New school (hip hop): differenze tra le versioni
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[[File:KRS-One crop.jpg|thumb|[[KRS-One]] rappresenta l'estetica [[hardcore hip hop|hardcore]] e [[political hip hop|political]] della new school come parte dei [[Boogie Down Productions]].]]
La ''new school'' era caratterizzata inizialmente dal suono minimalista della [[drum machine]]. Era notevole per le proteste, le provocazioni e il commento sociopolitico, spesso [[rapping|consegnato]] con uno stile assertivo e aggressivo, e Beat molto più duri rispetto a quelli dell'''old school rap''. Attraverso la canzone, gli artisti proiettavano un atteggiamento di sé stessi duro, ''cool'' e da ''[[b-boy]]''. Questi elementi contrastavano con il [[funk]] e la [[disco music]] che avevano influenzato la musica hip hop precedente al 1984, che divenne nota come [[old school hip hop|old school]].
La [[golden age hip hop]] era un periodo che spesso incornicia la fine degli anni ottanta nella musica hip hop mainstream,<ref>Caramanica, Jon. {{en}} [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/26jon.html "Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives"], ''New York Times'', June 26, 2005. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.<br>Coker, Cheo H. {{en}} [https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars "Slick Rick: Behind Bars"], ''Rolling Stone'', March 9, 1995. <br>O'Neal Parker, Lonnae. {{en}} [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-735764.html "U-Md. Senior Aaron McGruder's Edgy Hip-Hop Comic Gets Raves, but No Takers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-735764.html |date=11 maggio 2011 }}, ''Washington Post'', August 20, 1997. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> che si diceva caratterizzata dalla sua diversità, qualità, innovazione e influenza,<ref>Coyle, Jake. {{en}} [https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm "Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best"], Associated Press, published in ''USA Today'', June 19, 2005. <br>Coker, Cheo H. {{en}} [https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars "Slick Rick: Behind Bars"], ''Rolling Stone'', March 9, 1995. <br>Drever, Andrew. {{en}} [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/22/1066631489557.html?from=storyrhs "Jungle Brothers still untamed"], ''The Age'' [Australia], October 24, 2003. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> e associata ad artisti come [[Public Enemy]], [[KRS-One]] e la sua [[Boogie Down Productions]], [[Eric B. & Rakim]], [[Ultramagnetic MCs]],<ref name=rstone>{{Cita web|lingua=en|cognome1=Wilson|nome1=Denis|titolo=Kool Keith Preps New Album, Ponders Retirement|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kool-keith-preps-new-album-ponders-retirement-20120507|editore=Rolling Stone|accesso=24 dicembre 2014}}</ref><ref name=ultramagnetic>{{Cita web|lingua=en|cognome1=Swihart|nome1=Stanton|titolo=Critical Beatdown - Ultramagnetic MC's|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/critical-beatdown-mw0000653074|sito=AllMusic|accesso=24 dicembre 2014}}</ref> [[De La Soul]], [[A Tribe Called Quest]] e i [[Jungle Brothers]]<ref>Per Coker, Hodgkinson, Drever, Thill, O'Neal Parker and Sariq. Additionally: <br>Coker, Cheo H. {{en}} [https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793 "KRS-One: Krs-One"], ''Rolling Stone'', November 16, 1995. <br>Pettie, Andrew. {{en}} [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/08/11/bmchuck11.xml&sSheet=/arts/2005/08/11/ixartleft.html "'Where rap went wrong'"], ''Daily Telegraph'', August 11, 2005. <br>Reeves, Mosi. {{en}} [http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0205,reeves,31875,22.html "Easy-Chair Rap"], ''Village Voice'', January 29th 2002. <br>Kot, Greg. {{en}} [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/81448011.html?dids=81448011 "Hip-Hop Below the Mainstream"], Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2001. <br>Coker, Cheo Hodari. {{en}} [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16659783.html?dids=16659783 "'It's a Beautiful Feeling'"], ''Los Angeles Times'', August 11, 1996. <br>Mervis, Scott. {{en}} [http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp "From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap -- so far"], ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', February 15, 2004. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> per via dei loro temi riguardanti la militanza politica e l'[[afrocentrismo]], i loro esperimenti musicali e i loro campionamenti eclettici.<ref>Sariq, Roni. {{en}} [http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp "Crazy Wisdom Masters"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123092309/http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp |date=2008-11-23 }}, ''City Pages'', April 16, 1997. <br>Thill, Scott. {{en}} [https://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/21943?page=1 "Whiteness Visible"] {{Webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/672AWbxYd?url=http://www.alternet.org/media/21943?page=1 |date=19 aprile 2012 }} AlterNet, May 6, 2005. <br>Hodgkinson, Will. {{en}} [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html "Adventures on the wheels of steel"], ''The Guardian'', September 19, 2003. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> Questo stesso periodo era talvolta nominato come «mid-school» o «middle school» nell'hip hop, termine con cui si coprivano i lavori di [[Gang Starr]], [[The UMC's]], [[Main Source]], [[Lord Finesse]], [[EPMD]], [[Just-Ice]], [[Stetsasonic]], [[True Mathematics]] e [[Mantronix]].<ref>Scholtes, Peter S. {{en}} [http://articles.citypages.com/1998-01-07/music/true-mcs/ "True MCs"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120711170402/http://articles.citypages.com/1998-01-07/music/true-mcs/ |date=2012-07-11 }}, City Pages, January 7, 1998. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref><ref>DJ Shadow in conversation with William E. Ketchum III, {{en}} [http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=4109 "DJ Shadow Knockin' Doorz Down"] {{webarchive|language=En|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118064259/http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=4109 |date=2007-11-18 }}, [[XXL (rivista)|XXL]], August 24, 2006. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref><ref>Downes, Maurice. {{en}} [http://www.freewilliamsburg.com/august_2004/numark.html "Talking Philosophy with DJ Nu-Mark"], ''The Free Williamsburg'' issue 53, August 2004.</ref>▼
Gli artisti new school iniziarono a creare brani più corti e più facili da trasmettere alla radio e dischi più coesi rispetto ai loro colleghi della old school. Dal 1986, questi artisti iniziarono a cementare gli album hip hop come parte della musica commerciale.
▲La [[golden age hip hop]] era un periodo che spesso incornicia la fine degli anni ottanta nella musica hip hop mainstream,<ref>Caramanica, Jon. {{en}} [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/26jon.html "Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives"], ''New York Times'', June 26, 2005. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.<br>Coker, Cheo H. {{en}} [https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars "Slick Rick: Behind Bars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153447/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars |data=2 febbraio 2010 }}, ''Rolling Stone'', March 9, 1995. <br>O'Neal Parker, Lonnae. {{en}} [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-735764.html "U-Md. Senior Aaron McGruder's Edgy Hip-Hop Comic Gets Raves, but No Takers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511204952/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-735764.html |
Le innovazioni di Run-DMC, MC Shan e LL Cool J e di produttori new school come Larry Smith e [[Rick Rubin]] della [[Def Jam]] erano velocemente superate da [[Beastie Boys]], [[Marley Marl]] e la sua [[Juice Crew]], [[Boogie Down Productions]], [[Public Enemy]] ed [[Eric B. & Rakim]]. La produzione hip hop divenne più densa, con rime e basi musicali più veloci, poiché la drum machine era unita alla tecnologia del [[campionatore]]. [[Rakim]] portava i testi sull'arte del [[rapping]] a nuove altezze, mentre KRS-One e [[Chuck D]] spingevano il «messaggio rap» attraverso l'attivismo nero. Con il sopraggiungere del dominio commerciale del [[gangsta rap]] proveniente dalla [[West Coast hip hop|West Coast]], in particolare con l'emergere del suono rilassato del [[g-funk]] nei primi anni novanta, la new school/golden age della [[East Coast hip hop|East Coast]] poteva dirsi conclusa. Rapper [[hardcore hip hop|hardcore]] come [[Wu-Tang Clan]] e rapper gangsta quali [[Nas (rapper)|Nas]] e [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] iniziarono a dominare la scena East Coast.
Oggi, i termini «old school» e «new school» sono diventati sempre più sinonimi di «vecchio» e «nuovo» e possono essere applicati a qualsiasi cosa, creando confusione tra gli scrittori che usano i termini. La frase «leader della new school», coniata da Chuck D nel 1988, è rimasta popolare e può essere applicata ad artisti come [[Jay-Z]] e [[Lupe Fiasco]].<ref>Dinco D, in conversation with Derek Phifer, {{en}} [http://www.hhnlive.com/features/more/340 "Leader of The New School: Dinco D."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222163223/http://www.hhnlive.com/features/more/340 |
== Note ==
<references/>
== Bibliografia ==▼
*Cepeda, Raquel (ed.) ''And It Don't Stop!'', New York:
*Coleman, Brian. ''
*Cross, Brian. ''It's Not About a Salary ... '', New York: [[Verso Books|Verso]], 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-86091-620-8}}▼
*
*[[David Toop|Toop, David]]. ''Rap Attack'', 3rd. ed., London:
== Voci correlate ==
Riga 24 ⟶ 26:
* [[Old school hip hop]]
* [[Golden age hip hop]]
▲== Bibliografia ==
▲*Cepeda, Raquel (ed.) ''And It Don't Stop!'', New York: [[Faber and Faber|Faber and Faber, Inc.]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-571-21159-3}}
▲*Coleman, Brian. ''[[Check The Technique]]'', 2nd. ed., New York: [[Villard (imprint)|Villard]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-8129-7775-2}}
▲*Cross, Brian. ''It's Not About a Salary ... '', New York: [[Verso Books|Verso]], 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-86091-620-8}}
▲*[[Peter Shapiro (journalist)|Shapiro, Peter]]. ''Rough Guide to Hip Hop'', 2nd. ed., London: Rough Guides, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-84353-263-7}}
▲*[[David Toop|Toop, David]]. ''Rap Attack'', 3rd. ed., London: [[Serpent's Tail]], 2000. {{ISBN|978-1-85242-627-9}}
{{Hip hop}}
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