tenure''], Claremont Institute, February 16, 2005.</ref> He was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from [[Alfred University]] after giving a lecture there about [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] history in 1992.<ref>Ken Masugi, [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1345497/posts ''A Colleague of Alger Hiss? How Ward Churchill Got Tenure''], Claremont Institute, February 16, 2005.</ref> He resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] in January 2005 (his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year[http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/44.html]), but remains as a tenured professor. On [[May 16]], [[2006]], the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic misconduct, specifically [[plagiarism]], fabrication, and falsification.<ref>http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/churchillreport051606.html</ref>
January 31, 2005</ref>
 
In 2005, the University of Colorado's Research Misconduct Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity to "add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship".<ref name="preliminary_report" /> The committee concluded that the allegation was not "appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct".<ref>{{cite press release |title=Statement Regarding Decision Of Standing Committee On Research Misconduct |first=Pauline |last=Hale |publisher=CU-Boulder Office of News Services |date=September 9, 2005 |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/standingcommittee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071128124106/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/standingcommittee.html |archive-date=November 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The university has said that it does not hire on the basis of ethnicity.<ref name="RMN 2005-02-17" />
=== Writing ===
As a scholar, Churchill has written on [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he describes as the [[genocide]] inflicted on the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people of North America]] by [[Europe]]an settlers and the repression of native peoples that he claims continues to this day.
[[Image:FromaNativeSon.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[From a Native Son]]'' book cover]]
[[Image:On the Justice of Roosting Chickens.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]'' book cover]]
 
On July 24, 2007, Churchill was fired for [[academic misconduct]].<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill" />
In ''Agents of Repression'' (1988), co-authored by [[Jim Vander Wall]], the authors describe "the secret war" against the [[Black Panther Party]] and [[American Indian Movement]] carried out during the late 1960s and [[1970s|'70s]] by the [[FBI]] under the [[COINTELPRO]] program. ''[[The COINTELPRO Papers]]'' (1990; reissued 2002), also co-authored with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's activities against various leftist groups, from the [[Communist Party USA|U.S. Communist Party]] in the 1950s to activists concerned with [[Central America]]n issues in the 1980s.
 
====Research misconduct investigation====
In ''Fantasies of the Master Race'' (1992), Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture. He focuses on such phenomena as [[Tony Hillerman]]'s mystery novels, the film ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'', and the [[New Age]] movement, finding examples of cultural [[imperialism]] and exploitation. Churchill calls author [[Carlos Castaneda]]'s claims of revealing the teachings of a [[Yaqui]] Indian [[shaman]], the "greatest hoax since [[Piltdown Man]]."
[[File:CVNTrialVideoSample.jpg|thumb|Churchill testifying in the civil trial of ''Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado''.]]
 
The quality of Churchill's research had been seriously questioned by legal scholar John LaVelle and historian [[Guenter Lewy]].<ref name="lavelle_review">{{Cite journal |title=Review of "Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America" |first1=John |last1=LaVelle |journal=The American Indian Quarterly |volume=20 |pages=109–118 |date=1999 |url=http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/american-indian-quarterly.pdf |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/1184946 |first2=Ward |jstor=1184946 |last2=Churchill |access-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208144926/http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/american-indian-quarterly.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes |first=John |last=LaVelle |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review |date=Spring 1999 |pages=251–302 |url=http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf |doi=10.2307/1409527 |volume=14 |issue=1 |jstor=1409527 |access-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-date=December 8, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208144451/http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
''[[Struggle for the Land]]'' (1993; reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles the U.S. government's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians. He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent defoliation and industrial practices such as [[surface mining]].
| title=Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide? |first=Guenter |last=Lewy |work=[[History News Network]] |date=November 22, 2004| url=http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html}}</ref> Additional critics were sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work; and historians R. G. Robertson and [[Russell Thornton]], who said that Churchill had misrepresented their work.<ref>{{cite news |title=A New Ward Churchill Controversy |first=Scott |last=Jaschik |work=Inside Higher Ed |date=February 9, 2005 |url= http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/02/09/churchill2_9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric |first=Thomas |last=Brown |journal=Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification |volume=1 |date=2006 |pages=1–30 |url= http://www.plagiary.org/smallpox-blankets.pdf |issue=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070712044609/http://www.plagiary.org/smallpox-blankets.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 
In 2005, [[University of Colorado Boulder]] administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of [[research misconduct]] against Churchill.<ref name="preliminary_report">{{Cite book |title=Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill |first1=Philip |last1=DiStephano |first2=Todd |last2=Gleeson |first3=David |last3=Getches |date=March 24, 2005 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120629204440/http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The allegations included three allegations of [[plagiarism]], allegations of fabrication or falsification regarding the history of the [[Dawes Act]] and the [[Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990]], and alleged claims that [[smallpox]] was intentionally spread to Native Americans by [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] in 1614 and by the United States Army at [[Fort Clark Trading Post State Historic Site#History|Fort Clark]] in [[1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic#Responsibility and intentional spread allegations|1837]].<ref>Brown, Thomas. 2006. "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric." ''Plagiary'' 2006 1 (9): 1-30.</ref>
Churchill's ''Indians Are Us?'' (1994), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race'', further explores [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie ''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]],'' the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] killings, the prosecution of [[Leonard Peltier]], sports [[mascot]]s, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and [[blood quantum laws]], calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken about [[New Age]] exploitations of [[shamanism]] and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "[[do-it-yourself]] Indianism" of certain contemporary authors.
 
On May 16, 2006, the university released its findings; the Investigative Committee unanimously concluded that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct", including falsification, fabrication, and [[plagiarism]].<ref name="misconduct_report" /> The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions.<ref name="misconduct_report" /> Following further deliberations by university bodies,<ref name="standing_ctte_report">{{Cite book |title=Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill |first1=Joseph |last1=Rosse |first2=Sanjai |last2=Bhagat |first3=Mark |last3=Bradburn |first4=Harold |last4=Bruff |first5=Judith |last5=Glyde |first6=Steven |last6=Guberman |first7=Bella |last7=Mody |first8=Linda |last8=Morris |first9=Uriel |last9=Nauenberg |first10=Cortlandt |last10=Pierpont |date=June 13, 2006 |publisher=University of Colorado Boulder |url= http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/ChurchillStandingCmteReport.pdf}}</ref><ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill" /><ref name="sgr-regents-dismiss-churchill">{{cite news |title=Regents dismiss Ward Churchill |first=Jefferson |last=Dodge |work=Silver & Gold Record |date=July 26, 2007 |url= https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/5704.html |access-date=2008-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070928080322/https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/5704.html |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> on July 24, 2007, the university regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct. The regents voted eight to one to fire Churchill.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill" /><ref name="sgr-regents-dismiss-churchill" />
''[[From a Native Son|From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985-1995]]'' (1996) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history, culture, and political activism.
 
The next day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for his expression of politically unpopular views.<ref>{{cite web |title=First amended complaint & jury demand |work=Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado |url= http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/complaint.pdf |date=July 25, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210803/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/complaint.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The jury in Churchill's suit for reinstatement weighed the university's claims of academic misconduct per jury instructions it received in the case. On April 1, 2009, the jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired, and awarded $1 in damages.<ref name="wrongly" /> On July 7, 2009, Judge Larry Naves found that the university was entitled to [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial immunity]] as a matter of law, [[Vacated judgment|vacated]] the jury verdict, and determined that the university did not owe Churchill any financial compensation.<ref name="DP_July_7_2009">{{cite news |title=No job, no money for Ward Churchill |first=Tom |last=McGhee |work=Denver Post |date=July 7, 2009 |url= http://www.denverpost.com/ci_12769291 |access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |url= http://domainnameattorney.com/ward-churchill.pdf |litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado |opinion=Order Granting Defendants' Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law and Denying Plaintiff's Motion for Reinstatement of Employment |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701000000*/http://domainnameattorney.com/ward-churchill.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Churchill appealed, but Judge Naves's decision was upheld by a three-judge panel of the [[Colorado Court of Appeals]]<ref name="appeal">{{cite web |url= http://www.lawweekonline.com/2010/11/ward-churchill-wont-get-job-back-appeals-court-rules/ |title=Ward Churchill Won't Get Job Back, Appeals Court Rules|publisher= [[Law Week Colorado]] |date= November 24, 2010 |access-date=2010-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite court|litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder |vol=293|reporter=P.3d|opinion=16 |pinpoint= |court=Colo. App.|date=November 24, 2010 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1476399561735171689|access-date= January 10, 2023|quote= |postscript= }}</ref> and by the [[Colorado Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-september-idUSBRE9300AL20130401 |title=Supreme Court declines to hear controversial professor's appeal |publisher=Reuters |date=2013-01-04|access-date=2013-01-04}}</ref>
Churchill's ''A Little Matter of Genocide'' (1998) is a survey of [[ethnic cleansing]] from 1492 to the present. He compares the treatment of North American [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] to historical instances of genocide in [[Cambodia]], [[Armenia]], toward the [[Roma people|Gypsies]] by a majority of European peoples, as well as the [[Poles]] and [[Jews]] by the [[Nazism|Nazis]].
<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder |vol=285 |reporter=P.3d |opinion=986 |pinpoint= |court=Colo. |date=September 10, 2012 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1164974651751151550
|access-date= January 10, 2023|quote= |postscript= }}</ref> On April 1, 2013, the [[United States Supreme Court]] declined to hear Churchill's case.<ref name="2013_Supreme_Court_Appeal_Rejected">{{cite news |title=Ex-university professor Ward Churchill won't get Supreme Court appeal on firing |work=FoxNews.com |date=April 1, 2013 |url= https://www.foxnews.com/us/ex-university-professor-ward-churchill-wont-get-supreme-court-appeal-on-firing/}}</ref><ref>{{cite court|litigants=Churchill v. University of Colorado at Boulder |vol=569|reporter=U.S.|opinion=904 |pinpoint= |court=|date=April 1, 2013 |url=
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11655396224721484042|access-date= January 10, 2023|quote= |postscript= }}</ref>
 
A 2011 report by the Colorado Committee to Protect Faculty Rights of the Colorado Conference of the [[American Association of University Professors]] investigating academic freedom at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado - Boulder]] determined that Churchill's termination was unjustified.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.westword.com/news/cus-treatment-of-ward-churchill-phil-mitchell-makes-it-questionable-employer-report-finds-5899889 |title=CU's treatment of Ward Churchill, Phil Mitchell makes it questionable employer, report finds |magazine=Westword |date=2011-11-09|access-date=2018-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=CCPFR Reports on the University of Colorado's Terminations of Phil Mitchell and Ward Churchill |publisher=Colorado Conference of the American Association of University Professorsdate=2011 |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/71999087/Mitchell-Churchill-Report?ad_group=725X1265248Xcd0a796752f362dd987b1e0e5000507e&campaign=SkimbitLtd&keyword=660149026&medium=affiliate&source=hp_affiliate}}</ref>
In ''Perversions of Justice'' (2002), Churchill argues that the U.S.'s legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the U.S., but later adapted for application abroad. He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S.'s "imperial logic," which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.
 
===Writing===
''On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and criminality'' (2003) takes the "roosting chickens" of the title from a 1963 [[Malcolm X]] speech wherein Malcolm X linked the assassination of the U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]] to the violence that Kennedy perpetuated as "merely a case of 'chickens coming home to roost.'" Churchill's essays address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries.
According to the University of Colorado investigation, Churchill's academic publications "are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation, drawing upon studies by other scholars, not [[monograph]]s describing new research based on primary sources." The investigation also noted that "he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics."<ref name="misconduct_report" /> Historian [[Gavriel Rosenfeld]] criticized Churchill for "numerous errors reflecting sloppy or hasty scholarship".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=G. D. |title=The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=1999 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=28–61 |doi=10.1093/hgs/13.1.28}}</ref>
 
In 1986, Churchill wrote the essay "Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis" criticizing [[Pacifism|pacifist]] politics within the U.S. left as being hypocritical, ''de facto'' [[Racism in the United States|racist]] and ineffectual.<ref>{{cite web |last=Churchill |first=Ward |title=Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on An American Pseudopraxis |url= http://zinelibrary.info/files/pap_imposed.pdf |work=Zine Library |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120914103542/http://zinelibrary.info/files/pap_imposed.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oaiJp3EoXWAC&q=%22Pacifism+as+Pathology%22&pg=PA35 |title=Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence |last=Orosco| first=José-Antonio |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=9780826343758 |pages=35–37}}</ref> In 1998, [[Arbeiter Ring Publishing]] published the essay in a book entitled ''Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America'', listing Ward Churchill as the author. The book included a preface by Ed Mead (of the [[George Jackson Brigade]]), a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Michael Ryan. The book sparked much debate in [[leftist]] circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the [[anti-globalization]] movement in the following few years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kauffman |first=L. A. |title=Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle? |url= http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html |work=[[Salon.com]] |date=December 10, 1999 |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080304153844/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html |archive-date=March 4, 2008}}</ref> [[George Lakey]], a co-founder of the pacifist [[Movement for a New Society]], published a detailed response in 2001 titled "Nonviolent Action as the Sword that Heals: Challenging Ward Churchill's 'Pacifism As Pathology{{' "}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lakey |first=George |author-link=George Lakey |title=The Sword that Heals: Challenging Ward Churchill's 'Pacifism as Pathology' |date=2001 |publisher=Training for Change |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VVCLGwAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lakey |first=George |author-link=George Lakey |title=Nonviolent Action as the Sword that Heals |url= http://trainingforchange.org/nonviolent_action_sword_that_heals |work=TrainingForChange.org |publisher=Training for Change |access-date=August 23, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090208223743/http://trainingforchange.org/nonviolent_action_sword_that_heals |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |date=March 1, 2001}}</ref> The 2007 edition published by [[AK Press]] includes a preface by [[Derrick Jensen (activist)|Derrick Jensen]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America |isbn=978-1904859185 |last1=Churchill |first1=Ward |date=2007|publisher=AK Press }}</ref> A third edition was published in 2017 by [[PM Press]] with updates by Churchill and Ryan, and a foreword by [[Dylan Rodríguez]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rai |first=Milan |title=Ward Churchill & Michael Ryan, ''Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America'' |url= https://peacenews.info/node/8908/ward-churchill-michael-ryan-pacifism-pathology-reflections-role-armed-struggle-north-ameri |work=[[Peace News]] |issue=2612–2613 |date=December 2017 |access-date=August 23, 2019}}</ref>
In ''[[Kill the Indian, Save the Man|Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools]]'' (2004), Churchill traces the history of removing [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] children from their homes to [[residential schools]] (in [[Canada]]) or [[Indian boarding school]]s (in the USA) as part of government policies (1880s-1980s) which he regards as genocidal.
 
Churchill's ''Indians Are Us?'' (1994), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race'', further explores Native American issues in [[popular culture]] and politics. He examines the movie ''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]]'', the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] killings, the prosecution of [[Leonard Peltier]], sports [[mascot]]s, the [[Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990]], and [[blood quantum laws]], calling them tools of [[genocide]]. Churchill is particularly outspoken about [[New Age]] exploitations of [[shamanism]] and [[Native American religions|American Indian sacred traditions]], and the "[[do-it-yourself]] Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. John P. LaVelle of the [[University of New Mexico School of Law]] published a review of ''Indians Are Us?'' in ''[[American Indian Quarterly|The American Indian Quarterly]]''. Professor LaVelle, an enrolled member of the [[Lakota people|Santee Sioux Nation]], states that ''Indians Are Us?'' twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes.<ref name="lavelle_review" /> It was in this book that Churchill first made the assertion that the United States distributed [[Smallpox blanket|"smallpox-infested blankets" to Indian tribes]], an assertion which he repeated several times over the next decade. The assertion has been criticized as a falsification.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.5240451.0001.009|title=Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric|first=Thomas|last=Brown|date=August 3, 2006|journal=Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification|hdl=2027/spo.5240451.0001.009}}</ref>
=== Activism ===
Churchill told the Denver Post that he had worked with SDS and Weather Underground in the late 1960s. Churchill claimed that he taught members of the Weather Underground how to make bombs and fire weapons.<ref>Denver Post, January 18, 1987</ref> However, Weather Underground leaders Bernadine Dohrn and Bill Ayers do not recall Churchill ever participating in that movement, nor do FBI files indicate Churchill's presence on the scene.<ref>http://www.walkingeagleproductions.com/wc/events/Weather-Underground-Dorn-Ayers.mov</ref>
 
Churchill argues that in the American continent the Indigenous populations were subjected to a systematic campaign of extermination by [[settler colonialism]]: "For Churchill, the greatest series of genocides ever perpetrated in history - in terms of magnitude and duration - occurred in the Americas...".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Curthoys |first1=Ann |last2=Docker |first2=John |date=2001 |title=Introduction: Genocide: definitions, questions, settler-colonies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45135468 |journal=Aboriginal History |volume=25 |pages=1–15 |issn=0314-8769 |jstor=45135468 |quote=Churchill argues that settler-colonies around the world established during European expansion post-1492 in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina, are not only potentially but inherently genocidal...In Churchill's view, settler-colonies involve genocide in their very being.}}</ref> He discusses American policies such as the [[Indian Removal Act]] and the [[forced assimilation]] of Indigenous children in [[American Indian boarding schools]] operating in the mid-1800s to early 1900s.<ref name="ChurchillLittle">Ward, Churchill, ''A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present'' (San Francisco CA: [[City Lights Books]], 1998) pages 1-17. {{ISBN|978-0-87286-323-1}} (paperback); {{ISBN|978-0-87286-343-9}} (hardcover).</ref> He has called [[manifest destiny]] an ideology used to justify dispossession and genocide against Native Americans, and compared it to [[Lebensraum]] ideology of [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&q=manifest+destiny+genocide&pg=PA437 |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87436-928-1 |editor-last=Charny |editor-first=Israel W. |page=437 |quote=The size of the aggregate native North American population in 1500 is currently estimated at about 15 million. By 1890 it had been reduced by some 97.5 percent, to less than a quarter-million. That year, it was announced that "aboriginal land-holdings" amounted to only 2.5 percent of US territory. Anglo-America's professed "manifest destiny" to acquire "living space" by liquidating the "inferior" peoples who owned it had been fulfilled.}}</ref>
Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co-director of the [[Denver]]-based [[American Indian Movement of Colorado]], an autonomous chapter of the [[American Indian Movement]]. In 1993, he and other local [[American Indian Movement|AIM]] leaders, including [[Russell Means]], Glen Morris, Bob Robideau, and David Hill, broke with the national [[American Indian Movement|AIM]] leadership, including [[Dennis Banks]] and [[Clyde Bellecourt|Clyde]] and Vernon Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The [[schism (religion)|schism]] continues, with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government which uses them against other American Indians.
 
==== Blood quantum ====
Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the [[Columbus Day]] holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver [[Italian American]] community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and others have been arrested while protesting for acts such as blocking the parade.<ref>[http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/media/20050924-rm.htm "Columbus parade could see less strife: Churchill, conflict having an effect" By Charlie Brennan, ''Rocky Mountain News'', September 24, 2005]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/chronology.html | title=Chronology of Events Concerning (Transform) Columbus Day | work=Transform Columbus Day Alliance | accessdate=March 28 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>
Churchill argues that the United States instituted [[blood quantum laws]] based upon rules of descendancy in order to further goals of personal enrichment and political expediency.<ref name="The charge: Mischaracterization">{{cite web|url= http://rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0%2C1299%2CDRMN_15_3838645%2C00.html |title=The charge: Mischaracterization |access-date=2017-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051225071656/http://rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0%2C1299%2CDRMN_15_3838645%2C00.html |archive-date=December 25, 2005}}, ''The Rocky Mountain News;'' June 7, 2005</ref> For decades in his writings, Churchill has argued that blood quantum laws have an inherent genocidal purpose. He says: "Set the blood quantum at one-quarter, hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians, let intermarriage proceed as it [has] and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence".<ref>Churchill, Ward, ''[[Kill the Indian, Save the Man]]'', San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books, 2004, p. 88</ref>
 
Churchill's assertions about the blood quantum were raised when research-misconduct allegations were brought against him in 2005 {{crossreference|printworthy=y|([[#Research misconduct investigation|see above]])}}. He has been accused of using his interpretation of the [[Dawes Act]] to attack tribal governments that would not recognize him as a member.<ref name="The charge: Mischaracterization" /> [[Oglala]] activist [[Russell Means]] has defended Churchill’s Native American identity, stating, “We are the only ethnic group in the world that has to prove our degree of blood, like the dogs and the horses.”<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.laits.utexas.edu/africa/ads/431.html | title=USA/Africa Dialogue, No 431: Ward Churchill of Colorado: "What did I really say?" }}</ref>
In April 1983, Churchill traveled to [[Tripoli]] and [[Benghazi]] as a representative of the AIM and the International Indian Treaty Council to meet Colonel [[Muammar al-Qaddafi]] of [[Libya]] while a U.S. travel ban to that country was in place. The visit was intended to seek support from al-Qaddafi regarding claims of the U.S. government's violation of AIM treaties.
 
====September Artwork11 essay====
[[Image:Churchill-Luxemburg.JPG|thumb|right|125px|Churchill drawing from a photograph of [[Rosa Luxemburg]]]]
 
Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled ''[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]''. In it, he argued that the [[September 11 attacks]] were provoked by [[U.S. foreign policy]]. He described the role of financial workers at the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as an "ongoing genocidal [[American imperialism]]" comparable to the role played by [[Adolf Eichmann]] in organizing the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. In 2005, this essay drew attention after [[Hamilton College (New York)|Hamilton College]] invited Churchill to speak.<ref name="college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm" /> This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of [[McCarthyism]] by Churchill and his supporters. Following the controversy, the [[University of Colorado]] interim [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] Phil DiStefano said, "While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9/11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public."<ref name="resigns_chair" />
Art works by Churchill, such as [[lithograph]]s, woodcuts, and drawings have been exhibited in galleries of the [[American Southwest]], and elsewhere. Churchill takes as subject matter [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] figures and other themes associated with [[Native American Culture]]. Churchill uses historical photographs as source material for works.<ref name="artnet">http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews2/artnetnews3-15-05.asp Artnet describing Ward Churchill's artwork</ref>
 
==Art==
There have been allegations that a few of Churchill’s pieces infringe on other's copyrights. For example, it is claimed that Churchill's painting "Winter Attack" may have broken copyright law. It has been claimed that Churchill's painting "Winter Attack"[http://littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/pictures/Pictures/Ward-animated.gif], which is based on a work by Thomas E. Mails, violated copyright law.<ref>http://cbs4denver.com/topstories/local_story_055200531.html, http://www.artnet.com/magazine/news/artnetnews2/artnetnews3-15-05.asp</ref>
Churchill's subjects are often [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] figures and other themes associated with [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American Culture]]. He uses historical photographs as source material for works.<ref name="artnet">{{cite web |url= http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews2/artnetnews3-15-05.asp |title=Artnet News: Art Troubles for WTC "Little Eichmanns" Critic |work=[[Artnet]] |date=March 15, 2005 |access-date=2007-07-26}}</ref> In the early 1990s at [[Santa Fe Indian Market]], Churchill protested the passage of the [[1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act]]. It requires that, to identify and exhibit works as being by a Native American, artists and craftsmen must be enrolled in a Native American tribe or designated by a tribe as an artisan.<ref>Croteau 220–221</ref>
 
Churchill's 1981 [[serigraph]] ''Winter Attack'' was, according to Churchill and others, based on a 1972 drawing by the artist Thomas E. Mails.<ref name="CBS4">{{cite web |last=Chohan |first=Raj |title ='Original' Churchill Art Piece Creates Controversy |publisher=KCNC-TV (CBS Broadcasting) |date=February 24, 2005 |url =http://cbs4denver.com/local/ward.churchill.raj.2.541927.html |access-date =2008-01-16|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080906185147/http://cbs4denver.com/local/ward.churchill.raj.2.541927.html|archive-date=September 6, 2008}}</ref> Churchill printed 150 copies of ''Winter Attack'' and sold at least one of them. Other copies are available online for purchase. Churchill says that, when he produced ''Winter Attack'', he publicly acknowledged that it was based on Mails's work.<ref name="CBS4" /> The online journal ''[[Artnet]]'' mentions Churchill's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality.<ref name="artnet" />
The online journal [[Artnet]] mentions Churchill's artwork, and the controversy surrounding its originality.<ref name="artnet"/>
 
==Personal life==
:''See also'': [[Ward Churchill: Misconduct Issues#Allegations of copyright infringement and art fraud|Allegations of copyright infringement]]
In 1977, Churchill began living with Dora-Lee Larson. The relationship was later described in divorce documents as a [[Common-law marriage in the United States|common-law marriage]]. Larson filed for divorce in 1984 and asked to have her address kept secret because of “past violence and threats” from Churchill.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" />
 
Churchill later married Marie Annette Jaimes, who also worked at the University of Colorado. Their marriage ended in 1995.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" />
== 9/11 essay controversy ==
{{main|Ward Churchill 9/11 essay controversy}}
 
Churchill's third wife was Leah Kelly. On May 31, 2000, the 25-year-old Kelly was hit by a car and killed. Churchill has written that Kelly's death left a "crater" in his soul.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" />
Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled "Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens" about the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], in which he argued that [[United States|U.S.]] foreign policies provoked the attacks. In 2005, this essay was widely publicized. Churchill's argument &mdash; which questioned the innocence of some of the 9/11 victims, and compared their role in what he describes as ongoing genocidal American imperialism the role played by [[Adolf Eichmann]] in organizing the Holocaust; led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of [[McCarthyism]] from Churchill and his supporters.
 
As of 2005, Churchill was married to Natsu Saito, a professor of ethnic studies.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005" />
== Misconduct Issues ==
{{main|Ward Churchill: Misconduct Issues}}
 
===Ancestry===
There have been disputes over Churchill's claim of [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] heritage, and there have been findings of [[academic fraud]] and plagiarism. [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] administrators ordered an investigation into the allegations of research misconduct, which lead to findings of falsification, fabrication, plagiarizing, improper reporting of results, and failing to follow standard rules that apply to author names on publications, among other findings.
In 2003, Churchill stated, "I am myself of [[Creek people|Muscogee]] and [[Creek people|Creek]] descent on my father's side, [[Cherokee]] on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]]."<ref name="american_holocaust">{{cite journal |first=Ward |last=Churchill |title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial|journal=Socialism and Democracy |date=2003 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=25–76 |url= http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm |doi=10.1080/08854300308428341|s2cid=143631746 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050206103859/http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2005 |df=mdy-all|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="ethnicstudies">{{cite web|title=Ward Churchill |work=Ethnic Studies |publisher=University of Colorado |url= http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html |access-date=2008-01-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080107003916/http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref> In 1992, Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America |title=The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance |last=Jaimes |first=M. Annette |editor-last=Jaimes |editor-first=M. Annette| publisher=[[South End Press]] |___location=Boston |date=1992 |isbn=0-89608-424-8 |pages=123–138 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rgO3XR2MRSsC}} Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committee that he wrote this essay in its entirety.</ref>
In 1993, Churchill told the ''[[Colorado Daily]]'' that "he was one-sixteenth Creek and Cherokee."<ref>{{cite news |first=Jodi |last=Rave |title=Free Speech for Fake Indian |url= http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2005/02/12/news/opinion/opin338.txt |work=Rapid City Journal |date=February 12, 2005 |access-date=2008-07-27}}</ref> Churchill told the ''[[Denver Post]]'' in February 2005 that he is three-sixteenths Cherokee.<ref name="DP_Feb_3_2005">{{cite news
| title=CU prof affirms Indian heritage: Tribe says he's not full member |first=Howard |last=Pankratz |work=Denver Post |url= https://www.denverpost.com/2005/06/08/cu-prof-affirms-indian-heritage/ |date=February 3, 2005}}</ref>
 
In a statement dated May 9, 2005, and posted on its website, the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|United Keetoowah Band]] said: "The United Keetoowah Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill is ''not'' a member of the Keetoowah Band and was only given an honorary 'associate membership' in the early 1990s because he could not prove any Cherokee ancestry". The Band added that Churchill's claims of Keetoowah enrollment were deemed fraudulent by the United Keetoowah Band.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud |first=Charlie |last=Brennan |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=May 18, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3786590,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126175832/http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_3786590,00.html|archivedate=November 26, 2005|url-status=dead|accessdate=May 7, 2023}}</ref>
On May 16, 2006 the University released its [http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/churchillreport051606.html investigative committee findings]. The Investigative Committee, a subcommittee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct, agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct," including four counts of falsifying information, two counts of fabricating information, two counts of plagiarizing the works of others, improperly reporting the results of studies, and failing to “comply with established standards regarding author names on publications.” In addition, the committee found him "disrespectful of Indian oral traditions."
 
Two days later, the United Keetoowah Band replaced its earlier statement with the following: "Because Mr. Churchill had [[genealogy|genealogical]] information regarding his alleged ancestry", and because he was willing "to assist the UKB in promoting the tribe and its causes, he was awarded an 'Associate Membership' as an honor". The Band clarified that Churchill "was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a '[[Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood]] (CDIB)", and added that associate membership did not entitle an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe. The Band's spokesperson, Lisa Stopp, stated the tribe enrolls only members with certified one-quarter American Indian blood.<ref name="Charlie Brennan" /><ref name="Herdy" /> While the United Keetoowah Band voted to stop awarding associate memberships in 1994,<ref name="Charlie Brennan" /><ref name=areclaimsvalid>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Flynn |title=The Churchill files; Are Ward Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry valid? |url= http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/news/churchill/indexDay5.shtml |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=June 9, 2005 |access-date=2007-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015344/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/news/churchill/indexDay5.shtml |archive-date=October 1, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> the Band indicated in 2005 that Churchill still held an associate membership.<ref name="Clark-Keetoowah">{{cite news |title=Keetoowah Band says Churchill is honorary, Indian tribe states membership is not recognized |last=Clark |first=Elizabeth Mattern |publisher=Daily Camera.com |date=May 19, 2005 |url= http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2005/may/19/keetoowah-band-says-churchill-is-honorary |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090223203415/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2005/may/19/keetoowah-band-says-churchill-is-honorary/ |archive-date=February 23, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>The Tahlequah Daily Press, February 4, 2005</ref>
The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct, after examining the findings of the Investigative Committee, disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed on Churchill. Six members voted for dismissal. Two members voted for a five year suspension without pay, and one voted for a two year suspension without pay. Churchill's actual punishment will be determined by the University Chancellor{{citation needed}}.
 
Churchill has never asked for CDIB certification, and has said that he finds the idea of being "vetted" by the US government offensive.<ref name="Charlie Brennan">{{cite news |title=Tribe clarifies stance on prof: Milder statement explains Churchill's 'associate' label |first=Charlie |last=Brennan |work=Rocky Mountain News |date=May 21, 2005 |url= http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/21/tribe-clarifies-stance-on-prof/}}</ref><ref name="Herdy">{{cite news |title=Tribe shifts stand, acknowledges Churchill's alleged Cherokee ancestry |first=Amy |last=Herdy |work=Denver Post |date=May 20, 2005 |url= http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_2746403 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050522003926/http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_2746403 |archive-date=May 22, 2005}}</ref>
Churchill has contested the finding of misconduct.<ref>{{cite web| title=A Travesty of an "Investigation" | author=Ward Churchill | url=http://counterpunch.org/churchill05162006.html | work=[[Counterpunch]] | accessdate=May 16 | accessyear=2006 }}</ref> The university is reviewing additional charges beyond the initial seven, to determine if they warrant convening a second investigative subcommittee.<ref>{{cite web | title=CU reviewing new charges leveled against Churchill | work=Rocky Mountain News (May 11, 2006) | url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/education/article/0,1299,DRMN_957_4690063,00.html | author=Sara Burnett | accessdate=May 20 | accessyear=2006}}</ref>
 
In June 2005, the ''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'' published an article about Churchill's genealogy and family history. The newspaper's research "turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" among 142 direct ancestors [of Churchill's] identified from records.<ref name=areclaimsvalid/> The ''News'' reported that both Churchill's birth parents were listed as white on the [[1930 United States census|1930 census]], as were all but two of his great-great-grandparents listed on previous census and other official documents.<ref name=areclaimsvalid/> The ''News'' found that some of Churchill's accounts of where his ancestors had lived did not agree with documented records. Nevertheless, numerous members of Churchill's extended family have longstanding family legends of Indian ancestry among ancestors.<ref name=areclaimsvalid />
In its report, the investigative sub-committee "expresses its concern regarding the timing and perhaps the motives for the University's decision to forward charges made in that context." The Standing Committee's final report, however, states that they could not ignore the charges against Churchill given the seriousness of their nature.
 
Some of Churchill's Native American critics, such as [[Vernon Bellecourt]] ([[White Earth Ojibwe]]) and [[Suzan Shown Harjo]] ([[Southern Cheyenne]]-[[Muscogee Creek]]), argue that without proof, his assertion of Native American ancestry might constitute misrepresentation.<ref name="RMN 2005-02-17" />
== References ==
<references/>
 
In a 2005 interview in ''The Rocky Mountain News'', Churchill said, "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if [the critics] are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned [[Sitting Bull]]."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/dec/24/year-in-quotes/ |work=Rocky Mountain News |title=Year in quotes |date=December 25, 2005}}</ref>
== Works ==
 
=== Books ===
===Activism===
*{{cite book
Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the [[Columbus Day]] holiday and its associated parade.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/media/20050924-rm.htm|title=Rocky Mountain News: Columbus parade could see less strife|work=Transform Columbus Day}}</ref>
| editor=
 
| first= Ward
==Works==
| last= Churchill
'''Books, as editor'''
| authorlink=
*{{cite book
| coauthors=
| yeardate=1984
| title=Marxism and Native Americans
|publisher=[[South End Press]]
| edition=
|___location=Boulder, Colorado
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
|isbn=978-0-89608-178-9
| ___location=Boulder CO
|url-access=registration
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-177-2 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-178-9)
|url= https://archive.org/details/marxismnativeame0000unse
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=Sharon Venne
| firstdate=Ward 1997
|title=Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians
| last=Churchill
|publisher=[[South End Press]]
| authorlink=
|___location=Boulder, Colorado
| coauthors=
|isbn=978-0-89608-568-8
| year=1984
}} Re-released as {{cite book
| title=Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena
|editor=Sharon Venne
| edition=
|first=Ward
| publisher=[[Indigena Press]]
|last=Churchill
| ___location=
| iddate=)2005
|title=Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians
|publisher=[[South End Press]]
|___location=Boulder, Colorado
|isbn=978-0-89608-738-5
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=Natsu Saito
| firstdate=Ward2006
|title=Confronting The Crime of Silence: Evidence of U.S. War Crimes in Indochina
| last=Churchill
|publisher=[[AK Press]]
| authorlink=
|isbn=978-1-904859-21-5
| coauthors=[[Jim Vander Wall]]
| year=1988
| title=Agents of Repression: The [[FBI]]'s Secret Wars Against the [[Black Panther Party]] and the [[American Indian Movement]]
| edition=
| publisher=South End Press
| ___location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-293-9 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-294-6)
}}
 
*{{cite book
'''Books, as author and co-author'''
| editor=
*{{cite book
| first=Ward
|author=with Elisabeth Lloyd
| last=Churchill
|date=1984
| authorlink=
|title=Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena
| coauthors=Jim Vander Wall
|publisher=[[Indigena Press]]
| year=1990
| title=[[The COINTELPRO Papers]]: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent
| edition=
| publisher=South End Press
| ___location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-359-2
}}
*{{cite book
|author=with Jim Vander Wall
| editor=
| firstdate=Ward 1988
|title=Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement
| last=Churchill
|publisher=[[South End Press]]
| authorlink=
|___location=Boulder, Colorado
| coauthors=
|isbn=978-0-89608-294-6
| year=1992
|url-access=registration
| title=Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians
|url= https://archive.org/details/agentso_chu_1988_00_5587
| edition=
| publisher=Common Courage Press
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-348-4
}}
*{{cite book
| editorauthor=Ward Churchill andwith Jim Vander Wall
| firstdate= 1990
|title=The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent
| last=
|publisher=[[South End Press]]
| authorlink=
|___location=Boulder, Colorado
| coauthors=
|isbn=978-0-89608-359-2
| year=1992
}}
| title=Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America
*{{cite book
| edition=Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4
|date=1992
| publisher=[[Maisonneuve Press]]
|title=Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians
| ___location=
|url= https://archive.org/details/fantasiesofmaste00chur
| id=ISBN 978-0-944624-17-3
|url-access=registration
|publisher=Common Courage Press
|isbn=978-0-87286-348-4
}}
*{{cite book
|editor-first1=Ward
|editor-last1=Churchill
|editor-last2=Vander Wall
|editor-first2=Jim
|editor-last3=Vander Wall
|editor-first3=Jennie<!-- Not in published work https://archive.org/details/cagesofsteelpoli0000unse/page/n5/mode/1up but according to https://www.jstor.org/stable/41949504 -->
|date=1992
|title=Cages of steel: The politics of imprisonment in the United States
|publication-place=Washington, DC
|publisher=[[Maisonneuve Press]]
|isbn=978-0-944624-17-3
|oclc=26158490
|url=https://archive.org/details/cagesofsteelpoli0000unse
}} Re-released as {{cite book
| editor-first=Ward Churchill and Jim |editor-last=Vander Wall
| first= Ward
| last=Churchill
|date=2004
| authorlink=
|title=Politics of Imprisonment in the United States
| coauthors=
|publisher=[[AK Press]]
| year=2004
|isbn=978-1-904859-12-3
| title=Politics of Imprisonment in the United States
| edition=
| publisher=[[AK Press]]
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-904859-12-3
}}
*{{cite book
| editordate=1993
|title=Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America
| first=Ward
|url= https://archive.org/details/struggleforlandi0000chur
| last=Churchill
|url-access=registration
| authorlink=
|publisher=[[Common Courage Press]]
| coauthors=
|isbn=978-1-56751-001-0
| year=1993
}} Revised and expanded edition: {{cite book
| title=[[Struggle for the Land]]: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America
|date=2002
| edition=
|title=Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization
| publisher=[[Common Courage Press]]
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| ___location=
|___location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-1-56751-000-3 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-001-0)
|isbn=978-0-87286-415-3
}} Released in a revised and expanded edition as {{cite book
}}
| editor=
*{{cite book
| first=Ward
|date=1994
| last=Churchill
|title=Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America
| authorlink=
|publisher=Common Courage Press
| coauthors=
|isbn=978-1-56751-021-8
| year=2002
|url= https://archive.org/details/indiansareus00ward
| title=[[Struggle for the Land]]: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization
| edition=
| publisher=[[City Lights Publishers]]
| ___location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-414-6 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-415-3)
}} (One essay in this book has been accused of containing a plagiarized paragraph).
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1994
| title=Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America
| edition=
| publisher=Common Courage Press
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-56751-020-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-021-8)
}}
*{{cite book
| editordate=1995
|title=Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation
| first=Ward
|publisher=[[Aigis Press]]
| last=Churchill
|isbn=978-1-883930-03-5
| authorlink=
|url= https://archive.org/details/sincepredatorcam00chur
| coauthors=
| year=1995
| title=Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation
| edition=
| publisher=[[Aigis Press]]
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-883930-03-5
}}
*{{cite book
| editorfirst=Ward
|last=Churchill
| first=Ward
|date=1996
| last=Churchill
|title=From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985–1995
| authorlink=
|publisher=[[South End Press]]
| coauthors=
|___location=Boulder, Colorado
| year=1996
|isbn=978-0-89608-553-4
| title=[[From a Native Son]]: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995
|url= https://archive.org/details/fromnativeson00ward
| edition=
| publisher=South End Press
| ___location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-553-4
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Churchill
| editor=
| firstfirst1=Ward
|last2=Ryan
| last=Churchill
|first2=Michael
| authorlink=
|date=1998
| coauthors=
|title=Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America
| year=1997
|edition=1st
| title=Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians
|publication-place=Winnipeg
| edition=
| publisher=South EndArbeiter PressRing
|isbn=978-1-894037-07-5
| ___location=Boulder CO
|url=http://symbioid.com/pdf/Politics/Pacificism%20as%20Pathology%20-%20Ward%20Churchill.pdf
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-567-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-568-8)
}} Re-released as {{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Sharon Venne (co-editor)
| year=2005
| title=Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians
| edition=
| publisher=South End Press
| ___location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-738-5)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Mike Ryan (introduction by Ed Mead)
| year=1998
| title=[[Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis|Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America]]
| edition=
| publisher=[[Arbeiter Ring]]
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-894037-07-5
}}
** {{cite book | last1=Churchill | first1=Ward | last2=Ryan | first2=Michael | date=2007 | title=Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America | publisher=AK Press | publication-place=Edinburgh | isbn=978-1-904859-18-5}}
*{{cite book
** {{cite book | last1=Churchill | first1=Ward | last2=Ryan | first2=Michael | date=15 April 2017 | title=Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America | edition=3rd revised and expanded | publication-place=Oakland, California | publisher=PM Press | isbn=978-1-62963-329-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7ZHEAAAQBAJ}}
| editor=
*{{cite book
| first=Ward
|date=1998
| last=Churchill
|title=A Little Matter of Genocide
| authorlink=
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| coauthors=
|___location=San Francisco CA
| year=1998
|isbn=978-0-87286-343-9
| title=A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present
| title-link=A Little Matter of Genocide
| edition=
}}
| publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
*{{cite book
| ___location=San Francisco CA
|date=2000
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-343-9)
|title=Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression
}}
|publisher=Common Courage Press
*{{cite book
|isbn=978-1-56751-059-1
| editor=
}}
| first=Ward
*{{cite book
| last=Churchill
|date=2002
| authorlink=
|title=Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader
| coauthors=
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
| year=2000
|isbn=978-0-415-93156-4
| title=Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression
}}
| edition=
*{{cite book
| publisher=Common Courage Press
|date=2002
| ___location=
|title=Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law
| id=ISBN 978-1-56751-058-4 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-059-1)
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
}}
|___location=San Francisco CA
*{{cite book
|isbn=978-0-87286-416-0
| editor=
|url= https://archive.org/details/perversionsofjus00chur
| first=Ward
}}
| last=Churchill
*{{cite book
| authorlink=
|date=2003
| coauthors=
|title=On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality
| year=2002
|publisher=[[AK Press]]
| title=Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader
|isbn=978-1-902593-79-1
| edition=
|url= https://archive.org/details/onjusticeofroost00chur
| publisher=[[Routledge]]
}}
| ___location=
*{{cite book
| id=ISBN 978-0-415-93156-4 (library binding: ISBN 978-0-415-93155-7)
|date=2004
}}
|title=Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools
*{{cite book
|publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| editor=
|___location=San Francisco CA
| first=Ward
|isbn=978-0-87286-434-4
| last=Churchill
|url= https://archive.org/details/killindiansavema00chur
| authorlink=
}}
| coauthors=
*{{cite book
| year=2002
|date=2004
| title=Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law
|title=Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America
| edition=
| publisher=City Lights[[AK BooksPress]]
|isbn=978-1-904859-04-8
| ___location=San Francisco CA
}}
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-411-5 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-416-0)
*{{cite book
}}
|date=2005
*{{cite book
|title=To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party
| editor=
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
| first=Ward
|isbn=978-0-415-92957-8
| last=Churchill
}}
| authorlink=
*{{cite book
| coauthors=
| yeardate=20032017
|title=Wielding Words like Weapons: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1995–2005
| title=[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality
|publisher=[[PM Press]]
| edition=
|isbn=978-1-629-63101-1
| publisher=AK Press
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-902593-79-1
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2004
| title=[[Kill the Indian, Save the Man]]: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools
| edition=
| publisher=City Lights Publishers
| ___location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-434-4
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2004
| title=Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America
| edition=
| publisher=AK Press
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-904859-04-8
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2005
| title=To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party
| edition=
| publisher=Routledge
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-0-415-92958-5 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-415-92957-8)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Natsu Saito (co-editor)
| year=2006 (forthcoming)
| title=Confronting The Crime Of Silence: Evidence Of U.S. War Crimes In Indochina
| edition=
| publisher=AK Press
| ___location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-904859-21-5
}}
 
=== '''Articles === '''
*{{cite journal|first=Ward |last=Churchill |date=July–September 1992 |title=I Am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World |journal=Z Papers |volume=1 |issue=3 |url= http://www.zmag.org/Chiapas1/wardindig.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010916092312/http://www.zmag.org/chiapas1/wardindig.htm |archive-date=September 16, 2001}}
*{{cite web
|first=Ward
|last=Churchill
|date=1994
|title=Let's Spread the Fun Around
|publisher=American Indian Movement of Colorado, Denver/Boulder Chapter <!-- might be more of a "via" -->
|url= http://www.coloradoaim.org/Wardchurchillspreadthefunaround.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070912073326/http://coloradoaim.org/Wardchurchillspreadthefunaround.htm
|archive-date=September 12, 2007
|df=mdy-all
}} First published as "''Crimes Against Humanity''" in {{cite book
|first=Margaret |last=Anderson |editor-first=Patricia |editor-last=Hill
|title=Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology
|url= https://archive.org/details/raceclassgendera00ande |url-access=registration |date= 1994 |publisher=Wadsworth |___location=Belmont, CA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceclassgendera00ande/page/366 366]–73
|isbn=9780534247683 }} Also published under the titles "''The Indian Chant and the Tomahawk Chop''" and "''Using Indian Names as Mascots Harms Native Americans''".
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| yeardate=November 1998
|title=Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema
| month=November
|journal=[[LiP Magazine]]
| title=Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema
|url= http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revichurchill_35.htm
| journal=[[LiP Magazine]]
| url=http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revichurchill_35.htm
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
|date=Winter–Spring 2003
| authorlink=
|title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial
| coauthors=
|journal=Socialism and Democracy
| year=2004
|volume=17
| month=Spring
|issue=2
| title=From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present
|pages=25–76
| journal=The New Centennial Review
|url= http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm
| volume=4
|doi=10.1080/08854300308428341
| issue=1
|s2cid=143631746
| pages =1-72
|url-status=dead
| id=
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050206103859/http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm
| url=http://www.geocities.com/travbailey/index.html
|archive-date=February 6, 2005
}}
|df=mdy-all
|url-access=subscription
}}
*{{cite journal|first=Ward |last=Churchill |date=Spring 2005 |title=The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens |journal=[[Alternative Press Review]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=45–56 |url= http://www.altpr.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=352&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061002092543/http://www.altpr.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=352&page=1 |archive-date=October 2, 2006}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
|date=July–August 2007
| authorlink=
|journal=Left Turn
| coauthors=
| yearvolume=200525
|pages=25–29
| month=Spring
| title=The GhostsFourth of 9-1-1World: ReflectionsStruggles onfor History,Traditional JusticeLands and RoostingWays Chickensof Life
|url= http://www.leftturn.org/?q=node/695
| journal=
| volume=
| issue=
| pages =
| id=
| url=http://www.altpr.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=352&page=1
}}
 
=== '''Audio and video ==='''
*''Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment'', audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the [[University of Winnipeg]], September 2000 (AK Press, 2001, {{ISBN |978-1-902593-47-0}})
*''Life Inin Occupied America'' (AK Press, 2003, {{ISBN |978-1-902593-72-2}})
*''In Aa Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America'' (AK Press, 2002, {{ISBN |978-1-902593-50-0}})
*''US Off Thethe Planet!: An Evening In [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning'', VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002)
*''[[Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis|Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left]]'', 2003 audio CD recorded at aan AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio)
*[https://archive.today/20040829135321/http://www.zmag.org/churchillaudio.html Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio] August 10, 2003 and earlier
*[http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050209_news.html Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219133641/http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050209_news.html |date=February 19, 2005 }} – Free Speech Radio News February 9, 2005
*[http://www.c-span.org Ward Churchill talking at the University of Colorado, 2/9/2005, search the C-Span website]
*[http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050209_news20050203_news.html Ward Churchill SpeaksUnder About Academic FreedomFire] - Free Speech Radio News February 09, 2005 *[{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315010641/http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050203_news.html Ward|date=March Churchill15, Under2005 Fire ]}} -– Free Speech Radio News, February 033, 2005.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/18/157211 The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks] The [http://www.pacifica.org Pacifica] Network Show, [http://democracynow.org/ Democracy Now!] from February 18, 2005, features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill.
*[http://www.makingthelinksradio.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=2 "A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples"], recorded in [[North Battleford, Saskatchewan]], on March 19, 2005
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=EN0ZxytJ1G4 Ward Churchill in Hawaii, responding to ancestry questions].
*[http://rightalk.listenz.com/!ARCHIVES/ChurchillVSHorowitz2-64-44M.mp3 Debate] betweenwith [[David Horowitz (conservative writer)|David Horowitz]] and Ward Churchill at [[George Washington University]] on April 6th6, 2006. [[MP3]] Podcast
*[http://onegoodmove.org/1gm/1gmarchive/001976.html Ward Churchill] on ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]''.
*[http://www.makingthelinksradio.ca/Main_Page/ward_churchill_05.htm A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples]", recorded in [[North Battleford, Saskatchewan]] on March 19, 2005
*{{cite web
| title =David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill
| work =www.insidehighered.com
| url =http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/04/07/debate
| accessdate=2006-07-02
}}
**{{cite web
| title = Full two -hour audio of debate with David Horowitz
| work = rightalk.listenz.com
| url = http://rightalk.listenz.com/!ARCHIVES/ChurchillVSHorowitz2-64-44M.mp3
| accessdateaccess-date=2006-07-02
|archive-date=June 19, 2007
}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619192424/http://rightalk.listenz.com/!ARCHIVES/ChurchillVSHorowitz2-64-44M.mp3
|url-status=dead
}}
**{{cite web
| title = David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill -&nbsp;— Round 1
| work = Young Americans Foundation
| url = http://media.yaf.org/latest/03_21_06.cfm
| accessdateaccess-date=2006-07-02
|url-status=dead
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060428033206/http://media.yaf.org/latest/03_21_06.cfm
|archive-date=April 28, 2006
|df=mdy-all
}} Video and audio (excerpt)
**{{cite web
* [http://web5.streamhoster.com/grantastic/churchill/Baltimore/Part1_Sm_Prog.wmv Ward Churchill speaking at the Mid-Atlantic Radical Book Fair, July 9, 2006]
|title =David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill
|work=insidehighered.com
|url= http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/04/07/debate
|access-date=2006-07-02
}}
 
== ExternalSee linksalso ==
* [[List of scientific misconduct incidents]]
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Pretendian]]
*[http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html Ward Churchill's Faculty page at University of Colorado]
 
*[http://www.zmag.org/bios/homepage.cfm?authorID=62 Ward Churchill ZNet Homepage]
==References==
*[http://sf.indymedia.org/news/2005/02/1710994.php Ward Churchill interviewed] by [[Derrick Jensen]]
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web
| title =Ward Churchill The Research Misconduct Inquiry
| work = www.colorado.edu
| url =http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/
| accessdate=2006-07-03
}}
*{{cite web
| title =Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill
| work = www.colorado.edu
| url =http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/ChurchillStandingCmteReport.pdf
| accessdate=2006-07-03
| format=pdf
}}
*[http://www.wardchurchill.net Ward Churchill Solidarity Network homepage with information about Churchill, academic freedom, and indigenous issues]
 
'''Further reading'''
==See also==
*Brown, Thomas. [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/plag/5240451.0001.009/--did-the-us-army-distribute-smallpox-blankets-to-indians?rgn=main;view=fulltext "Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill's Genocide Rhetoric"] University of Michigan, 2006. ([https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/did-the-us-army-distribute-smallpox-blankets-to-indians.pdf?c=plag;idno=5240451.0001.009;format=pdf PDF version] also available.)
*[[Native American Studies]]
*Chapman, Roger. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&dq=Ward%20LeRoy%20Churchill%20(born%20October%202%2C%201947)&pg=PA93 ''Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1'']. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7656-1761-3}}.
*Croteau, Susan Ann. [https://books.google.com/books?id=faz2AQzuJKoC&dq=Croteau%20Indian%20art&pg=PA65 ''"But it doesn't look Indian": Objects, archetypes and objectified others in Native American art, culture, and identity'']. University of California, Los Angeles, 2008.
 
{{American Indian Movement}}
[[Category:1947 births|Churchill, Ward]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Living people|Churchill, Ward]]
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[[Category:Scholars of Marxism|Churchill, Ward]]
[[Category:Vietnam War veterans|Churchill, Ward]]
[[Category:G7 Welcoming Committee Records|Churchill, Ward]]
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[[de{{DEFAULTSORT:Ward Churchill]], Ward}}
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