Methods of neuro-linguistic programming: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Pseudo-scientific intellectual framework}}

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The '''methods of neuro-linguistic programming''' are the specific techniques used to perform and teach [[neuro-linguistic programming]],<ref name="Thyer">{{Cite book |title=Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nE9FCQAAQBAJ&q=nlp&pg=PA166 |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |date=2015-05-15 |isbn=9780826177698 |first1=Bruce A. |last1=Thyer |first2=Monica G. |last2=Pignotti |pages=56–57, 165–167 |quote=As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley 1987">

{{cite journal|last=Sharpley Sharpley|first= Christopher F. |title= Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory? |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=1 January 1987 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ352101&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8005c1ac|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which teaches that people are only able to directly perceive a small part of the world using their conscious awareness, and that this view of the world is filtered by experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and biological sensory systems. NLP argues that people act and feel based on their perception of the world and how they feel about that world they subjectively experience.

NLP claims that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be '[[model|modeled]]' or copied into a reproducible form.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979">{{cite book | authorlast1=Bandler, |first1=R. | author2last2=Grinder, |first2=J. | title=Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming | ___location=Moab, UT | publisher=Real People Press. | year=1979 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band_0/page/149 149 (pp. 15, 24, 30, 45, 52)], |149 |isbn=0-911226-19-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band_0/page/149 }}</ref> Using NLP a person can 'model' the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or 'model' another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be [[Modeling (NLP)|learned]] how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behavior.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1975a">{{cite book |author1last1=Bandler, |first1=Richard |author2last2=John Grinder |name-list-stylefirst2=ampJohn | title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book About Language and Therapy | ___location=Palo Alto, CA | publisher=Science & Behavior Books | year=1975 |isbn= 0-8314-0044-7}}</ref> NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can affect changes in the way people think, learn and communicate.<ref name="Dilts et al. 1980">{{cite book | authorlast1=Dilts, |first1=R.B. | author2last2=Grinder, |first2=J. | author3last3=Bandler, |first3=R. | author4last4=DeLozier, |first4=J. A. | title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Volume |volume=I -: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience | publisher=Meta Publications | year=1980 | isbn=0-916990-07-9 | pages=284(pp.3–4) | url=https://archive.org/details/neurolinguisticp01dilt | url-access=registration }}</ref>

{{Neuro-linguistic programming|expanded=topics}}

==Internal 'maps' of the world==

NLP claims that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming) and that said map of the world determines feelings and behavior.

As an approach to personal development or therapy it claims that people create their own internal 'map' or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world with the intent of increasing behavioral flexibility.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979" /><ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1975a" /><ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1983">{{cite book |author1last1=Bandler, |first1=Richard |author2last2=John Grinder |name-list-stylefirst2=ampJohn | title=Reframing: Neurolinguistic programming and the transformation of meaning |editor-last1=Andreas |editor-first1=Steve |editor-last2=Andreas |editor-first2=Connirae |___location=Moab, UT | publisher=Real People Press. | year=1983 | pages=appendix II, p.171 |isbn=0-911226-24-9 |lccn=82-16609}}</ref>

==Modeling==

{{See also|Modeling (psychology)}}

"Modeling" in NLP is the process of adopting the behaviors, language, strategies and beliefs of another person or exemplar in order to 'build a model of what they do.

The original models were: [[Milton Erickson]] ([[hypnotherapy]]), [[Virginia Satir]] ([[family therapy]]), and [[Fritz Perls]] ([[gestalt therapy]]). NLP modeling methods are designed to unconsciously assimilate the tacit knowledge to learn what the master is doing of which the master is not aware. As an approach to learning it can involve modeling exceptional people.<ref name="Jacobson 1994">Jacobson, S. (1994) Info-line: practical guidelines for training and development professionals, ''American Society For Training and Development'' Alexandria, VA. [http://sidjacobson.com/institute/history.html Adapted version available online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610030957/http://www.sidjacobson.com/institute/history.html |date=2007-06-10 }}</ref> As Bandler and Grinder state "the function of NLP modeling is to arrive at descriptions which are useful."<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979"/>{{ufs|date=November 2017}} Einspruch & Forman 1985 state that "when modeling another person the modeler suspends his or her own beliefs and adopts the structure of the physiology, language, strategies, and beliefs of the person being modeled. After the modeler is capable of behaviorally reproducing the patterns (of behavior, communication, and behavioral outcomes) of the one being modeled, a process occurs in which the modeler modifies and readopts his or her own belief system while also integrating the beliefs of the one who was modeled."<ref name="Einspruch & Forman 1985">{{cite journal | authorlast1=Einspruch, |first1=Eric L. | author2last2=Forman, |first2=Bruce D. | title=Observations Concerning Research Literature on Neuro-Linguistic Programming | journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology | year=1985 | volume=32 | pages=589–596 | doi=10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.589 | issue=4}}</ref> Modeling is not confined to therapy, but can be, and is, applied to a broad range of human learning. Another aspect of modeling is understanding the patterns of one's own behaviors in order to 'model' the more successful parts of oneself.

==Representational systems==

{{main|Representational systems (NLP)}}

The notion that experience is processed by the sensory systems or representational systems, was incorporated into NLP from psychology and gestalt therapy shortly after its creation.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979"/> This teaches that people perceive the world through the senses and store the information from the senses in the mind. Memories are closely linked to sensory experience. When people are processing information they see images and hear sounds and voices and process this with internally created feelings. Some representations are within conscious awareness but information is largely processed at the unconscious level. When involved in any task, such as making conversation, describing a problem in therapy, reading a book, kicking a ball or riding a horse, their representational systems, consisting of [[Visual thinking|images]], [[sound]]s, [[kinesthetic|feelings]] (and possibly [[olfactory|smell]] and [[gustatory|taste]]) are being activated at the same time.<ref name="Druckman & Swets 1998">Druckman{{cite andbook Swets|editor-first1=Daniel (eds)|editor-last1=Druckman (1988)|editor-first2=John [http://darwinA.nap.edu/books/0309037921/html/133.html |editor-last2=Swets |year=1988 |title=Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques]{{dead link|datepublisher=JanuaryNational 2018Academy Press |bot___location=InternetArchiveBotWashington, DC |fix-attemptedurl=yeshttps://archive.org/details/enhancinghumanpe0000unse_o9c9 |isbn=0-309-03787-5}}, National Academy Press.</ref>{{synthesis inline|date=September 2017}} Moreover, the way representational systems are organised and the links between them impact on behavioral performance. Many NLP techniques rely on interrupting maladaptive patterns{{clarify|date=September 2017}} and replacing them with more positive and creative thought patterns which will in turn impact on behavior.<ref name="Cooper and Seal 2006">Cooper{{cite andbook |last1=Cooper |last2=Seal (|year=2006) "|chapter=Theory and Approaches - Eclectic-integrative approaches: Neuro-linguistic programming" In |editor-last1=Feldtham and |editor-last2=Horton (Eds) |title=The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy 2e|edition=2nd}}</ref>

;Preferred representational systems

Originally, NLP taught that most people had an internal preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information primarily in one sensory modality.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} The practitioner could ascertain this from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used predicates such as "I can ''see'' a ''bright'' future for myself", the words "see" and "bright" would be considered visual predicates. In contrast "I can feel that we will be comfortable" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the predicates "feel" and "comfortable". These verbal cues could also be coupled with posture changes, skin color or breathing shifts. The theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred representational system could achieve better communication with the client and hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works still teach PRS<ref name="OConnor & Seymour 2002">{{cite book | author1first1=Joseph |last1=O'Connor | author2first2=John |last2=Seymour | title=Introducing NLP | ___location=London | publisher=HarperCollinsThorsons | year=2002 | orig-year=1990 | url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnlpps00jose | isbn=1-85538-344-6 | access-date=2007-04-30 |edition=revised }}</ref>

Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment,<ref name="Buckner 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Buckner, |first1=M. |last2=Meara, |first2=N. M. |last3=Reese, and|first3=E. J. |last4=Reese (|first4=M. |year=1987) |title=Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. |volume=34( |issue=3), pp|pages=283–287 |doi=10.2831037/0022-2870167.34.3.283}}</ref> the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s.<ref name="Sharpley 1984">{{cite journal |last=Sharpley, |first=C. F. (|year=1984). |title=Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system. |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology, |volume=31( |issue=2), 238|pages=238–248|doi=10.1037/0022-2480167.31.2.238 }}</ref><ref name="Heap 1988">{{cite book | authorlast=Heap, |first=M. |chapter=Neurolinguistic Programming title=Neuro-linguistic programming,An InInterim Verdict|editor-first=M. |editor-last=Heap (Ed.) |title=Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices | ___location=London | publisher=Croom Helm | year=1988 | url=http://www.surenkolkankar.com/wp-content/uploads/nlp1.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Elich 1985">{{cite journal |last1=Elich, |first1=M., |last2=Thompson, |first2=R. W., & |last3=Miller, |first3=L. (|year=1985). [|url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ327573&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800561ca |title=Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming]. |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology, |volume=32( |issue=4), 622|pages=622–625|doi=10.1037/0022-6250167.32.4.622 |url-access=subscription }} note: "psychological fad" p. 625</ref>

;Submodalities

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===Covert hypnosis===

{{Main|Covert hypnosis}}

Covert hypnosis is purportedly a method of using language patterns to hypnotise or persuade other people. Referred to as "sleight of mouth" by [[Robert Dilts]].<ref name="Dilts 1999">{{cite book|author=Dilts, Robert|year=1999|title=Sleight of Mouth: The Magic of Conversational Belief Change|publisher=Meta Publications |isbn=0-916990-43-5}}</ref> building off the phrase "[[sleight of hand]]", which refers to a magician's skills in making things happen which appear impossible.

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Neuro-linguistic programming concepts and methods| ]]

[[Category:Neuro-linguistic programming]]