Content deleted Content added
→Power system simulation software: Adding/removing wikilink(s) |
ce |
||
| (23 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
'''Electrical power system simulation''' involves power system modeling and network simulation in order to analyze electrical power systems using design/offline or real-time data. Power system simulation software's are a class of [[computer simulation]] programs that focus on the operation of electrical power systems. These types of computer programs are used in a wide range of planning and operational situations for electric power systems.
Applications of power system simulation include: long-term generation and transmission expansion planning, short-term operational simulations, and [[market analysis]] (e.g. price forecasting).
These programs typically make use of [[mathematical optimization]] techniques such [[linear programming]], [[quadratic programming]], and [[mixed integer programming]].
Multiple elements of a power system can be modelled. A [[power
There are many power simulation software packages in commercial and non-commercial forms that range from utility-scale software to study tools.
==Load flow calculation==
The load-flow calculation<ref>{{Cite
Using network topology, transmission line parameters, transformer parameters, generator ___location and limits, and load ___location and compensation, the load-flow calculation can provide voltage magnitudes and angles for all nodes and loading of network components, such as cables and transformers. With this information, compliance to operating limitations such as those stipulated by voltage ranges and maximum loads, can be examined. This is, for example, important for determining the transmission capacity of underground cables, where the influence of cable bundling on the load capability of each cable has to be taken also into account.
Line 19 ⟶ 17:
When changing over from single and/or multi-phase infeed low-voltage meshed networks to isolated networks, load-flow calculation is essential for operational and economical reasons. Load-flow calculation is also the basis of all further network studies, such as motor start-up or investigation of scheduled or unscheduled outages of equipment within the outage simulation.
Especially when investigating motor start-up,<ref>{{Cite
==Short circuit analysis==
Line 27 ⟶ 25:
# Rise in voltage in a single line due to ground fault
# Residual voltage and relay settings
# Interference due to power line.<ref>Soonee, Sushil Kuman. "Short Circuit Analysis for Power System." RCC "Feedback"6.12 (1983): 3-5. POSOCO. POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
==Transient stability simulation==
Line 38 ⟶ 36:
* ___location and specifications for distributed control devices such as tap-changing transformers, switched shunt compensation, static Var compensators, flexible AC transmission systems, etc.,
* ___location and specifications for protection devices such as relays and load shedding, and
* ___location and specifications of any other relevant control and/or protection devices.<ref>Smith, Michael. “Electric Power System Modeling & Simulation.” 15 Feb. 2010. Powerpoint presentation.
The acceptable amount of time it takes grid voltages return to their intended levels is dependent on the magnitude of voltage disturbance, and the most common standard is specified by the CBEMA curve in Figure. 1. This curve informs both electronic equipment design and grid stability data reporting.<ref>"CBEMA Curve– The Power Acceptability Curve for Computer Business Equipment." Power Quality In Electrical Systems. N.p., 3 Apr. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
==Unit commitment==
{{main|Unit commitment problem in electrical power production}}
The problem of [[unit commitment]] involves finding the least-cost dispatch of available generation resources to meet the electrical load. Generating resources can include a wide range of types:
Line 63 ⟶ 62:
==Optimal power flow==
Electricity flows through an AC network according to [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws|Kirchhoff's Laws]]. Transmission lines are subject to thermal limits (simple megawatt limits on flow), as well as voltage and [[electrical stability]] constraints.
Line 74 ⟶ 72:
where ''u'' is a set of the control variables, ''x'' is a set of independent variables, and the subscript 0 indicates that the variable refers to the pre-contingency power system.
The SCOPF is bound by equality and inequality constraint limits. The equality constraint limits are given by the pre and post contingency power
: <math> g^k(u^k, x^k)=0 \qquad\text{for }k=1,2,\ldots,n \, </math> <!-- Should those be subscripts instead of superscripts? -->
Line 88 ⟶ 86:
The objective function in OPF can take on different forms relating to active or reactive power quantities that we wish to either minimise or maximise. For example we may wish to minimise transmission losses or minimise real power generation costs on a power network.
Other power flow solution methods like stochastic optimization incorporate the uncertainty found in modeling power systems by using the probability distributions of certain variables whose exact values are not known. When uncertainties in the constraints are present, such as for dynamic line ratings, chance constrained optimization can be used where the probability of violating a constraint is limited to a certain value.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Giraldo | first1=Juan S. | last2=Lopez | first2=Juan Camilo | last3=Castrillon | first3=Jhon A. | last4=Rider | first4=Marcos J. | last5=Castro | first5=Carlos A. | title=Probabilistic OPF Model for Unbalanced Three-Phase Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Robust Constraints | journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems | date=2019 | volume=34 | issue=5 | pages=3443–3454 | doi=10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2909404 | bibcode=2019ITPSy..34.3443G }}</ref> Another technique to model variability is the [[Monte Carlo method]], in which different combinations of inputs and resulting outputs are considered based on the probability of their occurrence in the real world. This method can be applied to simulations for system security and unit commitment risk, and it is increasingly being used to model probabilistic load flow with renewable and/or distributed generation.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Banerjee
==Models of competitive behavior==
The cost of producing a megawatt of electrical energy is a function of:
#fuel price
Line 116 ⟶ 113:
#Generation expansion optimization
#Transmission expansion optimization
#Generation-transmission expansion co-optimization<ref>{{cite journal|last1=You|first1=Shutang|last2=Hadley|first2=Stanton W.|last3=Shankar|first3=Mallikarjun|last4=Liu|first4=Yilu|title=Co-optimizing generation and transmission expansion with wind power in large-scale power grids—Implementation in the US Eastern Interconnection|journal=Electric Power Systems Research|date=1 April 2016|volume=133|pages=209–218|doi=10.1016/j.epsr.2015.12.023|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EPSR..133..209Y }}</ref>
#Distribution network optimization
== Study specifications ==
A well-defined power systems study requirement is critical to the success of any project as it will reduce the challenge of selecting the qualified service provider and the right analysis software. The system study specification describes the project scope, analysis types, and the required deliverable. The study specification<ref>{{Cite web | title=Error | url=https://etap.com/docs/default-source/power-systems-study-specification/power_systems_study_specifications.pdf
== Power system simulation software ==
Over the years, there have been several power system simulation software used for various analysis. The first software with a graphical user interface was built by the University of Manchester in 1974 and was called IPSA<ref>{{Cite web | title=IPSA {{!}} Interactive Power System Analysis Software | url=https://www.ipsa-power.com/ | access-date=2025-04-04 | website=www.ipsa-power.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tneigroup.com/services/ipsa-software/ | title=IPSA Software }}</ref> - Interactive Power Systems Analysis (now owned by TNEI Services Ltd).<ref>"Computer Aided Design for Electricity Networks"; presentation at IEE Centre Meeting, Chester, UK, 2 February 1976. Farquhar, D.; Lynch, C.A.; Ravenscroft, G.; Nield, B.</ref><ref>"Power System Simulation using Interactive Computing and Graphical Display"; IFAC Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 21-25 February 1977, p369-373. Lynch, C.A.; Brameller, A.; Cale, K.R.</ref><ref>"Interactive Design and Operation of Power Systems"; PhD Thesis, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), 1977. Lynch, C.A.</ref><ref>"An Established CAD System for Electrical Power System Analysis"; CAD78 Conference, Brighton, UK, 14-16 March 1978, p170-181. Lynch, C.A.; Brameller, A.</ref><ref>"Network Graphics Based Interactive Power System Analysis"; IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, 4-9 Feb 1979; Paper A 79 019-1.3. Lynch, C.A.; Efthymiadis, A.E.</ref><ref>"Use of Interactive Network Graphics Based Power System Analysis in Distribution Network Operation"; IEE Conference on Power System Monitoring and Control, London, UK, 24-26 June 1980. Lynch, C.A.; Smith, A.A.; Efthymiadis, A.E.</ref> The recently reformatted cinefilm 'A Blueprint for Power', shot in 1979 shows how this revolutionary software bridged the gap between user-friendly interfaces and the precision required for intricate network analyses.<ref>"IPSA – A Blueprint for Power"; a short film (18 mins) produced by the Manchester University Audio Visual Service for UMIST and Manweb; first shown May 1979.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ipsa-power.com/a-blueprint-for-power/ | title=A Blueprint for Power | Celebrating 50 Years of IPSA }}</ref>
[[General Electric]]'s MAPS (Multi-Area Production Simulation) is a production simulation model used by various [[Regional transmission organization (North America)|Regional Transmission Organizations]] and [[Independent System Operator]]s in the United States to plan for the economic impact of proposed electric transmission and generation facilities in FERC-regulated electric wholesale markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=GE Multi-Area Production Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/maps|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GE Multi-Area Reliability Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/mars|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GE Power System Load Flow Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/pslf|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NYSRC 2018 IRM Study Report|url=http://www.nysrc.org/pdf/Reports/2018%20IRM%20Study%20Report%20Final%2012-8-17[2098].pdf|p=2|work=www.nysrc.org|date=December 8, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NYISO Notice to Stakeholders of Request for MAPS data|url=https://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/markets_operations/documents/Legal_and_Regulatory/Notices/MP_Notices/Notice%20to%20Generators%20re%20GE%20MAPS%20database%20input%20files%20for%20CARIS%202%20-%209-9-14.pdf|work=www.nyiso.com|date=August 2000|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref> ▼
▲[[General Electric]]'s MAPS (Multi-Area Production Simulation) is a production simulation model used by various [[Regional transmission organization (North America)|Regional Transmission Organizations]] and [[Independent System Operator]]s in the United States to plan for the economic impact of proposed electric transmission and generation facilities in FERC-regulated electric wholesale markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=GE Multi-Area Production Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/maps|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GE Multi-Area Reliability Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/mars|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GE Power System Load Flow Simulation|url=https://www.geenergyconsulting.com/practice-area/software-products/pslf|work=www.geenergyconsulting.com|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NYSRC 2018 IRM Study Report|url=http://www.nysrc.org/pdf/Reports/2018%20IRM%20Study%20Report%20Final%2012-8-17
Portions of the model may also be used for the commitment and dispatch phase (updated on 5 minute intervals) in operation of wholesale electric markets for RTO and ISO regions.
[[
These ISO and RTO regions also utilize a GE software package called MARS (Multi-Area Reliability Simulation) to ensure the power system meets reliability criteria (a [[loss of load expectation]] (LOLE) of no greater than 0.1 days per year). Further, a GE software package called PSLF (Positive Sequence Load Flow), [[Siemens]] software packages called PSSE (Power System Simulation for Engineering) as well as PSS SINCAL (Siemens Network Calculator), and [[Electrical Transient Analyzer Program]] (ETAP) by Operation Technology Inc.<ref>[https://etap.com Operation Technology Inc.]</ref> analyzes load flow on the power system for short-circuits and stability during preliminary planning studies by RTOs and ISOs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Siemens PSSE|url=https://www.siemens.com/pss-e|work=www.siemens.com|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Siemens PSS SINCAL|url=https://www.siemens.com/pss-sincal|work=www.siemens.com|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New York State Resource Planning Analysis (NYSPSC)|url=https://www.nyiso.com/public/webdocs/markets_operations/committees/mc/meeting_materials/2015-12-17/Agenda%2004_NYSDPS%20SRP%20Presentation_revised.pdf|work=www.nyiso.com|date=December 17, 2015|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref>
Line 131 ⟶ 130:
{{reflist}}
{{Computer simulation}}
[[Category:Electric power]]
| |||