Nuclear command and control: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Topic in nuclear warfare}}

{{Redirect|NC3|the chess opening move|Dunst Opening}}

'''Nuclear command and control''' ('''NC2''') is the [[command and control]] of [[nuclear weapon]]s. The U. S. military's ''Nuclear Matters Handbook 2015'' defined it as the "activities, processes, and procedures performed by appropriate military commanders and support personnel that, through the [[command hierarchy|chain of command]], allow for senior-level decisions on nuclear weapons employment."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2015/chapters/chapter_6.htm |title=Nuclear Matters Handbook 2015: Chapter 6 |access-date=2016-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510005748/http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2015/chapters/chapter_6.htm |archive-date=2016-05-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The current ''Nuclear Matters Handbook 2020 [[Revised]]'' defines it as "the exercise of authority and direction, through established command lines, over nuclear weapon operations by the President as the chief executive and head of state."<ref name="Handbook 2">{{cite book |title=Nuclear Matters Handbook 2020 [Revised] |date=2020 |publisher=Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters|chapter=Chapter 2: Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy, Planning and NC3 |url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm//NMHB2020rev/chapters/chapter2.html |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

==United States==

In the United States, leadership decisions are communicated to the nuclear forces via an intricate Nuclear Command and Control System (NCCS). The NCCS provides the [[President of the United States]] with the means to authorize the use of nuclear weapons in a crisis and to prevent unauthorized or accidental use. It is an essential element to ensure [[crisis stability]], deter attack against the United States and its allies, and maintain the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear deterrent. Nuclear Command and Control and Communications (NC3), is managed by the Military Departments, nuclear force commanders, and the defense agencies. NCCS facilities include the fixed [[National Military Command Center]] (NMCC), the Global Operation Center (GOC), the airborne [[Boeing E-4|E-4B]] National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC), and the [[Boeing E-6 Mercury|E-6B]] Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO)/Airborne Command Post [[Operation Looking Glass|(Looking Glass)]]<ref>Lloyd, A. T. (2000). A Cold War legacy: A tribute to Strategic Air Command, 1946-1992. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Pub. p.290</ref>

Formerly, decisions on the employment of nuclear weapons were made only by the [[National Command Authority (United States)|National Command Authority]] (NCA), which consists of the President of the United States and the Secretary of Defense, acting in concert. However, theThe current ''Nuclear Matters Handbook 2020 [Revised]'' states: "The President bases this decision [to employ nuclear weapons] on many factors and will consider the advice and recommendations of senior advisors, to include the Secretary of Defense, the CJCS, and CCDRs."<ref name="Handbook 2"/> Note that both the 2015 and the 2020 Handbooks describe themselves as "unofficial."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2015/ |title=Nuclear Matters Handbook 2015 |access-date=2016-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216210721/http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2015/ |archive-date=2015-12-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Nuclear Matters Handbook 2020 [Revised] |date=2020 |publisher=Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters|url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm//NMHB2020rev/index.html |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref>

The [[Ground Based Strategic Deterrent]] (GBSD) is entering the design review phase, as of 22 September 2021.<ref>[https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/gbsd-first-missile-test-flight-2023-initial-production-2026/ Theresa Hitchens (22 Sep 2021) Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD) program ]</ref>

=== Bypass ===

ase<ref name= nc3>[https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/gbsd-first-missile-test-flight-2023-initial-production-2026/ Theresa Hitchens (22 Sep 2021) GBSD: First Missile Test Flight 2023, Initial Production 2026]</ref>

On 27 June 1950, two days after the beginning of the [[Korean War]], commander of [[Strategic Air Command]] [[Curtis LeMay]] made a covert agreement with [[Robert Miller Montague]], commanding general of [[Sandia Base]] where the gravity bombs assigned to SAC were stored. The agreement allowed for SAC to take control of the bombs in the event of a nuclear attack and loss of communication with the President and "the alternate headquarters USAF". LeMay said "We had no idea of what confusion might exist, or [[United States presidential line of succession|who the president might be]], or where, if a bomb hit Washington. ... I doubt if I would have retaliated if Washington were the only target hit. But I certainly would not have waited until half the country were destroyed."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rhodes |first=Richard |title=Dark sun: the making of the hydrogen bomb |date=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-80400-2 |series=Sloan technology series |___location=New York, NY |pages=440}}</ref>

=== STRATCOM Order of battle ===

{{Main|United States Strategic Command}}

[[United States Strategic Command]] has responsibility for the US' [[nuclear triad]] of [[Strategic nuclear weapon|strategic nuclear weapons]], but does not have responsibility for all [[tactical nuclear weapons]] in US service.

* Commander, USSTRATCOM: General [[Anthony J. Cotton]], USAF

** Deputy Commander, USSTRATCOM: Vice Admiral [[Richard A. Correll]], USN

*** [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]]: Major General [[Gregory "Greg" Brady]], USA

*** Command Senior Enlisted Leader: Sergeant Major [[Howard L. Kreamer]], USMC

* United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) ([[Offutt Air Force Base|Offutt AFB]], NE)

** Joint Information Operations Center (Offutt AFB, NE)

** Strategic Communications Wing 1 (SCW 1) ([[TACAMO]]) ([[E-6B]]) ([[Tinker Air Force Base|Tinker AFB]], OK)

** [[Air Force Global Strike Command]] (Barksdale Air Force Base, LA)

*** [[20th Air Force]] ([[F. E. Warren Air Force Base|F. E. Warren AFB]], WY)

**** [[90th Missile Wing]] ([[LGM-118A]], [[LGM-30G]], [[UH-1N]]) (Francis E Warren AFB, WY)

**** [[91st Missile Wing]] (LGM-30G, UH-1N) ([[Minot AFB]], ND)

**** [[341st Missile Wing]] (LGM-30G, UH-1N) ([[Malmstrom AFB]], MT)

** ([[8th Air Force]] ([[Barksdale AFB]], LA))

** [[Fleet Forces Command]] (FFC) (NB Norfolk, VA)

*** Naval Submarine Forces (NAVSUBFOR) ([[Naval Station Norfolk|NB Norfolk]], VA)

**** [[Commander, Submarine Force Atlantic|Submarine Force Atlantic Fleet (SUBLANT) (NB Norfolk, VA)]]

***** [[Submarine Group 10]] (SUBGRU 10) ([[Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay|NSB Kings Bay]], GA)

**** [[Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet|Submarine Force Pacific Fleet (SUBPAC) (NB Pearl Harbor, HI)]]

***** [[Submarine Group 9]] (SUBGRU 9) ([[Naval Base Kitsap|NB Kitsap]], WA)

** US [[Army Space and Missile Defense Command]] (USARSPACE) / US Army Forces Strategic Command (USARSTRAT) ([[Arlington, VA]])

*** [[100th Missile Defense Brigade]] (Ground-based Missile Defense) (Peterson AFB, CO)

** Marine Forces Strategic Command (MARFORSTRAT) (Offutt AFB, NE)

** [[Naval Network Warfare Command]] (NETWARCOM) ([[Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek|NAB Little Creek]], VA)

** [[Joint Task Force-Global Network Operations]] (Offutt AFB, NE)

==Other countries==

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* [[National Command Authority (Pakistan)]], the command that oversees the deployment, research and development, and operational command and control of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal

* [[:Category:United Kingdom nuclear command and control]]

*[[Nuclear Command Corps]]

==See also==