Content deleted Content added
→Music during later years: add the wd 'The' to caption for 1985 LP image |
GreenC bot (talk | contribs) Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #27ad |
||
Line 1:
{{Short description|American musician (1933–2006)}}
{{about|the American singer|other people named James Brown|James Brown (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
|
|
<!-- NOTE: Do not replace James Brown Live Hamburg 1973 1702730029.jpg unless it is with a photo under a public ___domain or free license (meaning NOT fair use). Any fair use photos (i.e. 'promotional photos') violate the Fair Use Policy and will be deleted. See [[Wikipedia:Fair]] use criteria -->
|
|
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|5|3}}
| birth_place = [[Barnwell, South Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|12|25|1933|5|3}}
|
| other_names = <!-- Do NOT add nicknames. See Template:Infobox musical artist#alias to know what goes here. Notice that James Brown is specifically mentioned. -->
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|dancer|musician|record producer|bandleader}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page. -->
| years_active = 1953–2006
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Velma Warren|1953|1969|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Deidre Jenkins|1970|1981|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Adrienne Rodriguez|1984|1996|end=d.}}
}}<!-- DO not add Tomi Rae Hynie in his spouse section, the South California Supreme Court officially ruled that James and Hynie were not legally married. Thank you. -->
| partner = [[Tomi Rae Hynie]] (1997–2006)
| children = 9–13
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| origin = [[Toccoa, Georgia]], U.S.
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|[[Soul music|Soul]]|[[rhythm and blues|R&B]]|[[funk]]}}
| discography = [[James Brown discography]]
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|keyboards|drums|harmonica|guitar}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed or removed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.w ikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instrument --->
| label = {{hlist|[[Federal Records|Federal]]|[[King Records (USA)|King]]|[[Smash Records|Smash]]|[[People Records|People]]|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]|[[TK Records|TK]]|[[Scotti Brothers Records|Scotti Bros.]]|[[Mercury Records|Mercury]]|[[Republic Records|Republic]]|[[Universal Music Enterprises|UM<sup>e</sup>]]|[[A&M Records|A&M]]}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|[[The Famous Flames]]|[[The J.B.'s]]|[[The Dapps]]}}<!--Please do not add to this list without first discussing your proposal on the talk page -->
| website = {{URL|jamesbrown.com}}
}}
}}
'''James Joseph Brown''' (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, musician, and record producer. The central [[progenitor]] of [[funk music]] and a major figure of [[20th-century music]], he is referred to by [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|various nicknames]], among them "Mr. Dynamite", "the Hardest-Working Man in Show Business", "Minister of New Super Heavy Funk", "Godfather of Soul", "King of Soul", and "Soul Brother No. 1".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doran|first1=John|title=James Brown – 10 of the Best|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/oct/28/james-brown-10-of-the-best|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=October 31, 2015|ref=theguardian_10best|archive-date=October 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031071519/http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/oct/28/james-brown-10-of-the-best|url-status=live}}</ref> In a career that lasted more than 50 years, he influenced the development of several music genres.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wiegand |first=D. |date=December 26, 2006 |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/26/MNGO7N5RK51.DTL&type=music |title=James Brown: 1933–2006 – Godfather of Soul Changed Music at Frenetic Pace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517012945/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F12%2F26%2FMNGO7N5RK51.DTL&type=music |archive-date=May 17, 2012 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=January 10, 2007}}</ref> Brown was one of the first ten inductees into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] on January 23, 1986. His music has been heavily sampled by [[hip-hop]] musicians and other artists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thevogue.com/artists/james-brown/ |title=James Brown |publisher=The Vogue Theatre |access-date=August 13, 2024}}</ref>
Brown began his career as a [[Gospel music|gospel]] singer in [[Toccoa, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hay |first1=Fred J. |title=Music box meets the Toccoa band: the godfather of soul in Appalachia |journal=Black Music Research Journal |date=2003 |volume=23 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–133 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A134784201/CSIC?u=bali98452&sid=CSIC&xid=8e4fea67 |access-date=January 30, 2020 |doi=10.2307/3593211 |jstor=3593211 |issn=0276-3605}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He rose to prominence in the mid-1950s as the lead singer of [[the Famous Flames]], a [[rhythm and blues]] vocal group founded by [[Bobby Byrd]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-famous-flames/bio/ |title=The Famous Flames Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |access-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-date=June 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625112957/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-famous-flames/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/james-brown/bio/ |title=James Brown Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |access-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403115329/http://rockhall.com/inductees/james-brown/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> With the hit ballads "[[Please, Please, Please (James Brown song)|Please, Please, Please]]" and "[[Try Me (James Brown song)|Try Me]]", Brown built a reputation as a dynamic live performer with the Famous Flames and his backing band, sometimes known as the James Brown Band or the James Brown Orchestra. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album ''[[Live at the Apollo (1963 album)|Live at the Apollo]]'' and hit singles such as "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]", "[[I Got You (I Feel Good)]]" and "[[It's a Man's Man's Man's World]]".
During the late 1960s, Brown moved from a continuum of [[blues]] and [[gospel music|gospel]]-based forms and styles to a new approach to music-making, emphasizing stripped-down interlocking rhythms that influenced the development of funk music.<ref>Collins, W. (January 29, 2002). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628140121/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200141 "James Brown"], ''St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture''. Retrieved January 12, 2007.</ref> By the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of [[the J.B.s]] with records such as "[[Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine]]" and "[[The Payback (song)|The Payback]]". He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit "[[Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud]]". Brown continued to perform and record until his death from pneumonia in 2006.
Brown recorded and released 17 [[Single (music)|singles]] that reached No. 1 on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|''Billboard'' R&B charts]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7775674/james-brown-songs-billboard-hot-100-hits|title=James Brown's Biggest Billboard Hot 100 Hits|first=Kristin|last=Corpuz|magazine=Billboard|date=May 3, 2017|access-date=May 9, 2018|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423091158/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7775674/james-brown-songs-billboard-hot-100-hits|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Whitburn|2010|p=89}} He also holds the record for the most singles listed on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart that did not reach No. 1.<ref name="rsfunk" /><ref>Whitburn, J. (2000). ''Top Pop Singles: 1955–1999''. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. p. 900. {{ISBN|0-89820-140-3}}.</ref> Brown was posthumously inducted into the first class of the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame|Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame]] in 2013 as an artist and then in 2017 as a songwriter. He received honors from several other institutions, including inductions into the [[Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=February 18, 2021|title=Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame Announced With First Three Inductees|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-announced-atlanta-9528154|access-date=April 15, 2021|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416054046/https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/news/9528154/black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-announced-atlanta|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/materials/recordings/C150 |title=Songwriters Hall of Fame – James Brown Recordings |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629082448/http://songwritershalloffame.org/materials/recordings/C150 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Joel Whitburn]]'s analysis of the ''Billboard'' R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, Brown is ranked No. 1 in the Top 500 Artists.{{sfn|Whitburn|2010|p=873}} He is ranked seventh on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'s}} list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=100 Greatest Artists Of All Time. 7. James Brown|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/little-richard-30098/|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=April 11, 2014|archive-date=September 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110307/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/little-richard-30098/|url-status=live}}</ref> and at No. 44 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.
{{toclimit|3}}
==Early life==
James Joseph Brown was born
The Brown family lived in poverty in [[Elko, South Carolina]], which was an impoverished town in 1933.<ref name="rsfunk">{{cite news |last=Hirshey |first=Gerri |date=January 25, 2007 |title=Funk's Founding Father: James Brown, 1933–2006 |magazine=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/funks-founding-father-james-brown-1933-2006-69720/ |access-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919081748/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/funks-founding-father-james-brown-1933-2006-69720/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They moved to [[Augusta, Georgia]], when James was four or five.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=8}} His family first settled at one of his aunts' brothels. They later moved into a house shared with another aunt.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=8}} Brown's mother eventually left the family after a contentious and [[domestic abuse|abusive]] marriage and moved to New York.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=9}}
At the age of 16, he was convicted of robbery and sent to a juvenile detention center in [[Toccoa, Georgia|Toccoa]].{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=15}} There, he formed a gospel quartet with four cellmates, including Johnny Terry. Brown met singer [[Bobby Byrd]] when the two played against each other in a baseball game outside the detention center. Byrd discovered that Brown could sing after hearing of "a guy called Music Box", which was Brown's nickname at the prison. Byrd has since said he and his family helped to secure an early release, which led to Brown promising the court he would "sing for the Lord".{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=16}}
Brown was released on a work sponsorship with Toccoa business owner S. C. Lawson. Lawson was impressed with Brown's work ethic and secured his release with a promise to keep him employed for two years. Brown was paroled on June 14, 1952.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=16}} Brown went on to work with both of Lawson's sons, and came back to visit the family from time to time throughout his career. Shortly after being paroled he joined the gospel group the Ever-Ready Gospel Singers, featuring Byrd's sister Sarah.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|pp=17–18}}
==Music career==
===1954–1961: The Famous Flames ===
{{main|The Famous Flames}}
Brown joined Bobby Byrd's group in 1954.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=17}} The group had evolved from the Gospel Starlighters, an [[a cappella]] gospel group, to an R&B group with the name the Avons.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=17}} He reputedly joined the band after one of its members, Troy Collins, died in a car crash.<ref name="birthoffunk">{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Dave |date=October 29, 2011 |url=http://www.goldminemag.com/article/trace-the-birth-of-funk-back-to-james-brown |title=Trace the Birth of Funk Back to James Brown |work=[[Goldmine (magazine)|Goldmine]] |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002191734/http://www.goldminemag.com/article/trace-the-birth-of-funk-back-to-james-brown |archive-date=October 2, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with Brown and Byrd, the group consisted of Sylvester Keels, Doyle Oglesby, Fred Pulliam, Nash Knox and Nafloyd Scott. Influenced by R&B groups such as [[Hank Ballard]] and [[the Midnighters]], [[the Orioles]] and [[Billy Ward and his Dominoes]], the group changed its name, first to the Toccoa Band and then to the Flames.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=18}}<ref name="birthoffunk" /> Nafloyd's brother Baroy later joined the group on bass guitar. Brown, Byrd and Keels switched lead positions and instruments, often playing drums and piano. Johnny Terry later joined, by which time Pulliam and Oglesby had long left.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=24}}
Berry Trimier became the group's first manager, booking them at parties near college campuses in Georgia and South Carolina.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=19}} The group had already gained a reputation as a good live act when they renamed themselves the Famous Flames.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=21}} In 1955, the group contacted [[Little Richard]] while performing in [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=My mate the sex machine: Mick Jagger on his movie about his 'inspiration' James Brown|first=Annette|last=Witheridge|url=http://www.irishmirror.ie/showbiz/celebrity-news/mick-jagger-up-movie-james-3954885|work=Irish Mirror Online|date=August 2, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160427/http://www.irishmirror.ie/showbiz/celebrity-news/mick-jagger-up-movie-james-3954885|url-status=live}}</ref> Richard convinced the group to get in contact with his manager at the time, Clint Brantley, at his nightclub.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=22}} Brantley agreed to manage them after seeing the group audition.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=25}} He then sent them to a local radio station to record a demo session, where they performed their own composition "[[Please, Please, Please (James Brown song)|Please, Please, Please]]", which was inspired when Little Richard wrote the words of the title on a napkin and Brown was determined to make a song out of it.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=25}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Merlis|first=Bob |chapter=foreword|title=Heart and Soul – A Celebration of Black Music Style in America: 1930–1975 |publisher=Billboard Books |year=2002|isbn=978-0-8230-8314-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=News from Macon and Warner Robins, GA, and beyond|work=The Telegraph|url=http://www.macon.com/2014/07/26/3218915/midstate-residents-who-knew-godfather.html|access-date=October 3, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727182150/http://www.macon.com/2014/07/26/3218915/midstate-residents-who-knew-godfather.html|archive-date=July 27, 2014}}</ref>
The Famous Flames eventually signed with [[King Records (USA)|King Records]]' [[Federal Records|Federal]] subsidiary in Cincinnati, Ohio, and issued a re-recorded version of "Please, Please, Please" in March 1956. The song became the group's first R&B hit, selling over a million copies.<ref>White, Cliff (1991). Discography. In ''Star Time'' (p. 55) [CD liner notes]. London: Polydor Records.</ref> None of their follow-ups gained similar success. In 1957, Brown replaced Clint Brantley as manager and hired Ben Bart, chief of [[Universal Attractions Agency]]. In 1957 the original Flames broke up, after Bart changed the name of the group to "James Brown and His Famous Flames".{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=29}}
In October 1958, Brown released the ballad "[[Try Me (James Brown song)|Try Me]]", which hit number one on the R&B chart in the beginning of 1959, becoming the first of seventeen chart-topping R&B hits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=56 |title=Inductees: James Brown, performer |work=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum |access-date=January 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202170408/http://www.rockhall.com/hof/inductee.asp?id=56 |archive-date=December 2, 2006 }}</ref> Shortly afterwards, he recruited his first band, led by J. C. Davis, and reunited with Bobby Byrd who joined a revived Famous Flames lineup that included [[Baby Lloyd Stallworth|Eugene "Baby" Lloyd Stallworth]] and [[Bobby Bennett (The Famous Flames)|Bobby Bennett]], with Johnny Terry sometimes coming in as the "fifth Flame". Brown, the Flames, and his entire band debuted at the [[Apollo Theater]] on April 24, 1959, opening for Brown's idol, [[Little Willie John]].<ref name="birthoffunk" />{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=33}}
Federal Records issued two albums credited to Brown and the Famous Flames. Both contained previously released singles. In 1960, Brown began multi-tasking in the recording studio involving himself, his singing group, the Famous Flames, and his band, a separate entity from the Flames, sometimes named the James Brown Orchestra or the James Brown Band. In 1960, the band released the top ten R&B hit "[[(Do the) Mashed Potatoes]]" on Dade Records, owned by [[Henry Stone]], billed under the pseudonym "Nat Kendrick & the Swans" due to label issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.henrystonemusic.com/store/kendrick.htm |title=Nat Kendrick & The Swans. |publisher=Henry Stone Music, Inc |access-date=January 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214093304/http://www.henrystonemusic.com/store/kendrick.htm |archive-date=December 14, 2006 }}</ref> As a result of its success, King president [[Syd Nathan]] shifted Brown's contract from Federal to the parent label, King, which according to Brown in his autobiography meant "you got more support from the company". While with King, Brown, under the Famous Flames lineup, released the hit-filled album [[Think! (James Brown album)|''Think!'']] and in 1961 released two albums with the James Brown Band earning second billing. With the Famous Flames, Brown sang lead on several more hits, including "[[Bewildered]]", "[[I'll Go Crazy (James Brown song)|I'll Go Crazy]]" and "[[Think (The "5" Royales song)|Think]]", songs that hinted at his emerging style.<ref name="birthoffunk" />
===
In 1962, Brown and his band scored a hit with their cover of the instrumental "[[Night Train (composition)|Night Train]]", becoming a top five R&B single. That same year, the ballads "[[Lost Someone]]" and "[[Baby You're Right]]", the latter a [[Joe Tex]] composition, added to his repertoire and increased his reputation with R&B audiences. On October 24, 1962, Brown financed a live recording of a performance at the Apollo and convinced Syd Nathan to release the album, despite Nathan's belief that no one would buy a live album due to the fact that Brown's singles had already been bought and that live albums were usually bad sellers.
[[File:James Brown and Flames.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Brown (middle) and [[the Famous Flames]] (far left to right, [[Bobby Bennett (The Famous Flames)|Bobby Bennett]], [[Baby Lloyd Stallworth|Lloyd Stallworth]], and [[Bobby Byrd]]), performing live at the [[Apollo Theater]] in New York City, 1964]]
''[[Live at the Apollo (1963 album)|Live at the Apollo]]'' was released in June 1963 and became an immediate hit, eventually reaching number two on the [[Billboard 200|Top LPs chart]] and selling over a million copies, staying on the charts for 14 months.<ref>Guralnick, P. (1986). ''Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom'', 235. New York: Back Bay Books. {{ISBN|0-452-26697-1}}.</ref> In 1963, Brown scored his first top 20 pop hit with his rendition of the [[standard (song)|standard]] "[[Prisoner of Love (1931 song)|Prisoner of Love]]". He launched his first label, [[Try Me Records]], which included recordings by Tammy Montgomery, later to be famous as [[Tammi Terrell]], Johnny & Bill (Famous Flames associates Johnny Terry and Bill Hollings) and the Poets, which was another name used for Brown's backing band.<ref name="birthoffunk" /> During this time, Brown began an ill-fated two-year relationship with 17-year-old Tammi Terrell when she sang in his revue. Terrell ended their personal and professional relationship because of Brown's abusive behavior.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tammi Terrell: The Tragic Story Of Motown's Forgotten Star|work=Sabotage Times|url=https://sabotagetimes.com/music/tammi-terrell-the-tragic-story-of-motowns-forgotten-star|access-date=November 2, 2017|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024016/https://sabotagetimes.com/music/tammi-terrell-the-tragic-story-of-motowns-forgotten-star|archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref>
In 1964, seeking bigger commercial success, Brown and Bobby Byrd formed the production company, Fair Deal, linking the operation to the [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] imprint, [[Smash Records]].<ref name="birthoffunk" /><ref>{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000128099|tab=biography|title=James Brown: Biography|author=[[Richie Unterberger]]}}.</ref> King Records fought against this and was granted an [[injunction]] preventing Brown from releasing any recordings for the label. Prior to the injunction, Brown had released three vocal singles, including the blues-oriented hit "[[Out of Sight (song)|Out of Sight]]", which further indicated the direction his music was going to take.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/james_brown.htm | title=The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The Golden Decade 1954–1963 | access-date=February 25, 2007 | archive-date=March 3, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303081108/http://www.history-of-rock.com/james_brown.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Touring throughout the year, Brown and the Famous Flames grabbed more national attention after delivering an explosive show-stopping performance on the live concert film ''[[The T.A.M.I. Show]]''. The Flames' dynamic gospel-tinged vocals, polished choreography and timing as well as Brown's energetic dance moves and high-octane singing upstaged the proposed closing act, [[the Rolling Stones]].
Having signed a new deal with King, Brown released his song "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]" in 1965, which became his first top ten pop hit and won him his first [[Grammy Award]].<ref name="pc51" /> Brown signed a production deal with [[Loma Records]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=June 5, 1965|title=Turners, Brown, Ink With Loma|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1965/CB-1965-06-05.pdf|magazine=Cash Box|pages=36}}</ref> Later in 1965, he issued "[[I Got You (I Feel Good)|I Got You]]", which became his second single in a row to reach number-one on the R&B chart and top ten on the pop chart. Brown followed that up with the ballad "[[It's a Man's Man's Man's World]]", a third Top 10 Pop hit (No. 1 R&B) which confirmed his stance as a top-ranking performer, especially with R&B audiences from that point on.<ref name="pc51" />
===1967–1970: Soul Brother No. 1===
[[File:James Brown Music Scene 1969.jpg|thumb|Brown performing in 1969]]
By 1967, Brown's emerging sound began to be defined as funk music. That year he released what some critics cited as the first true funk song, "[[Cold Sweat]]", which hit number-one on the R&B chart (Top 10 Pop) and became one of his first recordings to contain a drum [[Break (music)|break]] and also the first that featured a harmony that was reduced to a single [[chord progression|chord]].<ref>George, N. (1988). ''The Death of Rhythm & Blues'', 101. New York: Pantheon Books. {{ISBN|0-394-55238-5}}.</ref><ref>Vincent, R. & Clinton, G. (1996). ''Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One'', 123. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. {{ISBN|0-312-13499-1}}.</ref> The instrumental arrangements on tracks such as "[[Give It Up or Turnit a Loose]]" and "[[Licking Stick-Licking Stick]]", both recorded in 1968, and "[[Funky Drummer]]", recorded in 1969, featured a more developed version of Brown's mid-1960s style, with the [[horn section]], guitars, bass and drums meshed together in intricate rhythmic patterns based on multiple interlocking [[riff]]s.
Changes in Brown's style that started with "Cold Sweat" established the musical foundation for Brown's later hits, such as "[[I Got the Feelin']]" (1968) and "[[Mother Popcorn]]" (1969). By this time Brown's vocals frequently took the form of a kind of rhythmic declamation, not quite sung but not quite spoken, that only intermittently featured traces of [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] or [[melody]]. This became a major influence on the techniques of [[rapping]], which would come to maturity along with [[hip hop music]] in the coming decades. Brown's style of funk in the late 1960s was based on interlocking syncopated parts: strutting bass lines, syncopated drum patterns, and iconic percussive guitar riffs.<ref>Slutsky, Allan, Chuck Silverman (1997). ''The Funkmasters-the Great James Brown Rhythm Sections''. {{ISBN|1576234436}}.</ref>
The main guitar ostinatos for 1969's "[[Ain't It Funky]]" and "[[Give It Up or Turnit a Loose]]", are examples of Brown's refinement of [[New Orleans]] funk; irresistibly danceable riffs, stripped down to their rhythmic essence. On both recordings, the tonal structure is bare bones. The pattern of attack points is the emphasis, not the pattern of pitches as if the guitar were an African drum or idiophone. Alexander Stewart states that this popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s".<ref>Stewart, Alexander (2000: 306). "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music". ''Popular Music'', v. 19, n. 3. October 2000, pp. 293–318.</ref> Those same tracks were later resurrected by countless hip-hop musicians from the 1970s onward. As a result, James Brown remains to this day the world's most [[sampling (music)|sampled]] recording artist. Two tracks that he wrote, are synonymous with modern dance, especially with [[house music]], [[jungle music]], and [[drum and bass music]], which were sped up exponentially, in the latter two genres.
"Bring it Up" has an Afro-Cuban [[guajeo]]-like structure. All three of these guitar riffs are based on an onbeat/offbeat structure. Stewart says that it "is different from a [[bell pattern|time line]] (such as [[clave (rhythm)|clave]] and [[tresillo (rhythm)|tresillo]]) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."<ref>Stewart (2000: 306).</ref>
It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|nickname]] "Soul Brother No. 1", after failing to win the title "King of Soul" from [[Solomon Burke]] during a Chicago gig two years prior.<ref>Peter Guralnick, "Song of Solomon", ''The Boston Phoenix'' (March 6, 1984), Section 3:3.</ref> Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as [[Sly and the Family Stone]], [[Funkadelic]], [[Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band]], [[Booker T. & the M.G.s]] as well as vocalists such as [[Edwin Starr]], [[David Ruffin]] and [[Dennis Edwards]] from [[the Temptations]], and [[Michael Jackson]], who, throughout his career, cited Brown as his ultimate idol.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/jackson-attends-browns-public-funeral_1017673 |title=James Brown – Jackson Attends Brown's Public Funeral |access-date=July 20, 2012 |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012130040/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/jackson-attends-browns-public-funeral_1017673 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Brown's band during this period employed musicians and arrangers who had come up through the jazz tradition. He was noted for his ability as a bandleader and songwriter to blend the simplicity and drive of R&B with the rhythmic complexity and precision of [[jazz]]. Trumpeter Lewis Hamlin and saxophonist/keyboardist [[Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis]], the successor to previous bandleader Nat Jones, led the band. Guitarist [[Jimmy Nolen]] provided percussive, deceptively simple [[riff]]s for each song, and [[Maceo Parker]]'s prominent saxophone solos provided a focal point for many performances. Other members of Brown's band included stalwart Famous Flames singer and sideman Bobby Byrd, trombonist [[Fred Wesley]], drummers [[John "Jabo" Starks]], [[Clyde Stubblefield]] and [[Melvin Parker]], saxophonist [[St. Clair Pinckney]], guitarist Alphonso "Country" Kellum and bassist [[Bernard Odum]].
In addition to a torrent of singles and studio albums, Brown's output during this period included two more successful live albums, ''[[Live at the Garden (James Brown album)|Live at the Garden]]'' (1967) and ''[[Live at the Apollo, Volume II]]'' (1968), and a 1968 television special, ''[[James Brown: Man to Man]]''. His music empire expanded along with his influence on the music scene. As Brown's music empire grew, his desire for financial and artistic independence grew as well. Brown bought radio stations during the late 1960s, including [[WCHZ (AM)|WRDW]] in his native Augusta, where he shined shoes as a boy.<ref name="pc51">{{Pop Chronicles|51|5}}</ref> In November 1967, James Brown purchased radio station [[WEMG (Tennessee)|WGYW]] in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], for a reported $75,000, according to the January 20, 1968 ''[[Record World]]'' magazine. The call letters were changed to WJBE reflecting his initials. WJBE began on January 15, 1968, and broadcast a Rhythm & Blues format. The station slogan was "WJBE 1430 Raw Soul". Brown bought [[WQLL|WEBB]] in [[Baltimore]] in 1970.
Brown branched out to make several recordings with musicians outside his own band. In an attempt to appeal to the older, more affluent, and predominantly white [[adult contemporary]] audience, Brown recorded ''Gettin' Down To It'' (1969) and ''[[Soul on Top]]'' (1970)—two albums consisting mostly of romantic ballads, jazz standards, and homologous reinterpretations of his earlier hits—with the Dee Felice Trio and the [[Louie Bellson]] Orchestra. In 1968, he recorded a number of funk-oriented tracks with [[the Dapps]], a white [[Cincinnati]] band, including the hit "[[I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)|I Can't Stand Myself]]". He also released three albums of [[Christmas music]] with his own band.
===1970–2006: Godfather of Soul===
{{main|The J.B.'s}}
In March 1970, most of Brown's mid-to-late 1960s road band walked out on him due to financial disputes, a development augured by the prior disbandment of the Famous Flames singing group for the same reason in 1968. Brown and erstwhile Famous Flames singer Bobby Byrd, who chose to remain in the band during this tumultuous period as co-frontman, effectively serving as a proto-[[hype man]] in live performances, recruited several members of [[The Pacemakers (funk band)|the Pacemakers]], a Cincinnati-based ensemble that included bassist [[Bootsy Collins]] and his brother, guitarist [[Catfish Collins|Phelps "Catfish" Collins]]; augmented by the remaining members of the 1960s road band, including Fred Wesley, who rejoined Brown's outfit in December 1970, and other newer musicians, they formed the nucleus of [[the J.B.'s]], Brown's new backing ensemble.<ref name="city-journal_org">{{cite web|last=Penman|first=Ian|title=Did He Feel Good?|url=http://www.city-journal.org/2012/bc0608ip.html|work=City Journal|publisher=Manhattan Institute|access-date=December 22, 2013|date=June 8, 2012|archive-date=December 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111055/http://www.city-journal.org/2012/bc0608ip.html}}</ref>
Shortly following their first performance together, the band entered the studio to record the Brown-Byrd composition, "[[Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine]]". The song —with its off the beat play Brown called "The One"—<ref name="city-journal_org" /> and other contemporaneous singles further cemented Brown's influence in the nascent genre of funk music. This iteration of the J.B.'s dissolved after a March 1971 European tour (documented on the 1991 archival release ''[[Love Power Peace]]'') due to additional money disputes and Bootsy Collins's use of [[LSD]]; a new lineup of the J.B.'s coalesced around Wesley, St. Clair Pinckney and drummer John Starks.
[[File:James Brown & Lars Jacob 1972.jpg|thumb|upright|Brown with a [[disc-jockey]] after a concert in [[Tampa]], 1972]]
In 1971, Brown began recording for [[Polydor Records]]. Many of his sidemen and supporting players, including Fred Wesley & the J.B.'s, Bobby Byrd, [[Lyn Collins]], [[Vicki Anderson]] and former rival [[Hank Ballard]], released records on the [[People Records|People]] label.
During the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 presidential election]], James Brown openly proclaimed his support of [[Richard Nixon]] for reelection to the presidency over Democratic candidate [[George McGovern]].<ref>{{cite web |title=James Brown: Soul Survivor |work=American Masters |publisher=PBS |date=October 29, 2003 |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/james-brown/soul-survivor/532/ |archive-date=November 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109155751/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/james-brown/soul-survivor/532/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision led to a boycott of his performances and, according to Brown, cost him a big portion of his black audience.{{sfn|Brown|Tucker|1986|p=233}} As a result, Brown's record sales and concerts in the United States were in a lull in 1973, as he failed to land a number-one R&B single that year. In 1973 he also faced problems with the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] for failure to pay [[back taxes]], charging he hadn't paid upwards of $4.5 million; five years earlier, the IRS had claimed he owed nearly $2 million.<ref name="jbencyclopedia" />
[[File:James-Brown 1973.jpg|thumb|Brown performing, 1973]]
In 1973, Brown provided the score for the [[blaxploitation]] film ''[[Black Caesar (film)|Black Caesar]]''. In 1974 he returned to the No. 1 spot on the R&B charts with "[[The Payback (song)|The Payback]]", with the [[The Payback|parent album]] reaching the same spot on the album charts. He reached No. 1 two more times in 1974, with "[[My Thang]]" and "[[Papa Don't Take No Mess]]".{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
"Papa Don't Take No Mess" was his final single to reach the No. 1 spot on the R&B charts. His other Top Ten R&B hits during this latter period included "[[Funky President (People It's Bad)|Funky President]]" (R&B No. 4) and "[[Get Up Offa That Thing]]" (R&B No. 4).
[[File:James Brown (1977).jpg|thumb|upright|James Brown, 1977]]
Although his records were mainstays of the vanguard New York underground [[disco]] scene, exemplified by DJs such as [[David Mancuso]] and [[Francis Grasso]], from 1969 onwards, Brown did not consciously yield to the trend until 1975's ''[[Sex Machine Today]]''. By 1977, he was no longer a dominant force in R&B. After "Get Up Offa That Thing", thirteen of Brown's late 1970s recordings for Polydor failed to reach the Top 10 of the R&B chart, with only "[[Bodyheat]]" in 1976 and the disco-oriented "[[It's Too Funky in Here]]" in 1979 reaching the R&B Top 15 and the ballad "[[Kiss in '77]]" reaching the Top 20.
After 1976's "Bodyheat", he failed to appear on the Billboard Hot 100. As a result, Brown's concert attendance began dropping and his reported disputes with the IRS caused his business empire to collapse. In addition, several longtime bandmates, including Wesley and Maceo Parker, had gradually pivoted to Parliament-Funkadelic, which reached its critical and commercial apogee in the mid-to-late 1970s. The emergence of disco forestalled Brown's success on the R&B charts, because its slicker, more commercial style had superseded his rawer, one-chord funk productions.
By the release of 1979's ''The Original Disco Man'', Brown seldom contributed to the songwriting and production processes, leaving most of it to producer [[Brad Shapiro]]. This resulted in the song "It's Too Funky in Here" becoming Brown's most successful single in this period. After two more albums failed to chart, Brown left Polydor in 1981. It was around this time that Brown changed the name of his band from the J.B.'s to the Soul Generals, or Soul G's. The band retained that name until his death.
Despite Brown's declining record sales, promoters Gary LoConti and Jim Rissmiller helped Brown sell out a string of residency shows at the [[Reseda Country Club]] in Los Angeles in early 1982. Brown's compromised commercial standing prevented him from charging a large fee. However, the great success of these shows marked a turning point for Brown's career, and soon he was back on top in Hollywood. Movies followed, including appearances in ''[[Doctor Detroit]]'' (1983) and ''[[Rocky IV]]'' (1985). He guest-starred in the ''[[Miami Vice]]'' episode "Missing Hours" (1987). Previously, Brown appeared alongside a litany of other Black musical luminaries in ''[[The Blues Brothers (film)|The Blues Brothers]]'' (1980).
In 1984, he teamed with rap musician [[Afrika Bambaataa]] on the song "[[Unity (Afrika Bambaataa and James Brown song)|Unity]]". A year later he signed with [[Scotti Brothers Records]] and issued the moderately successful album ''[[Gravity (James Brown album)|Gravity]]'' in 1986 with a popular song "[[How Do You Stop]]". It included Brown's final Top Ten pop hit, "[[Living in America (James Brown song)|Living in America]]", marking his first Top 40 entry since 1974 and his first Top Ten pop entry since 1968. Produced and written by [[Dan Hartman]], it featured prominently on the ''Rocky IV'' film and soundtrack. Brown performed the song in the film at Apollo Creed's final fight, shot in the Ziegfeld Room at the [[MGM Grand Las Vegas|MGM Grand]] in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], and was credited in the film as the Godfather of Soul. 1986 also saw the publication of his autobiography, ''James Brown: The Godfather of Soul'', co-written with Bruce Tucker. In 1987, Brown won the Grammy for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for "Living in America".
In 1988, Brown worked with the production team [[Full Force]] on the [[new jack swing]]-influenced ''[[I'm Real (James Brown album)|I'm Real]]''. It spawned his final two Top 10 R&B hits, "[[I'm Real (James Brown song)|I'm Real]]" and "[[Static (James Brown song)|Static]]", which peaked at No. 2 and No. 5, respectively. Meanwhile, the [[Break (music)#Break beat (element of music)|drum break]] from the second version of the original 1969 hit "Give It Up Or Turnit A Loose", the recording included on the compilation album ''[[In the Jungle Groove]]'', became so popular at hip hop dance parties, especially for [[break dancing|breakdance]], during the early 1980s that hip hop pioneer [[Kurtis Blow]] called the song "the national anthem of hip hop".<ref>[http://www.rhino.com/Features/liners/72851lin.html Liner notes – "Kurtis Blow presents: The History of Rap, Volume I"]. Rhino Records. Retrieved January 9, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202220420/http://www.rhino.com/features/liners/72851lin.html|date=February 2, 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:James brown-08.jpg|thumb|Brown performing in 1998]]
After his stint in prison during the late 1980s, Brown met Larry Fridie and Thomas Hart who produced the first James Brown biopic, entitled ''James Brown: The Man, the Message, the Music'', released in 1992.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hart|first=Thomas A. Jr.|title=James Brown: The Man, the Music, & the Message|date=May 5, 2008|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1239407/|others=Dick Clark, James Brown, Casey Kasem|access-date=February 3, 2018|archive-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210230528/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1239407/|url-status=live}}</ref> He returned to music with the album ''Love Over-Due'' in 1991. It included the single "[[(So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On]]", which peaked at No. 48 on the R&B chart. His former record label Polydor released the four-CD box set ''[[Star Time (album)|Star Time]]'', spanning Brown's career to date. Brown's release from prison prompted his former record labels to [[reissue]] his albums on CD, featuring additional tracks and commentary by music critics and historians.
In 1991, Brown appeared on rapper [[MC Hammer]]'s video for "[[Too Legit to Quit (song)|Too Legit to Quit]]". Hammer had been noted, alongside [[Big Daddy Kane]], for bringing Brown's unique stage shows and their own energetic dance moves to the hip-hop generation. Both listed Brown as their idol. Both musicians sampled his work, with Hammer having sampled the rhythms from "[[Super Bad (song)|Super Bad]]" for his song "Here Comes the Hammer", from his best-selling album ''[[Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em]]''. Big Daddy Kane sampled many times. Before the year was over, Brown–who had immediately returned to work with his band following his release–organized a pay-per-view concert following a show at Los Angeles' [[Wiltern Theatre]], that was well received.
On June 10, 1991, James Brown and a star-filled line up performed before a crowd at the Wiltern Theatre for a live pay-per-view at-home audience. ''James Brown: Living in America – Live!'' was the brainchild of Indiana producer Danny Hubbard. It featured
[[M.C. Hammer]] as well as [[Bell Biv Devoe]], [[Heavy D]] & the Boys, [[En Vogue]], [[C+C Music Factory]], [[Quincy Jones]], [[Sherman Hemsley]] and [[Keenen Ivory Wayans]]. [[Ice-T]], [[Tone Loc]] and [[Kool Moe Dee]] performed paying homage to Brown. This was Brown's first public performance since his parole from the South Carolina prison system in February. He had served two-and-a-half years of two concurrent six-year sentences for aggravated assault and other felonies.
Brown continued making recordings. In 1993 his album ''Universal James'' was released. It included his final ''Billboard'' charting single, "[[Can't Get Any Harder]]", which peaked at No. 76 on the US R&B chart and reached No. 59 on the UK chart. Its brief charting in the UK was probably due to the success of a remixed version of "I Feel Good" featuring [[Dakeyne]]. Brown released the singles "How Long" and "Georgia-Lina", which failed to chart. In 1995, Brown returned to the [[Apollo Theater|Apollo]] and recorded ''[[Live at the Apollo 1995]]''. It included a studio track titled "Respect Me", which was released as a single. Again, it failed to chart.
[[File:James Brown 2001.jpg|thumb|upright|Brown during the [[NBA All-Star Game]] jam session, 2001]]
Brown's final studio albums, ''I'm Back'' and ''[[The Next Step (James Brown album)|The Next Step]]'', were released in 1998 and 2002 respectively. ''I'm Back'' featured the song "[[Funk on Ah Roll]]", which peaked at No. 40 in the UK but did not chart in his native US. ''The Next Step'' included Brown's final single, "[[Killing Is Out, School Is In]]". Both albums were produced by Derrick Monk. Brown's concert success remained unabated and he kept up with a grueling schedule throughout the remainder of his life, living up to his previous nickname, "The Hardest Working Man in Show Business", in spite of his advanced age. In 2003, Brown participated in the [[PBS]] ''[[American Masters]]'' television documentary ''James Brown: Soul Survivor'', which was directed by [[Jeremy Marre]].
Brown performed in the [[Super Bowl XXXI halftime show]] in 1997.
Brown celebrated his status as an icon by appearing in a variety of entertainment and sports events, including an appearance on the [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] pay-per-view event, [[SuperBrawl X]], where he danced alongside wrestler [[Ernest Miller|Ernest "the Cat" Miller]], who based his character on Brown, during his in-ring skit with [[Robert Kellum|the Maestro]]. Brown appeared in [[Tony Scott]]'s short film ''[[The Hire: Beat the Devil|Beat the Devil]]'' in 2001. He was featured alongside [[Clive Owen]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Danny Trejo]] and [[Marilyn Manson]]. Brown made a [[cameo appearance]] in the 2002 [[Jackie Chan]] film ''[[The Tuxedo]]'', in which Chan was required to finish Brown's act after having accidentally knocked out the singer. In 2002, Brown appeared in ''[[Undercover Brother]]'', playing himself.
[[File:Jamesbrown3.jpg|thumb|Brown performing, June 2005]]
In 2004, Brown opened for the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] at several [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] concerts in London.<ref name="Fornication">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cd1Mfte7wuEC&q=red%20hot%20chili%20peppers%20james%20brown%20hyde%20park&pg=PT507 | title=Fornication: The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story | publisher=Omnibus Press | author=Apter, Jeff | year=2004 | ___location=London | isbn=9781844493814 | access-date=October 26, 2020 | archive-date=August 13, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221903/https://books.google.com/books?id=cd1Mfte7wuEC&q=red%20hot%20chili%20peppers%20james%20brown%20hyde%20park&pg=PT507 | url-status=live }}</ref> The beginning of 2005 saw the publication of his second book, ''I Feel Good: A Memoir of a Life of Soul'', written with Marc Eliot. In February and March 2005, he participated in recording sessions for an intended studio album with Fred Wesley, Pee Wee Ellis, and other longtime collaborators. Though he lost interest in the album, which remains unreleased, a track from the sessions, "[[Gut Bucket (James Brown song)|Gut Bucket]]", appeared on a compilation CD included with the August 2006 issue of ''[[Mojo (magazine)|MOJO]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charles-thomson.net/worldfunk.html |title=Portfolio – Features |publisher=Charles Thomson |access-date=February 12, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105032344/http://www.charles-thomson.net/worldfunk.html |archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref>
He appeared at [[Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push]], the final [[Live 8]] concert on July 6, 2005, where he performed a duet with British pop star [[Will Young]] on "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag". In the Black Eyed Peas album "Monkey Business", Brown was featured on a track called "They Don't Want Music". The previous week he had performed a duet with another British pop star, [[Joss Stone]], on the United Kingdom chat show ''[[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]]''. In 2006, Brown continued his Seven Decades of Funk World Tour.
His final major U.S. performance was in San Francisco on August 20, 2006, as headliner at the Festival of the Golden Gate (Foggfest) on the Great Meadow at [[Fort Mason]]. The next day, he performed at an 800-seat campus theatre at [[Humboldt State University]] in [[Arcata, California]]. His last shows were greeted with positive reviews, and one of his final concert appearances at the Irish [[Oxegen 2006|Oxegen festival in Punchestown in 2006]] included a record crowd of 80,000 people. He played a full concert as part of the BBC's Electric Proms on October 27, 2006, at The Roundhouse,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/electricproms/2006/jamesbrown/ |title=Electric Proms – James Brown The Godfather of Soul |publisher=BBC |date=October 27, 2006 |access-date=April 11, 2014 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116151903/http://www.bbc.co.uk/electricproms/2006/jamesbrown/ |url-status=live }}</ref> supported by the Zutons, with special appearances from Max Beasley and the Sugababes.
Brown's last televised appearance was at his induction into the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]] in November 2006, before his death in December. Before his death, Brown had been scheduled to perform a duet with singer [[Annie Lennox]] on the song "Vengeance" for her new album ''Venus'', which was released in 2007.
==Artistry==
[[File:Jamesbrown2.jpg|thumb|Brown's most famous MC was Danny Ray (center), who was with him for over 30 years.]]
As a vocalist, Brown performed in a forceful [[Shout (Black gospel music)|shout]] style derived from [[gospel music]]. Meanwhile, "his rhythmic grunts and expressive shrieks harked back farther still to [[ring shout]]s, [[work song]]s, and [[Field slaves in the United States|field]] cries", according to the ''Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History'' (1996): "He reimported the rhythmic complexity from which rhythm and blues, under the dual pressure of rock 'n' roll and pop, had progressively fallen away since its birth from jazz and blues."<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=West|editor1-first=Cornel|editor1-link=Cornel West|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=David L.|editor3-last=Salzman|editor3-first=Jack|year=1996|title=Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|isbn=0-02-897345-3|page=449}}</ref>
For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist.<ref>[https://www.today.com/popculture/james-brown-band-resume-touring-soon-wbna16396332 "James Brown band to resume touring soon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723221432/https://www.today.com/popculture/james-brown-band-resume-touring-soon-wbna16396332 |date=July 23, 2020 }} (December 29, 2006). MSNBC. Retrieved January 13, 2007.</ref> The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during the ballads.<ref>White, C., & H. Weinger, "Are You Ready for Star Time?" ''Star Time'', J. Brown (1991). Liner notes, 31. Polydor.</ref> Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters.<ref>George, N. (1988). ''The Death of Rhythm and Blues'', 101. New York: Pantheon Books. {{ISBN|0-452-26697-1}}.</ref><ref>Guralnick, P. (1986). ''Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom'', 240. New York: Back Bay Books. {{ISBN|0-452-26697-1}}.</ref>
===Concert style===
Before James Brown appeared on stage, his personal [[Master of ceremonies|MC]] gave him an elaborate introduction accompanied by drumrolls, as the MC worked in Brown's various sobriquets along with the names of many of his hit songs. The introduction by Fats Gonder, captured on Brown's 1963 album ''[[Live at the Apollo (1963 album)|Live at the Apollo]]'' is a representative example:
{{blockquote|So now ladies and gentlemen it is "Star Time". Are you ready for "Star Time?" Thank you and thank you very kindly. It is indeed a great pleasure to present to you at this particular time, national[ly] and international[ly] known as "The Hardest-Working Man in Show Business", the man that sings "[[I'll Go Crazy (James Brown song)|I'll Go Crazy]]"..."[[Try Me (James Brown song)|Try Me]]"..."[[You've Got the Power (James Brown song)|You've Got the Power]]"..."[[Think ("5" Royales song)|Think]]"..."If You Want Me"..."[[I Don't Mind (James Brown song)|I Don't Mind]]"..."[[Bewildered]]"... the million dollar seller, "[[Lost Someone]]"... the very latest release, "[[Night Train (composition)|Night Train]]"... let's everybody "[[Shout and Shimmy]]"... "Mr. Dynamite", the amazing "Mr. Please Please" himself, the star of the show, James Brown and [[the Famous Flames]]!!<ref name="jbstarTime">Gross, T. (February 22, 2005). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6676984 James Brown (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040444/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6676984 |date=November 10, 2018 }}. National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007.</ref>}}
[[File:James Brown.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Brown and MC Danny Ray during [[#Cape routine|cape routine]], [[BBC Radio 2 Electric Proms|BBC Electric Proms]] '06 concert]]
James Brown's performances were famous for their intensity and length. His own stated goal was to "give people more than what they came for — make them tired, 'cause ''that's'' what they came for.'"<ref>Guralnick, 231.</ref> Brown's concert repertoire consisted mostly of his own hits and recent songs, with a few R&B covers mixed in. Brown danced vigorously as he sang, working popular dance steps such as the [[Mashed Potato (dance)|Mashed Potato]] into his routine along with dramatic leaps, splits and slides. His horn players and singing group, The Famous Flames, typically performed choreographed dance routines, and later incarnations of the Revue included backup dancers. Male performers in the Revue were required to wear [[Tuxedo (clothing)|tuxedoes]] and [[cummerbund]]s long after more casual concert wear became the norm among the younger musical acts. Brown's own extravagant outfits and his elaborate [[Conk|processed hairdo]] completed the visual impression. A James Brown concert typically included a performance by a featured vocalist, such as Vicki Anderson or [[Marva Whitney]], and an instrumental feature for the band, which sometimes served as the opening act for the show.
A trademark feature of Brown's stage shows, usually during the song "Please, Please, Please", involved Brown dropping to his knees while clutching the microphone stand in his hands, prompting the show's longtime MC, Danny Ray, to come out, drape a cape over Brown's shoulders and escort him off the stage after he had worked himself to exhaustion during his performance. As Brown was escorted off the stage by the MC, Brown's vocal group, [[the Famous Flames]], [[Bobby Byrd]], [[Baby Lloyd Stallworth|Lloyd Stallworth]], and [[Bobby Bennett (The Famous Flames)|Bobby Bennett]], continued singing the background vocals "Please, please don't go-oh".<ref>Page, C. (January 2, 2007). [http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070102/A_OPINION0603/701020304 "Godfather's soul transcended racial, musical barriers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185634/http://www.recordnet.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070102/A_OPINION0603/701020304 |date=September 27, 2007 }}, ''The Record''. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</ref> Brown would then shake off the cape and stagger back to the microphone to perform an [[encore (concert)|encore]]. Brown's routine was inspired by a similar one used by the [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] [[Gorgeous George]], as well as [[Little Richard]].<ref name="jbstarTime" /><ref>Loverro, T. (December 28, 2006). [http://www.washtimes.com/sports/20061228-123845-5230r.htm "Soul Brother had sports roots"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221904/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/dec/28/20061228-123845-5230r/ |date=August 13, 2023 }}, ''The Washington Times''. Retrieved January 13, 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=White|first=Charles|year=2003|title=The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorized Press|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-0-306-80552-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTr_AgAAQBAJ|pages=68–70|access-date=July 28, 2021|archive-date=August 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221902/https://books.google.com/books?id=dTr_AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
In his 2005 autobiography ''I Feel Good: A Memoir in a Life of Soul'', Brown, who was a fan of Gorgeous George, credited the wrestler as the inspiration for both his cape routine and concert attire, stating, "Seeing him on TV helped create the James Brown you see on stage".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ5pDwAAQBAJ&q=gorgeous+george+james+brown+you+see&pg=PA96|title=Pro Wrestling: A Comprehensive Reference Guide|first=Lew|last=Freedman|page=96|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|date=September 7, 2018|isbn=9781440853517|access-date=June 15, 2020|archive-date=August 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221904/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ5pDwAAQBAJ&q=gorgeous+george+james+brown+you+see&pg=PA96|url-status=live}}</ref> Brown performs a version of the cape routine in the film of the ''[[T.A.M.I. Show]]'' (1964) in which he and the Famous Flames upstaged [[the Rolling Stones]], and over the [[closing credits]] of the film ''[[Blues Brothers 2000]]''. [[The Police]] refer to "James Brown on the ''T.A.M.I. Show''" in their 1980 song "[[When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What's Still Around]]".
===Band leadership===
Brown demanded extreme discipline, perfection and precision from his musicians and dancers – performers in his Revue showed up for rehearsals and members wore the right "uniform" or "costume" for concert performances.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tangari |first=Joe |date=January 3, 2007 |title=James Brown, 1933–2006 |website=Pitchfork |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6513-james-brown-1933-2006/ |access-date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805231033/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6513-james-brown-1933-2006/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During an interview conducted by [[Terry Gross]] during the [[NPR]] segment "[[Fresh Air]]" with [[Maceo Parker]], a former saxophonist in Brown's band for most of the 1960s and part of the 1970s and 1980s, Parker offered his experience with the discipline that Brown demanded of the band:
{{blockquote|You gotta be on time. You gotta have your uniform. Your stuff's got to be intact. You gotta have the bow tie. ''You got to have it''. You can't come up without the bow tie. You cannot come up without a cummerbund ... [The] patent leather shoes we were wearing at the time gotta be greased. You just gotta have this stuff. This is what [Brown expected] ... [Brown] bought the costumes. He bought the shoes. And if for some reason [the band member decided] to leave the group, [Brown told the person to] please leave my uniforms . ... |Maceo Parker<ref>Gross, T. (1989). [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6676990 Musician Maceo Parker (Fresh Air WHYY-FM audio interview)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235516/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6676990 |date=September 23, 2018 }}. National Public Radio. Retrieved January 22, 2007.</ref>}}
Brown also had a practice of directing, correcting and assessing fines on members of his band who broke his rules, such as wearing unshined shoes, dancing out of sync or showing up late on stage.<ref>Burnett, B. (December 21, 2006). [http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=11069 "James Brown: Audience with the Godfather"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116044652/http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=11069 |date=November 16, 2009 }} (interview).'' [[Hour (magazine)|The Hour]]''. Retrieved January 9, 2007.</ref> During some of his concert performances, Brown danced in front of his band with his back to the audience as he slid across the floor, flashing hand signals and splaying his pulsating fingers to the beat of the music. Although audiences thought Brown's dance routine was part of his act, this practice was actually his way of pointing to the offending member of his troupe who played or sang the wrong note or committed some other infraction. Brown used his splayed fingers and hand signals to alert the offending person of the fine that person must pay to him for breaking his rules.<ref>Gottschild, B.D. (August 2000). "James Brown: Godfather of dance", ''Dance Magazine'', 74(8), p. 54 (Document no. A63735725). Retrieved January 11, 2007, from the Biography Resource Center database.</ref>
Brown's demands on his support acts could be harsh. As [[Fred Wesley]] recalled of his time as musical director of the JBs, if Brown felt intimidated by a support act he would try to "undermine their performances by shortening their sets without notice, demanding that they not do certain showstopping songs, and even insisting on doing the unthinkable, playing drums on some of their songs. A sure set killer."<ref>Fred Wesley's sleevenotes to [[Honey & the Bees]] "Dynamite!" (Jamie4009) 1999.</ref>
==Social activism==
===Education advocacy and humanitarianism===
Brown's main social activism was in preserving the need for education among youths, influenced by his own troubled childhood and his being forced to drop out of the seventh grade for wearing "insufficient clothes". Due to heavy dropout rates in the 1960s, Brown released the pro-education song, "[[Don't Be a Drop-Out]]". Royalties of the song were donated to dropout-prevention charity programs. The success of this led to Brown meeting with President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] at the [[White House]]. Johnson cited Brown for being a positive role model to the youth. In 1968 James Brown endorsed Hubert Humphrey.<ref>[https://www.3blmedia.com/news/james-brown-and-super-bad-stakeholder-engagement James Brown and Super Bad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303083509/https://www.3blmedia.com/news/james-brown-and-super-bad-stakeholder-engagement |date=March 3, 2022 }} Retrieved March 3, 2022</ref> Later, Brown gained the confidence of President Richard Nixon, to whom he found he had to explain the plight of Black Americans.<ref>{{YouTube|MBKz8pDNuto}}</ref>
Throughout the remainder of his life, Brown made public speeches in schools and continued to advocate the importance of education in school. Upon filing his will in 2002, Brown advised that most of the money in his estate go into creating the ''I Feel Good, Inc. Trust'' to benefit disadvantaged children and provide scholarships for his grandchildren. His final single, "Killing Is Out, School Is In", advocated against murders of young children in the streets. Brown often gave out money and other items to children while traveling to his childhood hometown of Augusta. A week before his death, while looking gravely ill, Brown gave out toys and turkeys to kids at an Atlanta orphanage, something he had done several times over the years.
===Civil rights and self-reliance===
Though Brown performed at benefit rallies for civil rights organizations in the mid-1960s, Brown often shied away from discussing civil rights in his songs in fear of alienating his crossover audience. In 1968, in response to a growing urge of [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war advocacy during the Vietnam War]], Brown recorded the song, "[[America Is My Home]]". In the song, Brown performed a [[rapping|rap]], advocating patriotism and exhorting listeners to "stop pitying yoursel[ves] and get up and fight". At the time of the song's release, Brown had been performing for troops stationed in Vietnam.
====The Boston Garden concert====
On April 5, 1968, a day after the [[assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.]] in Memphis, Tennessee, Brown provided a free citywide televised concert at the [[Boston Garden]] to maintain public order and calm concerned Boston residents, over the objections of the police chief, who wanted to call off the concert, which he thought would incite violence.<ref name="pc51" /> The show was later released on DVD as ''[[Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968]]''. According to the documentary ''The Night James Brown Saved Boston'', then-mayor [[Kevin White (mayor)|Kevin White]] had strongly restrained the Boston police from cracking down on minor violence and protests after the assassination, while religious and community leaders worked to keep tempers from flaring.<ref name="vh1nightjbsavedbos">[http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/vh1_rock_docs/134183/episode_about.jhtml "The Night James Brown Saved Boston"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310185153/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/vh1_rock_docs/134183/episode_about.jhtml |date=March 10, 2009 }}. ''VH1 rockDocs''.</ref>
White arranged to have Brown's performance broadcast multiple times on Boston's public television station, [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]], thus keeping potential rioters off the streets, watching the concert for free.<ref name="vh1nightjbsavedbos" /> Angered by not being told of this, Brown demanded $60,000 for "gate" fees, money he thought would be lost from ticket sales on account of the concert being broadcast for free, and then threatened to go public about the secret arrangement when the city balked at paying up afterwards, news of which would have been a political death blow to White and spark riots of its own.<ref name="vh1nightjbsavedbos" /> White eventually lobbied a behind-the-scenes power-brokering group known as "The Vault" to come up with money for Brown's gate fee and other social programs, contributing $100,000. Brown received $15,000 from them via the city. White also persuaded management at the Garden to give up their share of receipts to make up the differences.<ref name="vh1nightjbsavedbos" /> Following this successful performance, Brown was counseled by President Johnson to urge cities ravaged from riots following King's assassination to not resort to violence, telling them to "cool it, there's another way".{{sfn|''Jet''|1971|p=54}}
Responding to pressure from black activists, including [[H. Rap Brown]], to take a bigger stance on their issues and from footage of [[black on black crime]] committed in inner cities, Brown wrote the lyrics to the song "[[Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud]]", which his bandleader [[Alfred "Pee Wee" Ellis]] accompanied with a musical composition. Released late that summer, the song's lyrics helped to make it an anthem for the civil rights movement. Brown only performed the song sporadically following its initial release, and later stated he had regrets about recording it, saying in 1984, "Now 'Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud' has done more for the black race than any other record, but if I had my choice, I wouldn't have done it, because I don't like defining anyone by race. To teach race is to teach separatism."{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=95}} In his autobiography he stated:
<blockquote>The song is obsolete now ... But it was necessary to teach pride then, and I think the song did a lot of good for a lot of people ... People called "Black and Proud" militant and angry – maybe because of the line about dying on your feet instead of living on your knees. But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song. That's why I had children in it, so children who heard it could grow up feeling pride ... The song cost me a lot of my crossover audience. The racial makeup at my concerts was mostly black after that. I don't regret it, though, even if it was misunderstood.{{sfn|Brown|Tucker|1986|p=280}}</blockquote>
In 1969, Brown recorded two more songs of social commentary, "[[World (James Brown song)|World]]" and "[[I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing]]", the latter song pleading for equal opportunity and self-reliance rather than entitlement. In 1970, in response to some black leaders for not being outspoken enough, he recorded "[[Get Up, Get into It, Get Involved]]" and "[[Talkin' Loud and Sayin' Nothing]]". In 1971, he began touring Africa, including Zambia and Nigeria. He was made "freeman of the city" in [[Lagos, Nigeria]], by Oba Adeyinka Oyekan, for his "influence on black people all over the world".{{sfn|''Jet'' |1971|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e7EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}} With his company, James Brown Enterprises, Brown helped to provide jobs for blacks in business in the communities.{{sfn|''Jet'' |1971|p=60}} As the 1970s continued, Brown continued to record songs of social commentary, most prominently 1972's "[[King Heroin]]" and the two-part ballad "Public Enemy", which dealt with drug addiction.
===Political views===
During the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968 presidential campaign]], Brown endorsed [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presidential candidate [[Hubert Humphrey]] and appeared with Humphrey at political rallies. Brown was labeled an "Uncle Tom" for supporting Humphrey and also for releasing the pro-American funk song, "America Is My Home", in which Brown had lambasted [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|protesters of the Vietnam War]] as well as the politics of pro-black activists. Brown began supporting [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] president [[Richard Nixon]] after being invited to perform at Nixon's inaugural ball in January 1969.{{sfn|Brown|Tucker|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7KNUsxQPRB8C&pg=PA281 281]}}
Brown's endorsement of Nixon's campaign during the [[1972 United States presidential election|1972 presidential election]] negatively impacted his career during that period with several national Black organizations boycotting his records and protesting at his concert shows; a November 1972 show in Cincinnati was picketed with signs saying, "James Brown: Nixon's Clown". Brown initially was invited to perform at a Youth Concert following Nixon's inauguration in January 1973 but bailed out due to the backlash he suffered from supporting Nixon. Brown joined fellow black entertainer [[Sammy Davis Jr.]], who faced similar backlash, to back out of the concert. Brown blamed it on "fatigue".<ref name=Robinson>{{cite web|last=Robinson|first=Eugene|title=SOUL BROTHER NO. 1 JAMES BROWN ENDORSES RICHARD NIXON? BELIEVE IT|url=https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/when-james-brown-jammed-for-richard-nixon/390790/|work=Eugene Robinson|publisher=OZY|access-date=November 23, 2020|date=October 18, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128113830/https://www.ozy.com/true-and-stories/when-james-brown-jammed-for-richard-nixon/390790/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Brown later reversed his support of Nixon and composed the song, "You Can Have Watergate (Just Gimme Some Bucks And I'll Be Straight)" as a result. After Nixon resigned from office, Brown composed the 1974 hit, "Funky President (People It's Bad)", right after [[Gerald Ford]] took Nixon's place. Brown later supported Democratic President [[Jimmy Carter]], attending one of Carter's inaugural balls in 1977.<ref name=Robinson/> Brown openly supported President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s reelection in [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Quoted: James Brown on Ronald Reagan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2013/05/28/quoted-james-brown-on-ronald-reagan/|work=The Reliable Source|publisher=The Washington Post|access-date=November 23, 2020|date=May 28, 2013|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520043121/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2013/05/28/quoted-james-brown-on-ronald-reagan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Brown stated he was neither Democratic nor Republican despite his support of Republican presidents such as Nixon and Reagan as well as Democratic presidents [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], and [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pB5pMBkjaZ4 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pB5pMBkjaZ4| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=James Brown on Conviction, Respect and Reagan |work=YouTube |publisher=PBS |access-date=May 16, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1999, when being interviewed by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', the magazine asked him to name a hero in the 20th century. Brown mentioned John F. Kennedy and then-96-year-old U.S. Senator, and former [[Dixiecrat]], [[Strom Thurmond]], stating "when the young whippersnappers get out of line, whether Democratic or Republican, an old man can walk up and say 'Wait a minute, son, it goes this way.' And that's great for our country. He's like a grandfather to me."<ref>{{citation |author1=Hulse, Carl |author2=Loughlin, Sean |date=December 20, 1999 |title=Graham, Clinton agree to agree |work=Lakeland Ledger |page=A14 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19991220&id=Y1RIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6561,10663690 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190844/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19991220&id=Y1RIAAAAIBAJ&pg=6561,10663690 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2003, Brown was the featured attraction of a Washington, D.C., fundraiser for the [[National Republican Senatorial Committee]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Theimer |first=Sharon |date=March 26, 2003 |title=Gephardt Campaigns, Prays for Troops |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/b2da5bfb3a3edbbad7c9965fe6023e1b |access-date=December 22, 2013 |archive-date=December 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203152152/https://apnews.com/b2da5bfb3a3edbbad7c9965fe6023e1b |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the deaths of Ronald Reagan and his friend [[Ray Charles]], Brown said to [[CNN]], "I'm kind of in an uproar. I love the country and I got – you know I've been around a long time, through many presidents and everything. So after losing Mr. Reagan, who I knew very well, then Mr. Ray Charles, who I worked with and lived with like, all our life, we had a show together in [[Oakland]] many, many years ago and it's like you found the placard."<ref>''[http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0406/10/acd.01.html Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808182103/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0406/10/acd.01.html |date=August 8, 2012 }}''. CNN: June 10, 2004.</ref> Despite his contrarian political views, Brown mentored black activist [[Rev. Al Sharpton]] during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Feuer|first=Alan|title=Sharpton in Mourning, Like a Son Without a Father|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/nyregion/29sharpton.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=November 23, 2020|date=December 29, 2006|archive-date=January 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127100634/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/nyregion/29sharpton.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Personal life==
In 1962, [[Tammi Terrell]] joined the James Brown Revue. Brown became sexually involved with Terrell—even though she was only 17—in a relationship that continued until she escaped his physical abuse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Did You Know: Tammi Terrell's Affair with James Brown Ended Violently |website=The Reel Network |url=http://thereelnetwork.net/her-affair-with-james-brown-ended-in-abuse-did-you-know-tammi-terrell/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010852/http://thereelnetwork.net/her-affair-with-james-brown-ended-in-abuse-did-you-know-tammi-terrell/|archive-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=dead |access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> [[Bobby Bennett (The Famous Flames)|Bobby Bennett]], former member of the [[The Famous Flames|Famous Flames]], told ''Rolling Stone'' about the abuse he witnessed: "He beat Tammi Terrell terrible", said Bennett. "She was bleeding, shedding blood." Terrell, who died in 1970, was Brown's girlfriend before she became famous as [[Marvin Gaye]]'s singing partner in the mid-1960s. "Tammi left him because she didn't want her butt whipped", said Bennett, who also claimed he saw Brown kick one pregnant girlfriend down a flight of stairs.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=James Brown: Wrestling With the Devil|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/wrestling-with-the-devil-the-struggle-for-the-soul-of-james-brown-19890406|access-date=May 9, 2018|archive-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192602/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/wrestling-with-the-devil-the-struggle-for-the-soul-of-james-brown-19890406|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Marriages and children===
Brown was married three times. His first marriage was to Velma Warren in 1953. They had one son together.<ref>{{Cite book|title=James Brown (African-American Biographies)|last=Fandel|first=Jennifer|year=2003 |publisher=Raintree |isbn=9780739870273|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jamesbrown0000fand/page/26 26] |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesbrown0000fand}}</ref> Over a decade later, the couple had separated. They divorced in 1969. They maintained a close friendship that lasted until Brown's death. Brown's second marriage was to Deidre "Deedee" Jenkins, on October 22, 1970. They had two daughters together. In 1974, they separated after what his daughter describes as years of domestic abuse.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cold Sweat: My Father James Brown and Me |publisher=Chicago Review Press |isbn=978-1883052850 |author1=Yamma Brown |author2=Robin Gaby Fisher |date=September 2014 |url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/09/james-brown-beat-wife-yamma-brown-memoir-cold-sweat.html |access-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619114549/http://www.vulture.com/2014/09/james-brown-beat-wife-yamma-brown-memoir-cold-sweat.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They divorced on January 10, 1981.{{sfn|Rhodes|2008|p=253}}
His third marriage was to Adrienne Lois Rodriguez (March 9, 1950 – January 6, 1996) in 1984. It was a contentious marriage that made headlines due to [[Domestic violence|domestic abuse]] complaints.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=November 20, 1995 |title=Godfather of Soul James Brown Denies Wife's Domestic Abuse Charges |magazine=Jet|page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjsDAAAAMBAJ&q=james+brown+adrienne+october+1995}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=This is the Real James Brown |last=Hurst |first=Candice |publisher=Rosedog Pr |year=2017 |isbn=9781480975934 |pages=139}}</ref> Rodriguez filed for divorce in 1988, "citing years of cruelty treatment", but they reconciled.<ref name="reader">{{Cite book|last1=George|first1=Nelson|last2=Leeds|first2=Alan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehSBVZUQpSIC&q=james+brown+adrienne+1988&pg=PA207|title=The James Brown Reader: Fifty Years of Writing About the Godfather of Soul|publisher=Penguin|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4406-3734-6|pages=205–207|access-date=October 26, 2020|archive-date=August 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221904/https://books.google.com/books?id=ehSBVZUQpSIC&q=james+brown+adrienne+1988&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref> Rodriguez died in 1996. Less than a year later, Brown hired [[Tomi Rae Hynie]] to be a background singer for his band. She later claimed that she was his fourth wife.<ref name="Rohter" />
On December 23, 2002, Brown, 69, and Hynie, 33, held a wedding ceremony that was officiated by the Rev. Larry Flyer. Following Brown's death, controversy surrounded the circumstances of the marriage. Brown's attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, reported that the marriage was not valid. Hynie was still married to Javed Ahmed, a man from Bangladesh. Hynie claimed Ahmed married her to obtain residency through a [[United States Permanent Resident Card|Green Card]], and that the marriage was annulled, but the annulment did not occur until April 2004.<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=J. |date=January 4, 2007 |title=Tomi Rae defends her relationship with James Brown |work=WRDW-TV News |place=Augusta, Georgia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105120952/http://www.wrdw.com/news/headlines/5091311.html |archive-date=January 5, 2013 |url=http://www.wrdw.com/news/headlines/5091311.html |access-date=January 9, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gardner |first=L. |date=December 26, 2006 |title=Tomi Rae Hynie: 'It's a blatant lie' |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919071135/http://www.wrdw.com/news/headlines/5018766.html |archive-date=September 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |work=WRDW-TV News |place=Augusta, Georgia |url=http://www.wrdw.com/news/headlines/5018766.html |access-date=January 8, 2007}}</ref> In an attempt to prove her marriage to Brown was valid, she provided a [[Marriage license#Marriage licenses in the Americas|marriage certificate]] as proof of her marriage to Brown during an interview on [[CNN]] with [[Larry King]], but she did not provide King with court records pointing to an annulment of her marriage to Brown or to Ahmed.<ref name=annulment>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=V. |date=January 5, 2007 |title=Probate hearing may determine whether Hynie is James Brown's widow |url=http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/stories/2007/01/04/0105hynie.html |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date= January 8, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127183015/http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/stories/2007/01/04/0105hynie.html |archive-date=January 27, 2012}}</ref>
According to Dallas, Brown was angry and hurt that Hynie had concealed her prior marriage from him, and Brown moved to file for annulment from Hynie.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Singer James Brown files for annulment |magazine=Jet |volume=105 |issue=8 |page=18}}</ref> Dallas added that though Hynie's marriage to Ahmed was annulled after she married Brown, the Brown–Hynie marriage was not valid under South Carolina law because Brown and Hynie did not remarry after the annulment.<ref name=annulment/><ref>{{cite web |title=Brown widow: I've been locked out |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/26/james.brown.widow.ap/index.html |date=2006 |work=CNN Entertainment News |access-date=January 8, 2007 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122130618/http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/26/james.brown.widow.ap/index.html |archive-date=January 22, 2007}}</ref> In August 2003, Brown took out a full-page public notice in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' featuring Hynie, James II and himself on vacation at [[Disney World]] to announce that he and Hynie were going their separate ways.<ref>{{cite web |title=Public announcement of annulment in ''Variety Magazine'' |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jabrown1.html |date=July 22, 2003 |work=The Smoking Gun |access-date=January 8, 2007 |archive-date=December 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230094754/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jabrown1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stritof |first=Sheri & Bob |url=http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/a/jamesbrown_3.htm |title=James Brown and Tomi Rae Hynie timeline: The puzzle of a complicated marriage relationship |website=About.com: Marriage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316074820/http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/a/jamesbrown_3.htm |archive-date=March 16, 2007 |access-date=January 14, 2007 }}</ref>
On January 27, 2015, a judge ruled Hynie as Brown's legal widow and that she was now Brown's widow for the purpose of determining the distribution of Brown's estate.<ref name="Rohter"/><ref name="wrdw.com"/> The decision was based on the grounds that Hynie's previous marriage was invalid, and that James Brown had abandoned his efforts to annul his own marriage to Hynie.<ref name="wrdw.com">[http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/Judge-orders-release-of-emails-in-James-Brown-estate-lawsuit-289227041.html Court order states Tommie Rae Brown as James Brown's wife and legal surviving spouse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135146/http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/Judge-orders-release-of-emails-in-James-Brown-estate-lawsuit-289227041.html |date=April 2, 2015 }}", ''[[WRDW-TV]]'' (January 26, 2015).</ref> On June 17, 2020, a South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that Hynie was not legally married to Brown due to her failure to annul her previous marriage.<ref name="0:"/><ref name="USAToday"/><ref name="NYTimes"/> The court ruled that she had no right to any part of his estate.<ref name="0:">{{cite web |url=https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2020/06/18/sc-supreme-court-tommie-rae-not-james-brownrsquos-wife/43093983/ |title=SC Supreme Court: Tommie Rae not James Brown's wife |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116162312/https://www.augustachronicle.com/story/news/2020/06/18/sc-supreme-court-tommie-rae-not-james-brownrsquos-wife/43093983/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wjbf.com/news/sc-supreme-court-rules-tomi-rae-hynie-is-not-james-browns-wife/amp/ |title=SC Supreme Court rules Tomi Rae Hynie is not James Brown's wife |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117005525/https://www.wjbf.com/news/sc-supreme-court-rules-tomi-rae-hynie-is-not-james-browns-wife/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="USAToday">{{cite web |last=Kinnard |first=Meg |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/06/18/james-brown-partner-not-wife-court-rules-oks-dying-wish/3216240001/ |work=USA Today |title=South Carolina high court rules 'Godfather of Soul' James Brown's last partner not his wife, OKs his dying wish |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117012919/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/06/18/james-brown-partner-not-wife-court-rules-oks-dying-wish/3216240001/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kinnard |first=Meg |url=https://abcnews4.com/news/local/family-of-james-brown-settles-15-year-battle-over-his-estate-07-24-2021 |work=ABC News 4 |title=Family of James Brown settles 15-year battle over his estate |date=July 24, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117192823/https://abcnews4.com/amp/news/local/family-of-james-brown-settles-15-year-battle-over-his-estate-07-24-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite web |last=Knopper |first=Steve |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/arts/music/james-brown-will.html |work=The New York Times |title=James Brown's Will: Is It Inching Toward Closure After 14 Years |date=July 15, 2021 |access-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117213122/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/arts/music/james-brown-will.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Brown had numerous children. He acknowledged 11 of them, including 5 sons—Teddy (1954–1973), Terry, Larry, Micheal Brown and James Joseph Brown Jr.—and 6 daughters: LaRhonda Petitt, Dr. Yamma Noyola Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas, Cinnamon Brown, Jeanette Bellinger and Venisha Brown (1964–2018).<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodman |first=Brenda |date=November 8, 2007 |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/keeping-track-of-james-brown-and-the-big-payback/ |title=Keeping Track of James Brown and The Big Payback |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 31, 2009 |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007192038/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/keeping-track-of-james-brown-and-the-big-payback/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brown had eight grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. Brown's eldest son, Teddy, died in a car crash on June 14, 1973.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stritof |first=Sheri & Bob |url=http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/a/jamesbrown.htm |title=The marriages of James Brown |website=About.com: Marriage |access-date=January 8, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101185005/http://marriage.about.com/od/entertainmen1/a/jamesbrown.htm |archive-date=January 1, 2007 }}</ref>
According to an August 2007, article in the British newspaper ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', DNA tests indicate that Brown also fathered at least three extramarital children. The first one of them to be identified is LaRhonda Pettit (born 1962), a retired flight attendant and teacher who lives in Houston.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elsworth |first=C. |date=August 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014224327/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F22%2Fwbrown122.xml |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |title=James Brown's secret children emerge |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F22%2Fwbrown122.xml |access-date=July 5, 2009}}</ref> Another alleged son, Michael Deon Brown, was born in September 1968 to Mary Florence Brown. Despite pleading no contest to a paternity suit brought against him in 1983, Brown never officially acknowledged Michael as his son.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Being the son of the "Godfather of Soul": Michael Brown, son of the late James Brown, begins to set the record straight |url=http://michaeldeonbrown.blogspot.com/2007/03/michael-brown-son-of-late-james-brown.html |access-date=November 16, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116021424/http://michaeldeonbrown.blogspot.com/2007/03/michael-brown-son-of-late-james-brown.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During contesting of Brown's will, another of the Brown family attorneys, [[Debra Opri]], revealed to Larry King that James Brown wanted a DNA test performed after his death to confirm the paternity of James Brown Jr. (born 2001)—not for Brown Jr.'s sake but for the sake of the other family members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brown wanted paternity test |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21026466-5006024,00.html |date=January 8, 2007 |work=The Herald Sun (Australia) |access-date=January 8, 2007 |archive-date=March 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311045740/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21026466-5006024,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2007, Hynie selected a [[guardian ad litem]] whom she wanted the court to appoint to represent her son, James Brown Jr., in the paternity proceedings.<ref>{{cite news |title=James Brown's partner selects guardian |date=April 4, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040400490.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 11, 2007 |archive-date=April 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424131424/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/04/AR2007040400490.html |url-status=live }}</ref> James Brown Jr. was confirmed to be his biological son.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/legalentertainment/2018/10/15/james-brown-estate-twelve-years-after-his-death-controversy-remains/#168c647375d7 |first=Andrew |last=Smith |title=James Brown's Estate Is Still In Turmoil 12 Years After His Death |work=Forbes |date=October 15, 2018 |access-date=December 16, 2018 |archive-date=December 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120744/https://www.forbes.com/sites/legalentertainment/2018/10/15/james-brown-estate-twelve-years-after-his-death-controversy-remains/#168c647375d7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Drug abuse===
For most of his career, Brown had a strict drug- and alcohol-free policy for any member in his entourage, including band members. He would fire people who disobeyed orders, particularly those who used or abused drugs. Although early members of the Famous Flames were fired for using [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], Brown often served a [[highball]] consisting of [[Delaware Punch]] and [[moonshine]] at his [[St. Albans, Queens]], house in the mid-1960s.{{sfn|Smith|2012|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} Some of the original members of Brown's 1970s band, [[the J.B.'s]], including [[Catfish Collins|Catfish]] and [[Bootsy Collins]], intentionally took [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] during a performance in 1971, causing Brown to fire them after the show because he had suspected them of being on drugs all along.<ref>''[[Unsung (TV series)|Unsung]]'': "Bootsy Collins", [[TV One (US TV network)|TV One]], 2011</ref>
Aide Bob Patton has asserted that he accidentally shared a [[Phencyclidine|PCP]]-laced [[cannabis]] joint with Brown in the mid-1970s and "hallucinated for hours", although Brown "talked about it as if it was only marijuana he was smoking".{{sfn|Smith|2012|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} By the mid-1980s, it was widely alleged that Brown was using drugs, with Vicki Anderson confirming to journalist [[Barney Hoskyns]] that Brown's regular use of PCP, colloquially known as "angel dust", "began before 1982".{{sfn|Smith|2012|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} After he met and later married Adrienne Rodriguez in 1984, she and Brown began using PCP together.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=June 6, 1988|title=James Brown's Wife Arrested On Drug Charge Third Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pK4DAAAAMBAJ&q=james+brown+adrienne&pg=PA52|magazine=Jet|pages=52}}</ref>
This drug usage often resulted in violent outbursts from him, and he was arrested several times for [[domestic violence]] against Rodriguez while [[Substance intoxication|high]] on the drug.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=June 6, 1988|title=James Brown Arrested On Drug And Assault Charges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pK4DAAAAMBAJ&q=james+brown+adrienne&pg=PA52|magazine=Jet|pages=52}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2012|pp=341–344}} By January 1988, Brown faced four criminal charges within a 12-month span relating to driving, PCP, and gun possession.<ref name="reader" /> After an April 1988 arrest for domestic abuse, Brown went on the [[CNN]] program ''Sonia Live in L.A.'' with host Sonia Friedman. The interview became notorious for Brown's irreverent demeanor, with some asserting that Brown was high.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQmqcaS5LIM |title=1988: Is this James Brown's strangest interview ever? |work=CNN |via=YouTube |date=May 29, 2013 |access-date=February 16, 2014 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313203308/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQmqcaS5LIM |url-status=live }}</ref>
One of Brown's former mistresses recalled in a [[GQ (magazine)|''GQ'' magazine]] article about Brown, some years after his death, that Brown would smoke PCP, "until that got hard to find", and [[cocaine]], mixed with [[Tobacco smoking|tobacco]] in [[Kool (cigarette)|Kool]] cigarettes. He engaged in the [[off-label use]] of [[sildenafil]], maintaining that it gave him "extra energy".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/200903/james-brown-legacy-money-millions?currentPage=12 |title=Papa: Music: GQ |date=March 2009 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513120803/http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/200903/james-brown-legacy-money-millions?currentPage=12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Once, while traveling in a car under the influence of PCP, which he continued to procure dependent on its availability, Brown alleged that passing trees contained [[Electronic harassment|psychotronic surveillance technology]].{{sfn|Smith|2012|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}
In January 1998, he spent a week in rehab to deal with an addiction to unspecified prescription drugs. A week after his release, he was arrested for an unlawful use of a handgun and possession of cannabis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.philly.com/1998-01-29/living/25751368_1_weapons-charges-marijuana-soul-singer-james-brown |title=James Brown Facing Marijuana, Weapons Charges |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=January 29, 1998 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063838/http://articles.philly.com/1998-01-29/living/25751368_1_weapons-charges-marijuana-soul-singer-james-brown |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to his death in December 2006, traces of cocaine were found in the singer's urine, when Brown entered Emory University Hospital.<ref name="part3" /> His widow suggested Brown would "do [[Crack cocaine|crack]]" with a female acquaintance.<ref name="part3" />
== Legal issues ==
===Theft and assault convictions===
Brown's personal life was marred by numerous brushes with the law. At the age of 16, he was convicted of theft, and served three years in juvenile prison. In 1963, during a concert held at Club 15 in [[Macon, Georgia]], while [[Otis Redding]] was performing alongside his former band [[Johnny Jenkins]] and the Pinetoppers, Brown, reportedly wielding two shotguns,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martinko|first=Jason|year=2018|title=Hold What You've Got: The Joe Tex Story|isbn=978-1-387-93286-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvHCDwAAQBAJ&q=Macon+joe+tex+james+brown&pg=PA21|page=21|publisher=Lulu.com |access-date=October 26, 2020|archive-date=August 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813221904/https://books.google.com/books?id=OvHCDwAAQBAJ&q=Macon+joe+tex+james+brown&pg=PA21|url-status=live}}</ref> tried to shoot his musical rival [[Joe Tex]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/books/2019/08/03/Jason-Martinko-Hold-What-You-ve-Got-Joe-Tex-Story/stories/201908040002 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808005601/https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/books/2019/08/03/Jason-Martinko-Hold-What-You-ve-Got-Joe-Tex-Story/stories/201908040002 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |title='Hold What You've Got': A local writer pulls Joe Tex's story into the light |date=August 3, 2019 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |access-date=May 30, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
The incident led to multiple people being shot and stabbed.<ref name="part1" /> Since Brown was still on parole at the time, he relied on his agent Clint Brantley "and a few thousand dollars to make the situation disappear".<ref name="part1" /> According to Jenkins, "seven people got shot", and after the shootout ended, a man appeared and gave "each one of the injured a hundred dollars apiece not to carry it no further and not to talk to the press".<ref name="part1" /> Brown was never charged for the incident.
On July 16, 1978, after performing at the [[Apollo Theater|Apollo]], Brown was arrested for reportedly failing to turn in records from one of his radio stations after the station was forced to file for bankruptcy.<ref name="jbencyclopedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/James_Brown.aspx |title=James Brown Facts, information, pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about James Brown |access-date=July 24, 2012 |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026002942/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/James_Brown.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2012|p=225}}
[[File:Ford F150 Single Cab.JPG|thumb|An eighth generation [[Ford F-150]] single cab, similar to the truck Brown drove during his infamous [[high-speed chase]] along the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]–[[South Carolina]] border in September 1988]]
Brown was arrested on April 3, 1988, for assault,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQmqcaS5LIM James Brown CNN Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331190241/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQmqcaS5LIM |date=March 31, 2016 }}, April 4, 1988.</ref> and again in May 1988 on drug and weapons charges, and again on September 24, 1988, following a high-speed car chase on [[Interstate 20]] near the [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]–[[South Carolina]] state border. He was convicted of carrying an unlicensed pistol and assaulting a police officer, along with various drug-related and driving offenses. He was sentenced to six years in prison. He was released on parole on February 27, 1991, after serving two years of his sentence. Brown's FBI file, released to ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act,<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/daily/2007/jamesbrown.pdf In the Matter of James Joseph Brown, File No. SV-44B-3846] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005033/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/daily/2007/jamesbrown.pdf |date=March 5, 2016 }} (1989). Criminal Investigative Division, Civil Rights Unit. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved June 3, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing).</ref> related Brown's claim that the high-speed chase did not occur as claimed by the police, and that local police shot at his car several times during an incident of police harassment, and assaulted him after his arrest.<ref>Stephens, J. (April 3, 2007). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/02/AR2007040201614.html "FBI file recounts James Brown's side Of '88 police chase"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621132851/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/02/AR2007040201614.html |date=June 21, 2017 }}, ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved June 4, 2007.</ref> Local authorities found no merit to Brown's accusations.
In 1998, a woman named Mary Simons accused Brown in a civil suit of holding her captive for three days, demanding oral sex and firing a gun in his office. Simons' charge was eventually dismissed.<ref name="part1" /> Another civil suit, filed by former background singer Lisa Rushton, alleged that between 1994 and 1999, Brown allegedly demanded sexual favors, and when refused, would cut off her pay and kept her offstage.<ref name="part1" /> She claimed that Brown would "place a hand on her buttocks and loudly told her in a crowded restaurant to not look or speak to any other man besides himself". Rushton eventually withdrew her lawsuit.<ref name="part1" /> In another civil suit, a woman named Lisa Agbalaya, who worked for Brown, said the singer would tell her he had "bull testicles", handed her a pair of zebra-print underwear, told her to wear them while he massaged her with oil, and fired her after she refused.<ref name="part1" /> A Los Angeles jury cleared the singer of [[sexual harassment]], but found him liable for wrongful termination.<ref name="part1" />
The police were summoned to Brown's residence on July 3, 2000, after he was accused of charging at an electric company repairman with a steak knife, when the repairman visited Brown's house to investigate a complaint about having no lights at the residence.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jamesbrown1.html Aiken County Sheriff's Office Incident Report, Case No. 0000030719] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231231754/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jamesbrown1.html |date=December 31, 2006 }} (July 3, 2000). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.</ref> In 2003, Brown was pardoned by the [[South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services]] for past crimes that he was convicted of committing in South Carolina.<ref name=jbpardon>"South Carolina pardons James Brown for past crimes" (June 9, 2003). ''Jet Magazine'', 36. Retrieved January 14, 2007, from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.</ref>
===Domestic violence arrests===
Brown was repeatedly arrested for domestic violence. On four occasions between 1987 and 1995, Brown was arrested on charges of assault against his third wife, Adrienne Rodriguez. In one incident, Rodriguez reported to authorities that Brown beat her with an iron pipe and shot at her car.<ref name="reader" /><ref name="part2" /> Rodriguez was hospitalized after the last assault in October 1995. Charges were dropped after she died in January 1996.<ref name="part2" />
In January 2004, Brown was arrested in South Carolina on a domestic violence charge, after Tomi Rae Hynie accused him of pushing her to the floor during an argument at their home, where she suffered scratches and bruises to her right arm and hip.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/james-brown-arrested-187057/|title=James Brown Arrested|last=Dansby|first=Andrew|date=January 29, 2004|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-date=April 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418211506/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/james-brown-arrested-187057/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June, Brown pleaded [[Nolo contendere|no contest]] to the domestic violence incident, but served no jail time. Instead, Brown was required to forfeit a US$1,087 bond as punishment.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jbrownass1.html "James Brown pleads to domestic violence"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107131217/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jbrownass1.html |date=January 7, 2007 }} (2004). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved January 8, 2007.</ref>
===Rape accusation===
In January 2005, a woman named Jacque Hollander filed a lawsuit against James Brown, which stemmed from an alleged 1988 rape. When the case was initially heard before a judge in 2002, Hollander's claims against Brown were dismissed by the court as the [[statute of limitations|limitations period]] for filing the suit had expired. Hollander claimed that stress from the alleged assault later caused her to develop [[Graves' disease]], a chronic thyroid condition. Hollander claimed that the incident took place in South Carolina while she was employed by Brown as a publicist. Hollander alleged that, during her ride in a van with Brown, Brown pulled over to the side of the road and sexually assaulted her while he threatened her with a shotgun.<ref name="news_bbc_co_uk">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6520959.stm |title=James Brown rape case dismissed. |date=April 3, 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=August 20, 2009 |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113017/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6520959.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
In her case against Brown, Hollander entered as evidence a DNA sample and a polygraph result. The evidence was not considered due to the limitations defense. Hollander later attempted to bring her case before the Supreme Court, but nothing came of her complaint.<ref name="news_bbc_co_uk" />
==Later life ==
At the end of his life, James Brown lived in [[Beech Island, South Carolina]], directly across the [[Savannah River]] from [[Augusta, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Dan|last=Rys|title=Inside James Brown's House: Can It Become the Next Graceland?|url=https://www.billboard.com/business/publishing/james-brown-estate-primary-wave-1235757863/|magazine=Billboard|date=August 22, 2024|access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> According to his longtime manager Charles Bobbit, Brown had been living with [[Type 2 diabetes]], which went undiagnosed for years.{{sfn|''Jet''|2003|p=54}} In 2004, Brown was successfully treated for [[prostate cancer]].<ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=17912 "Singer James Brown prostate cancer surgery successful"] (December 16, 2004). ''Medical News Today''. Retrieved January 10, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050518081113/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=17912 |date=May 18, 2005 }}</ref> Regardless of his health, Brown maintained his reputation as the "hardest working man in show business" by keeping up with his grueling performance schedule.
===Illness===
[[File:James Brown Memorial 1.JPG|thumb|James Brown memorial in Augusta, Georgia]]
On December 23, 2006, Brown became very ill and arrived at his dentist's office in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, several hours late. His appointment was for [[dental implant]] work. During that visit, Brown's dentist observed that he looked "very bad ... weak and dazed". Instead of performing the work, the dentist advised Brown to see a physician right away about his medical condition.<ref name="jbdental">Smith, W. (December 26, 2006). [http://www.newyorkbeacon.com/News/Article/Article.asp?NewsID=74983&sID=4 "James Brown, the undeniable 'Godfather of Soul' dead at 73"]{{Dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The New York Beacon''. Retrieved January 10, 2007.</ref>
The following day, Brown went to the [[Emory Crawford Long Memorial Hospital]] for medical evaluation and was admitted for observation and treatment.<ref name="jbillness">[http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/24/brown.ailing/index.html "James Brown hospitalized with pneumonia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061226195051/http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/24/brown.ailing/index.html |date=December 26, 2006 }} (December 24, 2006), CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007.</ref> According to Charles Bobbit, his longtime personal manager and friend, Brown had been struggling with a noisy cough since returning from a November trip to Europe. Yet, Bobbit said, the singer had a history of never complaining about being sick and often performed while ill.<ref name="jbdental" />
Although Brown had to cancel upcoming concerts in [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], and [[Englewood, New Jersey]], he was confident that the doctor would discharge him from the hospital in time for his scheduled New Year's Eve shows at the [[Count Basie Theatre]] in New Jersey and the [[B. B. King]] Blues Club in New York, in addition to performing a song live on [[CNN]] for the [[Anderson Cooper]] [[New Year's Eve Live (CNN program)|New Year's Eve special]].<ref name="jbillness" /> Brown remained hospitalized and his condition worsened throughout the day.
===Death===
Brown died at approximately 1:45 a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]] (06:45 [[UTC]])<ref name="jbbirthname" /> on Christmas Day 2006, at age 73, from [[congestive heart failure]], resulting from complications of pneumonia. Bobbit was at his bedside<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/25/james.brown.obit.ap/index.html "Soul 'godfather' James Brown dies"] (December 25, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 9, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121025721/http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/25/james.brown.obit.ap/index.html |date=January 21, 2007 }}</ref> and later reported that Brown stuttered, "I'm going away tonight", then took three long, quiet breaths and fell asleep before dying.<ref name="cnnbio">[http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/25/obit.brown/index.html "James Brown, the 'Godfather of Soul,' dies at 73"] (December 25, 2006). CNN Entertainment News. Retrieved January 5, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218024125/http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/25/obit.brown/index.html |date=December 18, 2008 }}</ref>
Then-President [[George W. Bush]] released a statement calling the musician "an American original."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2006/12/25/bush-honors-godfather-of-soul/|title=Bush honors 'Godfather of Soul'|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=December 25, 2006|access-date=September 3, 2024}}</ref>
In February 2019, an investigation by [[CNN]] and other journalists led to suggestions that Brown had been murdered.<ref name="part3" /><ref name="part1" /><ref name="part2" /><ref>{{Cite news|first=Ben|last=Beaumont-Thomas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/feb/06/james-brown-death-investigate-murder-claims|title=Call to investigate James Brown's death after murder claims|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 6, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2018|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206141153/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/feb/06/james-brown-death-investigate-murder-claims|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/05/us/james-brown-death-questions/index.html |first=Thomas |last=Lake |title=CNN investigation raises questions about the deaths of James Brown and his third wife, Adrienne |work=CNN |date=February 5, 2019 |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413090048/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/05/us/james-brown-death-questions/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Memorial services===
[[File:JB Apollo Memorial.jpg|thumb|The public memorial at the [[Apollo Theater]] in Harlem]]
After Brown's death, his relatives, a host of celebrities and thousands of fans gathered, on December 28, 2006, for a public memorial service at the [[Apollo Theater]] in New York City and, on December 30, 2006, at the [[James Brown Arena]] in [[Augusta, Georgia]]. A separate, private ceremony was held in [[North Augusta, South Carolina]], on December 29, 2006, with Brown's family in attendance. Celebrities at these various memorial events included [[Michael Jackson]], [[Jimmy Cliff]], [[Joe Frazier]], [[Buddy Guy]], [[Ice Cube]], [[Ludacris]], [[Dr. Dre]], [[Little Richard]], [[Dick Gregory]], [[MC Hammer]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Ice-T]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Bootsy Collins]], [[LL Cool J]], [[Lil Wayne]], [[Lenny Kravitz]], [[50 Cent]], [[Stevie Wonder]] and [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]].<ref name="Mourners">{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/mourners-pay-respects-to-james-brown-at-apollo-theater-public-viewing |title=Mourners Pay Respects to James Brown at Apollo Theater Public Viewing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508053642/https://www.foxnews.com/story/mourners-pay-respects-to-james-brown-at-apollo-theater-public-viewing |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |date=December 28, 2006 |work=Fox News |access-date=March 16, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="foxnews.com">[https://www.foxnews.com/story/private-ceremony-held-friday-for-friends-and-family-of-james-brown "Private ceremony held Friday for friends and family of James Brown"] (December 29, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 16, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.accesshollywood.com/michael-jackson-attends-james-brown-funeral_article_3296 "Michael Jackson attends James Brown funeral"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501081211/http://www.accesshollywood.com/michael-jackson-attends-james-brown-funeral_article_3296 |date=May 1, 2011 }} (December 30, 2006). Access Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2007.</ref><ref>Anderson, V. (December 30, 2006). [http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/stories/2006/12/30/1230jacksonburst2.html "Michael Jackson, McCartney had private viewing"], ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution''. Retrieved March 23, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212193152/http://www.ajc.com/living/content/living/stories/2006/12/30/1230jacksonburst2.html |date=February 12, 2012 }}</ref> [[Al Sharpton|Rev. Al Sharpton]] officiated at all of Brown's public and private memorial services.<ref>[http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/29/people_hot_water/main2312609.shtml "James Brown eulogized for impact on word: Family and friends attend a private South Carolina ceremony for the 'Godfather of Soul'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014223111/http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/29/people_hot_water/main2312609.shtml |date=October 14, 2007 }} (December 29, 2006). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nyc-ga-farewell-for-godfather-of-soul/ "NYC & Ga. farewell for Godfather of Soul: Funeral procession and wake in Harlem; funeral in Georgia"] (December 28, 2006). CBS News: The Show Buzz. Retrieved March 10, 2007.</ref>
[[File:James Brown Funeral.jpg|thumb|The public funeral in Augusta, Georgia, with [[Michael Jackson]] attending]]
Brown's memorial ceremonies were all elaborate, complete with costume changes for the deceased{{clarify|What does this mean, specifically?|date=September 2020}} and videos featuring him in concert. His body, placed in a Promethean casket—bronze polished to a golden shine—was driven through the streets of New York to the Apollo Theater in a white, glass-encased horse-drawn carriage.<ref>Christensen, J. (December 28, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001015538/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jamesbrown/photos/gallery/12985546/photo/3/large Picture of horse-drawn carriage carrying James Brown's body in gold casket to the Apollo Theater in Harlem]. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved March 21, 2007.</ref><ref>Altaffer, M. (December 28, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014222518/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jamesbrown/photos/gallery/12985546/photo/4/large Picture of pallbearers carrying James Brown's casket to Apollo Theater memorial service]. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved March 21, 2007.</ref> In Augusta, Georgia, his memorial procession stopped to pay respects at his statue, en route to the James Brown Arena. During the public memorial there, a video showed Brown's last performance in Augusta, Georgia, with the [[Ray Charles]] version of "[[Georgia on My Mind]]" playing soulfully in the background.<ref name="Mourners" /><ref name="foxnews.com" /><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/farewell-tour-to-james-brown-ends-with-hometown-memorial "Farewell tour to James Brown ends with hometown memorial"] (December 30, 2006). Fox News. Retrieved March 21, 2007.</ref>
His last backup band, the Soul Generals, played some of his hits during the tribute at the arena. The group was joined by [[Bootsy Collins]] on bass, with MC Hammer performing a dance in James Brown style.<ref>Barnett, R. (December 30, 2006). [https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-30-brown-farewell_x.htm "Farewell tour to James Brown ends"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041918/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-30-brown-farewell_x.htm |date=March 14, 2012 }}, ''USA Today''. Retrieved March 16, 2007.</ref> Former Temptations lead singer [[Ali-Ollie Woodson]] performed "Walk Around Heaven All Day" at the memorial services.<ref>Wynn, M., & J. Edwards (December 31, 2006). [http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/123106/met_110706.shtml "Hardest Work Is Done"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224114957/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/123106/met_110706.shtml |date=February 24, 2009 }}, ''Augusta Chronicle''. Retrieved February 1, 2009.</ref> Brown was buried in a crypt at his daughter's home in [[Beech Island, South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.today.com/popculture/james-brown-s-body-placed-crypt-wbna17554974 | title=James Brown's body placed in crypt | date=March 10, 2007 | access-date=June 11, 2022 | archive-date=June 11, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611184812/https://www.today.com/today/amp/wbna17554974 | url-status=live }}</ref>
===Last will and testament===
Brown signed his last will and testament on August 1, 2000, before [[James Strom Thurmond Jr.|J. Strom Thurmond Jr.]], an attorney for the estate.<ref name="jbwill">{{cite web |title=James Brown Jr. not included in will |url=http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5164202.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021452/http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/5164202.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |work=WRDW-TV News |place=Augusta, Georgia |access-date=January 12, 2007}}</ref> The irrevocable trust, separate and apart from Brown's will, was created on his behalf, that same year, by his attorney, Albert "Buddy" Dallas, one of three personal representatives of Brown's estate. His will covered the disposition of his personal assets, such as clothing, cars, and jewelry, while the irrevocable trust covered the disposition of the music rights, business assets of James Brown Enterprises, and his [[Beech Island, South Carolina]] estate.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Brown's road to wealth was rocky: Financial turmoil part of 'Godfather' legend |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=January 7, 2007 |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/georgia-news/james-browns-rocky-road-to-wealth-financial-turmoil-part-of-godfather-legend/HYSLOH56XFCXNOX4FCQTJCAPPY/ |access-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217160807/https://www.ajc.com/news/georgia-news/james-browns-rocky-road-to-wealth-financial-turmoil-part-of-godfather-legend/HYSLOH56XFCXNOX4FCQTJCAPPY/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
During the reading of the will on January 11, 2007, Thurmond revealed that Brown's six adult living children, Terry Brown, Larry Brown, Daryl Brown, Yamma Brown Lumar, Deanna Brown Thomas and Venisha Brown, were named in the document. Hynie and James II were not mentioned as heirs.<ref name="jbwill" /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6255039.stm James "Brown's widow 'not in will'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217043616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6255039.stm |date=February 17, 2007 }}, BBC News (UK), January 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007.</ref> Brown's will was signed 10 months before James II was born and more than a year before Brown's marriage to Tomi Rae Hynie. Like Brown's will, his irrevocable trust omitted Hynie and James II as recipients of Brown's property. The irrevocable trust had been established before, and not amended since, the birth of James II.<ref>Finn, N. (January 18, 2007), [http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=82616c16-71cd-4fed-8de9-9d0e7451473b&entry=index "James Brown's estate wills more drama"], E!News. Retrieved March 21, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522155010/http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=82616c16-71cd-4fed-8de9-9d0e7451473b&entry=index |date=May 22, 2012 }}</ref>
On January 24, 2007, Brown's children filed a lawsuit, petitioning the court to remove the personal representatives from the estate, including Brown's attorney, as well as trustee Albert "Buddy" Dallas, and appoint a special administrator because of perceived impropriety and alleged mismanagement of Brown's assets.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Brown's children request trustees be removed |date=January 26, 2007 |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/01/26/james_brown_s_children_request_trustees_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704181758/http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/01/26/james_brown_s_children_request_trustees_ |archive-date=July 4, 2014 |url-status=dead |work=Star Pulse |access-date=January 28, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://images.bimedia.net/documents/jb_petition.pdf |title=Emergency petition for termination of appointment and removal of personal representatives and for emergency order restraining all personal representatives. In the matter of James Brown, a/k/a James Joseph Brown. Case/Estate No. 2007-ES02-0056 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616182020/http://images.bimedia.net/documents/jb_petition.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2007 |publisher=Probate Court of Aiken County, State of South Carolina |date=January 24, 2007 |access-date=January 28, 2007}}</ref> On January 31, 2007, Hynie filed a lawsuit against Brown's estate, challenging the validity of the will and the irrevocable trust. Hynie's suit asked the court both to recognize her as Brown's widow and to appoint a special administrator for the estate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/ent/brown13107pet.html |title="Emergency petition for appointment of special administrator. In re estate of James Brown a/k/a James Joseph Brown, deceased, Case No. 2007-CP-02-0122 |publisher=State of South Carolina Circuit Court, County of Aiken |date=January 31, 2007 |via=FindLaw |access-date=March 21, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307141742/http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/ent/brown13107pet.html |archive-date=March 7, 2007 }}</ref>
On January 27, 2015, Judge Doyet Early III ruled that Tomi Rae Hynie Brown was officially the widow of James Brown. The decision was based on the grounds that Hynie's previous marriage was invalid and that James Brown had abandoned his efforts to annul his own marriage to Hynie.<ref name="Rohter">{{cite news |author=Larry Rohter |date=January 23, 2015 |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/23/judge-rules-tommie-rae-hynie-brown-was-married-to-james-brown/?_r=0&ncid=newsltushpmg00000003 |title=Judge Rules Tommie Rae Hynie Brown Was Married to James Brown |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 27, 2015 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402222258/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/23/judge-rules-tommie-rae-hynie-brown-was-married-to-james-brown/?_r=0&ncid=newsltushpmg00000003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/Judge-orders-release-of-emails-in-James-Brown-estate-lawsuit-289227041.html |title=Court order states Tommie Rae Brown as James Brown's wife and legal surviving spouse |work=[[WRDW-TV]] News |place=Augusta, Georgia |date=January 26, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135146/http://www.wrdw.com/home/headlines/Judge-orders-release-of-emails-in-James-Brown-estate-lawsuit-289227041.html |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>
On February 19, 2015, the [[South Carolina Supreme Court]] intervened, halting all lower court actions in the estate and undertaking to review previous actions itself.<ref>[http://www.aikenstandard.com/article/20150226/AIK0101/150229641/1004/sc-supreme-court-freezes-james-brown-estate-case "S.C. Supreme Court freezes James Brown estate case"] ''[[Aiken Standard]]'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526192801/http://www.aikenstandard.com/article/20150226/AIK0101/150229641/1004/sc-supreme-court-freezes-james-brown-estate-case |date=May 26, 2015}}</ref> The South Carolina Court of Appeals in July 2018 ruled that Hynie was, in fact, Mr. Brown's wife.<ref>[http://www.augustachronicle.com/news/20180727/james-brown-was-legally-married-to-wife-appeals-court-rules "James Brown was legally married to wife, appeals court rules"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421081610/https://www.augustachronicle.com/news/20180727/james-brown-was-legally-married-to-wife-appeals-court-rules |date=April 21, 2021 }}, ''[[Augusta Chronicle]]''</ref> In 2020, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that Hynie had not been legally married to Brown and did not have a right to his estate.<ref name="settles">{{cite news |last1=Kinnard |first1=Meg |date=July 23, 2021 |url=https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-music-arts-and-entertainment-james-brown-66adcad4652f9f92dd1e149ef28a5ac3 |title=Family of James Brown settles 15-year battle over his estate |access-date=July 25, 2021 |work=AP News |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725005931/https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-music-arts-and-entertainment-james-brown-66adcad4652f9f92dd1e149ef28a5ac3 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported in July 2021 that Brown's family had reached a settlement ending the 15-year battle over the estate.<ref name="settles" />
==Legacy==
Brown received awards and honors throughout his lifetime and after his death. In 1993, the City Council of [[Steamboat Springs, Colorado]], conducted a poll of residents to choose a new name for the bridge that crossed the [[Yampa River]] on Shield Drive. The winning name, with 7,717 votes, was "James Brown Soul Center of the Universe Bridge". The bridge was officially dedicated in September 1993, and Brown appeared at the ribbon-cutting ceremony for the event.<ref>Crowl, D. (June 29, 2002). [http://www2.steamboatpilot.com/news/2002/jun/29/the_godfathers_bridge "The godfather's bridge: James Brown snatched a piece of steamboat history nine years ago"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113192743/http://www.steamboatpilot.com/news/2002/jun/29/the_godfathers_bridge/ |date=November 13, 2007 }}, ''Steamboat Pilot & Today''. Retrieved January 12, 2007.</ref> A petition was started by local ranchers to return the name to "Stockbridge" for historical reasons, but they backed off after citizens defeated their efforts because of the popularity of Brown's name. Brown returned to [[Steamboat Springs, Colorado]], on July 4, 2002, for an outdoor festival, performing with bands such as [[the String Cheese Incident]].<ref>[http://www.steamboat.com/winter-int.aspx?CategoryId=240 "The String Cheese Independence Incident returns to Steamboat: Earl Scruggs and Family and Friends, Yonder Mountain String Band, James Brown & Corey Harris round out music acts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014223418/http://www.steamboat.com/winter-int.aspx?CategoryId=240 |date=October 14, 2007 }} (June 26, 2002). Steamboat Ski Two, U.S.A. Retrieved January 29, 2007.</ref>
During his long career, Brown received many prestigious music industry awards and honors. In 1983 he was inducted into the [[Georgia Music Hall of Fame]]. Brown was one of the first inductees into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] at its inaugural induction dinner in New York on January 23, 1986. At that time, the members of his original vocal group, [[the Famous Flames]], [[Bobby Byrd]], Johnny Terry, [[Bobby Bennett (The Famous Flames)|Bobby Bennett]], and [[Baby Lloyd Stallworth|Lloyd Stallworth]], were not inducted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.futurerocklegends.com/artist.php?artist_id=The_Famous_Flames |title=The Famous Flames |publisher=Future Rock Legends |access-date=May 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511072123/http://www.futurerocklegends.com//artist.php?artist_id=The_Famous_Flames |archive-date=May 11, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 14, 2012, the Famous Flames were automatically and retroactively inducted into the Hall of Fame alongside Brown, without the need for nomination and voting, on the basis that they should have been inducted with him in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-famous-flames/bio/ |title=The Famous Flames Biography | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum |publisher=Rockhall.com |access-date=May 4, 2012 |archive-date=June 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625112957/http://rockhall.com/inductees/the-famous-flames/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=J. |last=Petkovic |url=http://www.cleveland.com/rockhall/index.ssf/2012/04/the_famous_flames_james_brown.html |title=The Famous Flames: James Brown was their leader, but they were R&B legends, too (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2012) |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=May 4, 2012 |archive-date=May 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510113715/http://www.cleveland.com/rockhall/index.ssf/2012/04/the_famous_flames_james_brown.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On February 25, 1992, Brown was awarded a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] at the 34th annual [[Grammy Awards]]. Exactly a year later, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th annual Rhythm & Blues Foundation Pioneer Awards.<ref name="jbdedications" /> A ceremony was held for Brown on January 10, 1997, to honor him with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref name="jbdedications" />
On June 15, 2000, Brown was honored as an inductee to the New York Songwriters Hall of Fame. On August 6, 2002, he was honored as the first [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]] Urban Icon at the BMI Urban Awards. His BMI accolades include an impressive ten R&B Awards and six Pop Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233151|title=BMI Celebrates Urban Music at 2002 Awards Ceremony|date=August 6, 2002|publisher=bmi.com|access-date=September 27, 2010|archive-date=July 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022933/http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/233151|url-status=live}}</ref> On November 14, 2006, Brown was inducted into the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]], and he was one of several inductees to perform at the ceremony.<ref>[http://www.endemoluk.com/?q=node/285&tid=7&shownews=1 UK Music Hall of Fame 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113211014/http://www.endemoluk.com/?q=node/285&tid=7&shownews=1 |date=November 13, 2006 }} (March 11, 2006). Endemol UK Plc. Retrieved January 12, 2007.</ref> In recognition of his accomplishments as an entertainer, Brown was a recipient of [[Kennedy Center Honors]] on December 7, 2003.<ref name="jbdedications" /> In 2004 ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked James Brown as No. 7 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.<ref>Rubin, R. (April 15, 2004). [https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5940014/7_james_brown The Immortals: The first fifty – 7 James Brown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120061750/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5940014/7_james_brown |date=November 20, 2009 }}, ''Rolling Stone Magazine'' (issue 946). Retrieved January 10, 2007.</ref> [[Rick Rubin]] wrote in appreciation: <blockquote> In one sense, James Brown is like [[Johnny Cash]]. Johnny is considered one of the kings of country music, but there are a lot of people who like Johnny but don't like country music. It's the same with James Brown and R&B. His music is singular — the feel and tone of it. James Brown is his own genre. He was a great editor — as a songwriter, producer and bandleader. He kept things sparse. He knew that was important. And he had the best players, the funkiest of all bands. If Clyde Stubblefield had been drumming on a Motown session, they would not have let him play what he did with James on "Funky Drummer." James' vision allowed that music to get out. And the music always came from the groove, whereas for so many R&B and Motown artists at the time it was more about conventional songs. James Brown's songs are not conventional. "I Got You," "Out of Sight" — they are ultimately vehicles for unique, even bizarre grooves{{nbsp}}... I first saw James Brown around 1980, between my junior and senior years in high school. It was in Boston. It was in a catering hall, with folding chairs. And it was one of the greatest musical experiences of my life. His dancing and singing were incredible, and he played a Hammond B3 organ tufted with red leather, with "Godfather" in studs written across the front.<ref>{{cite magazine| last=Rubin| first=Rick| title=100 Greatest Artists| magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/james-brown-2-30248| access-date=January 31, 2024| archive-date=January 31, 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131200106/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/james-brown-2-30248| url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>
In a 2010 article for ''Rolling Stone'', [[Robert Christgau]] called Brown "the greatest musician of the rock era".<ref>Christgau, Robert. [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rs/brown-07.php "The Genius: James Brown"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505234652/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rs/brown-07.php |date=May 5, 2010 }}. ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved June 17, 2010.</ref> He appeared on the [[BET Awards]] June 24, 2003, and received the Lifetime Achievement Award presented by [[Michael Jackson]], and performed with him. In 2004, he received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Aretha Franklin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/|access-date=December 26, 2020|archive-date=December 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2004 |title=2004 Summit Highlights Photo |url=https://achievement.org/summit/2004/ |quote=2004 honoree James Brown, the ‘Godfather of Soul,’ performs his famous hit song from 1965, "I Got You (I Feel Good)" at the Academy of Achievement’s Banquet of the Golden Plate in Stanley Hall of Chicago’s Field Museum. |access-date=December 26, 2020 |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235315/https://achievement.org/summit/2004/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:James Brown Statue (Augusta).jpg|upright|thumb|A statue of James Brown in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]]]
Brown was honored in his hometown of [[Augusta, Georgia]], for his philanthropy and civic activities. In November 1993, Mayor Charles DeVaney of Augusta held a ceremony to dedicate a section of 9th Street between [[Broad Street (Augusta, Georgia)|Broad]] and [[Transportation in Augusta, Georgia#Twiggs Street|Twiggs]] Streets, renamed "[[Transportation in Augusta, Georgia#James Brown Boulevard|James Brown Boulevard]]", in the entertainer's honor.<ref name="jbdedications" /> In May 2005, as a 72nd birthday present for Brown, the city of Augusta unveiled a life-sized [[bronze]] James Brown statue on Broad Street.<ref name="jbdedications">[http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/123006/spe_110576.shtml The James Brown review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229192041/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/123006/spe_110576.shtml |date=December 29, 2008 }} (December 30, 2006). ''The Augusta Chronicle''. Retrieved January 12, 2007.</ref> The statue was to have been dedicated a year earlier, but the ceremony was put on hold because of a domestic abuse charge that Brown faced at the time.<ref>"James Brown's legal troubles delay statue unveiling" (May 1, 2004). ''The Augusta Chronicle''. Retrieved January 14, 2007, from the Lexis-Nexis Academic database.</ref>
In 2005, [[Charles Walker (Georgia politician)|Charles "Champ" Walker]] and the We Feel Good Committee went before the County commission and received approval to change Augusta's slogan to "We Feel Good". Afterward, officials renamed the city's civic center the [[James Brown Arena]]. James Brown attended a ceremony for the unveiling of the [[namesake]] center on October 15, 2006.<ref name="jbdedications" />
On December 30, 2006, during the public memorial service at the James Brown Arena, [[Shirley A. R. Lewis]], president of [[Paine College]], a [[historically black college]] in Augusta, Georgia, posthumously bestowed an honorary doctorate upon Brown, in recognition and honor of his many contributions to the school in its times of need. Brown had originally been scheduled to receive the honorary doctorate from Paine College during its May 2007 commencement.<ref>[http://www.wjbf.com/midatlantic/jbf/news_index.apx.-content-articles-JBF-2006-12-30-0001.html "Remembering James Brown: Augusta memorial memorable"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703143559/http://www.wjbf.com/midatlantic/jbf/news_index.apx.-content-articles-JBF-2006-12-30-0001.html |date=July 3, 2009 }}, WKBF-TV (Augusta, Georgia). Retrieved January 10, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_6831.shtml "James Brown receives posthumous degree"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105205552/http://www.diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_6831.shtml |date=January 5, 2009 }} (January 2, 2007). ''Diverse: Issues In Higher Education''. Retrieved March 16, 2007.</ref>
During the 49th Annual [[Grammy Awards]] presentation on February 11, 2007, James Brown's famous cape was draped over a microphone by Danny Ray at the end of a [[montage sequence|montage]] in honor of notable people in the music industry who died during the previous year. Earlier that evening, [[Christina Aguilera]] delivered an impassioned performance of Brown's hit "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" followed by a standing ovation, while [[Chris Brown (American singer)|Chris Brown]] performed a dance routine in honor of James Brown.<ref>Hasty, J. (February 12, 2007). [http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1055083/grammy-performances-look-forward-and-back "Grammy performances look forward and back"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602053614/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1055083/grammy-performances-look-forward-and-back |date=June 2, 2013 }}, ''Billboard''. Retrieved February 12, 2007.</ref>
In August 2013, the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame|R&B Music Hall of Fame]] honored and inducted James Brown at a ceremony held at the Waetjen Auditorium at [[Cleveland State University]].
[[File:James Brown Tribute Box.jpg|thumb|Traffic box [[public art]] commissioned to be painted by Ms. Robbie Pitts Bellamy in tribute to Brown in 2015]]
ART THE BOX began in early 2015 as a collaboration between three organizations: the City of Augusta, the Downtown Development Authority and the Greater Augusta Arts Council. 19 local artists were selected by a committee to create art on 23 local traffic signal control cabinets (TSCCs). A competition was held to create the James Brown Tribute Box on the corner of James Brown Blvd. (9th Ave.) and Broad St. This box was designed and painted by local artist, Ms. Robbie Pitts Bellamy and has become a favorite photo opportunity to visitors and locals in Augusta, Georgia.
"I have a lot of musical heroes but I think James Brown is at the top of the list", remarked [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]]'s [[Chuck D]]. "Absolutely the funkiest man on Earth ... In a black household, James Brown is part of the fabric – [[Motown]], [[Stax Records|Stax]], [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] and James Brown."<ref>''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'', March 2002</ref> [[Tom Waits]] recalls "I first saw James Brown in 1962 at an outdoor theatre in San Diego and it was indescribable... it was like putting a finger in a light socket... It was really like seeing mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral on Christmas."<ref>{{cite news| last=Waits| first=Tom| date=March 20, 2005| title='It's perfect madness'| url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/mar/20/popandrock1| access-date=January 31, 2024| archive-date=January 14, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114201941/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/mar/20/popandrock1| url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' ranked Brown at No. 44 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=January 1, 2023|title=The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/james-brown-19-1234643127/|access-date=September 6, 2023|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906214557/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-singers-all-time-1234642307/james-brown-19-1234643127/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On April 24, 2023, James Brown was inducted into the newly established Atlantic City Walk Of Fame presented by The National R&B Music Society Inc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlantic City Walk of Fame Induction |url=https://pressofatlanticcity.com/entertainment/atlantic-city-walk-of-fame-induction/video_7ed22d28-3ac7-5cb8-b29a-95189bcfdfd5.html |website=Press of Atlantic City |date=April 24, 2023 |access-date=April 26, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426192037/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/entertainment/atlantic-city-walk-of-fame-induction/video_7ed22d28-3ac7-5cb8-b29a-95189bcfdfd5.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GALLERY: Atlantic City Walk of Fame induction ceremony |url=https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/gallery-atlantic-city-walk-of-fame-induction-ceremony/collection_50361e42-e2d8-11ed-bcdc-3b5ded4ecf40.html#1 |website=Press of Atlantic City |date=April 24, 2023 |access-date=April 26, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426192039/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/news/local/gallery-atlantic-city-walk-of-fame-induction-ceremony/collection_50361e42-e2d8-11ed-bcdc-3b5ded4ecf40.html#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brown's daughter Deanna Brown Thomas accepted the honor on his behalf. The unveiling and induction ceremony took place at Brighton Park in Atlantic City, NJ. Brown was inducted by Bowlegged Lou of the production team [[Full Force]]. Other inductees included, [[Little Anthony and the Imperials|Little Anthony & The Imperials]], [[The Delfonics]] and [[Grover Washington Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fertsch |first1=Cindy |title=Musicians to be inducted in Atlantic City Walk of Fame |url=https://shorelocalnews.com/musicians-to-be-inducted-in-atlantic-city-walk-of-fame/ |website=Shore Local Newsmagazine |access-date=April 28, 2023 |date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428062937/https://shorelocalnews.com/musicians-to-be-inducted-in-atlantic-city-walk-of-fame/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Tributes==
As a tribute to James Brown, [[the Rolling Stones]] covered the song, "[[I'll Go Crazy (James Brown song)|I'll Go Crazy]]" from Brown's ''[[Live at the Apollo (1963 album)#Track listing|Live at the Apollo]]'' album, during their 2007 European tour.<ref>[http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/0822stones-CR.html "Rolling Stones show they are still greatest rock band"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014645/http://www.azcentral.com/ent/celeb/articles/0822stones-CR.html?&wired |date=June 22, 2011 }} (August 22, 2007). ''The Arizona Republic''. Retrieved August 24, 2007.</ref> [[Led Zeppelin]] guitarist [[Jimmy Page]] has remarked, "He [James Brown] was almost a musical genre in his own right and he changed and moved forward the whole time so people were able to learn from him."<ref>Ross Bennett. [http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2010/01/jimmy_page_record_10.html Jimmy Page: "The Records That Changed My Life!" #10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103133629/http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2010/01/jimmy_page_record_10.html |date=January 3, 2011 }}. ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]''. Retrieved December 31, 2010.</ref>
On December 22, 2007, the first annual "Tribute Fit For the King of King Records" in honor of James Brown was held at the Madison Theater in [[Covington, Kentucky]]. The tribute, organized by [[Bootsy Collins]], featured Tony Wilson as Young James Brown with appearances by [[Afrika Bambaataa]], [[Chuck D]] of [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]], the Soul Generals, [[Buckethead]], Freekbass, [[Triage]] and many of Brown's surviving family members. Comedian Michael Coyer was the MC for the event. During the show, the mayor of [[Cincinnati]] proclaimed December 22 as James Brown Day.<ref>Tunis, W. (December 21, 2007). [http://www.kentucky.com/118/story/265108.html "Feel good again: Show to pay tribute to the Godfather of Soul, a year after his death"], ''[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]''. Retrieved December 23, 2005. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113132401/http://www.kentucky.com/118/story/265108.html |date=January 13, 2008 }}</ref>
==Discography==
{{For|an extended list of albums, compilations, and charting singles|James Brown discography}}
'''Studio albums'''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Please Please Please (album)|Please Please Please]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Try Me!]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Think! (James Brown album)|Think!]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Amazing James Brown]]'' (1961)
* ''[[James Brown and His Famous Flames Tour the U.S.A.]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Prisoner of Love (James Brown album)|Prisoner of Love]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Showtime (James Brown album)|Showtime]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Grits & Soul]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Out of Sight (album)|Out of Sight]]'' (1964)
* ''[[James Brown Plays James Brown Today & Yesterday]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Mighty Instrumentals]]'' (1966)
* ''[[James Brown Plays New Breed (The Boo-Ga-Loo)]]'' (1966)
* ''[[James Brown Sings Christmas Songs]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Handful of Soul]]'' (1966)
* ''[[James Brown Sings Raw Soul]]'' (1967)
* ''[[James Brown Plays the Real Thing]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Cold Sweat (album)|Cold Sweat]]'' (1967)
* ''[[I Can't Stand Myself When You Touch Me]]'' (1968)
* ''[[I Got the Feelin' (album)|I Got the Feelin']]'' (1968)
* ''[[James Brown Plays Nothing But Soul]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Thinking About Little Willie John and a Few Nice Things]]'' (1968)
* ''[[A Soulful Christmas]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud (album)|Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Gettin' Down to It]]'' (1969)
* ''[[The Popcorn (album)|The Popcorn]]'' (1969)
* ''[[It's a Mother]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Ain't It Funky]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Soul on Top]]'' (1970)
* ''[[It's a New Day – Let a Man Come In]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Hey America (album)|Hey America]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Sho Is Funky Down Here]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Hot Pants (album)|Hot Pants]]'' (1971)
* ''[[There It Is (James Brown album)|There It Is]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Get on the Good Foot (album)|Get on the Good Foot]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Black Caesar (album)|Black Caesar]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Slaughter's Big Rip-Off#Music|Slaughter's Big Rip-Off]]'' (1973)
* ''[[The Payback]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Hell (James Brown album)|Hell]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Reality (James Brown album)|Reality]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Sex Machine Today]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Everybody's Doin' the Hustle & Dead on the Double Bump]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Hot (James Brown album)|Hot]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Get Up Offa That Thing (album)|Get Up Offa That Thing]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Bodyheat (album)|Bodyheat]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Mutha's Nature]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Jam 1980's]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Take a Look at Those Cakes]]'' (1978)
* ''[[The Original Disco Man]]'' (1979)
* ''[[People (James Brown album)|People]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Soul Syndrome]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Nonstop!]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Bring It On! (James Brown album)|Bring It On!]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Gravity (James Brown album)|Gravity]]'' (1986)
* ''[[I'm Real (album)|I'm Real]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Love Over-Due]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Universal James]]'' (1993)
* ''[[I'm Back (album)|I'm Back]]'' (1998)
* ''[[The Merry Christmas Album]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Next Step (James Brown album)|The Next Step]]'' (2002)
{{div col end}}
==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[The T.A.M.I. Show]]'' (1964) (concert film) – himself (with [[the Famous Flames]])
* ''[[Ski Party]]'' (1965) – himself (with the Famous Flames)
* ''[[James Brown: Man to Man]]'' (1968) (concert film) – himself
* ''[[The Phynx]]'' (1970) – himself
* ''[[Black Caesar (film)|Black Caesar]]'' (1973) (soundtrack only)
* ''[[Slaughter's Big Rip-Off]]'' (1973) (soundtrack only)
* ''[[The Blues Brothers (film)|The Blues Brothers]]'' (1980) – Reverend Cleophus James
* ''[[Doctor Detroit]]'' (1983) – himself, the Bandleader
* ''[[Rocky IV]]'' (1985) – The Godfather of Soul
* ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (1987) – Lou De Long
* ''James Brown: Live in East Berlin'' (1989) – himself
* ''[[The Simpsons]]'' (1993) – himself (voice)
* ''[[When We Were Kings]]'' (1996) (documentary) – himself
* ''[[Duckman]]'' (1997) – Hostage Negotiator (voice)
* ''[[Soulmates (film)|Soulmates]]'' (1997) – himself
* ''[[Blues Brothers 2000]]'' (1998) – Reverend Cleophus James
* ''[[Holy Man]]'' (1998) – himself
* ''[[Undercover Brother]]'' (2002) – himself
* ''[[The Tuxedo]]'' (2002) – himself
* ''[[The Hire: Beat the Devil]]'' (2002) (short film) – himself
* ''Paper Chasers'' (2003) (documentary) – himself
* ''Soul Survivor'' (2003) (documentary) – himself
* ''[[Sid Bernstein Presents]]'' (2005) (documentary) – himself
* ''[[Glastonbury (film)|Glastonbury]]'' (2006) (documentary) – himself
* ''Life on the Road with Mr. and Mrs. Brown'' (2007) (documentary; release pending) – himself
* ''[[Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968]]'' (2008) (concert film) – himself
* ''I Got The Feelin': James Brown in the '60s'', three-DVD set featuring ''[[Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968]]'', ''[[Live at the Apollo '68]]'' (DVD version of ''[[James Brown: Man to Man]]''), and the documentary ''The Night James Brown Saved Boston''
* ''[[Soul Power (film)|Soul Power]]'' (2009) (documentary) – himself (archive footage)
* ''[[Get on Up (film)|Get on Up]]'' (2014) – himself (archive footage)
{{div col end}}
==Biopics==
*''Mr. Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown'' (2014), released in April 2014, written and directed by [[Alex Gibney]], produced by [[Mick Jagger]].
* ''[[Get on Up (film)|Get on Up]]'' (2014), released in theaters on August 1, 2014. [[Chadwick Boseman]] plays the role of James Brown in the film. Originally, Mick Jagger and [[Brian Grazer]] had begun producing a documentary film on Brown in 2013. A fiction film had been in the planning stages for many years and was revived when Jagger read the script by [[Jez Butterworth|Jez]] and John-Henry Butterworth.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Browne|first=David|title=James Brown Estate Revs Up With Biopic|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=January 31, 2013|issue=1175|page=22}}</ref>
==
'''Games'''
* In the video game ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', the first [[Boss (video gaming)|boss character]] of the Forge of Souls dungeon is Bronjahm, "the Godfather of Souls". His quotes during the fight are musical references, and he has a chance of dropping an item called "Papa's Brand New Bag".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wowhead.com/npc=36497/bronjahm |title=Bronjahm – NPC – World of Warcraft |publisher=Wowhead.com |access-date=July 6, 2011 |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085155/http://www.wowhead.com/npc=36497/bronjahm |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Television'''
* As himself (voice) in the 1993 ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Bart's Inner Child]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/the-simpsons/11296518/The-Simpsons-best-musical-guests.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/the-simpsons/11296518/The-Simpsons-best-musical-guests.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|title=''The Simpsons'': best musical guests|first=Martin|last=Chilton|date=December 17, 2014|access-date=September 10, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* In 1991, Brown did a Pay Per View Special with top celebrities such as [[Quincy Jones]], [[Rick James]], [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Gladys Knight]], [[Denzel Washington]], [[MC Hammer]] and others attended or were opening acts. This was produced with boxing promoter Buddy Dallas. 15.5 million households tuned in at a cost $19.99.<ref>''Jet Magazine'', July 1, 1991, pp. 58–60.</ref>
* In 2002, Brown starred in the [[Jackie Chan]] movie ''[[The Tuxedo]]'' as himself.
* On December 1, 2018, [[Nickelodeon]] aired the ''[[Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' episode "Al Be Back" in which the character [[Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Raphael]] is dressed in an outfit and wig reminiscent of James Brown's iconic red suits and hairstyle in order to perform a Soul-inspired set at a local carnival.
== See also ==
* [[Progressive soul]]
* [[List of dancers]]
* [[Record labels owned by James Brown]]
== References ==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="part1">{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Lake |date=February 2019 |title=Lost in the Woods with James Brown's Ghost (Part 1): The Circus Singer and the Godfather of Soul |work=CNN |access-date=February 5, 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/us/james-brown-death-questions/ |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205112339/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/us/james-brown-death-questions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="part2">{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Lake |date=February 2019 |title=Lost in the Woods with James Brown's Ghost (Part 2): Was James Brown's Wife Murdered? |work=CNN |access-date=February 5, 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/us/james-brown-death-questions/chapter_02.html |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205112301/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/us/james-brown-death-questions/chapter_02.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="part3">{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Lake |date=February 2019 |title=Lost in the Woods with James Brown's Ghost (Part 3): Fifteen Questions Surrounding James Brown's Death |access-date=February 5, 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/us/james-brown-death-questions/chapter_03.html |work=CNN |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205112248/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2019/02/us/james-brown-death-questions/chapter_03.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Sources'''
* {{cite magazine|author=M. Cordell Thompson |date=December 30, 1971 |title=James Brown Goes through Some New Changes |magazine=Jet |volume=XLI |number=14 |pages=54–61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54|ref={{harvid|''Jet''|1971}}}}
* {{cite magazine|title=Singer James Brown in Poor Health|magazine=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|date=January 6, 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54|ref={{harvid|''Jet''|2003}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=James |last2=Tucker |first2=Bruce |year=1986 |title=James Brown: The Godfather of Soul |place=New York |publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=James |last2=Tucker |first2=Bruce |year=1997 |title=James Brown: The Godfather of Soul |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn=1-56025-388-6 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=1560253886&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true |access-date=August 7, 2019 |via=Worldcat.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124190441/http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=1560253886&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true |archive-date=January 24, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=James |last2=Tucker |first2=Bruce |year=2002 |title=James Brown: The Godfather of Soul |place=New York |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=1560253886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KNUsxQPRB8C }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Don | title = Say It Loud! My Memories of James Brown, Soul Brother No. 1 | publisher = Lyons Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-59921-674-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A9lQBAAAQBAJ | access-date = March 19, 2023 | archive-date = April 7, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230407100752/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9lQBAAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=R. J.|year=2012|title=The One: The Life and Music of James Brown|___location=New York|publisher=Gotham Books|isbn=9781101561102}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitburn | first = Joel | title = Hot R&B Songs From Billboard's R&B Charts, 1942–2010| publisher = Records Research Inc. | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-89820-186-4}}
==Further reading==
* Danielsen, Anne (2006). ''Presence and pleasure: The funk grooves of James Brown and Parliament''. Wesleyan University Press.
* George, Nelson, and Leeds, Alan (editors). (2008). ''The James Brown Reader: 50 Years of Writing about the Godfather of Soul''. New York: Plume.
* Lethem, J. (June 12, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813182400/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10533775/being_james_brown "Being James Brown"], ''[[Rolling Stone]] Magazine''. Retrieved January 14, 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505062513/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/10533775/being_james_brown |date=May 5, 2009 }}
* McBride, James (2016) ''Kill 'Em and Leave: Searching for James Brown and the American Soul''. New York: Spiegel & Grau
* Sullivan, James. (2008). ''The Hardest Working Man: How James Brown Saved The Soul Of America''. New York: Gotham Books. {{ISBN|9781592403905}}
* Sussman, M. (producer). (December 25, 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/arts/20061225_BROWN_AUDIOSS/blocker.html Arts: Soul classics by James Brown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094540/http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/arts/20061225_BROWN_AUDIOSS/blocker.html |date=March 6, 2016 }} (multimedia presentation). ''The New York Times''. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
* Wesley, Fred. (2002). ''Hit Me, Fred: Recollections of a Sideman''. Durham: Duke University Press.
* Whitney, Marva and Waring, Charles. (2013) ''God, The Devil & James Brown:(Memoirs of a Funky Diva)''. New Romney: Bank House Books
* Wynne, Ben. (2021) ''Something in the Water: A History of Music in Macon, Georgia, 1823-1980''. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|jamesbrown.com}}
* {{allMusic}}
* {{discogs artist|James Brown}}
* {{IMDb name|0113768}}
{{James Brown}}
{{James Brown singles}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for James Brown
| list =
{{American Music Award of Merit}}
{{Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s}}
{{1986 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{The J.B.'s}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, James}}
[[Category:James Brown| ]]
[[
[[
[[Category:20th-century American composers]]
[[Category:20th-century American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Activists for African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:African-American composers]]
[[Category:African-American male composers]]
[[Category:African-American male dancers]]
[[Category:African-American male singers]]
[[Category:African-American record producers]]
[[Category:African-American rock musicians]]
[[Category:African-American songwriters]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Nigeria]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Zambia]]
[[Category:American funk keyboardists]]
[[Category:American funk singers]]
[[Category:American male composers]]
[[Category:American male dancers]]
[[Category:American male organists]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American multi-instrumentalists]]
[[Category:American people convicted of assault]]
[[Category:American people convicted of drug offenses]]
[[Category:American people convicted of robbery]]
[[Category:American musicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American rhythm and blues singers]]
[[Category:American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters]]
[[
[[Category:American soul keyboardists]]
[[Category:American soul singers]]
[[
[[Category:Black conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:American education activists]]
[[Category:Federal Records artists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:James Brown Orchestra members]]
[[Category:King Records artists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Atlanta]]
[[Category:Musicians from Augusta, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Barnwell, South Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Beech Island, South Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Toccoa, Georgia]]
[[Category:Polydor Records artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons]]
[[Category:Record producers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Record producers from South Carolina]]
[[Category:Scotti Brothers Records artists]]
[[Category:Sexual assaults in the United States]]
[[Category:Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Singers from South Carolina]]
[[Category:A&M Records artists]]
[[Category:Smash Records artists]]
[[Category:The J.B.'s members]]
[[Category:The Famous Flames members]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:American bandleaders]]
| |||