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{{Short description|
A [[desktop environment]] is a collection of software designed to give functionality and a certain [[look and feel]] to an [[operating system]].
This article applies to [[operating system]]s which are capable of running the [[X Window System]], mostly [[Unix]] and [[Unix-like]] operating systems such as [[Linux]], [[Minix]], [[illumos]], [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]], [[IBM AIX|AIX]], [[FreeBSD]] and [[Mac OS X]].<ref>[http://www.xfree86.org/ XFree86 Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031020210433/http://xfree86.org/ |date=2003-10-20 }} line 5</ref> [[Microsoft Windows]] is incapable of natively running X applications; however, third-party X servers like [[Cygwin/X]], [[Hummingbird Ltd.|Exceed]], or [[Xming]] are available.<ref>[http://x.cygwin.com/ Cygwin/X website]</ref><ref>[
== Technical elements of a desktop environment ==
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Some of the differences which can influence the choice of desktop environment are:
* [[Look and feel]] of the desktop environment. The user will be more comfortable with a certain look and feel that they may or may not already be familiar with.
* Flexibility and configurability of the desktop environment. A sophisticated user might want a highly configurable desktop environment to make the desktop environment work the way they want. A
* Personal preferences for choice of software, which has two aspects:
** Each desktop environment comes packaged with various default software and various "ways things are done" under that desktop. A casual user might like a highly integrated graphical interface to change various settings while a more experienced user might prefer to use individual configuration utilities or even [[Command-line interface|CLI]] tools.
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! Date <!-- YYYY-MM-DD / ISO 8601 -->
|-
| [[Budgie (desktop environment)|Budgie]]
| 2014-02-07
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q27888813|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q27888813|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, Vala
| GTK
| GPL
| The intention was to use [[GNOME]] components to create a more lightweight and traditional desktop that still had most of the features that GNOME provided at the time.
|-
| [[Cinnamon (software)|Cinnamon]]
| 2011-04
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q1092551|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q1092551|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, JavaScript, Python
| GTK
| GPL
| Forked from GNOME 3 with the intent to create a traditional desktop built on modern technologies.
|-
| [[Common Desktop Environment]] (CDE)
| 1993-06-30
| 2.5.2
| 2023-11-18
| C, C++
| [[Motif (software)|Motif]]
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.0-or-later]]
| Part of the [[UNIX 98|UNIX 98 Workstation Product Standard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/testing/prodstds.htm|title=Testing requirements by Product Standard|publisher=The Open Group|date=January 31, 2013|access-date=September 29, 2013}}</ref> Released in 2012 under a [[Free software|free]] license.
|-
| [[
| 2015
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q129145|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q129145|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C++
| Qt
| GPL
| The desktop environment of Deepin.
|-
| [[Enlightenment (software)|Enlightenment]] (E)
| 1997
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q692045|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q692045|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C
| EFL
| BSD license
| Complete environment including centralized configuration of most settings.
|-
| [[Equinox Desktop Environment]] (EDE)
| 2003-01-06
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q1323918|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q1323918|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C++
| FLTK
| GPL, LGPL
| Seldom used environment, has seen little activity in recent years.
|-
| Étoilé
| 2006-02-22
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q290639|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q290639|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| Objective-C
| GNUstep
| MIT, BSD license
| Has seen little activity for several years, the last sign of activity having been in 2014.
|-
| [[GNOME]]
| 1999-03-03
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q44316|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q44316|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, C++, Vala, Python, JavaScript
| GTK
| GPL, LGPL
| GNOME is one of the most popular environments. Major design changes with the 3.0 release sparked the creation of Cinnamon (a fork of GNOME 3), Unity (an alternative Gnome Desktop Session to GNOME Shell) and MATE (a fork of GNOME 2).
|-
| [[KDE Plasma 5]] (KDE5, KDE Plasma Workspaces, formerly K Desktop Environment or simply KDE)
| 1998-07-12
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q17363870|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q17363870|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C++, QML
| Qt
| LGPL
| KDE has a strong and enthusiastic following. The project is largely community-centric, and encompass many other applications and frameworks, many built specifically for KDE.
|-
| [[LXDE]] (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment)
| 2006
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q47123|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q47123|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C
| GTK
| GPL, LGPL
| LXDE, with its low resource footprint, is a favorite among developers of lighter-weight Linux distributions. Development has largely moved to LXQt, but it is still maintained and in 2020 ported to GTK3.
|-
| [[LXQt]]
| 2014-05-07
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q18341825|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q18341825|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, C++
| Qt
| GPL, LGPL
| Formed by a merger of LXDE-Qt and Razor-qt, this is a lightweight Qt-based desktop environment.
|-
| [[MATE (software)|MATE]]
| 2011-08-19
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q194090|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q194090|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, C++, Python
| GTK
| LGPL, GPL
| Revival and continuation of GNOME 2 environment after the release of GNOME 3. In recent releases, it has been ported to GTK 3, demonstrating the progress of the project.
|-
| [[Elementary OS#Pantheon desktop environment|Pantheon]]
| 2011
| 8.2.4
| 2025-06-30
| Vala
| GTK
| GPL
| The desktop environment of elementary OS.
|-
| [[Razor-qt]]
| 2010-09-05
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q2420670|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q2420670|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C++
| Qt
| GPL
| Merged into LXQt
|-
| [[ROX Desktop]]
| 2000 (?)
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q1417071|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q1417071|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, Python
| GTK
| GPL
| {{dash}}
|-
| [[Trinity Desktop Environment]] (TDE)
| 2010-04-29
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q14301825|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q14301825|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C++
| Qt
| GPL (and other)
| Forked from KDE 3.x
|-
| [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]]
| 2010-06-09
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q381140|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q381140|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C, C++, Python, Vala, QML
| GTK
| GPL, LGPL
| Developed by Canonical for Ubuntu as an alternative graphical shell to GNOME Shell. Designed with "convergence" in mind, it was discontinued by Canonical in early 2017 because Unity 8 had some problems, including Mir and X app support. Was picked up by UBPorts and renamed "[[Lomiri]]."
|-
| [[Xfce]]
| 1997-early
| {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q170821|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| {{wikidata|qualifier|raw|preferred|single|Q170821|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| C
| GTK
| GPL, LGPL, BSD license
| Xfce is often used in lightweight distributions targeting lower-end hardware.
|}
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{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[KDE]]
! [[GNOME]]
! [[MATE (software)|MATE]]
! [[Cinnamon (desktop environment)|Cinnamon]]
! [[Xfce]]
! [[LXDE]]
! [[ROX Desktop]]
! Étoilé
! [[Equinox Desktop Environment|EDE]]
! [[Enlightenment (software)|Enlightenment]]
![[LXQt]]
|-
! [[X window manager]]
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| edewm
| Enlightenment
| [[KWin]]
|-
! [[X display manager]]
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| elma
| [[Entrance (display manager)|Entrance]]
|[[SDDM]]
|-
! [[File manager]]
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| Efiler
| EFM, Entropy
|[[PCMan File Manager|PCManFM-Qt]]
|-
! [[Widget toolkit]]
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| [[FLTK]] (previously eFLTK)
| Elementary
|[[Qt (framework)|Qt]]
|-
! [[Terminal emulator]]
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|
| Terminology
| Qterminal
|-
! [[Text editor]]
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|
| Eyesight, Ecrire
|Mousepad
|-
! [[Video player (software)|Video player]]
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|
| Enna (media center), Eclair
|
|-
! [[Audio player (software)|Audio player]]
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|
| Enjoy
|
|-
! [[Optical disc authoring software|CD burners]]
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|
|
|Xfburn
|-
! [[CD ripper]]
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|
| Extrackt
|
|-
! [[Image viewer]]
| [[Gwenview]]
| [[
| [[MATE (software)#Components|Eye of MATE]]
|Xviewer
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| Eimage
| Ephoto
|
|-
! [[Office suite]]
| [[Calligra Suite]] ([[KOffice]] until 2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=creator) |first=Aracele Torres, Camila Ayres, Molly White (original wikimedia-timeline |last2=names |first2=Translated by Your |title=A 27 year timeline of KDE events |url=https://kde.org/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=kde.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unmaintained / KOffice · GitLab |url=https://invent.kde.org/unmaintained/koffice |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=GitLab |language=en}}</ref>
| GnomeOffice
|
|
|
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|
| Eve
|
|-
! [[E-mail client]]
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|
| [[GNUMail]]
|
|
|
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|
| Contacts
|
|
|
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|
| Shotgun
|
|-
! [[File archiver|Archive manager]]
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|
|
| LXQt-manager
|-
! [[PDF]] viewer
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|
| Epdf
|
|-
! [[Integrated development environment|IDE]]
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|
| EDI
|
|-
! [[X session manager]]
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|
|
|
|-
! [[Widget engine]]
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|
| Elementary
|
|-
! [[Software license|Licenses]] used
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| [[GPL]], [[LGPL]]
| [[BSD licenses|BSD]], [[LGPL]]
|[[GPL]], [[LGPL]]
|}
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* [https://www.linux.com/news/best-linux-desktop-environments-2016 Best Linux Desktop Environments for 2016] [[linux.com]]
* [https://lifehacker.com/5762081/wtf-desktop-environments-gnome-kde-and-more-explained WTF Desktop Environments: GNOME, KDE, and More Explained] ''[[Lifehacker]]''
* [https://www.networkworld.com/article/2359355/software/156246-A-visual-history-of-OS-desktop-environments.html A visual history of OS desktop environments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181034/https://www.networkworld.com/article/2359355/software/156246-A-visual-history-of-OS-desktop-environments.html |date=2018-02-03 }} [[NetworkWorld]]
{{X desktop environments and window managers}}
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