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{{Short description|Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs regarding the end of the world}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Jehovah's Witnesses}}
The [[eschatology]] of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] is central to their religious beliefs. They believe that [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] has been ruling in heaven as king since 1914, a date they believe was prophesied in Scripture, and that after that time a period of cleansing occurred, resulting in God's selection of the [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]] associated with [[Charles Taze Russell]] to be his people in 1919. They believe the destruction of those who reject their message<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 15, 2008|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=5–6|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The House-to-House Ministry—Why Important Now?}}</ref> and thus willfully refuse to obey God<ref>{{cite book|page=155|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth|year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=6|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand!|year=1988}}</ref> will shortly take place at [[Armageddon#Jehovah.27s Witnesses|Armageddon]], ensuring that the beginning of the new earthly society will be composed of willing subjects of that kingdom.
The group's doctrines surrounding 1914 are the legacy of a series of emphatic claims regarding the years 1799,<ref name=indisputable>{{cite magazine|date=March 1, 1922|magazine=The Watchtower|page=73|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=The indisputable facts, therefore, show that the 'time of the end' began in 1799; that the Lord's second presence began in 1874.|title=Who is Wise?}}</ref> 1874,<ref name=indisputable /> 1878,<ref name="OurFaith1875">{{cite magazine|magazine=The Herald of the Morning|title=Our Faith|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf|date=September 1875|pages=52|access-date=2008-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062421/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf|archive-date=2008-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> 1914,<ref name="TheWatchtower">{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/1894ZionsWatchTower |magazine=The Watchtower|page=1677|quote=We see no reason for changing the figures—nor could we change them if we would. They are, we believe, God's dates, not ours. But bear in mind that the end of 1914 is not the date for the beginning, but for the end of the time of trouble.|date=July 15, 1894|title=Can It Be Delayed Until 1914?}}</ref> 1918<ref name="September">{{cite magazine|date=September 1, 1916|archive-date=July 13, 2009|magazine=The Watchtower|url=http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916SEP.asp#Z264:2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713214204/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916SEP.asp#Z264:2|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The Harvest Is Not Ended}}</ref> and 1925<ref name="MillionsNow">{{cite book|page=97|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Based upon the argument heretofore set forth, then, that the old order of things, the old world, is ending and is therefore passing away, and that the new order is coming in, and that 1925 shall mark the resurrection of the faithful worthies of old and the beginning of reconstruction, it is reasonable to conclude that millions of people now on the earth will be still on the earth in 1925. Then, based upon the promises set forth in the divine Word, we must reach the positive and indisputable conclusion that millions now living will never die.|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die|year=1920}}</ref> made in the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society's]] publications between 1879 and 1924. Claims about the significance of those years, including the presence of Jesus Christ, the beginning of the "[[Eschatology|last days]]", the destruction of worldly governments and the earthly resurrection of Jewish patriarchs, were successively abandoned.<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Andrew|author-last=Holden|isbn=0-415-26609-2|page= 1|publisher=Routledge|title=Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr|year=2002}}</ref> In 1922 the society's principal magazine, ''[[The Watchtower|Watch Tower]]'', described its chronology as "no stronger than its weakest link", but also claimed the chronological relationships to be "of divine origin and divinely corroborated...in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct"<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 15, 1922|magazine=The Watchtower|page=217|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=The chronology of present truth is, to begin with, a string of dates... Thus far it is a chain, and no stronger than its weakest link. There exist, however, well established relationships among the dates of present-truth chronology. These internal connections of the dates impart a much greater strength than can be found in other [secular, archeological] chronologies. Some of them are of so remarkable a character as clearly to indicate that this chronology is not of man, but of God. Being of divine origin and divinely corroborated, present-truth chronology stands in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct.|title=The Strong Cable of Chronology}}</ref> and "indisputable facts",<ref name=indisputable /> while repudiation of Russell's teachings was described as "equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1922|magazine=The Watchtower|page=132|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=To abandon or repudiate the Lord's chosen instrument means to abandon or repudiate the Lord himself, upon the principle that he who rejects the servant sent by the Master thereby rejects the Master. ... Brother Russell was the Lord's servant. Then to repudiate him and his work is equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord, upon the principle heretofore announced.|title=The Gentile Times}}</ref>
The Watch Tower Society has stated that its early leaders promoted "incomplete, even inaccurate concepts".<ref>{{cite book|chapter=10|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom|year=1993}}</ref> The [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses]] says that, unlike [[Old Testament]] [[Prophet#Judaism|prophets]], its interpretations of the [[Bible]] are not [[Biblical inspiration|inspired]] or [[Biblical infallibility|infallible]].<ref>{{cite book|page=9|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page= 137|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Reasoning From the Scriptures|year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=March 1, 1979|magazine=The Watchtower|page=23|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=the "faithful and discreet slave" has alerted all of God's people to the sign of the times indicating the nearness of God's Kingdom rule. In this regard, however, it must be observed that this "faithful and discreet slave" was never inspired, never perfect. Those writings by certain members of the "slave" class that came to form the Christian part of God's Word were inspired and infallible [the bible], but that is not true of other writings since.|title=To Whom Shall We Go but Jesus Christ?}}</ref> [[Jehovah's Witnesses publications|Witness publications]] say that Bible prophecies can be fully understood only after their fulfillment, citing examples of biblical figures who did not understand the meaning of prophecies they received. Watch Tower publications often cite Proverbs 4:18, "The path of the righteous ones is like the bright light that is getting lighter and lighter until the day is firmly established" ([[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures|NWT]]) to support their view that there would be an increase in knowledge during "the time of the end", as mentioned in Daniel 12:4. Jehovah's Witnesses state that this increase in knowledge needs adjustments. Watch Tower publications also say that unfulfilled expectations are partly due to eagerness for [[God's Kingdom]] and that they do not call [[Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs|their core beliefs]] into question.<ref>{{cite book|page=205|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Why have there been changes over the years in the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses?|title=Reasoning From the Scriptures|year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=March 15, 1986|magazine=The Watchtower|page=19|title=Allow No Place for the Devil!|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 15, 2001|magazine=The Watchtower|page=18|title=Keep in Step With Jehovah's Organization|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref>
==Current beliefs==
Jehovah's Witnesses teach the imminent end of the current world society, or "system of things" by God's judgment, leading to deliverance for the saved. This judgment will begin with false religion, which they identify as the "harlot", [[Babylon the great#Jehovah.27s Witnesses|Babylon the Great]],<ref>{{cite book|pages=235–236|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=205–206|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand|year=1988}}</ref> referred to in the [[Book of Revelation]]. They apply this designation to all other religions. They do not currently place their expectations on any specific date, but believe that various events will lead up to the end of this "system of things", culminating in [[Armageddon]]. Armageddon is understood to include the destruction of all earthly governments by God. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 1, 1959|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=530–531|title=Walking in the Name of Jehovah|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 1, 2005|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=4–6|title=Armageddon—A Happy Beginning|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref>
They believe that after Armageddon, based on scriptures such as John 5:28, 29, the dead will gradually be resurrected to a "day of judgment" lasting for a [[Millenarianism|thousand years]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 15, 2006|magazine=The Watchtower|page=6|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=God's Purpose for the Earth—Soon to Be Fulfilled}}</ref> This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection, not on past deeds.<ref>{{cite book|page=788|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|year=1988}}</ref> At the end of the thousand years a final test will take place when Satan is brought back to mislead perfect mankind.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 2005|magazine=The Watchtower|page=20|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The Resurrection Hope—What Does It Mean for You?}}</ref> The result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 15, 2006|magazine=The Watchtower|page=31|title=Questions From Readers|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref>
===
Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ returned invisibly and began to rule in heaven as king in October 1914. They state that the beginning of Christ's heavenly rule would seem worse initially for mankind because it starts with the casting out of Satan from heaven to the earth, which according to Revelation 12, would bring a brief period of "woe" to mankind.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=February 1, 1996|magazine=The Watchtower|page=6|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=What Must We Do to Be Saved?}}</ref> This woe will be reversed when Christ comes to destroy Satan's earthly organization, throwing Satan into the abyss and extending<ref>{{cite book|page=62|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy!|year=1999}}</ref> God's kingdom rule over the earth, over which Jesus reigns as God's appointed king. They believe the Greek word ''parousia'', usually translated as "[[Second Coming|coming]]", is more accurately understood as an extended invisible "presence", perceived only by a series of "signs".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 15, 1996|magazine=The Watchtower|page=12|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Jesus' Coming or Jesus' Presence—Which?}}</ref>
Witnesses base their beliefs about the significance of 1914 on the Watch Tower Society's interpretation of biblical chronology,<ref>{{cite book|pages=278–284|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=All Scripture is Inspired of God|year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=95–96|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Why do Jehovah's Witnesses say that God's Kingdom was established in 1914?|title=Reasoning From the Scriptures|year=1989}}</ref> which is hinged on their assertion that the [[Babylonian captivity]] and destruction of Jerusalem occurred in 607 BC.<ref>{{cite book|page=216|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=What Does the Bible Really Teach?|year=2005}}</ref> From this, they conclude that Daniel chapter 4 prophesied a period of 2,520 years, from 607 BC until 1914.<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Edmond C.|author-last=Gruss|isbn=0-87552-306-4|pages=20–58|publisher=Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co|title=The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation|year=1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=186–189|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Let Your Kingdom Come|year=1981}}</ref> They equate this period with the "Gentile Times" or "the appointed times of the nations," a phrase taken from Luke 21:24.<ref name="What Does The Bible Really Teach">{{cite book|pages=217–218|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=What Does The Bible Really Teach?|year=2005}}</ref>
They believe that when the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, the line of kings descended from David was interrupted, and that God's throne was "trampled on" from then until Jesus began ruling in October 1914.<ref name="What Does The Bible Really Teach"/> Secular historians date the event of Jerusalem's destruction to within a year of 587 BC. The Witnesses' alternative chronology produces a 20-year gap between the reigns of [[Neo-Babylonian]] Kings [[Amel-Marduk]] (rule ended 560 BC) and [[Nabonidus]] (rule began 555 BC) in addition to the intervening reigns of [[Neriglissar]] and [[Labashi-Marduk]], despite the availability of contiguous cuneiform records.<ref>{{cite book|page=187|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Business tablets: Thousands of contemporary Neo-Babylonian cuneiform tablets have been found that record simple business transactions, stating the year of the Babylonian king when the transaction occurred. Tablets of this sort have been found for all the years of reign for the known Neo-Babylonian kings in the accepted chronology of the period.|title=Let Your Kingdom Come}}</ref>
They teach that after the war of Armageddon, Jesus will rule over earth as king for 1,000 years, after which he will hand all authority back to [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 15, 2004|magazine=The Watchtower|page=16|title=Jehovah Is Great in Loyal Love|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=94–95|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy!|year=2006}}</ref>
===Sign of "last days"===
Jehovah's Witnesses teach that since October 1914, humanity has been living in a period of intense increased trouble known as "the last days", marked by war, disease, famine, earthquakes, and a progressive degeneration of morality.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 1, 2005|magazine=The Watchtower|page=4|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Do You Recognize the Sign of Jesus' Presence?}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1981|magazine=The Watchtower|page=24|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=the Gentile Times, "the appointed times of the nations," had ended in October of 1914. (Luke 21:24) Since then the old world has been in its "time of the end" or in its "last days."|title=The Visible Part of God's Organization}}</ref> They believe their preaching is part of the sign, often alluding to the text of Matthew 24:14, "And this gospel of the kingdom shall be proclaimed in all the world as a witness to all nations. And ''then the end'' shall come." ([[Modern English Bible translations#MKJV|MKJV]])<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 15, 2000|magazine=The Watchtower|page=11|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=God's Kingdom—Earth's New Rulership}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 22, 1993|magazine=Awake!|page=11|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=When the New World Will Come}}</ref>
They claim that various calamities in the modern world constitute proof of these beliefs, such as the outbreak of [[World War I]] in August 1914, the [[1918 flu epidemic|Spanish flu epidemic]] in May 1918, the onset of [[World War II]] in 1939, the terrorist attacks of [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]] and, more recently, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=What Does the Bible Say About Pandemics?|url=https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/bible-about-pandemics-disease/|year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=86|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life|year=1981}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|pages=81–84|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=True Peace and Security—How Can You Find It?|year=1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 8, 2002|magazine=Awake!|page=8|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=A Century of Violence}}</ref>
===Judgment of religion===
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that in 1918, Christ judged all world religions claiming to be Christian,<ref>{{cite book|page=56|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand!|year=1988}}</ref> and that after a period of eighteen months, among all groups and religions claiming to represent Christ,<ref>{{cite book|pages=259–260|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand!|year=1988}}</ref> only the "Bible Students", from which Jehovah's Witnesses developed, met God's approval.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 15, 2008|magazine=The Watchtower|page=24|title=Counted Worthy to Receive a Kingdom|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Watch Tower Society publications claim that the world's other religions have misrepresented God, and filled the world with hatred.<ref name=indict>{{cite magazine|title=Babylon the Great Indicted|magazine=The Watchtower|date=April 15, 1989|page=23|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> They identify "Babylon The Great" and the "mother of the harlots" referred to in Revelation 17:3–6 as the "world empire of false religion"<ref name=indict /><ref>{{cite book|page=220|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=What Does The Bible Really Teach?|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1989|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=3–7|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Babylon the Great—Fallen and Judged}}</ref>
During the final great tribulation, all other religions will be destroyed by "crazed" member governments of the [[United Nations]], acting under the direction of Jehovah.<ref>{{cite book|page=256|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand!|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1997|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=17–18|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Shortly, 'crazed' members of the UN will be maneuvered by Jehovah to turn on false religion, as described at Revelation 17:16 ... This will mark the start of the great tribulation|title=No Peace for the False Messengers!}}</ref> Witness publications identify the United Nations as the "beast" to whom the "ten kings" of Revelation 17:12,13 give their "power and authority."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1993|magazine=The Watchtower|page=24|title=Deliverance at the Revelation of Jesus Christ|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref>
==History of eschatology==
[[File:Heraldmorningcover.jpg|thumb|right|''Herald of the Morning'' published by [[Nelson H. Barbour]] and [[Charles Taze Russell]] in 1878.]]Watch Tower Society eschatological teachings are based on the earliest writings of Charles Taze Russell, but have undergone significant changes since then. Many of the changes reflect altered views on the significance of the dates 1874, 1914, 1918, and 1925.
===Early expectations (1871–1881)===
The Second [[Adventism|Adventist]]s affiliated with [[Nelson H. Barbour]] expected a visible and dramatic return of Christ in 1873,<ref>''Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873: or the Midnight Cry'', N. H. Barbour (1871). Available online at: http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20midnight%20cry.htm. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707185103/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20midnight%20cry.htm|date=2006-07-07}}.</ref> and later in 1874.<ref>[http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20herald%20of%20the%20morning.htm ''The Midnight Cry and Herald of the Morning'']. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714102029/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20herald%20of%20the%20morning.htm|date=2009-07-14}} March 1874. See Section under "Our Faith."</ref> They agreed with other Adventist groups that the "time of the end", also called the "last days", had started in 1799.<ref>''[http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/Wendell%20Present%20Truth.htm Present Truth, Or Meat in Due Season]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208232204/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/Wendell%20Present%20Truth.htm|date=December 8, 2006}}'' by [[Jonas Wendell]], pp. 34–35.</ref> Soon after the 1874 disappointment, Barbour's group decided Christ had returned to the earth in 1874, but invisibly. Writing in his magazine ''The Herald of the Morning'' in 1875, Barbour outlined his eschatological views and connected the years 1874, 1878, 1881, and 1914. The "harvest" was to run from 1874 to the spring of 1878, concluding with "the translation of the living saints into the air."<ref name="OurFaith1875" />
1881 would mark the restoration of the Jews to Palestine. The period from 1881 until 1914 would see the installation of God's kingdom on Earth. Barbour wrote that in the 40 years from 1874 to 1914 "the 'time of trouble such as never was since there was a nation' will be fulfilled. And in the mean time, the kingdom of God will be set up, 'break in pieces, and consume all these [Gentile] kingdoms,' 'and the stone become a great mountain, and fill the whole earth,' and usher in glory of the millennial age."<ref name="OurFaith1875" />
Russell became associated with Barbour in 1876 and accepted Barbour's eschatological understanding.<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=November 9, 2007|archive-date=May 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528121531/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1880APR.asp|author=C.T. Russell|date=April 1, 1880|magazine=Zion's Watch Tower|page=2|quote=The writer, among many others now interested, was sound asleep, in profound ignorance of the cry, etc., until 1876, when being awakened he trimmed his lamp (for it is still very early in the morning.) It showed him clearly that the Bridegroom had come and that he is living "in the days of the Son of Man".|title=From and To The Wedding|url-status=dead|url=http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1880APR.asp}}</ref><ref>''The Watchtower'' reprints, [http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r3820.htm "Harvest Gatherings and Siftings"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529092324/http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r3820.htm|date=2018-05-29}}, July 15, 1906, page 3822.</ref> In 1877, Barbour and Russell jointly issued the book ''[[Three Worlds (book)|Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World]]'', which reiterated Barbour's earlier teachings.<ref>''Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World'' by N.H. Barbour and C.T. Russell (1877). Text available online at: http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/3worlds.pdf. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320020952/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/3worlds.pdf|date=March 20, 2006}}. [http://tjliberte.free.fr/Library/Watchtower_Publications/Other_books/1877_The_Three_Worlds.pdf Scan of book in PDF format] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227203147/http://tjliberte.free.fr/Library/Watchtower_Publications/Other_books/1877_The_Three_Worlds.pdf|date=2008-02-27}}.</ref> It proclaimed Christ's invisible return in 1874,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nelson Barbour|author2=C. T. Russell|page=175|title=Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World}}</ref> the resurrection of the saints in 1875,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nelson Barbour|author2=C. T. Russell|pages=104–108|title=Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World}}</ref> and predicted the end of the "harvest" and a rapture of the saints to heaven for 1878<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nelson Barbour|author2=C. T. Russell|pages=68, 89–93, 124–126, 143|title=Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World}}</ref> and the final end of "the day of wrath" in 1914.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nelson Barbour|author2=C. T. Russell|pages=104–108, 189|quote=the 'times of the Gentiles,' reach from B.C. 606 to A.D. 1914, or forty years beyond 1874. And the time of trouble, conquest of the nations, and events connected with the day of wrath, have only ample time, during the balance of this forty years, for their fulfillment.|title=Three Worlds, and the Harvest of This World}}</ref> 1874 was considered the end of 6000 years of human history and the beginning of judgment by Christ.<ref>{{cite magazine|archive-date=September 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021839/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1935_Calendar_Golden_Age.pdf|date=March 27, 1935|magazine=The Golden Age|pages=412–413|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The Second Hand in the Timepiece of God|url-status=dead|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1935_Calendar_Golden_Age.pdf}}</ref>
The selection of 1878 as the year of the rapture of the saints was based on the application of [[dispensationalism|parallel dispensations]], which equated the 3½-year period of Christ's ministry with a similar "harvest" period following his ''parousia''. When the rapture failed to occur, Russell admitted they "felt somewhat disappointed", but decided there would be an additional 3½-year period "making the harvest seven years long".<ref>{{cite magazine|author=C.T. Russell|date=July 1, 1878|magazine=The Herald of the Morning|pages=11–12|title=The Prospect|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1878_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf}}</ref> Successive issues of ''The Herald of the Morning'' identified the autumn of 1881 as the end of the "Harvest" and the likely time for the translation of the Church to heaven.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 1, 1878|magazine=The Herald of the Morning|page=22|quote=...showing that we are now in the last half of the 'harvest' of the gospel age; and that it will terminate in A.D. 1881.|title=Bible Theology|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1878_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 1, 1878|magazine=The Herald of the Morning|page=52|quote=Hence, the 'real rising again of Israel' can not begin until the autumn of 1881, at which date, the presumption is, that the gospel church will be taken away to meet the Lord.|title=Harmony of the Scriptures|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1878_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 1, 1879|magazine=The Herald of the Morning|page=6|quote=And from that time, or the autumn of 1881, the 91st Ps[alm]: 'He shall give his angels charge over thee,' etc., will begin to have its fulfillment. From that time onward, we believe no one of the company of the overcomers need die, even though they reach that point tottering, as it were on the verge of the grave.|title=Book of Revelation: Coming Time of Trouble|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1879_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf}}</ref> Russell split from Barbour over doctrinal differences and began publishing ''Zion's Watch Tower'' in July 1879.
===Great Pyramid of Giza (1876–1928)===
[[File:Russell Pyramid.JPG|160px|right|thumb|The monument erected by the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania|Watch Tower Society]] near [[Charles Taze Russell|C. T. Russell's]] grave in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] modeled after the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]].]]
Influenced by the [[pyramidology]] theories of [[John Taylor (English publisher)|John Taylor]] and [[Charles Piazzi Smyth]], Nelson Barbour and Charles Russell taught that the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] contained prophetic measurements in "[[pyramid inch]]es" that pointed to both 1874 and 1914. Russell viewed the Great Pyramid as "God's Stone Witness and Prophet".<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=January 23, 2007|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191456/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/Contents/history/barbour%20pyramid.htm|date=January 1, 1876 |magazine=Herald of the Morning|url-status=dead|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20pyramid.htm|title=The Great Pyramid}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=August 8, 2007|archive-date=February 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170821/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/kingdomcome/study10.html|author=C.T.Russell|isbn=0-9728243-2-4|pages=309–376|title=Thy Kingdom Come|url-status=dead|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/kingdomcome/study10.html|year=1891}}</ref> Smyth reviewed Russell's manuscript on the Great Pyramid before publication. Russell credited him and Scottish writer Robert Menzies for the view "that the Great Pyramid is Jehovah's 'Witness', and that it was as important a witness to divine truth as to natural science."<ref>{{cite book |author=Russell |url=https://archive.org/details/millennialdawn00russgoog |title=Thy Kingdom Come |publisher=Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society |year=1891 |isbn=0-9728243-2-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/millennialdawn00russgoog/page/n304 310]}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=w60OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA320 320].</ref>
Prophetic dates derived from the measurements inside the Great Pyramid were seen as complementary to biblical interpretations. Russell included the Great Pyramid as part of his film and color slide production ''[[The Photo-Drama of Creation]]'' in 1914, suggesting that the Great Pyramid was built by the Old Testament king-priest [[Melchizedek]].<ref>''[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1914_Photo_Drama_of_Creation.pdf Photo Drama of Creation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227201308/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1914_Photo_Drama_of_Creation.pdf |date=February 27, 2008 }}'', p. 25. [http://www.freeminds.org/media/dramarussell.ram Video of Russell discussing the Great Pyramid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227201135/http://www.freeminds.org/media/dramarussell.ram |date=2008-02-27 }}</ref> A special edition of the first volume of ''[[Studies in the Scriptures]]'' was also published, which was re-titled ''The Divine Plan of the Ages and the Corroborative Testimony of the Great Pyramid''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Divine Plan of the Ages and the Corroborative Testimony of the Great Pyramid|author=Charles Taze Russell|publisher=Watchtower|year=1913|url=http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1913%20The%20Divine%20Plan%20and%20Pyramid%20Ed.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=2dYWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1 Google Books Version])</ref> In accordance with Russell's wishes, a {{convert|7|ft|m|adj=on}} high replica of a pyramid was erected at his gravesite in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] with its capstone "patterned after the capstone of the Great Pyramid of Egypt, symbolic of the Christ."<ref>''Program of the 1921 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society'': "The Pyramid monument erected at the grave of Brother Russell was sketched by Brother J.A. Bohnet and approved by Brother Russell several years ago. It was his desire that such a monument be erected on this lot and he set about to procure the materials before his death. After Brother Russell's death, Brother Rutherford, learning that Brother Russell had ordered the erection of this monument asked Brother Bohnet to proceed at once to get the material and let the contract for its construction and erection."</ref><ref>[http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/CR/1919convention.pdf ''1919 Bible Student Convention Souvenir Booklet''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809173035/http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/CR/1919convention.pdf|date=August 9, 2007 }}, pp. 6–7.</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 30, 2007|archive-date=September 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020926/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Russell_Grave_Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania.pdf|title=Tour Sheet of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|url-status=dead|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/Russell_Grave_Pittsburgh_Pennsylvania.pdf}}</ref>
[[File:1914pyramidchart.jpg|thumb|Early Watch Tower publications cited "the testimony of the Great Pyramid" for expectations for 1910 and 1914.]]
Russell's interpretations of the Great Pyramid were supported by the writings of John and Morton Edgar who were prominent members of his movement.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Romer|isbn=978-0-521-87166-2|page=55|publisher=Cambridge University Press|title=The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited|year=2007}}</ref><ref>The Edgars' 2 volume work [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1913_Great_Pyramid_Passages_Vol_II.pdf ''Great Pyramid Passages and Chambers''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032004/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1913_Great_Pyramid_Passages_Vol_II.pdf|date=September 28, 2007 }} was advertised and sold in ''The Watchtower'' ([http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1910/WTAug10.PDF August 1, 1910 ''Watch Tower Reprints''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153612/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1910/WTAug10.PDF|date=September 30, 2007 }}, p. 4658; [http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1913/WTOct13.PDF October 15, 1913 ''The Watchtower''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152508/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1913/WTOct13.PDF|date=September 30, 2007 }}, page 306, Reprints p. 5336). Research by the Edgars on the Great Pyramid was published in the November 15, 1904 ''Watch Tower'', Reprints, p. 3459, the June 15, 1905 ''Watch Tower'', Reprints, p. 3574 and the June 1, 1910 ''The Watchtower'', Reprints, p. 4621. John Edgar was named to be on the editorial committee for the ''Watch Tower'' magazine in the December 1, 1916 ''The Watchtower'', (Reprints p. 5999), but had died before Russell. Research by Morton Edgar was published in the August 15, 1923 ''The Watchtower'', pp. 253–254, the December 31, 1924 ''Golden Age'', pp. 209–211 and on pp. 163, 355, 357 of the 1923 ''The Watchtower''. Morton Edgar explained the spiritual meaning of the Great Pyramid in "God's Plan of Salvation in the Great Pyramid," a lecture which was published in the [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1911_Edgar_Pyramid_Lecture_from_Convention_Report.pdf ''1911 Bible Students Convention Report''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031917/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1911_Edgar_Pyramid_Lecture_from_Convention_Report.pdf|date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref><ref>Morton Edgar, on page 151 of the 1924 edition of the second volume of [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1924_Great_Pyramid_Passages_Volume_II.pdf ''Great Pyramid Passages''], refers to Judge Rutherford's booklet ''Millions Now Living Will Never Die'' as a "wonderful message of life."</ref> Russell had first stated that 1874 was derived from a measurement of 3416 pyramid inches,<ref>{{cite book|author=C. T. Russell|page=342|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Millennial Dawn|year=1904}}</ref> but the measurement was revised in the 1910 edition to {{convert|3457|in|m}} to point to 1915.<ref>{{cite book| author=C. T. Russell|page=342|publisher=Watch Tower Society|series=Studies In The Scriptures|title=Thy Kingdom Come|year=1910}}</ref> The Edgars claimed that the revision in measurement and change in date was a result of errors made by Smyth.<ref>[http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1913_Great_Pyramid_Passages_Vol_II.pdf ''Great Pyramid Passages and Chambers''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032004/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1913_Great_Pyramid_Passages_Vol_II.pdf|date=September 28, 2007 }} (1913), volume 2: "Professor C. Piazzi Smyth very properly says, 'no two human measures ever agree exactly.'" According to the Edgars, Professor Smyth (from whom Russell gained his information) had not personally measured this passage since it was blocked. It had been roughly measured in 1837 by Col Howard Vyse, but the Edgars personally measured "the length of this passage seven times" and ended up with seven different measurements, though within a few inches. (Ibid p.8 ) In answering a question about different measurements of the pyramid, ''The Watchtower'' stated "that Prof. Smyth's interest centered in the upper chambers of the Pyramid ... Much less care and precision [were] manifested in his dealings with all other parts". ([http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1904NOV.asp#Z326:1 ''The Watchtower'' November 1904 p. 326 "The Great Pyramid Measurements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401142607/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1904NOV.asp#Z326:1|date=2019-04-01 }})</ref>
In the early 1920s, the significance of the pyramidological predictions for 1914 were re-interpreted to mean that "the old evil order began to pass away in 1914."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Morton Edgar|author2=John Edgar|page=72|quote=For many years students of the Word believed that the foretold destruction of "Babylon the Great" would begin in 1914–1915 AD., the date marked by the upper terminal of the Grand Gallery. Nor have their expectations been disappointed; for although the "Great Time of Trouble" covers a longer period than was thought possible, this trouble which is to end Christendom is manifestly now in progress; and it began precisely at the date expected. Beginning with 1914 A.D. in the great World War in which most of the mightiest 'Christian' nations were actively engaged, Christendom, called in the Scriptures Babylon the Great, received a blow from which it can never recover. The old evil order began to pass away in 1914 A.D.|title=Great Pyramid Passages Volume II|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1924_Great_Pyramid_Passages_Volume_II.pdf|year=1924}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=August 8, 2007|archive-date=September 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031931/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1924_Great_Pyramid_Its_Symbolism_Science_and_Prophecy.pdf|author=Edgar|page=119|title=The Great Pyramid: Its Symbolism, Science and Prophecy|url-status=dead|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1924_Great_Pyramid_Its_Symbolism_Science_and_Prophecy.pdf|year=1924}}</ref> In 1924, an issue of ''Golden Age'' referred to the Great Pyramid as "the Scientific Bible" and added that measurements on the Grand Gallery inside the Great Pyramid confirmed the dates 1874, 1914 and 1925.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=February 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227201601/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf|date=December 31, 1924|pages=207, 222|title=Golden Age|url-status=dead|url=http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/g24DEC31.pdf}}</ref> Similarly, the 1924 publication ''The Way to Paradise'' refers to the Great Pyramid as "the Bible in Stone" and concludes:
{{blockquote|It is quite probable that Shem, son of Noah, a faithful servant of God, was in charge of its construction. In it have been discovered some of the deepest secrets of geometrical, geographical, astronomical, and mathematical science. The pyramid also outlines in its own peculiar way the same plan of God that we find in the Bible, and it dated beforehand some of the most notable events that have occurred in the history of mankind. It gives the date of the exodus of the Children of Israel from Egypt, and the date of birth and death of Jesus. It gives the date of the French revolution as 1789, and the great World War as 1914, besides many more. It was built over five hundred years before Moses wrote any part of the Bible. It is so far in advance of the wisdom of that day that no man could have been the architect. Its harmony with the Bible teachings prove that God designed it. <ref>{{cite book |title=The Way To Paradise |pages=156-158 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheWayToParadise/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref>
In 1928, the belief that the Great Pyramid contained a prophetic blueprint of biblical chronology was rejected, and the Pyramid was seen as built "under the direction of Satan the Devil."<ref>The last favorable reference to the Great Pyramid in Watch Tower Society publications appears in ''The Watchtower'', the April 15, 1928, p. 125</ref><ref>Pyramidology was first rejected in the November 15, 1928 ''Watchtower'', p 344: "It is more reasonable to conclude that the great
pyramid of Gizeh, as well as the other pyramids thereabout, also the sphinx, were built by the rulers of Egypt and under the direction of Satan the Devil...The Devil, by the use of the descendants of Ham, set up Egypt, or the land of Ham, as the first great world power. Then Satan put his knowledge in dead stone, which may be called Satan's Bible, and not God's stone witness. In erecting the pyramid, of course, Satan would put in it some truth, because that is his method of practising fraud and deceit."</ref>
==="
Some of Barbour's eschatology was retained by Russell after they parted company. Basing his interpretations on a concept of parallel "[[Dispensation (period)|dispensations]]", Russell taught that while Jesus was invisibly present on earth, he was also made its king in 1878. He believed God had rejected the "nominal Church", considered to be "Babylon the Great", in 1878.<ref>{{cite magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013950/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1883APR.asp#R474| archive-date=September 27, 2007|magazine=The Watchtower|date=April 1, 1883| pages=474–475|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=This spuing out, or casting off, of the nominal church as an organization in 1878, we then understood, and still proclaim, to be the date of the commencement of Babylon's fall...|title=The Consummation of Our Hope|url=http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1883APR.asp#R474}}</ref> Russell taught that in 1878 Christ resurrected all the "dead in Christ" as spirit beings to be with him on earth awaiting a future glorification to heaven.<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1890_Thy_Kingdom_Come_1898_edition.pdf ''Thy Kingdom Come''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062815/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1890_Thy_Kingdom_Come_1898_edition.pdf|date=May 12, 2008 }} (1890), Volume 3 of ''Millennial Dawn'', later retitled ''Studies in the Scriptures'', p. [https://archive.org/details/studiesinscript02russgoog/page/n293 305–308].</ref>
The remainder of the [[144,000]] who would die after 1878 would each be resurrected at the time of their death. Together with Christ on earth, these invisible resurrected spirit beings were said to be engaged in directing a harvest work, running from 1874 to 1914, to gather the remainder of those with the heavenly calling.<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1890_Thy_Kingdom_Come_1898_edition.pdf ''Thy Kingdom Come''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062815/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1890_Thy_Kingdom_Come_1898_edition.pdf|date=May 12, 2008 }} (1890), Volume 3 of ''Millennial Dawn'', later retitled ''Studies in the Scriptures'', p. [https://archive.org/details/studiesinscript02russgoog/page/n293 305–308].</ref> Russell later moderated his view about the significance of 1881, stating that the "door" for the gathering of the Bride of Christ "stands ajar."<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=November 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227201136/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1911/WTJun11.PDF|archive-date=February 27, 2008|date=June 15, 1911|magazine=Watch Tower|page=190|quote=Our understanding is that the open or general 'call' of this age to kingdom honors ceased in October, 1881....we make a distinction between the end of the 'call' and the closing of the 'door'; and believe that the door into the kingdom class is not yet closed; that it stands ajar for a time...|title=Questions of Interest: The Gradual End of Gospel Favor|url-status=dead|url=http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/bsl/Library/Russell/Towers/Zwt1911/WTJun11.PDF}}</ref>
[[File:Russellchronology.jpg|thumb|right|In 1889, [[Charles Taze Russell]] published his interpretation of eschatology and chronology based on the idea of parallel "dispensations".]]
He wrote that the culmination of Armageddon would occur in 1914, preceded by the gathering of all the saints, both resurrected and living, to heaven. Based on measurements from the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], this "passing beyond the vail" or [[rapture]] was expected "before the close of A.D. 1910."<ref>[http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1890_Thy_Kingdom_Come_1898_edition.pdf ''Thy Kingdom Come'', p. 364] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062815/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1890_Thy_Kingdom_Come_1898_edition.pdf|date=May 12, 2008 }}: "this date, 1910, indicated by the pyramid ... we may accept as correct the testimony of the great pyramid, that the last members of the body or bride' of Christ will have been tested and accepted and will have passed beyond the vail before the close of A.D. 1910."</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=579|quote=According to our expectations the stress of the great time of trouble will be on us soon, somewhere between 1910 and 1912—culminating with the end of the 'Times of the Gentiles,' October, 1914.|title=The New Creation|year=1904}}</ref> Russell enumerated seven expectations for 1914 in [https://books.google.com/books?id=vu0YAAAAYAAJ ''The Time is at Hand'']:
# God's kingdom would take full control of earth "on the ruins of present institutions";
# Christ would be present as earth's new ruler;
# The last of the "royal priesthood, the body of Christ" would be glorified with Christ;
# Jerusalem would no longer "be trodden down by the Gentiles";
# "Israel's blindness will begin to be turned away";
# The great "time of trouble" would reach its culmination of worldwide anarchy;
# God's Kingdom would "smite and crush the Gentile image—and fully consume the power of these kings".<ref>''The Time is at Hand'', pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=k9wOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76 76–78]. Post 1914 editions read differently--[http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/timeisathand/study4.html 1917 edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611161632/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/timeisathand/study4.html|date=2007-06-11 }}.</ref>
In 1911, Russell wrote that October 1914 would witness the "full end" of Babylon, or nominal Christianity, "utterly destroyed as a system".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=June 15, 1911|magazine=The Watchtower|page=190|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Questions of Interest}}</ref> At first, the hopes for 1914 were stretched to "near the end of A.D. 1915."<ref>[https://archive.org/details/studiesinscript01russgoog/page/n102 <!-- pg=99 --> ''The Time is at Hand'', 1915 ed., p. 99]: "In view of this strong Bible evidence concerning the Times of the Gentiles, we consider it an established truth, that the final end of the kingdoms of this world, and the full establishment of the Kingdom of God, will be accomplished near the end of A.D. 1915. Then the prayer of the church, ever since her Lord took his departure – 'Thy kingdom come' – will be answered; and under that wise and just administration, the whole earth will be filled with the glory of the Lord" (Later editions have 1914 instead of 1915)</ref> A few months before his death in October 1916, Russell wrote: "We believe that the dates have proven to be quite right. We believe that Gentile Times have ended. ... The Lord did not say that the Church would all be glorified by 1914. We merely inferred it, and, evidently, erred."<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=January 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014101/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916APR.asp#Z126:8|date=April 15, 1916|archive-date=September 27, 2007|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=126–127|url-status=dead|url=http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916APR.asp#Z126:8|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title="Lo, We Turn to the Gentiles!"}}</ref> He interpreted the war in Europe to be the first of three phases of Armageddon<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 1, 1916|magazine=The Watchtower|quote=Our eyes of understanding should discern clearly the Battle of the Great Day of God Almighty now in progress.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=The Harvest Is Not Ended}}</ref> and the destruction of Christendom to take place in 1918.<ref name="September" />
Following Russell's lead, the book ''The Finished Mystery''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/finishedmystery00fishgoog <!-- quote=editions:OCLC38151368. --> ''The Finished Mystery''] from Google Book Search. Published in 1917 by the Watch Tower Society. It was considered to be volume 7 of ''Studies in the Scriptures''. [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/The_Finished_Mystery.pdf PDF version of ''The Finished Mystery'']. Later editions read differently.</ref> emphasized events for 1918. The destruction of the churches of Christendom and the deaths of "church members by the millions" was expected in 1918.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/finishedmystery00fishgoog/page/n494 <!-- pg=485 quote=editions:OCLC38151368. --> ''The Finished Mystery'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1917, Page 485]: "Also, in the year 1918, when God destroys the churches wholesale and the church members by millions, it shall be that any that escape shall come to the works of Pastor Russell to learn the meaning of the downfall of 'Christianity.'"</ref><ref>
[https://archive.org/details/finishedmystery00fishgoog/page/n407 <!-- pg=398 quote=editions:OCLC38151368. --> ''The Finished Mystery'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1917,Pages 398–9]: "The people who are the strength of Christendom shall be cut off in the brief but terribly eventful period beginning in 1918 A.D. A third part are 'burned with fire in the midst of the city.' Fire symbolizes destruction ... After 1918 the people supporting churchianity will cease to be its supporters, be destroyed as adherents, by the spiritual pestilence of errors abroad, and by the famine of the Word of God among them."</ref> ''The Finished Mystery'' proposed the spring of 1918 for the glorification of the Church<ref>[https://archive.org/details/finishedmystery00fishgoog/page/n64 <!-- pg=64 quote=editions:OCLC38151368. --> ''The Finished Mystery'', Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1917, Page 64]. [https://archive.org/details/finishedmystery00fishgoog/page/n187 <!-- quote=editions:OCLC38151368. --> Page 177]</ref> and suggested that it may occur on the day of [[Passover]] in that year. First printings of ''The Finished Mystery'' predicted the end of the World War "some time about October 1, 1917," but this was changed in subsequent editions.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=June 7, 2008|archive-date=July 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719120757/http://jehovah.net.au/books/The_Finished_Mystery_1918ed_4.7Mb.pdf|edition=1917|page=367|title=The Finished Mystery|url-status=dead|url=http://jehovah.net.au/books/The_Finished_Mystery_1918ed_4.7Mb.pdf|year=1917}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=June 7, 2008|archive-date=August 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828222416/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/booklets/1919convention/1919convention8.html|author=W.F. Hudgings (member of the Board of Directors for the Watch Tower Society)|date=February 3, 1919|magazine=1919 Souvenir IBSA Convention|page=47|quote=There is no more reason why we should reject the Seventh Volume because of some statements there about the ending of the war in October, 1917, which did not come true, than there is that we should throw Volume Two away because we weren't all glorified in October, 1914|title=Why I Accept the Seventh Volume|url-status=dead|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/booklets/1919convention/1919convention8.html}}</ref> It also predicted the destruction of governments in 1920.<ref>''The Finished Mystery'', 1917 edition, p.258.[https://archive.org/details/finishedmystery00fishgoog/page/n268 <!-- quote=editions:OCLC38151368. --> 258]. (This date is changed in later editions.)</ref>
==="Millions Now Living Will Never Die!" (1918–1925)===
The predictions for 1920 were discarded before that year arrived, in favor of a new chronology. In 1918–1919, [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]], second president of the Watch Tower Society, inaugurated a worldwide lecture series entitled "Millions Now Living Will Never Die!", later reproduced in booklet form.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 15, 1921|page=379|magazine=The Watchtower|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Annual Report 1921}}</ref> It provided a re-interpretation of the significance of the year 1914, now seen as the beginning of the "last days". It included new predictions for 1925 including the resurrection of the biblical patriarchs [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]] and other [[Old Testament]] personages, referred to as "princes".<ref>{{cite book|author=M. James Penton|isbn=978-0-8020-7973-2|pages=57–58|publisher=University of Toronto Press|title=Apocalypse Delayed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38SYXalMLeQC&pg=PA57|year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|title=New Date For Millennium: Russellites Now See It Coming on Earth in 1925|date=June 2, 1919|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/06/02/97091111.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die!|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=International Bible Students Association|year=1920|url=http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/booklet/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die.pdf|pages=89–90|isbn=1-4116-2898-5|access-date=2007-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025034240/http://cchasson.free.fr/deposit/booklet/1920_Millions_Now_Living_Will_Never_Die.pdf|archive-date=2007-10-25|url-status=dead}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=V0gMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA89 Page 89 from Google Books Version])</ref> Their return would mark the beginning of a new order, from which time millions of people alive at that time would be able to live forever.<ref name="MillionsNow" /> Newspaper advertisements for the "Millions" lecture localized the claim, with a typical declaration in a [[Marion, Ohio]] newspaper reading: "It will be conclusively proved... that thousands now living in Marion and vicinity will never die."<ref>''The Marion Star'', Marion, Ohio, April 9, 1921. ''The Bridgeport Telegram'', Bridgeport, Connecticut, December 4, 1920. Scans available at [http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf News Clippings from the "Millions Now Living Will Never Die" Campaign (1919–1925)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626013105/http://www.theocraticlibrary.com/downloads/Millions_Campaign_News_Clippings.pdf|date=2008-06-26 }}</ref>
The book stated that 1925 would be among the dates "stamped with God's approval" and ''The Watch Tower'' described the evidence for the chronology surrounding 1925 as stronger than that for 1914,<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 1, 1922|magazine=The Watchtower|page=262|quote=The date 1925 is even more distinctly indicated by the Scriptures than 1914.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=European Tour—Part V}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 15, 1922|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=147, 150|quote=We have no doubt whatever in regard to the chronology relating to the dates of 1874, 1914, 1918, and 1925 ... There can be no more question about 1925 than there was about 1914.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Chronology}}</ref> but acknowledged disappointments surrounding earlier predictions and cautioned that "all that some expect to see in 1925 may not transpire that year", and that the expectations could be "a means of testing and sifting."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 15, 1922|magazine=The Watchtower|page=150|quote=Noting the date marked so prominently, it is very easy for the finite mind to conclude that all the work to be done must center about it, and thus many are inclined to anticipate more than has been really foretold. Thus it was in 1844, in 1874, in 1878 as well as in 1914 and 1918. Looking back we can now easily see that those dates were clearly indicated in Scripture and doubtless intended by the Lord to encourage his people, as they did, as well as to be a means of testing and sifting when all that some expected did not come to pass. That all that some expect to see in 1925 may not transpire that year will not alter the date one whit more than in the other cases.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Chronology}}</ref> When 1925 also passed uneventfully, meeting attendance among the Bible Students dropped dramatically in some congregations<ref>{{cite book|page=633|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom}}</ref> and attendance at the annual [[Jehovah's Witnesses practices#Memorial of Christ's death|Memorial]] fell from 90,434 to 17,380 between 1925 and 1928.<ref>{{cite book|title=Your Will Be Done on Earth|url=https://archive.org/details/yourwillbedoneon0000watc|url-access=registration|publisher=Watchtower|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/yourwillbedoneon0000watc/page/337 337]}} Annual Memorial attendances were 17,961 (1919), 32,661 (1922), 42,000 (1923) 62,696 (1924), 90,434 (1925), 89,278 (1926) and 17,380 (1928). Statistics were also published each year in ''the Watchtower'' until 1926</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 15, 1996|magazine=The Watchtower|page=31|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Questions From Readers}} In 1935, Memorial attendance had increased again to 63,146.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Timothy White|pages=238–239|publisher=Vantage|title=A People For His Name|year=1967}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=313|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959}}</ref>
==="Armageddon Immediately Before Us"
[[File:Beth Sarim 1931.jpg|thumb|[[Beth Sarim]] (''House of the Princes''), built in San Diego, California in 1929 in anticipation of resurrected Old Testament "princes", was used by Watch Tower Society president [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford|Judge Rutherford]] as a winter home.|223x223px]]From
In 1929, the start of the "[[Eschatology|Last Days]]" was changed from 1799 to 1914<ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 1, 1929|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=355–361|quote=Taking all these scriptures together, and knowing that they must be in exact harmony with one another, and taking the well known facts in connection therewith, it is easy to be seen that the definitely fixed "time of the end" was and is 1914 A.D. Nothing came to pass in 1799 that corresponds so well with these prophecies as did in 1914.|title=Locating the Time|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> and the change of "Christ's Presence" from 1874 to 1914 was first indicated in 1930.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=April 30, 1930|magazine=The Golden Age|pages=503–504|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Question and Answer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J.F. Rutherford.|page=74|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Light|volume=1|year=1930}}</ref> Christ's Second Advent was newly explained as a "turning of attention" to the earth, with Christ remaining in heaven—a departure from the earlier teaching of a literal return to earth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tony Wills|isbn=978-1-4303-0100-4|page=147|publisher=Lulu.com|title=A People For His Name: A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and an Evaluation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTt2EphfPr8C&pg=PA181|year=2007}}</ref> The judgment of "Babylon the Great" was changed from 1878 to 1919 with the publication of the book ''Light'' in 1930.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.F. Rutherford.|pages=318–319|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Light|volume=1|year=1930}}</ref> The teaching that the "great tribulation" had begun in 1914 and was "cut short" in 1918—to be resumed at Armageddon—was discarded in 1969.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 1, 1969|magazine=The Watchtower|page=521|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Rich Blessings Poured Out at "Peace on Earth" International Assemblies}}</ref>
In 1930, Rutherford took up residence in a "Spanish mansion"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930102336/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738983,00.html ''Time magazine'', March 31, 1930, p. 60]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218124721/http://members.cox.net/tzdaniels/pictures/Time_March_31_1930.jpg Scan of article].</ref><ref>[http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf July 25, 1931 ''Messenger''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815135605/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/tracts/1931_Messenger.pdf|date=August 15, 2017 }}, pages 6,8.</ref> in California which he called [[Beth Sarim]], meaning, ''House of the Princes''. It was held in trust for the ancient biblical "princes" who were expected to be resurrected immediately prior to [[Armageddon]].<ref>''Golden Age'', March 19, 1930 , pages [http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif 496] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324005412/http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed1.gif|date=March 24, 2007 }}-[http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif 497] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324005940/http://www1.tip.nl/~t661020/Beth-sarim/deed2.gif|date=March 24, 2007 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120526023026/http://www.bibletopics.com/biblestudy/89a.htm http://www.bibletopics.com/biblestudy/89a.htm ''San Diego Sun'', March 1930] Interview with Rutherford about Beth Sarim</ref> Rutherford spent the winter months at Beth Sarim and died there in January, 1942. The belief that [[Old Testament]] "princes" would be resurrected before [[Armageddon]] was abandoned in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|page=252|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose|year=1959}}</ref>
In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Watch Tower Society publications placed emphasis on the imminence of Armageddon, said to be "months" away<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Universal war is absolutely certain to come and that soon, and no power can stop it ... during the few remaining months until the breaking of that universal cataclysm.|title=Universal War Near|year=1935}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=15 September 1941|magazine=The Watchtower|page=288|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Theocratic Assembly at St. Louis}}</ref> and "immediately before us."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1942|magazine=The Watchtower|page=139|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Micah—Part 8}}</ref> Publications urged converts to remain single and childless because it was "immediately before Armageddon."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 1938|magazine=The Watchtower|page=323|quote=If in obedience to the divine command the Jonadabs or great multitude will marry and rear children after Armageddon, would it not be Scripturally proper for them to begin doing so immediately before Armageddon? and should the Jonadabs now be encouraged to marry and rear children? No, is the answer, supported by the Scriptures.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title="Fill the Earth"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=October 29, 2007|archive-date=July 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725025936/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/booklets/facefacts.html|author=J.F. Rutherford|page=46|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=There are now on earth Jonadabs devoted to the Lord and who doubtless will prove faithful. Would it be Scripturally proper for them to now marry and to begin to rear children? No, is the answer, which is supported by the Scriptures.|title=Face The Facts|url-status=dead|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/booklets/facefacts.html|year=1938}}</ref> Young Witnesses were counseled in 1943: "It is better and wiser for those of the Lord's 'other sheep' who hope to survive Armageddon and be given the divine mandate to fill the earth with a righteous offspring to defer matters until after the tribulation and destruction of Armageddon is past."<ref>''1943 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', Daily Texts and Comments for November 7. The fictional sweethearts of ''Children'', John and Eunice, defer marriage "until lasting peace comes to the earth" while hoping "that within a few years our marriage may be consummated." {{cite book|title=Children|author=J.F. Rutherford|publisher=Watchtower|year=1941|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/children/childrentitles.html|pages=366–367|isbn=0-7500-1058-4|access-date=2008-06-01|archive-date=2009-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926184642/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/children/childrentitles.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This view was discarded in 1950.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 15, 1950|magazine=The Watch Tower|page=382|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=Since the carrying out of the command to 'be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth' waits until after Armageddon, does that mean that those who now marry and rear children are violating God's laws? No, for the Scriptures show that 'marriage is honourable in all'—Hebrews 13:4|title="Be Fruitful, Multiply, Fill the Earth"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara Grizzuti Harrison|isbn=0-671-22530-8|pages=74–77|publisher=Simon & Schuster|title=Visions of Glory|year=1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=M. James Penton|isbn=0-8020-7973-3|pages= 265–266|publisher=University of Toronto Press|title=Apocalypse Delayed|url=https://archive.org/details/apocalypsedelaye00pent|year=1985}}</ref>
==="Looking Forward to 1975" (1966–1975)===
During the 1960s and early 1970s, Witnesses were instructed by means of articles in their literature<ref>{{cite book|access-date=April 4, 2009|archive-date=February 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220165637/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/lifeeverlasting/1966_Life_Everlasting.pdf|pages=29–35|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God|url-status=dead|url=http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/lifeeverlasting/1966_Life_Everlasting.pdf|year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 8, 1968|magazine=Awake!|pages=13–16|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Is it Later Than You Think?}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 8, 1966|magazine=Awake!|pages=17–20|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=How Much Longer Will It Be?}}</ref> and at their assemblies that Armageddon and Christ's thousand-year millennial reign could begin by 1975. Strong statements for 1975 appeared, sometimes accompanied with cautionary remarks.<ref>Public Address by District Overseer Charles Sinutko in Spring 1967 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/mp3s/1967_Charles_Sinutko_Serving_With_Everlasting_Life_in_View.mp3 Mp3 of Lecture by Sinutko] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021729/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/mp3s/1967_Charles_Sinutko_Serving_With_Everlasting_Life_in_View.mp3|date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> The booklet ''The Approaching Peace of a Thousand Years'', which was the text of the keynote address to major assemblies of Jehovah's Witnesses throughout the world in 1969,<ref>[http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/booklets/approaching.html ''The Approaching Peace of a Thousand Years''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218011013/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/booklets/approaching.html|date=2020-02-18 }}: "Undisturbed peace with health, happiness and freedom from fear is on the divine program for humankind on earth. Reliable evidences indicate that it will begin within this generation! We do not want to keep this gladsome information to ourselves, and so in this booklet we pass it on to you."</ref> stated about that promised reign (which would begin at "God's fixed time"):
{{blockquote|For Godfearing students of the Holy Bible containing both the ancient Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Greek Scriptures, there is a more important millennium that compels their attention. That is the seventh millennium ... the seventh millennium of man's existence here on earth ... Does this fact have any bearing on the approach of the peace of a thousand years or of a millennium? Very apparently Yes! ... More recently earnest researchers of the Holy Bible have made a recheck of its chronology. According to their calculations the six millenniums of mankind's life on earth would end in the mid-seventies. Thus the seventh millennium from man's creation by Jehovah God would begin within less than ten years.
Apart from the global change that present-day world conditions indicate is fast getting near, the arrival of the seventh millennium of man's existence on earth suggests a gladsome change for war-stricken humankind ... In order for the Lord Jesus Christ to be "Lord even of the sabbath day," his thousand-year reign would have to be the seventh in a series of thousand-year periods or millenniums. (Matthew 12:8, AV) Thus it would be a sabbatic reign ... Would not, then, the end of six millenniums of mankind's laborious enslavement under Satan the Devil be the fitting time for Jehovah God to usher in a Sabbath millennium for all his human creatures? Yes, indeed! And his King Jesus Christ will be Lord of that Sabbath.<ref>{{cite book|author=Penton|isbn=0-8020-7973-3|page=95|title=Apocalypse Delayed|year=1997|publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref>}}
In 1968, a ''Watchtower'' article asked: "Why Are You Looking Forward to 1975?":
{{blockquote|Are we to assume from this study that the battle of Armageddon will be all over by the autumn of 1975, and the long-looked-for thousand-year reign of Christ will begin by then? Possibly, but we wait to see how closely the seventh thousand-year period of man's existence coincides with the sabbathlike thousand-year reign of Christ. If these two periods run parallel with each other as to the calendar year, it will not be by mere chance or accident but will be according to Jehovah's loving and timely purposes.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=August 15, 1968|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=494–501|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Why Are You Looking Forward to 1975?}}</ref>}}
Young Witnesses were advised in 1969 to avoid careers requiring lengthy periods of schooling<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 22, 1969|magazine=Awake!|page=15|quote=You also need to face the fact that you will never grow old in this present system of things ... All the evidence in fulfillment of Bible prophecy indicates that this corrupt system is due to end in a few years ... Therefore, as a young person, you will never fulfill any career that this system offers. If you are in high school and thinking about a college education, it means at least four, perhaps even six or eight more years to graduate into a specialized career. But where will this system of things be by that time? It will be well on the way towards its finish, if not actually gone! This is why parents who base their lives on God's prophetic Word find it much more practical to direct their young ones into trades that do not require such long periods of additional schooling.|title=What Future For the Young?}}</ref> and a 1974 issue of the ''Kingdom Ministry'' newsletter commended Witnesses who had sold their homes and property to engage in full-time preaching, adding: "Certainly this is a fine way to spend the short time remaining before the wicked world's end."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1974|magazine=Kingdom Ministry|page=3|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=How Are You Using Your Life?}}</ref>
In a lecture<ref>Sound clip of lecture "What is the Significance of 1975?" by Governing Body Member Fred Franz. [http://www.freeminds.org/media/fredfranz75an.html http://www.freeminds.org/media/fredfranz75an.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212100717/http://www.freeminds.org/media/fredfranz75an.html |date=2008-02-12 }}; [http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/mp3s/Franz_Fred_What_is_the_Significance_of_1975.mp3 MP3 of complete lecture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031829/http://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/mp3s/Franz_Fred_What_is_the_Significance_of_1975.mp3 |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> in early 1975, then vice president [[Frederick William Franz|Fred Franz]] selected sundown on September 5, 1975, as the end of 6000 years of human history, but cautioned that although the prophecies "could happen" by then, it looked improbable.<ref>''Crisis of Conscience'', Raymond Franz p. 249. Scan available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20031209184316/http://users.volja.net/izobcenec4/coc/9.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20031209184316/http://users.volja.net/izobcenec4/coc/9.pdf]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070216012056/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901074-1,00.html Time magazine archive "Witnessing the End", July 18, 1969 ''Time''] [http://pages.globetrotter.net/mleblank/media/time1975.jpg Scan of article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227201136/http://pages.globetrotter.net/mleblank/media/time1975.jpg|date=February 27, 2008 }}: "The Witnesses have what they believe is Scriptural proof that the end is coming. For one thing, their interpretation of Biblical chronology reveals that Adam and Eve were created in the autumn of 4026 B.C., or 5994 years ago. Linking 6000 years to the six days of God's creation, they believe it fitting that there be a sabbath-like rest thereafter, beginning in 1975—though Witnesses cautiously avoid a flat prediction linked to that year."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/cults/exposejw/expose28.pdf|title=''The Arizona Republic'' August 24, 1969|access-date=January 30, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225317/http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/cults/exposejw/expose28.pdf|archive-date=September 26, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090713200711/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919076-1,00.html July 11, 1977 ''Time magazine'']</ref> After 1975 passed without any sign of the expected paradise, ''The Watchtower'' described as "unwise" the actions of some Witnesses who had made radical changes in their lives, commenting: "It may be that some who have been serving God have planned their lives according to a mistaken view of just what was to happen on a certain date or in a certain year. They may have, for this reason, put off or neglected things that they otherwise would have cared for ... But it is not advisable for us to set our sights on a certain date, neglecting everyday things we would ordinarily care for as Christians, such as things that we and our families really need."<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 15, 1976|magazine=The Watchtower|page=441|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=A Solid Basis for Confidence}}</ref> In 1979, in a lecture entitled "Choosing the Best Way of Life", the Watch Tower Society acknowledged responsibility for much of the disappointment around 1975.<ref>{{cite book|page=30|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|year=1980}}</ref> The following year, a ''Watchtower'' article admitted that the leaders of Jehovah's Witnesses had erred in "setting dates for the desired liberation from the suffering and troubles that are the lot of persons throughout the earth", and that the ''Life Everlasting'' book (1966) had led to "considerable expectation" for 1975, with subsequent statements "that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility." The article added, "It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=March 15, 1980|magazine=The Watchtower|page=17|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Choosing the Best Way of Life}}</ref>
Baptism statistics compared with the number of those reporting preaching for 1976–80 showed that many became inactive during that period.<ref>{{cite news|title=Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=John Dart|date=January 30, 1982|page=B4}}</ref>
===The "generation of 1914" (1976–present)===
<div style="float: right">{{Jehovah's Witnesses/eschatology}}</div>
After the passing of 1975, the Watch Tower Society continued to emphasize the teaching that God would execute his judgment on humankind before the generation of people who had witnessed the events of 1914 had all died.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1985|magazine=The Watchtower|page=4|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Is God Delaying His Judgment?}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060627025928/http://www.catholicapologetics.net/images/1914_Gen0.jpg ''The Watchtower'', May 15, 1984]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 1, 1968|magazine=The Watchtower|page=715|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=A generation, according to Psalm 90:10, is from seventy to eighty years. The generation that witnessed the end of the Gentile Times in 1914 does not have many more years left.|title=Putting First the Preaching of the Good News}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=December 15, 1967|magazine=The Watchtower|page=751|quote=The expression 'this generation' was used by Jesus to mark a very limited period of time, the life-span of members of a generation of people living during the time that certain epoch-making events occurred. According to Psalm 90:10, that life-span could be of seventy years or even of eighty years.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title="In All the Nations the Good News Has to Be Preached First"}}</ref> This teaching was based on an interpretation of Matthew 24:34 ("Truly I say to you that this generation will by no means pass away until all these things occur"), with the term "a generation" said to refer "beyond question" to a generation living in a given period.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 1, 1951|magazine=The Watchtower|page=404|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote='Truly I say to you that this generation will by no means pass away until all these things occur.' (Matt. 24:34, NW) The actual meaning of these words is, beyond question, that which takes a 'generation' in the ordinary sense, as at Mark 8:12 and Acts 13:36, or for those who are living at the given period ... This therefore means that from 1914 a generation shall not pass till all is fulfilled, and amidst a great time of trouble.|title=Vision of the 'Time of the End'}}</ref>
The term had been used with regard to the nearness of Armageddon from the 1940s, when the view was that "a generation" covered a period of about 30 to 40 years.<ref name=raygen>{{cite book|last=Franz|first=Raymond|authorlink=Raymond Franz|title=Crisis of Conscience|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofconscien00raym|url-access=registration|publisher=Commentary Press|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/crisisofconscien00raym/page/254 254–272]|isbn=978-0-914675-23-5}}</ref> As the 40-year deadline passed without Armageddon occurring, the definition of "a generation" underwent a series of changes: in 1952 it was said for the first time to mean an entire lifetime, possibly 80 years or more;<ref name=raygen /><ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 1, 1952|magazine=The Watchtower|page=542|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Questions From Readers}}</ref> in 1968 it was applied to those who had been at least 15 years old in 1914, who were considered to be "old enough to witness ''with understanding'' what took place when the 'last days' began" (italics theirs).<ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 8, 1968|magazine=Awake!|pages=13, 14|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=What will the 1970's Bring?}}</ref> In 1980 the starting date for that "generation" was brought into the 20th century when the term was applied to those who had been born in 1904 and therefore aged 10 and able simply "to observe" when World War I had begun. ''The Watchtower'' commented: "The fact that their number is dwindling is one more indication that 'the conclusion of the system of things' is moving fast toward its end."<ref name=raygen /><ref>{{cite magazine|date=October 15, 1980|magazine=The Watchtower|page=31|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Questions From Readers}}</ref>
From 1982 to 1995, the inside cover of ''[[Awake!]]'' magazine included, in its mission statement, a reference to the "generation of 1914", alluding to "the Creator's promise ... of a peaceful and secure new world before the generation that saw the events of 1914 passes away." In 1985, Witnesses were reminded: "The 1914 generation is well into the evening of its existence, thus allowing only little time for this prophecy yet to be fulfilled.".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1985|magazine=The Watchtower|page=7|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Why God Has Not Yet Executed His Judgment}}</ref>
Former Governing Body member [[Raymond Franz]] claimed members of the [[Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses]] debated replacing the doctrine with a markedly different interpretation and that in 1980 Albert Schroeder, Karl Klein and Grant Suiter proposed moving the beginning of the "generation" to the year 1957, to coincide with the year [[Sputnik]] was launched. He said the proposal was rejected by the rest of the Governing Body.<ref>''Crisis of Conscience'', Raymond Franz p. 262. Scan available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20031210004130/http://users.volja.net/izobcenec4/coc/10.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20031210004130/http://users.volja.net/izobcenec4/coc/10.pdf] accessed January 27, 2006.</ref>
Despite its earlier description as being "beyond question", the "generation of 1914" teaching was discarded in 1995. Rather than a literal lifespan of 70 to 80 years, the definition of "generation" was changed to "contemporary people of a certain historical period, with their identifying characteristics," without reference to any specific amount of time.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 1995|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=10–15|title=Saved From a 'Wicked Generation'|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-first=Robert|author-last=Crompton|isbn=0-227-67939-3|___location=Cambridge|page=101|publisher=James Clarke & Co|title=Counting the Days to Armageddon|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Joel P. Engardio|date=December 18, 1995|magazine=Newsweek|title=Apocalypse Later|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/104359}}</ref> This class of people was described as "the peoples of earth who see the sign of Christ's presence but fail to mend their ways".<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 1995|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=19–20|title=A Time To Keep Awake|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Mention of 1914 was dropped from ''Awake!'' magazine's mission statement as of November 8, 1995.<ref name=raygen /> ''The Watchtower'' insisted, however, that Armageddon was still imminent, asking: "Does our more precise viewpoint on 'this generation' mean that Armageddon is further away than we had thought? Not at all!"<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 1995|magazine=The Watchtower|page=20|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=A Time to Keep Awake}}</ref>
In 2008, the "generation" teaching was again altered, and the term was used to refer to the "anointed" believers, some of whom would still be alive on earth when the great tribulation begins.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=February 15, 2008|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=23–24|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=As a class, these anointed ones make up the modern-day "generation" of contemporaries that will not pass away "until all these things occur." This suggests that some who are Christ's anointed brothers will still be alive on earth when the foretold great tribulation begins.|title=Christ's Presence—What Does It Mean to You?}}</ref> This was a return to a belief previously held between 1927 <ref>{{cite magazine|date=February 15, 1927|magazine=The Watchtower|page=62|title=Interesting Questions|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> and 1950 when the teaching of the "generation of 1914" not passing away was adopted.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 1950|magazine=The Watchtower|page=419|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Use the Remaining Time Wisely}}</ref>
In 2010, the teaching of the "generation" was modified again, to refer to "the anointed who were on hand when the sign began to become evident in 1914" and other "anointed" members whose lives "overlap" with the first group.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=April 15, 2010|magazine=The Watchtower|page=10|title=Holy Spirit's Role in the Outworking of Jehovah's Purpose|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> In 2015, it was asserted that the "generation" would include any individuals "anointed" up until 1992 at the earliest.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Close to the End of This System of Things|url=https://tv.jw.org/#en/mediaitems/pub-jwban_201509_1_VIDEO}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Controversy==
===Fall of Jerusalem===
{{see also|Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses|Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)}}
Jehovah's Witnesses assert that Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 607 BC and completely uninhabited for exactly seventy years. This date is critical to their selection of October 1914 for the arrival of Christ in kingly power—2520 years after October 607 BC.<ref>{{cite book|pages=25–29|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Pay Attention to Daniel's Prophecy!}}</ref> Non-Witness scholars do not support 607 BC for the event; most scholars date the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|destruction of Jerusalem]] to within a year of 587 BC, twenty years later.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edmond C. Gruss|isbn=0-87552-306-4|page=42|publisher=Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co|title=Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation|year=1972}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses believe that periods of seventy years mentioned in the books of Jeremiah and Daniel refer to the Babylonian exile of Jews. They also believe that the gathering of Jews in Jerusalem, shortly after their return from Babylon, officially ended the exile in Jewish month of ''[[Tishrei]]'' (Ezra 3:1). According to the Watch Tower Society, October 607 BC is derived by counting back seventy years from ''Tishrei'' of 537 BC, based on their belief that [[Cyrus's edict|Cyrus' decree]] to release the Jews during his first regnal year "may have been made in late 538 B.C. or before March 4–5, 537 B.C."<ref name="WT 10/1">{{cite magazine|date=October 1, 2011|magazine=The Watchtower|page=26|title=When Was Ancient Jerusalem Destroyed?—Part One|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 1, 1952|magazine=The Watchtower|pages=271–2|quote=It was in this first regnal year of Cyrus that he issued his decree to permit the Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple. (Ezra 1:1) The decree may have been made in late 538 B.C. or before March 4–5, 537 B.C. In either case this would have given sufficient time for the large party of 49,897 Jews to organize their expedition and to make their long four-month journey from Babylon to Jerusalem to get there by September 29–30, 537 B.C., the first of the seventh Jewish month, to build their altar to Jehovah as recorded at Ezra 3:1–3. Inasmuch as September 29–30, 537 B.C., officially ends the seventy years of desolation as recorded at 2 Chronicles 36:20, 21, so the beginning of the desolation of the land must have officially begun to be counted after September 21–22, 607 B.C., the first of the seventh Jewish month in 607 B.C., which is the beginning point for the counting of the 2,520 years.|title=Evidences of the Year's Correctness|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Non-Witness sources assign the return to either 538 BC or 537 BC.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/47693/Babylonian-Exile "Babylonian Exile.]" Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/exile2.html Timeline of Judaism after the Babylonian Exile]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-first=Werner|author-last=Keller|isbn=0-553-27943-2|page= 352|publisher=Bantam; 2 Revised edition|title=The Bible As History|url-access=limited|url=https://archive.org/details/bibleashistory00kell|year=1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Randall Barnes|page=247|title=Dictionary of the Bible: Biographical, Geographical, Historical and Doctrinal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-first=Charles|author-last=Dyer|title=Nelson's Old Testament survey: Discovering essence, Background & Meaning about Every Old Testament book|year=2003}}</ref>
In ''The Gentile Times Reconsidered: Chronology & Christ's Return'', Carl O. Jonsson, a former Witness, presents eighteen lines of evidence to support the traditional view of neo-Babylonian chronology. He accuses the Watch Tower Society of deliberately misquoting sources in an effort to bolster their position.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carl O. Jonsson|edition=4|isbn=0-914675-06-0|publisher=Commentary Press|title=The Gentile Times Reconsidered: Chronology & Christ's Return|year=2004}}</ref> The Watch Tower Society claims that biblical chronology is not always compatible with secular sources, and that the Bible is superior. It claims that secular historians make conclusions about 587 BC based on incorrect or inconsistent historical records, but accepts those sources that identify Cyrus' capture of Babylon in 539 BC, claiming it has no evidence of being inconsistent and hence can be used as a pivotal date.<ref name="WT 10/1" /><ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 1, 2011|magazine=The Watchtower|page=22|title=When Was Ancient Jerusalem Destroyed?—Part Two|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=458|quote=secular chronologers calculate the 16th day of Tashritu (Tishri) as falling on October 11, Julian calendar, and October 5, Gregorian calendar, in the year 539 B.C.E. Since this date is an accepted one, there being no evidence to the contrary, it is usable as a pivotal date in coordinating secular history with Bible history.|publisher=Watch Tower Society|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2}}</ref>
In 2003, [[Rolf Furuli]]—a lecturer in Semitic languages and a member of the denomination at the time—presented a study of 607 BC in support of the Witnesses' conclusions in ''Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, and Persian Chronology Compared with the Chronology of the Bible, Volume 1: Persian Chronology and the Length of the Babylonian Exile of the Jews''.<ref>''Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, and Persian Chronology Compared with the Chronology of the Bible, Volume 1: Persian Chronology and the Length of the Babylonian Exile of the Jews'' (2003) {{ISBN|82-994633-3-5}}</ref> Lester L. Grabbe, professor of theology at the University of Hull, said of Furuli's study: "Once again we have an amateur who wants to rewrite scholarship. ... F. shows little evidence of having put his theories to the test with specialists in Mesopotamian astronomy and Persian history."<ref>{{cite journal |title=History, Geography and Sociology |journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=28|year=2004|issue=5 |pages=42–43}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
''Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses'' by M. James Penton, professor emeritus in the Department of History at the University of Lethbridge and former Jehovah's Witness {{ISBN|978-0-8020-7973-2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eschatology Of Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[Category:Apocalypticism]]
[[Category:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses]]
[[Category:Christian eschatology|Jehovah's Witnesses]]
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