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{{
{{about|the French TV channel only|the parent company|Canal+ S.A.|other uses|Canal+ (disambiguation){{!}}Canal+}}
{{Expand French|Canal+|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Canal+
| logo = Logo Canal+ 1995.svg
| logo_size = 225px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1983}} (company)<br/>{{Start date and age|1984|11|4|df=y}} (channel)
| founder = Léo Scheer<br />[[André Rousselet]]<br />[[Pierre Lescure]]
| picture_format = [[2160p]] [[UHDTV]]<br>(downscaled to [[1080i]] and [[576i]] for the HD and SD feeds respectively)
| owner = [[Canal+ S.A.|Canal+]]
| country = France
| language = [[French language|French]]
| headquarters = 50 rue Camille Desmoulins, 92130, [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]], France
| website = {{URL|https://www.canalplus.com/chaines/canalplus|canalplus.com/canal+}}
| terr_serv_1 =
| terr_chan_1 =
}}
'''Canal+''' (
Canal+ was co-founded by [[André Rousselet]] and [[Pierre Lescure]]. An early pioneer was {{ill|Alain de Greef|fr}}, who joined in 1986.
==History==
[[File:Logo Canal+ 1984.svg|First logo, 1984–1995|thumb]]
{{further|Canal+ S.A.#History}}
In 1978, six years before Canal's launch, Jean Frydman, who had the TVCS (Télévision Communication Services) project, was planning a project to launch a fourth television channel in France, which had its roots in the previous [[Canal 10 (France)|Canal 10]] project. Whilst waiting for a billing to create an encrypted TV channel, the TVCS project had first planned to produce and broadcast their own programmes during time slots when three French television channels began broadcasting a [[test card]] at night and in the morning.<ref>{{cite web|title=November 4, 1984: Birth of the Canal + channel!|url=https://www.eighties.fr/naissance-canal-plus/|website=Eighties.fr|date=January 24, 2014|access-date=December 21, 2024|language=fr-FR}}</ref> One year later in July 1979, it was announced that the channel had chosen to broadcast the programmes produced by public national television channel and the TVCS company [[France 2|Antenne 2]] (now known as France 2) who had broadcast encrypted programmes that were originally intended for businesses or certain professionals.<ref>{{cite web|title=A service must be public or private|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1979/07/12/il-faut-qu-un-service-soit-public-ou-prive_2781254_1819218.html|website=Le Monde|first=Françoise|last=Dreyfus|date=July 12, 1979|access-date=December 21, 2024|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
In March 1984, eight months before the official launch, Canal+ started its retransmission tests in the Île-de-France region. Those first broadcasts were scheduled every day from 2 to 6 p.m. and consisted of music videos, animated short films, and various movie trailers.
Canal+ was launched in November 1984, when there were only three government-owned channels available in France.<ref name=encyc2018/> The company was co-founded by [[André Rousselet]], president of the French multinational advertising company [[Havas]],<ref name=encyc2018/> and [[Pierre Lescure]] (born {{circa|1945}}), who proved very popular with media professionals and politicians.<ref name=lescure1>{{cite web | last=Milmo | first=Dan | title=Lescure ousted at Canal Plus | website=The Guardian | date=16 April 2002 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/16/citynews.broadcasting2 | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> It got off to a slow start, and some politicians, including prime minister [[Laurent Fabius]], railed against the idea of having a commercial TV channel. However, Rousselet was a personal friend of the president, [[François Mitterrand]], and so obtained favourable terms for the setup. Pierre Lescure was director-general at that time. A combination of political connections and clever programming – giving the French public American hit comedies and French drama not available on the government channels – worked, and subscriptions soon increased. Government regulations required that the channel give several hours of free programming each day, which was used by Canal+ to promote the subscription service.<ref name=encyc2018>{{cite web | title=Canal Plus | website=Encyclopedia.com | date=18 May 2018 | url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/canal-plus | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Its first logo was used from inception until 1995.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
The channel initially had to use 45% of its airtime on films until the film industry pushed back. Sport, interview shows, documentaries, and [[soft pornography]] joined films as the main staples of programming at this time.<ref name=encyc2018/> Starting in 1985, Canal+ has had a tradition of showing one [[pornographic film]] every month at midnight, generally on the first Saturday of the month.<ref>[https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/du-carre-blanc-au-film-porno-de-canal-une-breve-histoire-du-sexe-a-la-television-30-10-2021-C3ALWXK5GBDUJBTL3IHGKL4YYY.php Du carré blanc au film porno de Canal+, une brève histoire du sexe à la télévision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601073734/https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/du-carre-blanc-au-film-porno-de-canal-une-breve-histoire-du-sexe-a-la-television-30-10-2021-C3ALWXK5GBDUJBTL3IHGKL4YYY.php |date=1 June 2022 }}, ''[[Le Parisien]]'', 30 October 2021</ref> In 1985, the government opened up the market to other private commercial television stations, offering some serious competition. However, aggressive marketing and policies ensured that the company kept growing.<ref name=encyc2018/>
{{ill|Alain de Greef|fr}} ({{circa|1947}} – 29 June 2015) joined in 1986<ref name=degreef3>{{cite web | last=Keslassy | first=Elsa | title=Alain De Greef, One of Canal Plus' Founding Fathers, Dies at 68 | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=30 June 2015 | url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/global/alain-de-greef-one-of-canal-plus-founding-fathers-dies-at-68-1201531432/ | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> joining his longtime friend Pierre Lescure. De Greef was first appointed director of production, then head of programmes, and finally as director general (1986–2000).<ref name=greef1>{{cite web | last=Goodfellow | first=Melanie | title=Canal Plus co-founder Alain de Greef dies | website=[[Screen Daily]] | date=30 June 2015 | url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/canal-plus-co-founder-alain-de-greef-dies/5089938.article | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> De Greef was later described as a pioneer and visionary, who set the tone and created the "Canal Plus spirit", which embodied anti-conformism along with edgy satire that became very popular. He created the satirical puppet show ''[[Les Guignols de l'Info]]'' and cult talk shows ''[[Nulle part ailleurs]]'',<ref name=degreef3/> ''[[Groland]]'', and ''[[Les Deschiens]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
In 1987, Canal+ went [[public company|public]]. By 1989, Canal+ had almost three million subscribers. The company expanded into some European markets, notably Belgium, Spain, and Germany, and started setting up subsidiaries as it developed into [[Canal+ S.A.|Groupe Canal+]].<ref name=encyc2018/>
In 1994, Rousselet quit the board and was replaced by director-general Lescure.<ref name=encyc2018/>
Digital satellite provider [[CanalSat]] was launched as a wholly owned subsidiary of Canal+ on 6 December 1991. On 27 April 1996, Canal+ received two new sister channels: Canal+ Jaune and Canal+ Bleu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/pid163.htm#anch_26|title=L'histoire du Groupe Canal+ de 1983 à nos jours|access-date=3 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205011344/http://www.canalplusgroup.com/pid163.htm|archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> A fourth channel, called Canal+ Vert, came along on 31 August 1998. The channels changed their names to Canal+ Confort (now known as Canal+ Décalé since 2005), Canal+ Cinéma, and Canal+ Sport on 1 November 2003.
In January 2000, the [[Lagardère Group]] purchased a major stake in the digital television division.<ref>{{cite web | last=Williams | first=Michael | title=Lagardere group to take stake in Canal satellite | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=13 January 2000 | url=https://variety.com/2000/biz/news/lagardere-group-to-take-stake-in-canal-satellite-1117760797/ | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=LAGARDERE and CANAL+ Announce Alliance in Digital TV | website=Lagardère - Lagardere.com - Groupe | date=12 January 2000 | url=https://www.lagardere.com/en/press-release/lagardere-and-canal-announce-alliance-in-digital-tv/ | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> In December 2000, [[Vivendi]] acquired Canal+.<ref>{{cite web | last=Archives | first=L.A. Times | title=Canal Plus OKs Acquisition by Vivendi | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=9 December 2000 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-09-fi-63172-story.html | access-date=17 May 2024}}</ref> In 2001, co-founder Alain De Greef was fired from his position as director-general and replaced by [[Michel Denisot]], when the organisation was [[Restructuring|restructured]] under the leadership of [[Jean-Marie Messier]], chief executive of Vivendi.<ref name=greef1/> Criticism of Vivendi's poor share performance since the takeover grew, and in April 2002, De Greef's co-founder and CEO Pierre Lescure, clashed with Messier and was fired.<ref name=lescure1/>
An alternative logo was used between 2006 and 2009.
[[File:Logo canal+ 2006.jpg|Alternative logo, 2006–2009|thumb]]
In September 2005, Canal+, Canal+ Cinéma and Canal+ Sport started broadcasting in the French [[digital terrestrial television]] network. The [[free-to-air]] parts of Canal+ had already been broadcasting for a few months by then. In August 2008, Canal+ started broadcasting the [[Television encryption|encrypted]] parts of its main channel in high-definition in the terrestrial network. Canal+ announced plans to turn off the [[Terrestrial television|analogue terrestrial]] signals by 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/04/03/canal-plans-analogiue-switch-off/|title=Canal plans analogue switch-off|date=3 April 2009|website=Broadbandtvnews.com|access-date=3 April 2009|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731232856/https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/04/03/canal-plans-analogiue-switch-off/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In April 2014, [[Ligue 1]], France's top [[association football]] league, sold broadcast rights for 2016–2020 to Canal+ for 726 million [[Euro|euros]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/ligue-1-nets-nearly-1-billion-for-tv-rights-1.269837/|title=Ligue 1 nets nearly $1 billion for TV rights|website=Thenational.ae|date=5 April 2014|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623150428/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/ligue-1-nets-nearly-1-billion-for-tv-rights|url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2024, reports emerged that Vivendi was exploring a potential London Stock Exchange listing for Canal+.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-11 |title=Vivendi's Broadcaster Canal+ Is Said to Explore London Listing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-11/vivendi-s-broadcaster-canal-is-said-to-explore-london-listing |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, Canal+ Group was spun-out as independent company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nostro |first=Gianluca Lo |last2=Marchandon |first2=Leo |last3=Loève |first3=Florence |date=2024-12-16 |editor-last=Nissi |editor-first=Milla |title=Canal+ falls, Havas and Louis Hachette up on market debut post Vivendi split |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trading-opens-bollores-empire-after-vivendi-breakup-2024-12-16/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The channel will leave the terrestrial platform in France in June 2025, alongside Canal+ Cinéma, Canal+ Sport and Planète+, as a result of the cut in its agreement with Arcom to keep its licences afloats as a response to the non-renewal of its free-to-air channel [[C8 (French TV channel)|C8]] by the [[Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication|Arcom]]. Only 70,000 subscribers receive Canal+ in terrestrial.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chapon |first1=Benjamin |title=Quelles seront les conséquences du départ de Canal+ de la TNT ? |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/arts-stars/television/4127931-20241209-financement-cinema-avenir-canal-4-consequences-depart-canal-tnt |work=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]] |date=December 9, 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> From 6 June 2025, [[France 4]] will take over its slot; from that day, the new digital terrestrial channel plan will be introduced.<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Nouvelle numérotation des chaînes de la TNT à compter du 6 juin 2025 |url=https://www.arcom.fr/presse/nouvelle-numerotation-des-chaines-de-la-tnt-compter-du-6-juin-2025 |website=arcom.fr |access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref> The number of subscribers has been decreasing to less than 30,000 on its final day of terrestrial broadcasts. Most terrestrial subscribers have easy access to other means where Canal+ can be found, such as satellite, IPTV decoders and smart TVs. Said subscriber base is not affected. Terrestrial subscriptions did not account for its advertising revenue, only its mobile application. The channel alone saved €5-6 million per channel by leaving the terrestrial platform, for an approximate total of €20-24 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/canal-quel-impact-pour-sa-sortie-de-la-tnt-2169337 |title=Canal+ : quel impact pour sa sortie de la TNT ? |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=Les Echos |language=fr}}</ref>
==Description==
Canal+ broadcasts to [[Metropolitan France]]. Its programming is mostly [[encrypted]], but some unencrypted programming can be viewed free of charge. The channel does not broadcast advertising, except when broadcasting on free-to-air slots. Almost all foreign films and series can be viewed either in their original language with French subtitles (on a secondary audio channel) or dubbed in French. All programs are subtitled in French for deaf people and those who struggle with hearing. Some programs also have audio description for those who are visually impaired.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
Canal+ is a supporter of the [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]] (HbbTV) initiative, which promotes and establishes an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==Encryption==
===Analogue===
Originally, subscribers would be mailed a code to punch in on their decoder's control panel to view the encrypted service (using the [[Television encryption|RITC Discret 1]] system); the code would be based upon the decoder's serial number (stored in the box's ROM). To avoid problems with customer's codes being not delivered on time by the postal system, Canal+ would switch to encryption based on a generic key, between the last day of the month (beginning at midnight) and the first Monday of the next month (until 9 AM). During this time, all decoders—even those with lapsed subscriptions—would be able to view the channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journaldulapin.com/2019/04/10/canal-decodeur/|title=Faire fonctionner un décodeur Canal+ des années 80|last1=D|first1=Pierre|last2=umont|date=2019-04-10|website=Le journal du lapin|language=fr|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326121722/https://www.journaldulapin.com/2019/04/10/canal-decodeur/|url-status=live}}</ref>
However, signal piracy was rampant, especially after the magazine ''Radio Plans'' printed decoder plans in their December 1984 issue. As a result of this, Canal+ switched to the much stronger [[Nagravision]] encryption system beginning in 1992; the Discret system was fully phased out by 1995. The new decoders utilised smart cards, cut into the shape of a key and inserted into the front of the decoder. Different decoders using the [[D2-MAC]] standard were also deployed during this time, mostly for cable subscribers. With the launch of CanalSatellite, the [[Mediaguard]] encryption system was instituted, created by [[Nagra France|SECA]] (Société Européenne de Contrôle d'Accès), a firm owned by Canal+ and [[Bertelsmann]]; Canal+ eventually bought out Bertelsmann's stake and rebranded SECA as Canal+ Technologies. This firm was sold by 2003 to [[Technicolor SA|Thomson SA]]. The MediaGuard system's use in Britain (by the now defunct [[ITV Digital|OnDigital/ITV Digital]]) led to hackers in the employ of [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s rival encryption company NDS breaking into the MediaGuard system, resulting in new cards being issued to Canal+ subscribers in 2002 and Canal+ starting legal action against Murdoch. The Nagravision system continued in use until 30 November 2011, when all analog television broadcasting in France ceased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/diaporama/30-ans-de-decodeurs-canal+-2515.html|title=30 ans de décodeurs Canal+|website=BFM BUSINESS|language=fr|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326121719/https://bfmbusiness.bfmtv.com/diaporama/30-ans-de-decodeurs-canal%2B-2515.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Cassy|first1=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2002/mar/13/media.citynews|title=How smart card secrets were cracked|date=2002-03-13|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-03-26|last2=Murphy|first2=Paul|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407025459/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2002/mar/13/media.citynews|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-17494723|title=Murdoch firm accused of hacking|date=2012-03-27|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-26|language=en-GB|archive-date=12 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312025719/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-17494723|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Digital===
{{empty section|date=May 2024}}
==Sister channels==
''Les Chaînes Canal+'' is the offer name regrouping the premium Canal+-branded channels in France.<ref name=chaines>{{cite web | title=CANAL+ la chaine TV | website=myCANAL | date=24 February 2024 | url=https://www.canalplus.com/chaines/canalplus | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516033306/https://www.canalplus.com/chaines/canalplus | archive-date=16 May 2024 | url-status=live | language=fr | access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> From 2003 to 2008 it was called ''Canal+ Le Bouquet''.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Channel
! rowspan="2"|Launched
! rowspan="2"|Notes
! colspan="4"|Availability
! rowspan="2"|Format
|-
! [[Digital terrestrial television|DTT]]
! Satellite
! [[IPTV]]
! Cable
|-
| Canal+
| 4 November 1984
|
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[16:9 aspect ratio|16:9]] [[Ultra HD]]
|-
| [[Canal+ Cinéma(s)]]
| 27 April 1996
| A dedicated [[movie channel]], previously known as Canal+ Jaune
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[Canal+ Sport (France)|Canal+ Sport]]
| 31 August 1998
| A [[sports channel]], previously known as Canal+ Vert
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[Canal+ Séries]]
| 21 September 2013
| A channel broadcasting series
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[:fr:Canal+ Kids|Canal+ Kids]]
| rowspan="2" | 9 September 2021
| A channel broadcasting children programmes, series and cartoons, previously known as [[Canal+ Family]]
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| Canal+ Docs
| A channel broadcasting documentary
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[:fr:Canal+ Grand Écran|Canal+ Grand Écran]]
| 8 February 2022
| A dedicated [[movie channel]], with daily themes and means [[big screen]]
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[:fr:Canal+ Sport 360|Canal+ Sport 360]]
| 31 August 2022
| A [[sports channel]], previously known as Canal+ Bleu and [[Canal+ Décalé]]
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[:fr:Canal+ Foot|Canal+ Foot]]
| 31 August 2022
| A [[sports channel|sport channel]], focused on football
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[:fr:Canal+ Box Office|Canal+ Box Office]]
| 1 September 2023
| A dedicated [[movie channel]], focused on recent cinema hits
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|-
| [[:fr:Canal+ Live|Canal+ Live]]
| 10 September 2024
| A bouquet of [[sports channels]] part of sports offers, previously known as Kiosque, Ciné+/À La Carte and Multisports
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
|}
<!--- commenting out channels not mentioned on the Chaines home page - will note on talk page
|-
| [[CNews]]
| 4 November 1999
| A 24-hour News channel, previously known as i>Télé. It is free-to-air
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| 24 hours
|-
| [[C8 (French TV channel)|C8]]
| 5 September 2016
| A channel broadcasting entertainment programmes and films, previously known as D8. It is free-to-air.
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| 24 hours
|-
| [[CStar]]
| 5 September 2016
| A channel broadcasting music videos, reality shows, documentaries as well as series and movies. It is free-to-air.
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| 24 hours
|} ---end commenting out of table items only--->
==Programmes==
===Cinema===
* ''Box-Office''
* ''Canal+ Premières''
* ''Coup de Cœur''
* ''Surprises''
====Cinema Magazine====
* ''Têtàtête(s)''
* ''Tchi tcha''
* ''L'hebd'Hollywood''
* ''Le cercle cinéma''
* ''Le journal du hard''
===Series===
* ''Création Décalée''
* ''Création Originale''
* ''Fiction''
* ''Une série Canal+''
====Series Magazine====
* ''Le cercle séries''
* ''Les coulisses d'une création originale''
===Sport===
====Sport Coverage====
* [[Formula One|Formula 1]]
* [[Masters Tournament]]
* [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]]
* [[Premier League]]
* [[Ryder Cup]]
* [[Top 14]]
* [[UEFA Champions League]]
* [[UEFA Europa League]]
====Sport Magazine====
* ''Canal champions club''
* ''Canal football club''
* ''Canal rugby club''
* ''Débrief moto''
* ''En pôle''
* ''Formula one''
* ''Golf+ le mag''
* ''La grille''
* ''Match of ze day''
* ''Soir d'Europe''
====Sport Documentary====
* ''Doc sport''
* ''Intérieur sport''
===Documentary===
* ''Les bouveaux explorateurs''
** ''Alexia cuisine la france''
** ''Culture & street''
** ''Fatou en mode…''
** ''Jérôme, les yeux dans le bleu''
** ''L'enfant de la forêt''
** ''Les nouveaux éclaireurs''
** ''Les terroirs de Fred Chesneau''
** ''Voyages au bout de l'effort''
===Magazine===
* ''Clique''
* ''En aparte''
==
* ''Déambulations''
* ''[[Hot Ones]]''
* ''[[Jamel Comedy Club]]''
* ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
* ''Spectacle''
* ''[[Groland|Viendez au Groland]]''
==See also==
* [[Canal+ S.A.|Canal+]]
* [[StudioCanal]]
==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*
{{Groupe Canal Plus}}
{{French television stations}}
{{European Broadcasting Union Members}}
{{VOD services}}
{{Authority control}}
[[
[[Category:Television stations in France]]
[[Category:French-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1984]]
[[Category:European Broadcasting Union members]]
[[Category:Pay television]]
[[
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