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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Golden parakeet
| image = Guaruba guarouba -Gramado Zoo, Brazil-8a.jpg
| image_caption = At Gramado Zoo, Brazil
|
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2018 |title=''Guaruba guarouba'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22724703A132029835 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724703A132029835.en |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
|display_parents= 2
| species = '''''G. guarouba'''''▼
|
|
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1788)
| synonyms=''Psittacus guarouba''<br/>''Aratinga guarouba''
| range_map = Guaruba guarouba Map.svg
}}
The '''golden parakeet''' or '''golden conure''' ('''''Guaruba guarouba'''''), or the '''Queen of Bavaria conure'''<ref name="worldparrottrust">{{cite web |title=GOLDEN CONURE (''Guaruba guarouba'') |url=https://www.parrots.org/encyclopedia/golden-conure |publisher=World Parrot Trust |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref> is a medium-sized golden-yellow [[Neotropical parrot]] native to the [[Amazon Basin]] of interior northern [[Brazil]]. It is the only species placed in the [[genus]] '''''Guaruba'''''.
Its [[plumage]] is mostly bright yellow, hence its [[common name]], but it also possesses green [[remiges]]. It lives in the drier, upland [[rainforest]]s in [[Amazon Basin|Amazonian]] [[Brazil]], and is threatened by [[deforestation]] and [[flood]]ing, and also by the now-illegal trapping of wild individuals for the [[Wildlife trade|pet trade]]. It is listed on [[CITES]] appendix I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml |title=Species lists (Appendices I, II and III) |publisher=[[CITES]] |date=1 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229054904/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml |archive-date=29 December 2007 }}</ref>
==Behavior==▼
==
The golden parakeet was listed in 1633 by the Dutch geographer [[Joannes de Laet]] in his ''History of the New World''. He gave the local name as ''Guiarubas''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Laet | first=Joannes de | author-link=Joannes de Laet | date=1633 | title=Novus Orbis seu descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis | language=Latin | ___location=Lugd. Batav. | publisher=Apud Elzevirios | page=556 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40364975 }}</ref> De Laet included the parakeet in the 1640 French translation of his book.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Laet | first=Joannes de | author-link=Joannes de Laet | date=1640 | title=L'Histoire du nouveau monde ou description des Indes Occidentales | language=French | ___location=A Leyde | publisher=Chez Bonauenture & Abraham Elseuiers | page=490 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49226656 }}</ref> The word ''Guiarubas'' comes from the [[Tupi language]]: ''Guarajúba'' means "yellow bird".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | ___location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=180 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n180/mode/1up }}</ref><!--A Dutch edition of Laet's book was published in 1725 but it doesn't appear to contain anything about birds. Available here: https://books.google.com/books?id=VtRIAAAAcAAJ --> The golden parakeet was also described by the German naturalist [[Georg Marcgrave]] in 1648 in his ''[[Historia Naturalis Brasiliae]]''. Marcgrave gave the local name as ''Quiivbatvi''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Marcgrave | first=Georg | author-link=Georg Marcgrave | year=1648 | title=Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus | language=Latin | ___location=Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden) | publisher=Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium | page=207 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/289300 }}</ref> Based on Marcgrave's description, the golden parakeet was included in the works of [[Francis Willughby]] in 1678,<ref>{{ cite book | last=Willughby | first=Francis | author-link=Francis Willughby | editor-last=Ray | editor-first=John | editor-link=John Ray | year=1678 | title=The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick | ___location=London | publisher=John Martyn | page=117 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41441914 }}</ref> [[John Ray]] in 1713,<ref>{{ cite book | last=Ray | first=John | author-link=John Ray | year=1713 | title=Synopsis methodica avium & piscium | volume=Avium | language=Latin | ___location=London | publisher=William Innys | page=35 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6355301 }}</ref> and [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=4 | language=French, Latin | page=369 | ___location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36195488 }}</ref> In 1779 the French polymath, the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]], included a description based on a preserved specimen in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | chapter=Le Guarouba ou Perriche Jaune | year=1779 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=6 | ___location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=272–274 | language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069718q/f326.item }}</ref> An illustration based on the same specimen was published separately.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Buffon | first1=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author1-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | last2=Martinet | first2=François-Nicolas | author2-link=François-Nicolas Martinet | last3=Daubenton | first3=Edme-Louis | author3-link=Edme-Louis Daubenton | last4=Daubenton | first4=Louis-Jean-Marie | author4-link=Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton | year=1765–1783 | chapter=Perruche jaune de Cayenne | title=Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle | volume=6 | ___location=Paris | publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale | at=Plate 525 | chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35214255 }}</ref>
After the conure reaches sexual maturity at the age of three years, the breeding season starts in November and runs through February. They nest in a high tree, and lay an average of four 37.1 x 29.9 millimeter eggs, which they aggressively guard. The incubation period is about 30 days, in which they take turns incubating. In the first few years of sexual maturity, golden conures tend to lay infertile clutches until the age of six to eight. In captivity, golden conures will resume breeding when their chicks are taken from them.<ref name="hawaii"/><ref name="breeding">[http://goldenconure.org/breeding.html Golden Conure - Breeding] URL accessed [[January 26]], [[2007]].</ref>▼
When in 1788 the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] revised and expanded [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' he included the golden parakeet and cited earlier works including Buffon's description of "Le Guarouba".<!--misspelt as Quarouba--> He placed it with the other parrots in the [[genus]] ''[[Psittacus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Psittacus guarouba''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | ___location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=320 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25751540 }}</ref>
At birth, golden conures are covered in white down that eventually turns darker within a week. By the end of the third week, wing feathers start to develop. Juveniles are playful, but may turn abusive against their peers.<ref name="hawaii"/>▼
Formerly classified as ''Aratinga guarouba''<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1937 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=3 | publisher=Harvard University Press | ___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=186 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14477901 }}</ref>{{efn|SACC 2005: 6. Guarouba was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) included in Aratinga, but see Sick (1990), and also Tavares et al. (2004, 2006), Wright et al. (2008), and Kirchman et al. (2012), whose genetic data indicated that the sister genus to Guarouba is Diopsittaca, thus forcing a return to earlier classifications (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) that treated it in a monotypic genus.}} the golden parakeet is now the only species placed in the genus ''Guaruba'' that was introduced in 1830 by the French naturalist [[René Lesson]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lesson | first=René | author-link=René Lesson | year=1830 | title=Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique | language=French | ___location=Paris | publisher=F.G. Levrault | page=210 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35997194 }} Published in 8 ''livraisons'' between 1830 and 1831. For the publication date see: {{ cite book | last1=Dickinson | first1=E.C. | author1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | last2=Overstreet | first2=L.K. | last3=Dowsett | first3=R.J. | last4=Bruce | first4=M.D. | year=2011 | title=Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers | ___location=Northampton, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-1-5 | page=119 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194 }} </ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=12 June 2022 }}</ref> The different spellings of the genus and species names result from the different spellings used by Lesson and Gmelin and the rules of the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]]. Lesson initially used ''Guarouba'' but on subsequent pages changed this to ''Guaruba''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=David | first1=N. | last2=Dickinson | first2=E. | last3=Gregory | first3=S. | date=2009 | title=Contributions to a list of first reviser actions: ornithology | journal=Zootaxa | volume=2085 | issue=1 | pages=1–24 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2085.1.1 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268076883 }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/> This species is also known as the golden conure.<ref name=hbw/>
==Conservation==▼
Molecular studies show that ''Guaruba'' and ''[[Diopsittaca]]'' (red-shouldered macaw) are sister genera.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Tavares | first1=E.S. | last2=Yamashita | first2=C. | last3=Miyaki | first3=C.Y. | date=2004 | title=Phylogenetic relationships among some Neotropical parrot genera (Psittacidae) based on mitochondrial sequences | journal=The Auk | volume=121 | issue=1 | pages=230–242 | doi=10.1093/auk/121.1.230 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Tavares | first1=E.S. | last2=Baker | first2=A.J. | last3=Pereira | first3=S.L. | last4=Miyaki | first4=C.Y. | date=2006 | title=Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of Neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA Sequences | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=55 | issue=3 | pages=454–470 | doi=10.1080/10635150600697390 | doi-access=free| pmid=16861209 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=Timothy|title=A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots (Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan origin during the Cretaceous.|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|year=2008|volume=25|issue=10 |pages=2141–2156|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|display-authors=etal|pmid=18653733|pmc=2727385}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirchman|first1=J.|last2=Schirtzinger |first2=Wright|title=Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct Carolina Parakeet inferred from DNA sequence data|journal=The Auk|date=April 2012|volume=129|issue=2|pages=197–204|doi=10.1525/auk.2012.11259|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also closely related to ''Leptosittaca branicki'', ([[golden-plumed parakeet]]).
An examples of the displacement of golden conures by habitat loss comes from the building of the [[Turucuí Dam]] from 1975-1984. More than 35,000 forest dwellers were forced from what had been a habitat that was considered to be "among the richest and most diversified in the world." In addition, 2,875 square kilometers of rainforest were flooded, and 1600 islands were produced by the flooding, all of which were heavily deforested.<ref>[http://goldenconure.org/threats.html Deforestation] URL accessed [[January 26]], [[2007]].</ref>▼
==Description==
The golden parakeet is {{cvt|34|-|36|cm}} long and mainly yellow with green in the outer wings and with an all-yellow tail.<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last=Collar | first=N.J. | year=1997 | chapter=Golden parakeet (''Guarouba guarouba'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos | ___location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-22-1 | page=427 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0004unse/page/427/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> It has a large horn-colored (gray) beak, pale-pink bare eye rings, brown irises, and pink legs. Males and females have identical external appearance. Juveniles are duller and have less yellow and more green plumage than the adults. The juvenile's head and neck are mostly green, the back is green and yellow, the upper side of tail is mostly green, the breast is greenish, the eye rings are pale-gray, and the legs are brown.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph M. |last=Forshaw |author-link=Joseph Forshaw |title=Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide |others=Illustrated by [[Frank Knight (artist)|Frank Knight]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-09251-6 |page=Plate 74 |no-pp=yes |year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors |url-access=registration }}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
Its range is estimated to be limited to about 174,000 km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=Birdlife>{{cite web|title=Birdlife International Species Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=9847}}</ref> between the [[Tocantins river|Tocantins]], lower [[Xingu River|Xingu]], and [[Tapajós]] Rivers in the Amazon Basin south of the [[Amazon River]] in the state of [[Pará]], northern Brazil. Additional records occur from adjacent northern [[Maranhão]]. The birds in a 1986 study used two different habitats during the year; during the nonbreeding season, which coincided with the dry season, they occupied the tall forest. During the breeding season, they left the tall forest and entered open areas on the edge of the forest such as fields used in agriculture.<ref name ="Oren"/>
▲== Behavior and ecology==
Golden parakeets are a social species, living, feeding, sleeping, and even breeding together.<ref name ="Oren">{{cite journal|last= Oren|first=David C.|author2=Novaes, Fernando |author-link2=Fernando da Costa Novaes |year=1986 |title=Observations on the golden parakeet ''Aratinga guarouba'' in Northern Brazil |journal=Biological Conservation|volume=36|issue=4|pages=329–337 |doi = 10.1016/0006-3207(86)90008-X|bibcode=1986BCons..36..329O }}</ref> In the wild, they have a varied diet, feeding on fruits such as [[mango]], [[muruci]] and [[açai]], flowers, buds, seeds (including ''[[Croton matouensis]]'', and crop plants, particularly [[maize]].<ref name = "Birdlife"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://goldenconure.org/natural_diet.html | title = Natural Diet | website = goldenconure.org | access-date = 24 January 2007 | archive-date = 22 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090422154120/http://goldenconure.org/natural_diet.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
=== Breeding===
[[File:Guaruba guarouba MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.148.2.jpg|thumb| ''Guaruba guarouba'' - [[MHNT]]]]
The golden parakeet's breeding system is almost unique amongst parrots, as pairs are aided by a number of helpers which aid in the raising of the young.<ref name ="Oren"/> This behavior is less common with parakeets in captivity, which often abandon their young after three weeks.<ref name="Hawaii">[http://www.honoluluzoo.org/golden_conure.htm Honolulu Zoo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306090616/http://www.honoluluzoo.org/golden_conure.htm |date=2007-03-06 }} URL accessed January 24, 2007.</ref>
▲After the
▲At birth, golden
▲==Conservation and threats==
The golden parakeet is listed on the [[IUCN Red List]] as [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]].<ref name=IUCN/> This is largely due to [[deforestation]] and the capture of wild birds for [[aviculture]], where it is in high demand due to the attractiveness of its plumage. Locally, they are considered as [[pest (organism)|pests]] for feeding on crops, and are hunted for food or sport.<ref name="Hawaii"/> The current population is estimated to be in the range of 10,000 to 20,000.<ref name=Birdlife/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Laranjeiras |first=Thiago |title=Biology and population size of the Golden Parakeet (Guaruba guarouba) in western Pará, Brazil, with recommendations for conservation |journal=Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia |date=Sep 2011 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=303–314 |url=http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/artigos/Volume193/rbo193art01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214235127/http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/artigos/Volume193/rbo193art01.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-14 }}</ref>
▲An
An international effort led by the Brazilian government in partnership with Parrots International, Lymington Foundation, the University of São Paulo and others is underway to raise young birds in captivity reintegrate them to their natural habitat with support of locals in Northeast Brazil.<ref name="Lymington">[https://www.facebook.com/fundacaolymington] Fundacao Lymington Sao Paulo URL accessed August 13, 2017.</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Parrots in captivity (Vol. 3. PL. 10) Golden, or Queen of Bavaria's Parrot (8528370616).jpg|Queen of Bavaria's Parrot
File:Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Feeding 2134px.jpg|Feeding in captivity at the [[National Aviary]]
File:Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Eating 2550px.jpg|Closeup of the head
File:Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Tail 2640px.jpg|Closeup of the tail
File:Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba Tail Closeup 2800px.jpg| Closeup of green outer wing
File:Golden Conure Guaruba guarouba 1750px.jpg|At the [[National Aviary]]
File:Guaruba guarouba -Vogelpark Walsrode-6a.jpg|At [[Walsrode Bird Park]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Conure]]
* [[Sun parakeet]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/golden-parakeet-guaruba-guarouba Species factsheet] at BirdLife International
{{Psittacopasseres|Ps.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q775300}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Birds of the Brazilian Amazon]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Brazil]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1788|golden parakeet]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|golden parakeet]]
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