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[[File:Roberto busa e index thomisticus.jpg|miniatura|Father Roberto Busa in 2006 (in front of volumes of the ''Index Thomisticus'').]]
[[File:Roberto busa tomba 03.jpg|miniatura|Cemetery of [[Crenna]] (fraction of [[Gallarate]]): the tomb of Father Busa.]]
'''Roberto Busa''' ([[Vicenza]], [[28 novembre|November 28]], [[1913]] – [[Gallarate]], [[9 agosto|August 9]], [[2011]]) was an Italian [[Compagnia di Gesù|Jesuit]] priest, [[Linguistica|linguist]], and Italian [[Informatico|computer scientist]]. According to Thomas Nelson Winter, he pioneered the use of applied information to linguistics (a discipline known today as [[Linguistica computazionale|Computational Linguistics]]).<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327122219/http://www.ibm.com/ibm100/it/en/stories/linguistica_computazionale.html|titolo=IBM100 - IBM100 - Pioneering the computational linguistics - Italy|sito=web.archive.org|
Machine-Generated Concordance|rivista=DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln|volume=Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies
Department|numero=|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://it.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1069&context=classicsfacpub}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=2321|titolo=Roberto Busa & IBM Adapt Punched Card Tabulating to Sort Words in a Literary Text: The Origins of Humanities Computing 1949 - 1951|cognome=Norman|nome=Jeremy|sito=|data=15 March 2015|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521132346/http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=2321|urlmorto=no}}</ref> He created the ''Index Thomisticus'', a complete lemmatization of the works of Saint Thomas Aquinas and of a few related authors.
== Biography ==
The second of five children, he attended secondary school in Belluno and, in 1928, entered the local seminary under the tutelage of Albino Luciana, the future Pope John Paul I. In 1933, he joined the Society of Jesus. He dedicated 13 years of his life to the study of linguistics (1933-1946), learning Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, English, Spanish and German. In 1937, he received an undergraduate degree in Philosophy, followed by one in Theology in 1941.
On May 31, 1940 he was ordinated priest, just ten days before Italy's entry into the [[Seconda guerra mondiale|second World War]]. Busa was destined to become a [[Ordinariato militare|military ordinariate]], but the provincials selected him for cultural services.<ref name=":0" /> Throughout the entire war, he lectured [[Pontificia Università Gregoriana|Papal Gregorian University]] and worked on a thesis on the doctrine of the "presence" in San Tommaso, examining the entire work of the saint, which totalled approximately nine million words.
In 1946, he graduated in Philosophy at the [[Pontificia Università Gregoriana|Papal Gregorian University]] of Rome with a degree thesis entitled "The Thomistic Terminology of Interiority", which was published in 1949. He was full professor of Ontology, Theodicy and Scientific Methodology and, for some years, also a librarian in the "[[Aloisianum]]" Faculty of Philosophy of [[Gallarate]].
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He taught at the Pontifical Gregorian University of [[Roma|Rome]], at the "[[Aloisianum]]" of [[Gallarate]], and at the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|Catholic University of the Sacred Heart]] in [[Milano|Milan]].
Busa died on August 9, 2011 at the age of 97.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.lastampa.it/2011/08/10/italia/addio-a-padre-busa-pionieredella-linguistica-sul-web-zlWenYWEelDPWCkB1RsWnL/pagina.html|titolo=Addio a Padre Busa, pionieredella linguistica sul web|data=2011|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521133111/https://www.lastampa.it/2011/08/10/italia/addio-a-padre-busa-pionieredella-linguistica-sul-web-zlWenYWEelDPWCkB1RsWnL/pagina.html|urlmorto=no}}</ref> He is buried in the cemetery of [[Crenna]], a district of [[Gallarate]].
== The ''Index Thomisticus'' ==
[[File:Busa papa2.gif|miniatura|Busa with [[Papa Paolo VI|Pope Paul Vi]].]]
[[File:Roberto busa tomba 01.jpg|miniatura|Father Roberto Busa SJ - Tomb. Cemetery of Crenna (Gallarate, [[Provincia di Varese|VA]]).]]
In 1946, while writing his thesis at the [[Pontificia Università Gregoriana|Pontifical Gregorian University]], he worked on the idea of a timely and complete verification of [[Tommaso d'Aquino]]'s lexicon. The inspiration for his vast research came from an observation of this particular detail: in San Tommaso, the concept of "interiority" is present in the form ''essere in'' (literally 'to be in'); however "the recurrence of the particle ''in'' was not available in some of the concordances dedicated to d'Aquino's works of the time."<ref>{{Cita news|autore=Armando Torno|titolo=Il gesuita che mise San Tommaso nel pc|pubblicazione=Corriere della Sera|data=11 August 2011|p=39}}</ref>
Father Busa decided to start his work over and handwrite 10,000 index cards. Then he realized that the task was too strenuous and started to look for an automatic machine that could analyze the entries.<ref name=":0">{{Cita libro|autore=Roberto Busa|titolo=Quodlibet. Briciole del mio mulino|data=1999|editore=Spirali|città=Milano|pp=49-52|ISBN=8877705353}}</ref> Amongst the various institutions he contacted included [[IBM]] of [[New York]]. In 1949, Busa met with its president [[Thomas J. Watson|Thomas Watson]], whom he convincingly asked to access the calculators (punched card machines), which Busa used to actualize the project.<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.osservatoreromano.va/portal/dt?JSPTabContainer.setSelected=JSPTabContainer%2FDetail&last=false%3D&path=%2Fnews%2Fcultura%2F2011%2F184q11-Lettore-fermati----morto-padre-Busa.html&title=Lettore+fermati!+%C3%83%C2%88+morto+padre+Busa&locale=en|titolo=Stop the reader, Fr. Busa has died|sito=L'Osservatore Romano|accesso=2011-08-11|urlmorto=sì}}</ref> At [[Gallarate]], Busa set up a laboratory and began to examine, word by word, all of San Tommaso's texts.<ref>{{Cita news|autore=Martino Cervo|titolo=Il prete che "inventò" Google grazie alla fede in San Tommaso|pubblicazione=Libero|data=28 November 2013}}</ref> The work consisted of a lexicografical analysis of virtually nine million words that constituted the ''opera omnia'' of San Tommaso d'Aquino, with an additional two million words of other Latin authors. Father Busa created the method, terminology, and the procedure.<ref name=":0" />
At the time, the only recording media were [[Scheda perforata|punch cards]]: Father Busa calculated that he had to print twelve million cards. He calculated the amount of space that the file would have occupied: 90 meters in width, 1.2 meters in height, and 1 meter in depth for a weight of approximately 500 metric tons.<ref name=":1">{{Cita libro|autore=Roberto Busa|titolo=Quodlibet. Briciole del mio mulino|anno=1999|editore=Spirali|città=Milano|p=107|ISBN=88-7770-535-3}}</ref> By the time he completed half of the work (six million cards), the [[Nastro magnetico|magnetic tape]] had been invented. Right away, Busa experimented new technological solutions passing from punch cards to magnetic tape (1800 pieces for a total length of approximately 1500 km).
In 1980, ending a project that lasted thirty years, Busa completed the print edition of the ''Index Thomisticus'' in 56 volumes, for nearly 70,000 pages and 11 million words. Father Busa also used information technology for this operation: IBM made a 360/44 computer available to him for scientific applications and a 2688 laser printer (a prototype that then did not go into commercial circulation). The volumes were printed by the magnetic tapes via the computerized filmsetting.<ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Roberto Busa|titolo=Quodlibet. Briciole del mio mulino|anno=1999|editore=Spirali|città=Milano|p=106|ISBN=88-7770-535-3}}</ref> The ''Index Thomisticus'' was the first great editorial work to be printed with the new technology; for this, it deserves to be recorded in the history of publishing.
In the 80s, the [[CD-ROM]] appeared on the market. Father Busa's work consisted of 1.63 billion bytes, which would have required 3 CD-ROMs to hold the work. Though using the right compression algorithms, the ''Index Thomisticus'' was contained in only one CD-ROM.<ref name=":1" /> In 1989, with the assistance of Piero Slocovich, Father Busa managed to obtain a version of the Index in the form of accessible interactive hypertexts.
In 2005, the work debuted online, sponsored by the ''Fundación Tomás de Aquino'' and the Associazione per la Computerizzazione delle Analisi Ermeneutiche Lessicologiche (CAEL, which stands for the Association for the Computerization of Lexicological Hermeneutical Analyses).<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/it/index.age|titolo=Index Thomisticus web edition by Eduardo Bernot and Enrique Alarcón English version|sito=corpusthomisticum.org.|accesso=2019-03-09|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521135418/http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/it/index.age|dataarchivio=2019-05-21|urlmorto=no}}</ref> The design was entrusted to E. Alarcón and E. Bernot, who collaborated with Father Busa. In 2006 the ''Index Thomisticus Treebank'' project (directed by Marco Passarotti) started the syntactic annotation of the entire corpus.<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://itreebank.marginalia.it/|titolo=Index Thomisticus Treebank project|sito=itreebank.marginalia.it.|accesso=2019-03-09|urlarchivio=http://web.archive.org/web/20190521135546/https://itreebank.marginalia.it/|dataarchivio=2019-05-21}}</ref>
== The Busa
In 1998, the Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC) and the Association for Computers in the Humanities (ACH) instituted the "Premio Busa" (Busa
* Robert Busa (from which the
*John Burrows (Australia) (presented in 2001, New York, New York, USA)
*Susan Hockey (UK) (presented in 2004, Gothenburg, Sweden)
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== External Links ==
* [http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/ Corpus Thomisticum]
* [http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/it/index.age Web-based Index Thomisticus search engine]
* [http://itreebank.marginalia.it/ Index Thomisticus Treebank]
* [http://www.allc.org/about/people/honorary-members#FatherBusa Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing - Honorary Members]
* [http://www.digitalhumanities.org/ Digital Humanities WebHome]
* [http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867529,00.html Religion: Sacred Electronics] ''Time Magazine'', Dec. 31, 1956.
* Giovanni Adamo, ''[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/roberto-busa_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ Roberto Busa]'', in ''[[Enciclopedia Treccani|Enciclopedia Italiana]]'', VI Appendice, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2000.
* [https://web.archive.org/save/http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/speeches/2002/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20020201_cael.html Discorso di Giovanni Paolo II ai membri d'onore della CAEL], February 1, 2002.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/save/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/it/it/pressrelease/32992.wss Alla IBM l'Index Thomisticus di Padre Roberto Busa]'', November 3, 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150119114337/http://piacenza.unicatt.it/cattolica_news/news-dalle-sedi-busa-il-pioniere-dell-ipertesto Intervista con padre Busa], November 11, 2010.
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120126233008/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/homepage/documenti/dettaglio-articolo/articolo/web-busa-6893/ Padre Busa, il gesuita che ha inventato l'ipertesto]'', August 11, 2011.
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