Hans Selye: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Austro-Hungarian scientist (1907–1982)}}

{{Cleanup|August 2006}}'''Hans Hugo Bruno Selye''' [[Order of Canada|CC]] (born Selye János, [[Vienna]], January 26, [[1907]] - [[Montreal]], October 16, [[1982]]) was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[endocrinology|endocrinologist]] of [[Austria|Austro]]-[[Hungary|Hungarian]] origin.

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Hans Selye

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CC|size=100%}}

| other_names = Selye János (Hungarian)

| pseudonym =

| image = Portrait Hans Selye.jpg

| caption = Selye in the 1970s

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|1|26}}

| birth_place = Vienna, [[Austria-Hungary]]

| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|10|16|1907|1|26}}

| death_place = [[Montreal, Quebec]], Canada

| death_cause =

| known_for =

| occupation =

| spouse =

| parents =

| children =

}}

'''János Hugo Bruno''' "'''Hans'''" '''Selye''' {{post-nominals|country= CAN|CC}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|j|eɪ}}{{Dubious|date=November 2021}}; {{langx|hu|Selye János}} {{IPA|hu|ˈʃɛjɛ}}; January 26, 1907 – October 16, 1982) was a Hungarian-Canadian [[endocrinology|endocrinologist]] who conducted important scientific work on the hypothetical non-specific response of an organism to [[stressor]]s. Although he did not recognize all of the many aspects of [[glucocorticoid]]s, Selye was aware of their role in the [[stress response]].

His mother was [[Austria]]n; his father was [[Hungary|Hungarian]]. He did much important theoretical work on the non-specific response of the organism to [[stress (medicine)|stress]]. While he did not recognize all of the many aspects of [[glucocorticoids]], Selye was aware of their role in this response. Some commentators considered him the first to demonstrate the existence of a separate stress [[disease]], the stress syndrome, or [[Stress (medicine)|general adaptation syndrome]] (GAS). Philosophically the concept of Adaptation runs through most life activities, from wound response to language to literature and beyond. The General Syndrome is one which invokes a systemic response. Closely linked to the idea of adaptation is the concept of Integration, biological systems gaining integrated responses (ie cells acting in concert) though chemicals

(hormones) and nerves (autonomic {sympathetic/parasympathetic}, central nervous system, reflex arcs, and... [any input here welcome. aside: it has been stated that Freud early worked on worms, trying to understand the integrative function of the worm nervous system.].

==Biography==

His initial inspiration for GAS came from an endocrinological experiment in which he injected mice with extracts of various organs. He at first believed to have discovered a new hormone but was proved wrong when every irritating substance he injected produced the same symptoms (swelling of the adrenal cortex, atrophy of the thymus, gastric and duodenal ulcers). This, paired with his observation that people with different diseases exhibit similar symptoms, led to his description of the effects of "noxious agents" as he at first called it. He later coined the term "stress", which has been accepted into the lexicon of various other languages.

Selye was born in Vienna, [[Austria-Hungary]] on January 26, 1907, and grew up in [[Komárno|Komárom]] (the town with Hungarian majority in present-day Slovakia was cut by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in 1920).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Hans Selye |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001506/Hans-Selye |access-date=2008-06-12 |edition=2008 }}</ref> Selye's father was a doctor of Hungarian [[ethnicity]] and his mother was Austrian. He became a Doctor of Medicine and Chemistry in [[Prague]] in 1929 and went on to do pioneering work in stress and endocrinology at [[Johns Hopkins University]], [[McGill University]], and the [[Université de Montréal]]. He was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for the first time in 1949. Although he received a total of 17 nominations (1949–1953)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=8395 | title=Nomination%20archive | date=April 2020 }}</ref> in his career, he never won the prize.<ref>The Nomination Database for the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Physiology]] or [[Medicine]], 1901-1953</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show_people.php&id=8395|title=Nomination Archive|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>

Although Selye claimed to have coined the term "stress", it should rightly be attributed to Walter Cannon, according to Robert Sapolsky{{fact}}. Selye in the preface to 'STRESS', gives a couple of nods to Clade Bernard (developed the idea of 'millieau interior') and Walter Cannon's 'homeostasis' (here the idea of feedback is implicit if not explicit[?] and the idea of stress as an activating mechanism in all life capable of activation. Thus a cell sits content till a stressor ie danger or appetite, external or Internal stress activates mechanisms leading to an Adaptation to circumstance. In 'higher' animals this includes activities from blood clotting, flight/fight, etc. etc. up to Play { which prepares the safe animal for serious activity} ) Selye conceptualized the physiology of stress as having two components: a set of responses he called the general adaptation syndrome; under certain conditions, stressors cause illness.

Selye died on October 16, 1982, in [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canada. He often returned to visit Hungary, giving lectures as well as interviews in Hungarian television programs. He conducted a lecture in 1973 at the Hungarian Scientific Academy in Hungarian and observers noted that he had no accent, despite spending many years abroad. His book ''The Stress of Life'' appeared in Hungarian as ''Az Életünk és a stressz'' in 1964 and became a bestseller. [[Selye János University]], the only [[Hungarian language|Hungarian-language]] [[university]] in [[Slovakia]], was named after him. Selye's mother was killed by gunfire during [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungary's anti-Communist revolt of 1956]].

To grossly oversimplify to the point of circular argument, Selye discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses in that stress is stressful whether the one receives good or bad news, whether the impulse is positive or negative. He called negative stress ''distress'' and positive stress ''[[eustress]]''. The system whereby the body copes with stress, the [[hypothalamus]]-[[pituitary]]-[[adrenal]] system, was also first described by Selye. He also pointed to an alarm state, a resistance state, and an exhaustion state, largely referring to glandular states. Later he developed the idea of two 'reservoirs' of stress resistance or alternatively stress energy (which might be compared to Qi). A superficial level which is restored and a deeper level which is permanently depleated when drawn upon. One might also draw a parallel to muscular exercise where strength is gained by tension-release, whereas either tension or relaxation by itself leads to wasting. One might infer an ethic whereby an ill (including psycho and socio disease) person should do everything to reduce stress (sometimes this appears as attachments to minor anxieties to mask deeper ones) but in one's strength the taking on of

challenges.

==Stress research==

He wrote ''Stress without Distress'' ([[1974]]), ''The Stress of Life'' ([[1956]]), and ''From dream to discovery; on being a scientist'' ([[1964]]). He worked as a professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the [[Université de Montréal]].

[[File:Hans Selye.JPG|thumb|Bust of Hans Selye at [[Selye János University]], [[Komárno]], [[Slovakia]]]]

Selye's interest in stress began when he was in medical school; he had observed that patients with various chronic illnesses like tuberculosis and cancer appeared to display a common set of symptoms that he attributed to what is now commonly called stress. After completing his medical degree and a doctorate degree in organic chemistry at the [[Charles University|German University of Prague]], he received a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to study (1931) at Johns Hopkins in [[Baltimore]]<ref>

{{cite book

|last1 = Rosch

|first1 = Paul J.

|editor-last1 = Everly

|editor-first1 = George S.

|editor-link1 = George S. Everly, Jr.

|editor-last2 = Lating

|editor-first2 = Jeffrey M.

|date = 5 March 2019

|orig-date = 1989

|chapter = Hans Selye and the Birth of the Stress Concept

|title = A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=09yLDwAAQBAJ

|edition = 4

|publication-place = New York

|publisher = Springer

|page = 580

|isbn = 9781493990986

|access-date = 29 May 2023

|quote = Because of his obvious talent, Selye received a Rockefeller scholarship to study at Johns Hopkins University. He arrived in Baltimore in 1931 [...].

}}

</ref>

and later moved to the Department of Biochemistry at McGill University in Montreal in 1932<ref>

{{cite book

|last1 = Brewerton

|first1 = Derrick

|year = 1998

|orig-date = 1992

|title = All about Arthritis: past, present, future

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IqHBQ5rhEq0C

|publication-place = Cambridge, Massachusetts

|publisher = Harvard University Press

|page = 155

|isbn = 9780674016163

|access-date = 29 May 2023

|quote = Born in Vienna in 1907, Selye trained in Prague, Paris, Rome, and Baltimore before coming to McGill in 1932 [...].

}}

</ref>

where he studied under the sponsorship of [[James Collip|James Bertram Collip]] (1892–1965).<ref>{{Citation|last= Jackson|first= Mark|title= Evaluating the Role of Hans Selye in the Modern History of Stress|date= 2014|url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK349158/|work=Stress, Shock, and Adaptation in the Twentieth Century|editor-last= Cantor |editor-first= David|series= Open Access Monographs and Book Chapters Funded by Wellcome Trust|publisher= University of Rochester Press|isbn= 9781580464765|pmid= 26962615|access-date= 2018-12-02|editor2-last= Ramsden|editor2-first= Edmund}}</ref> While working with laboratory animals, Selye observed a phenomenon that he thought resembled what he had previously seen in chronic patients. Rats exposed to cold, drugs, or surgical injury exhibited a common pattern of responses to these [[stressor]]s. (A stressor is a chemical or biological agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing stress to an organism.)

Selye initially ({{circa}} 1940s) called this the "[[general adaptation syndrome]]" (at the time it was also called "Selye's syndrome"), but he later rebaptized it with the simpler term [[Stress (biology)|"stress response"]]. According to Selye the general adaptation syndrome is triphasic, involving an initial '''alarm phase''' followed by a stage of '''resistance or adaptation''' and, finally, a stage of '''exhaustion''' and death (these phases were established largely on the basis of glandular states).<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.cdnmedhall.org/inductees/hansselye|title= Dr. Hans Selye {{!}} Canadian Medical Hall of Fame|website=www.cdnmedhall.org|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02|archive-date=2018-12-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070542/http://www.cdnmedhall.org/inductees/hansselye|url-status=dead}}</ref> Working with doctoral student Thomas McKeown (1912–1988), Selye published a report that used the word "stress" to describe these responses to adverse events.<ref>{{cite book |last= Koops|first= Matthias |title= Historical Account of the Substances Which Have Been Used to Describe Events, and to Convey Ideas, from the Earliest Date, to the Invention of Paper |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 9780511694530|doi= 10.1017/cbo9780511694530|year= 2010|hdl= 2027/gri.ark:/13960/t04x8wd2g|hdl-access= free}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=May 2023}}

In 1968 he was made a Companion of the [[Order of Canada]].

Seen in the round Selye's contribution is one of the 20th centuries greatest ideas, along with info and systems theory (which have staggering biological implications) and Heisenberg remembering that his existence was part of observation (thus harkening back to the Delphic Oracle's, " know thyself ". After Selye sociobiology made some extraordinary observations relating to integration of baboon troops (etc) which are compelling evidence that the unit of being is Not the individual but the tribe, troop, etc.

)

His last inspiration for general adaptation syndrome came from an experiment in which he injected mice with extracts of various organs. He at first believed that he had discovered a new hormone, but was proved wrong when every irritating substance he injected produced the same symptoms (swelling of the [[adrenal cortex]], atrophy of the [[thymus]], gastric and duodenal ulcers).<ref>Written in three parts:

== Works ==

*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0021-8707(46)90148-7 |title=The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation |year=1946 |last1=Selye |first1=Hans |journal=Journal of Allergy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=231–247 |pmid=20990814 |s2cid=20756263 }}

*[http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/10/2/230a A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents] - a 1936 article by Hans Selye from [http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/ The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences]

*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0021-8707(46)90076-7 |title=The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation |year=1946 |last1=Selye |first1=Ilans |journal=Journal of Allergy |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=289–323 }}

*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0021-8707(46)90159-1 |title=The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation |year=1946 |last1=Selye |first1=Hans |journal=Journal of Allergy |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=358–398 |pmid=20276007 }}

</ref> This, paired with his observation that people with different diseases exhibit similar symptoms, led to his description of the effects of "noxious agents" as he at first called it. He later adopted the term [[Stress (biology)|"stress"]], which has been accepted into the lexicon of many languages.<ref>Selye, Hans (1956). ''The Stress of Life''. New York: McGraw-Hill. Discussed in {{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0952695112468526 |title=The pursuit of happiness |year=2012 |last1=Jackson |first1=Mark |journal=History of the Human Sciences |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=13–29 |pmid=23908565 |pmc=3724273 }}and, with reference to use/translation of the term ''stress'' in many languages, {{cite journal |jstor=285410 |title=Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory |last1=Viner |first1=Russell |journal=Social Studies of Science |year=1999 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1177/030631299029003003 |s2cid=145291588 }}</ref>

Selye argued that stress differs from other physical responses in that it is identical whether the provoking impulse is positive or negative. He called negative stress [[Distress (medicine)|"distress"]] and positive stress "[[eustress]]".

==External links==

*[http://www.magyarorszag.hu/angol/orszaginfo/magyarok/hiresek/selyejanos/selye_a.html Biography at Hungary.hu]

*[http://www.stress.org/Mementos.htm Mementos and photos]

The system whereby the body copes with stress, the [[hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis]] (HPA axis) system, was also first described by Selye.

==Other media==

*''Stress'', directed by Ian MacNeill (1956), National Film Board of Canada [http://www.nfb.ca/trouverunfilm/fichefilm.php?id=10827&v=h&lg=en&exp=10327]

Selye acknowledged the influence of [[Claude Bernard]] (1813–1878), who developed the idea of ''[[milieu intérieur]]'', and of the "[[homeostasis]]" of [[Walter Cannon]] (1871–1945). Selye conceptualized the physiology of stress as having two components: a set of responses which he called the "[[general adaptation syndrome]]", and the development of a pathological state from ongoing, unrelieved stress.

While Selye's work attracted continued support from advocates of [[psychosomatic medicine]], many in experimental physiology concluded that his concepts were too vague and unmeasurable. During the 1950s, Selye turned away from the laboratory to promote his concept through popular books and lecture tours. He wrote both for non-academic physicians and an international bestseller entitled ''The Stress of Life'' (1956). From the late 1960s, academic psychologists started to adopt Selye's concept of stress, and he followed ''The Stress of Life'' with two other books for the general public, ''From Dream to Discovery: On Being a Scientist'' (1964) and ''Stress without Distress'' (1974). The idea of "stress" resonated with [[humanistic psychology]],<ref>

{{cite book

|last1 = Kirby

|first1 = Jill

|date = 31 July 2019

|title = Feeling the strain: A cultural history of stress in twentieth-century Britain

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j3K5DwAAQBAJ

|series = Volume 1 of Social Histories of Medicine

|publication-place = Manchester

|publisher = Manchester University Press

|isbn = 9781526123312

|access-date = 29 May 2023

|quote = The development of psychological approaches to stress sit within a wider context of the growth of humanistic psychology [...].

}}

</ref>

and [[pop psychology]] generalised the concept.<ref>

{{cite book

|last1 = Kirby

|first1 = Jill

|date = 31 July 2019

|title = Feeling the strain: A cultural history of stress in twentieth-century Britain

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j3K5DwAAQBAJ

|series = Volume 1 of Social Histories of Medicine

|publication-place = Manchester

|publisher = Manchester University Press

|isbn = 9781526123312

|access-date = 29 May 2023

|quote = Although Selye's formulation of the stress concept and its subsequent redefinitions within medicine and psychology were based around specific, diagnostic explanations, popular understanding is, by its nature, always more general [...].

}}

</ref>

Hans Selye's last and greatest academic publication was his book, "The Mast Cells" (1965), which was an organized review of thousands of publications in the preceding century. Mast cells secrete histamine, proteolytic enzymes and other mediators of vascular responses to injury, infection, allergy and other stresses. Selye acknowledged the work of numerous research trainees at the Université de Montréal who collected the information for this mega-review.

Selye worked as a professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the [[Université de Montréal]]. In 1975 he founded the International Institute of Stress,<ref>

{{cite book

|last1 = Zimmer

|first1 = Marc

|author-link1 = Marc Zimmer

|date = 20 July 2020

|chapter = This Is Not Science, It Is Fake Science

|title = The State of Science: What the Future Holds and the Scientists Making It Happen

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BNXjDwAAQBAJ

|publication-place = Lanham, Maryland

|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield

|page = 129

|isbn = 9781633886407

|access-date = 29 May 2023

|quote = Selye founded the International Institute for Stress in Canada.

}}

</ref>

and in 1979, Selye and Arthur Antille started the Hans Selye Foundation. Later Selye and eight Nobel laureates founded the Canadian Institute of Stress.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.stresscanada.org |title= Welcome To The Canadian Institute Of Stress |publisher=Stresscanada.org |access-date=2010-06-13}}</ref>

In 1968 he was made a [[Companion of the Order of Canada]]. In 1976 [[Concordia University]] awarded him the Loyola Medal.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.concordia.ca/alumni-friends/applause/search/hans-selye.html|title=Hans Selye|website= www.concordia.ca |access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170818033919/http://www.concordia.ca/alumni-friends/applause/search/hans-selye.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 1976, he received the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement's]] Golden Plate Award at a Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremony in San Diego, California.<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>

== Controversy and involvement with the tobacco industry ==

Although it was not widely known at the time, Selye began consulting for the [[tobacco industry]] starting in 1958; he had previously sought funding from the industry, but had been denied. Later, New York attorney Edwin Jacob contacted Selye as he prepared a defense against liability actions brought against tobacco companies. The companies wanted Selye's help in arguing that the recognized correlation between smoking and cancer was not proof of causality. The firm offered to pay Selye $1000 to make a statement supporting this claim. He agreed but refused to testify. Tobacco industry lawyers reported that Selye was willing to incorporate industry advice when writing about smoking and stress. One lawyer advised him to "comment on the unlikelihood of there being a mechanism by which smoking could cause cardiovascular disease” and to emphasize the "stressful" effect that anti-smoking messages had on the US population.<ref name="10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634">{{Cite journal|last1=Petticrew|first1=Mark P.|last2=Lee|first2=Kelley|date=March 2011|title=The "Father of Stress" Meets "Big Tobacco": Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=101|issue=3|pages=411–418|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634|issn=0090-0036|pmc=3036703|pmid=20466961}}</ref>

Publicly, Selye never declared his consultancy work for the tobacco industry. In a 1967 letter to "Medical Opinion and Review", he argued against government over-regulation of science and public health, implying that his views on smoking were objective: "I purposely avoided any mention of government-supported research because, being too largely dependent upon it, I may not be able to view the subject objectively. However, I do not use … cigarettes so let these examples suffice." In June 1969, Selye (then director of the Institute of Experimental Pathology, University of Montreal) testified before the [[House of Commons of Canada|Canadian House of Commons]] Health Committee against anti-smoking legislation, opposing advertising restrictions, health warnings, and restrictions on tar and nicotine. For his testimony Selye was funded $50,000 per year for a 3-year "special project", by William Thomas Hoyt, executive of [[Tobacco Institute|Council for Tobacco Research]], with another $50,000 a year pledged by the Canadian tobacco industry. His comments on smoking were used worldwide; [[Philip Morris USA|Philip Morris]] used Selye's statements on the benefits of smoking to argue against the use of health warnings on tobacco products in [[Sweden]]. Similarly, in 1977 the Australian Cigarette Manufacturers quoted Selye extensively in their submission to the [[Australian Senate]] Standing Committee on Social Welfare.<ref name="10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634"/>

In 1999, the [[United States Department of Justice]] brought an [[Racketeering|anti-racketeering]] case against 7 tobacco companies –[[British American Tobacco]], [[Brown & Williamson]], Philip Morris, [[Liggett Group|Liggett]], [[American Tobacco Company]], [[RJ Reynolds]], and [[Lorillard]]– plus the Council for Tobacco Research, and the [[Tobacco Institute]]. As a result, the industry's influence on stress research was revealed.<ref name="10.2105/AJPH.2009.177634"/>

==Former graduate students==

* [[Roger Guillemin]]

* [[Paola S. Timiras]]

==Publications==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080107091947/http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/10/2/230a "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents"] - 1936 article by Hans Selye from [http://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/ The journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences]

* ''The Stress of Life''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956, {{ISBN|978-0070562127}}

* {{cite journal|author=Selye, H.|title=Stress and disease|journal=Science|date=Oct 7, 1955|volume=122|issue=3171|pages=625–631|doi=10.1126/science.122.3171.625|pmid=13255902|bibcode=1955Sci...122..625S}}

* ''From Dream to Discovery: On being a scientist''. New York: McGraw-Hill 1964, {{ISBN|978-0405066160}}

* ''The Mast Cells''. Washington: Butterworths 1965. 498 pages.

* ''Hormones and Resistance''. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971, {{ISBN|978-3540054115}}

* ''Stress Without Distress''. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., c1974, {{ISBN|978-0397010264}}

==See also==

* [[Science and technology in Canada]]

* [[Alvin Toffler]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070616231932/http://www.stress.org/hans.htm Mementos and photos]

* [https://archive.today/20071123031759/http://www.nfb.ca/trouverunfilm/fichefilm.php?id=10827&v=h&lg=en&exp=10327 Stress], by Hans Selye, National Film Board

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