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Line 1: {{Short description\|Competitive sport}} '''Freestyle skiing''' began in the [[1930s]], when [[Norway\|Norwegian]] skiers began performing acrobatics during [[alpine skiing\|alpine]] and [[cross country skiing\|cross-country]] training. Later, non-competitive professional skiing exhibitions in the [[United States]] featured performances of what would later be called freestyle. Aerial skiing was developed in about 1950 by Olympic gold medalist [[Stein Eriksen]]. {{More citations needed\|date=February 2014}} {{Infobox sport \| name = Freestyle skiing \| image = Freestyle skiing pictogram.svg \| imagesize = 200px \| caption = \| union = [[International Ski Federation]] \| olympic = [[Freestyle skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics\|1988]] as demonstration event; regular competition since [[Freestyle skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics\|1992]] \| paralympic = }} '''Freestyle skiing''' is a [[skiing]] discipline comprising aerials, [[Mogul Skiing\|moguls]], [[Ski Cross\|cross]], [[Half-pipe skiing\|half-pipe]], [[slopestyle]] and [[big air]] as part of the [[Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics\|Winter Olympics]]. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. Known as "hot-dogging" in the early 1970s,<ref name=nthdg>{{cite news \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Z4rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=T_wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5362%2C2016090 \|work=Nashua Telegraph \|___location=(New Hampshire) \|agency=Associated Press \|last=Blackman \|first=Ann \|title='Hot-dogging' new form of skiing \|date=January 16, 1974 \|page=31}}</ref><ref name=hcdpbo>{{cite news \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KjkpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=930DAAAAIBAJ&pg=1824%2C1918615 Freestyle skiing began to develop further throughout the [[1960s]] and into the [[1970s]], when it was often known as "hot-dogging." The free-form sport had few rules and wasn't without danger; knee injuries became a common phenomenon for professional freestylers. \|work=Deseret News \|___location=(Salt Lake City, Utah) \|last=Kadleck \|first=Dave \|title=World Hot Dog Cup 'boiling' \|date=March 9, 1974 \|page=A7}}</ref> it is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, as well as many other names, around the world. == History == The [[International Ski Federation]] (FIS) recognized freestyle as a sport in [[1979]] and brought in new regulations regarding certification of athletes and jump techniques in an effort to curb the dangerous elements of the competitions. The first World Cup series was staged in [[1980]] and the first World Championships took place in [[1986]] in [[Tignes]], [[France]]. Freestyle skiing was a demonstration event at the [[1988 Winter Olympics\|Calgary Winter Olympics]] in [[1988]]. Mogul skiing was added to the official programme of the [[1992 Winter Olympics\|Albertville Games]] in [[1992]], and aerials was added for the [[1994 Winter Olympics\|Lillehammer Games]] in [[1994]]. Ski acrobatics have been exhibited since 1906.<ref>Lund, Einar (1941) “The Somersault in 1906” ''American Ski Annual''</ref><ref>Lund, Morten; Miller, Peter (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=tlgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 Roots of an Olympic Sport: Freestyle] ''Skiing Heritage'' Vol 10 #1: 11-20</ref><ref>[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042354/1916-02-11/ed-1/seq-17/ Hendrickson, Champion Fancy Ski Jumper] [Wilmington] ''Evening Journal'' 1916-02-11 pg 17</ref><ref>[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/tricks-on-skis/ ''Tricks On Skis''] (1935)</ref> Aerial skiing was popularized by John Rudd at the 1908 [[U.S. National Ski Jumping Championships\|National Championship Ski Jumping Tournament]] in [[Duluth, Minnesota]],<ref>Matteson, Sumner (1908) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yJjNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA400 National Ski Tournament] ''Hearst's Magazine-World Today'' Vol 14 #4:400</ref> in the 1930s by [[Olle Rimfors]], and again in the 1950s by Olympic gold medalist [[Stein Eriksen]]. Early US competitions were held in the mid-1960s.<ref>Miller, Peter (1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZYohunRkSIC&pg=PA47 Cult, Philosophy, Sport, Art Form: Freestyle Skiing is American Made] ''Ski'' Vol 38 #2:47-49, 109, 111</ref><ref>Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8NMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 ''Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present''] Oxford University Press {{ISBN\|9780195131956}} pg 360</ref> In 1969, Waterville Valley Ski Area in New Hampshire, formed the first freestyle instruction program, making the resort the birthplace of freestyle skiing. The following year, Corcoran and Doug Pfeiffer, organized the first National Open Championships of Freestyle Skiing on the Sunnyside trails. In 1971, Waterville Valley Hosted the first Professional Freestyle Skiing Competition, which attracted freestyle skiing legends to Waterville Valley. Some of these competitors, such as Wayne Wong, Floyd Wilkie, and George Askevold, stayed at Waterville Valley as coaches of the first Freestyle Ski Team. Currently ([[2006]]) there are two main branches of freestyle skiing: one encompassing the more traditional events of [[mogul (skiing)\|moguls]] and [[aerials]], and a newer branch often called [[newschool skiing\|new school]], comprising events such as [[halfpipe]], big air, [[slopestyle]], and [[skiercross]]. New school skiing has grown so much that new ski companies were created, companies that strictly make twin-tip skis — skis that are designed for taking off and landing "switch" (backwards) on jumps and rails). Such companies as Ninthward, Line, Armada, 4frnt and Liberty all specialize in twin-tip skis. [[File:Fathers of freestyle.jpg\|thumb\|Legends of Freestyle Skiing 30th Anniversary March 8, 2001. Left to right: Paul O'Neill, Floyd Wilkie, Wayne Wong, George Askevold.]] [[International Ski Federation]] (FIS) recognized freestyle skiing as a sport in 1979 and brought in new regulations regarding certification of athletes and jump techniques in an effort to curb the dangerous elements of the competitions. The first [[FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup]] was staged in 1980 and the first [[FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships]] took place in 1986 in [[Tignes]], [[France]]. Freestyle skiing was a [[Demonstration sport\|demonstration event]] at the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics\|1988 Winter Olympics]] in [[Calgary]]. Mogul skiing was added as an official medal event at the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics\|1992 Winter Olympics]] in [[Albertville]], and the aerials event was added for the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics\|1994 Winter Olympics]] in [[Lillehammer]]. In 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved both halfpipe and slopestyle freeskiing events to be added to the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.newschoolers.com/news/read/Halfpipe-Skiing-Approved-2014-Winter-Olympics\|title=Halfpipe Skiing Approved For 2014 Winter Olympics\|newspaper=Newschoolers.com\|access-date=2016-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.newschoolers.com/news/read/Slopestyle-Skiing-Approved-2014-Olympics\|title=Slopestyle Skiing Approved for 2014 Olympics\|newspaper=Newschoolers.com\|access-date=2016-11-29}}</ref> ~~==Aerial skiing==~~ Aerialists ski off jumps, usually built of wood and then covered with snow, that propel them up to 40-50 feet in the air. Once in the air, professional aerialists perform multiple flips and twists before landing on a 34- to 39-degree inclined landing hill about 100 feet in length. The top male aerialists can currently perform triple back flips with up to four or five twists. Quadruple back flips have been performed on snow, but currently ([[2006]]) they are not legal in competition. ~~<br>~~ == Forms of freestyle skiing == There are two varieties of aerial skiing competitions: upright and inverted. In upright aerials, movements in which a skier's feet come higher than his or her head are illegal. This is the most common type of aerials competition for junior competitors. In inverted aerials, skiers execute elaborate flips and somersaults. === Aerial skiing === {{Main\|Aerial skiing}} [[File:Акробатика Фристайл.JPG\|thumb\|220x220px\|Skier performing an Aerial]] Aerialists ski off 2-4 meter jumps, that propel them up to 6 meters in the air (which can be up to 20 meters above the landing height, given the landing slope). Once in the air, aerialists perform multiple flips and twists before landing on a 34 to 39-degree inclined landing hill about 30 meters in length. The top male aerialists can currently perform triple back flips with up to four or five twists. Aerial skiing is a judged sport, and competitors receive a score based on jump takeoff (20%), jump form (50%) and landing (30%). A [[degree of difficulty]] (DOD) is then factored in for a total score. Skiers are judged on a cumulative score of LIMA two jumps. These scores do not generally carry over to the next round. ~~'''Scoring'''<br>~~ ~~Aerial skiing is a judged sport, and competitors are judged on jump takeoff (20%), jump form (50%) and landing (30%). A degree of difficulty (DD) is then factored in for a total score.~~ Aerialists train for their jumping maneuvers during the summer months by skiing on specially constructed [[Aerials water ramps\|water ramps]] and landing in a large swimming pool. An example of this is the [[Utah Olympic Park\|Utah Olympic Park training facility]]. A water ramp consists of a wooden ramp covered with a special plastic mat that when lubricated with sprinklers allows an athlete to ski down the ramp towards a jump. The skier then skis off the wooden jump and lands safely in a large swimming pool. A burst of air is sent up from the bottom of the pool just before landing to break up the surface tension of the water, thus softening the impact of the landing. Skiers sometimes reinforce the skis that they use for water-ramping with 6mm of fiberglass or cut holes in the front and back in order to soften the impact when landing properly on their skis. ~~'''Summer Training'''<br>~~ Aerialists train for their jumping maneuvers during the summer months by skiing off specially constructed water ramps and landing in a large swimming pool. A water ramp consist of a wooden ramp covered with a special plastic mat that when lubricated with sprinklers allows an athlete to ski down the ramp towards a jump. The skier then skis off the wooden jump and lands safely in a large swimming pool. A burst of air is sent up from the bottom of the pool just before landing to break up the surface area of the water, thus softening the landing of the impact. Skiers sometimes reinforce the skis that they use for water-ramping with 1/4 inch of fiberglass. Summer training also includes training on trampolines, diving boards, and other acrobatic or gymnastic training ~~apparatuses~~apparatus. === Mogul skiing === ~~[[Image:Uop_small.jpg]] [[Image:skijaguars1thb.jpg]]~~ {{Main\|Mogul skiing}} Moguls are a series of bumps on a trail formed when skiers push the snow into mounds or piles as they execute short-radius turns. Moguls can also be formed deliberately, by piling mounds of snow. In competitions, athletes are judged on their technique as well as on their speed by mastering the bumps in a calm yet aggressive way. Usually there are two jumps. In the early days the ___location was chosen by the competitors. Since the mid-1980s those jumps have become part of the official slope. While at the beginning only upright jumps were allowed, from the mid-1990s onward flips were added as an option. Moguls has become part of the Olympics since 1992. Canadian athlete [[Alexandre Bilodeau]] has won the Gold Medal twice: 2010 and 2014. === Ski ballet (Acroski) === ~~==Mogul skiing==~~ {{Main\|Ski ballet}} ~~:''Main article: [[Mogul skiing]]''~~ Ski ballet, later renamed acroski (or "acro"), was a competitive discipline in the formative years of freestyle skiing. Competitors devised routines lasting 3 to 5 minutes and executed to music. The routines consisted of spins, jumps, and flips on a prepared flat course. For a short period of time (in the 1980s) there was also '''pair ballet''' competitions, a variation of ballet, where two people performed tricks that not only included spins, jumps and leg crossing but also lifts and sychronic movements and was similar to [[ice dancing]]. The routines were scored by judges who assessed the choreography, technical difficulty, and mastery of skills demonstrated by the competitors. Early innovators in the sport were American [[Jan Bucher]], Park Smalley, Swiss [[Conny Kissling]] and German [[Hermann Reitberger]]. The first skier who performed a one handed pole flip in a world cup competition was German [[Richard Schabl]] in the early 1980s. Acro ski was part of the demonstration at the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] in Calgary. The [[International Ski Federation]] ceased all formal competition of this event after 2000 because they focused on both aerials (1990) and moguls (1992) for making it an Olympic discipline.<ref>Johannes Knuth: Wie Olympia das Skiballett zerstörte. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 29. Dezember 2016,</ref> === Ski cross === Competitive mogul skiing arose soon after aerials became popular. During a competitive mogul run, skiers must turn around large bumps (moguls) and also perform two jumps. The slope is very steep, usually between 22 and 32 degrees, and about 660-890 feet in length. The jumps in a moguls competition are smaller than those in aerials, and until recently inverted maneuvers were banned. {{Main\|Ski cross}} Ski cross is based on the snowboarding boardercross. Despite it being a timed racing event, it is often considered part of freestyle skiing because it incorporates terrain features traditionally found in freestyle. === Halfpipe skiing === ~~Judging: The skiier is judged on overall form and turns (50%), jumps (25%) and speed(25%).~~ {{Main\|Half-pipe skiing}} Halfpipe skiing is the sport of riding snow skis on a half-pipe. Competitors gradually ski to the end of the pipe by doing flips and tricks. It became an Olympic event for the first time at the [[2014 Winter Olympics\|2014 Olympic Games]] in [[Sochi]], [[Russia]]. ==~~Ski~~= ~~ballet~~Slopestyle ~~(Acroski)~~=== {{Main\|Slopestyle}} No longer a part of competitive freestyle skiing, '''ski ballet''' (later renamed '''acroski''') was a third freestyle discipline conducted from the mid-[[1970s]] until the mid-[[1990s]]. Ballet involved a 90-second choreographed routine of flips and spins, performed to music and scored by a panel of judges. It was a [[demonstration sport]] in the [[Freestyle skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics\|1988]] and [[Freestyle skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics\|1992 Winter Olympics]]. In slopestyle, athletes ski or snowboard down a course including a variety of obstacles including rails, jumps, and other [[terrain park]] features. Points are scored for amplitude, originality and quality of tricks.<ref name=cfsa>{{cite web\|title=Slopestyle\|url=http://freestyleski.com//about/freestyle-101/disciplines/\|publisher=Canadian Freestyle Ski Association\|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> [[Twin-tip ski]]s are used and are particularly useful if the skier lands backwards. Slopestyle tricks fall mainly into four categories: spins, [[Grind (sport)\|grinds]], grabs and [[Flip (acrobatic)\|flip]]s. Slopestyle became an [[Olympic Games\|Olympic event]], in both skiing and snowboarding forms, at the [[2014 Winter Games]] in [[Sochi, Russia\|Sochi]], [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135778.html \|title=Slopestyle Approved For Sochi 2014 \|publisher=GamesBids.com \|access-date=2011-10-15 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904041143/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135778.html \|archive-date=2011-09-04 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> == Equipment == [[Twin-tip ski]]s are used in events such as slopestyle and halfpipe. Mogul skis are used in moguls and sometimes in aerials. Specially designed racing skis are used in ski cross. [[Ski bindings]] took a major design change to include plate bindings mounted to the bottom of the skiers boot to allow for multi-directional release. Ski poles are a staple in the all aspects of freestyle skiing, however, slopestyle athletes have more recently opted to ski without them in order to free their hands for grabs and other personal preferences in their riding. ==See also== [[Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics]] [[Skiing\|Skiing and Skiing Topics]] [[FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships]] ==~~External~~ ~~links~~References == [http://freestyle-skiing.on-topic.net/ Freestyle Skiing Topics] [http://www.usolympicteam.com/21.htm#sport11859 2006 U.S. Olympic Ski Team bios] ... includes freestyle [http://www.abc-of-skiing.com/freestyle-skiing/freestyle-ski-tricks.asp Freestyle Skiing Tricks] [http://www.freestyleski.com/ Canadian Freestyle Ski Association] [http://www.abfreestyle.com/ Alberta Freestyle Association] [http://www.nafsc.ca/ Northern Alberta Freestyle Ski Team] {{reflist}} ~~[[Category:Freestyle skiing\| ]]~~ ~~[[Category:Types of skiing]]~~ ~~[[Category:Olympic sports]]~~ ~~[[Category:Individual sports]]~~ === Sources === ~~[[de:Freestyle-Skiing]]~~ Furrer, Art; Renggli, Sepp (1970) ''Skiakrobatik für jedermann'' Bern: Benteli {{OCLC\|630830869}} ~~[[fr:Ski acrobatique]]~~ * Broze, Matt Charles (1972) ''Freestyle skiing'' Seattle: Wildcat Books {{OCLC\|42982990}} ~~[[lv:Frīstails]]~~ * Johnston, John; Daigle, Michel; Bowie, Darryl (1974) ''Freestyle Skiing: Technique Manual'' Vancouver: Winter Habit Productions {{OCLC\|15753976}} ~~[[ja:フリースタイル・スキー]]~~ * Luini, Mario; Brunner, André (1975) ''Akroski : alles über Skiakrobatik u. Skikunst'' Bern: Benteli {{ISBN\|9783716500781}} ~~[[ro:Schi acrobatic]]~~ * United States Ski Association (1977) ''Official freestyle competition rules'' {{OCLC\|746862658}} ~~[[ru:Фристайл]]~~ * Mohan, John; Hiltner, Walt (1978) ''Freestyle Skiing'' New York: Winchester Press {{ISBN\|083291858X}} ~~[[fi:Freestylehiihto]]~~ * Wieman, Randy; Newman, Robbi (1979) ''Freestyle Skiing: A Complete Guide to the Fundamentals of Hot Dogging'' Angus & Robertson {{ISBN\|9780207138560}} * Smalley, Park (1986) ''Skiing Freestyle: Official Training Guide of the U.S. Freestyle Ski Team'' Taylor Publishing Company {{ISBN\|9780878335206}} * Riess, Steven A. (2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA834 ''Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia''] Routledge {{ISBN\|9781317459477}} == External links == {{Commons category\|Freestyle skiing}} * [https://www.skinh.com/blog/waterville-valley-a-resort-rich-in-ski-history Waterville Valley, Birthplace of Freestyle Skiing] * [http://www.fis-ski.com/ FIS homepage] * [https://www.olympic.org/freestyle-skiing Freestyle skiing – olympic.org] * [http://wiki.fis-ski.com wiki.fis-ski.com] The resource of information and knowledge on Freestyle Skiing, Ski Jumping, FIS World Ski Championships * [https://freestylebc.ski freestylebc.ski] The largest provincial sport organization for freestyle skiing in Canada. * [http://www.freestylecanada.ski/en/ freestylecanada.ski] The official site of the Canadian Freestyle Ski Association. Your source for moguls, aerials, halfpipe and slopestyle skiing in Canada. {{Skiing}} {{Winter Olympic sports}} {{Extreme sports}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Freestyle skiing\| ]] [[Category:Winter Olympic sports]] [[Category:Acrobatic sports]]

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