Content deleted Content added
Nereocystis (talk | contribs) Add reference for US states which have laws related to EDRs, update number of states |
condense |
||
| (46 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown) | |||
Line 3:
{{More citations needed|date=November 2009}}
{{Tone|article|date=October 2020}}
}}
An '''event data recorder''' ('''EDR''')
The term generally refers to a simple, tamper-proof, [[read-write memory]] device. The role of the EDR is limited compared to journey data recorders such as [[digital tachograph]]s in Europe or [[electronic logging device]] in the USA,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/knowledge/esave/esafety_measures_known_safety_effects/black_boxes_in_vehicle_data_recorders_en|title = Black boxes/ In-vehicle data recorders|date = 17 October 2016}}</ref> which may also be referred to as a black box or in-vehicle data recorder.
In modern diesel [[truck]]s, EDRs are triggered by electronically sensed problems in the engine (often called faults), or a sudden change in wheel speed. One or more of these conditions may occur because of an accident. Information from these devices can be collected after a crash and analyzed to help determine what the vehicles were doing before, during and after the crash or event.
Line 14 ⟶ 13:
== History ==
In its efforts to establish the uniform scientific crash data needed to make vehicle and highway transportation safer and reduce fatalities, the [[IEEE]]
The new standard specifies minimal performance characteristics for onboard tamper- and crash-proof memory devices for all types and classes of highway and roadway vehicles. This international protocol will help manufacturers develop what is commonly called "black boxes" for autos, trucks, buses, ambulances, fire trucks and other vehicles. It includes a data dictionary of 86 data elements and covers device survivability.
Since
Since between 2008 and 2019, Korea has fitted vehicles with event data recorders, according to Korean regulation KMVSS Art. 56-2 (MOLIT Ord. 534/2018).
Line 24 ⟶ 23:
Since between 2008 and 2015, Japan has fitted vehicles with event data recorders, according to Japanese regulation J-EDR (Kokujigi 278/2008), for passenger cars.
Since between 2012 and 2015 Switzerland has fitted vehicles with event data recorders, according to regulation
Since between 2003 and 2005, Uruguay has fitted vehicles with event data recorders, according to Decree 560/003 Art. 11, for dangerous goods vehicles.
Line 33 ⟶ 32:
== Regulatory framework ==
In the US 49/563.5 regulatory framework, Event data recorder is defined as a {{blockquote|a device or function in a vehicle that records the vehicle's dynamic time-series data during the time period just prior to a crash event (e.g., vehicle speed vs. time) or during a crash event (e.g., delta-V vs. time), intended for retrieval after the crash event. For the purposes of this definition, the event data do not include audio and video data.}}<ref name="CFR 563" />
In an EU parliament text adopted in 2019, event data recorder requirements assume:
{{blockquote|the data that they are capable of recording and storing with respect of the period shortly before, during and immediately after a collision shall include the vehicle's [[speed]], [[braking]], position and tilt of the vehicle on the road, the state and rate of activation of all its safety systems, 112-based [[eCall]] in-vehicle system, brake activation and relevant input parameters of the on-board active safety and [[collision avoidance system|accident avoidance systems]], with high level of accuracy and ensured survivability of data}}
Since 6 July 2022 EDR regulation is applicable to new car models sold in the [[European Union]] and in the [[European economic area]] but this move has been met with criticism as this standard is not stringent enough.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://etsc.eu/july-6th-2022-vehicle-safety-in-europe-takes-a-giant-leap-forward/ | title=July 6th 2022 – Vehicle safety in Europe takes a giant leap forward | date=5 July 2022 | publisher=ETSC }}</ref>
In 2020, talks are ongoing to draft and define global and/or UNECE [[vehicle regulation]] for event data recorder. In march 2021, regulation 160 is adopted.<ref name="unece.org"/>▼
=== Technical regulations ===
▲In 2020, talks
European UN regulations include regulation 160 for cars (M1 and N1 categories)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Union |first=Publications Office of the European |date=2021-07-26 |title=UN Regulation No 160 – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the Event Data Recorder [2021/1215], PUB/2021/586 |url=https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/264f8c23-edab-11eb-a71c-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Publications Office of the EU |language=en}}</ref> and regulation 169 for heavy vehicles (M2, M3, N2 and N3categories)<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-05-28 |title=EU: New draft regulation on event data recorders |url=https://igarr.com/2024/05/28/eu-new-draft-regulation-on-event-data-recorders/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Institute for Global Automotive Regulatory Research |language=en-US}}</ref>{{,}}.<ref>https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401218 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
==Operation==
Some EDRs continuously record data, overwriting the previous few minutes until a crash stops them, and others are activated by crash-like events (such as sudden changes in velocity) and may continue to record until the accident is over, or until the recording time is expired. EDRs may record a wide range of data elements, potentially including whether the [[brake]]s were applied, the speed at the time of impact, the steering angle, and whether [[seat belt]] circuits were shown as "Buckled" or "Unbuckled" at the time of the crash.
Most EDRs in automobiles and light trucks are part of the restraint system control module, which senses impact accelerations and determines what restraints (airbags and/or seatbelt tensioners) to deploy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hench|first1=David|title='Black boxes' in cars capture data, and the truth|url=http://www.pressherald.com/2015/03/02/black-boxes-in-cars-capture-data-and-the-truth/|access-date=18 June 2017|agency=Portland Press Herald|date=2 March 2015}}</ref> After the deployment (or non-deployment) decisions are made, and if there is still power available, the data are written to memory.
It is also possible that no data can be recovered from a data recorder. One situation where this might occur is a catastrophic loss of electrical power early in a collision event. In this situation, the power reserve in the restraint system control module capacitors may be completely spent by the deployment of the air bags, leaving insufficient power to write data to the EEPROM.
Most EDRs in heavy trucks are part of the engine electronic control module (ECM),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Andrews|first1=Dennis F.|last2=Limpert|first2=Rudy|title=Electronic Control Module Data in Large Truck Collision Analysis|url=http://www.pcbrakeinc.com/epub/PCB%201-2013f.pdf|website=PC Brake|access-date=19 June 2017|date=2013}}</ref> which controls fuel injection timing and other functions in modern heavy-duty diesel engines.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosch|first1=Robert|title=Diesel Fuel Injection|date=1997|publisher=Bosch Technical Instruction|isbn=1-56091-542-0}}</ref>
Some EDRs only keep track of the car's speed along its length and not the speed going sideways.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Askland|first1=Andrew|title=The Double Edged Sword that is the Event Data Recorder|journal=Temple Journal of Science, Technology and Environmental Law|date=Spring 2006|volume=XXV|issue=1|pages=1–14|url=http://www.temple.edu/law/tjstel/2006/spring/v25no1-Askland.pdf|access-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127142500/http://www.temple.edu/law/tjstel/2006/spring/v25no1-Askland.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Analysts generally look at the momentum, energy, and crush damage, and then compare their speed estimates to the number coming out of the EDR to create a complete view of the accident.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2010-02-24 |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2140188/ |last1=Engber|first1=Daniel|title=The Ferrari That Split in Half |work=Slate.com |date=2006-04-18 }}</ref>
Line 54 ⟶ 59:
==Data from the Eaton VORAD Collision Warning System==
The Eaton Vehicle Onboard Radar (VORAD) Collision Warning System is used by many commercial trucking firms to aid drivers and improve safety. The system includes forward and side radar sensors to detect the presence, proximity and movements of vehicles around the truck to then alert the truck driver. When sensors determine that the truck is closing on a vehicle ahead too quickly or that a nearby vehicle is potentially hazardous, the VORAD system gives the driver both a visual and audible warning. The VORAD system also monitors various parameters of the truck including vehicle speed and turn rate plus the status of vehicle systems and controls. The monitored data is captured and recorded by the VORAD system. This monitored data can be extracted and analyzed in the event of an accident. The recorded data can be used by accident investigators and forensic engineers to show the movement and speed of the host vehicle plus the position and speeds of other vehicles prior to the incident. In accident reconstruction, the VORAD system is a step above the EDR systems in that VORAD monitors other vehicles relative to the host vehicle, while EDR's only record data about the host vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2012-07-05 |url=http://www.veritecheng.com/eaton-vorad-collision-warning-system/ |title=Operation of the Eaton VORAD Collision Warning System and Analysis of the Recorded Data |work=David Danaher, P.E., Jeff Ball, Ph.D., P.E., Trevor Buss, P.E., and Mark Kittel, P.E |date=2012-06-14 |archive-date=2019-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009115517/https://www.veritecheng.com/eaton-vorad-collision-warning-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Usage ==
Line 75 ⟶ 79:
===The Bosch CDR tool===
Over 88% of model year 2016 and newer vehicles are supported by the Bosch CDR tool, enabling the retrieval of event data recorder (EDR) data from a vehicle that has been involved in a crash. This tool is made up of hardware and software which provides the ability to
===Subaru, Kia, and Hyundai tools===
Line 82 ⟶ 86:
==NHTSA ruling==
From 1998 to 2001, the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) sponsored a working group specifically tasked with the study of EDRs. After years of evaluation, NHTSA released a formal Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in 2004. This notice declared NHTSA's intent to standardize EDRs. It was not until August 2006 that NHTSA released its final ruling (49 CFR Part 563). The ruling was lengthy (207 pages), consisting of not only definitions and mandatory EDR standards, but also acted as a formal reply to the dozens of petitions received by NHTSA after the 2004 notice.<ref name="CFR 563" />
Since there was already an overwhelming trend for voluntary EDR installation, the ruling did not require manufacturers to install EDRs in vehicles produced for North America. Based on its analysis, NHTSA estimated that by 2010, over 85% of vehicles would already have EDRs installed in them, but warned that if the trend did not continue, the agency would revisit their decision and possibly make installation a requirement.
The mandate did, however, provide a minimum standard for the type of data that EDRs would be required to record
In addition to the required data, NHTSA also set standards for 30 other types of data to be recorded if EDRs were voluntarily configured
Besides the requirement that all data be able to survive a 30 mph barrier crash and be measured with defined precision, NHTSA also required that all manufacturers make their EDR data publicly available.
==EDR
In 2020, an NTSB communication
Public Meeting of February 25, 2020
(Information subject to editing)
Line 103 ⟶ 106:
HWY18FH011</ref>
==Purported
Some forensic studies are underway regarding rules and regulations and warn automakers and crash investigators of privacy concerns and unintended use of retrieved EDR data.
Beginning in the late 90s light vehicle manufacturers included electronic data recorders (EDR) in most vehicles; they were commonly referred to as 'Black Boxes'.
Despite alerts and warnings in
▲Despite alerts and warnings in their vehicle owner's manual, many drivers are not aware of their vehicle's recording capability. Civil liberty and privacy groups have raised concerns about the implications of data recorders 'spying' on car users, particularly as the issue of 'who owns the data' has not yet been fully resolved, and there has been some controversy over the use of recorded data as evidence in court cases and for insurance claims against the driver of a crashed vehicle. But the use of EDR data in civil and criminal court cases is on the rise as they become more accepted as a source of reliable empirical evidence in accident reconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2010-02-22 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/MellodyHobson/car-black-box-records-key-data/story?id=9814181 |title=Is That a 'Black Box' in Your Car? |work=ABC News |date=2010-02-22 }}</ref>
In the United States, at least 17 states have statutes specific to EDRs. Generally, these state statutes restrict access to the EDR or limit the use of recovered EDR information.<ref>{{cite web |title=Privacy of Data from Event Data Recorders: State Statutes |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/privacy-of-data-from-event-data-recorders.aspx |website=National Conference of State Legislatures |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
Line 118 ⟶ 119:
The U.S. federal Driver Privacy Act of 2015 was enacted on December 4, 2015. It stated that the owner or lessee of a motor vehicle is the owner of the data collected by the EDR. In order to access that data, an investigator would need to (1) be authorized by a court or judicial or administrative authority, subject to the standards for admission into evidence; (2) obtain the written, electronic or recorded audio consent of the vehicle owner or lessee; (3) be conducting an investigation or inspection authorized by federal law; (4) demonstrate it is necessary to facilitate medical care in response to a car accident; or (5) be conducting traffic safety research, so long as the personal information of the owner/lessee is not disclosed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Driver Privacy Act of 2015 Addresses Privacy Concerns for Data Collected on Event Data Recorder|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/driver-privacy-act-2015-addresses-privacy-concerns-data-collected-event-data|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>
In Canada, it is considered that there is no expectation of privacy since the information contained in the EDR did not contain "intimate details of the driver’s biological core … that could be said to directly compromise his dignity, integrity, and autonomy.".<ref name="canadianlawyermag.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/practice-areas/litigation/no-privacy-breach-in-warrantless-seizure-of-data-recorder-after-car-crash-sask-court-of-appeal/368692 | title=No privacy breach in warrantless seizure of data recorder after car crash: Sask. Court of Appeal }}</ref>
There have been a number of trial cases worldwide involving EDRs. Drivers have been convicted and exonerated as a result of EDR evidence.▼
== EDR as Courtroom Evidence ==
▲There have been a number of
*In [[New South Wales]], Australia, a teen-aged female (a [[driving licence|probationary]] driver) was convicted of dangerous driving "causing death/occasioning grievous bodily harm" in 2005. Evidence from the [[Peugeot]]'s EDR showed that the car was being driven in excess of the posted speed limit. An injunction against the use of EDR evidence, obtained by the owner of the car (the parents of the defendant), was overturned in the [[NSW Supreme Court]].▼
*In [[Quebec]], Canada, the driver of a car who sped through a [[traffic lights|red light]], crashing into another car at the intersection and killing the other driver, was convicted of "dangerous driving" in 2001 after EDR information revealed that it was he, not the deceased driver of the other car (as the defendant asserted), who was speeding. There were no other witnesses to the crash.▼
*The first such use of EDR evidence in the [[United Kingdom]] was at [[Birmingham]] [[Crown Court]] during the trial of Antonio Boparan-Singh who crashed the [[Range Rover Sport]] he was driving into a [[Jeep]] in 2006. The accident left a baby girl paralyzed and the driver, who was aged 19 at the time of the incident, was sentenced to 21 months in prison. The EDR evidence allowed investigators to determine the driver was speeding at 72 mph in a 30 mph zone.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2010-02-03 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/how-cars-black-box-trapped-speeding-rich-list-heir-who-left-baby-paralysed-in-range-rover-crash-6615218.html |title=How car's black box trapped speeding Rich List heir who left baby paralysed in Range Rover crash |work=London Evening Standard |date=2008-04-04 }}</ref>▼
Although EDR evidence can be valuable in the litigation of traffic-related accidents and incidents, the primary purpose of an EDR is to improve driver safety and not to provide data for accident reconstruction, and courts should consider the limitations of EDR data in determining the cause of traffic accidents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Use of Automobile Black Box Data in Court|url=https://www.expertlaw.com/library/accidents/auto_black_boxes2.html|website=ExpertLaw|access-date=19 June 2017}}</ref>▼
===N.J. Governor Jon Corzine===
On 12 April 2007, [[Governor of New Jersey|N.J. Governor]] [[Jon Corzine]] was seriously injured in an automobile accident. According to the superintendent of state police, an event data recorder in the [[SUV]] he was traveling in recorded he was traveling at about 91 mph five seconds before the crash.
===Mass. Lt. Governor Tim Murray===
On November 2, 2011, [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|Mass. Lt. Governor]] [[Tim Murray]] crashed a government-owned vehicle on a stretch of [[Interstate 190 (Massachusetts)|Interstate 190]].<ref name="boston.com">{{cite news |last1=Bierman |first1=Noah |date=3 January 2012 |title=Murray was going 100 mph, may have been asleep before crash |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/01/03/gov-tim-murray-traveling-mph-time-nov-crash-fell-asleep-wheel/7GJmpkpIigVGxQd9rv06nI/story.html |access-date=18 June 2017 |agency=Boston Globe
=== Antonio Boparan-Singh ===
▲
=== Others ===
▲* In [[New South Wales]], Australia, a teen-aged female (a [[driving licence|probationary]] driver) was convicted of dangerous driving "causing death/occasioning grievous bodily harm" in 2005. Evidence from the [[Peugeot]]'s EDR showed that the car was being driven in excess of the posted speed limit. An injunction against the use of EDR evidence, obtained by the owner of the car (the parents of the defendant), was overturned in the [[NSW Supreme Court]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
▲* In [[Quebec]], Canada, the driver of a car who sped through a [[traffic lights|red light]], crashing into another car at the intersection and killing the other driver, was convicted of "dangerous driving" in 2001 after EDR information revealed that it was he, not the deceased driver of the other car (as the defendant asserted), who was speeding. There were no other witnesses to the crash.
▲Although EDR evidence can be valuable in the litigation of traffic-related accidents and incidents, the primary purpose of an EDR is to improve driver safety and not to provide data for accident reconstruction, and courts should consider the limitations of EDR data in determining the cause of traffic accidents.
In Canada, usage of such data in court might be considered as an error, without proper evidentiary foundation establishing its reliability, as with the crash data retrieval software (CDR) that interpreted the EDR.<ref name="canadianlawyermag.com" />
==Video Event Data Recorder==
{{main|Dashcam}}
A Video Event Data Recorder (VEDR), more commonly known as a 'Dashcam', is a device that records video in a vehicle to create a record of accidents and for evaluating driver and vehicle performance.
==In Europe==
Line 157 ⟶ 161:
</ref>
Ownership of
When an EDR is considered as a record of less than 30 seconds, an EDR is different from other in-vehicle data recorders such as driver or journey monitoring devices. However, some retrofit systems, in the fleet and insurance markets, might include both driver/journey monitoring and EDR functionality.<ref name="ppr707" />
[[
EU EDR will become mandatory on new cars in Europe, when it is not in the US.<ref name="Jan Paul Peters / Hans Bot"/>
Line 170 ⟶ 174:
The Event Data Recorder (EDR) is one of the systems to become mandatory in mid-2022 for new types of passenger cars and vans under the revised General Vehicle Safety Regulation 2019/2144. It will help to obtain more accurate and complete accidentology data to be used for accident research and analysis.
Since 6 July 2022 EDR regulation is applicable to new car models sold in the [[European Union]] and in the [[European economic area]] but criticism exist as this standard is not enough stringent.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://etsc.eu/july-6th-2022-vehicle-safety-in-europe-takes-a-giant-leap-forward/ | title=July 6th 2022 – Vehicle safety in Europe takes a giant leap forward | ETSC | date=5 July 2022 }}</ref>
Compared to UN regulation 160, EU adds requirements related to data retrieval, privacy and security of data.
Line 175 ⟶ 181:
==See also==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER -->
{{commons category|Event data recorders}}
* [[Accident data recorder|Accident Data Recorder]]
* [[Black box (disambiguation)#Transportation|Black
* [[Data logger|Data Logger]]
* [[
* [[Forensic engineering|Forensic Engineering]]
* [[Tachograph]]
* [[Vehicular accident reconstruction|Vehicular Accident Reconstruction]]
==References==
Line 191 ⟶ 196:
==External links==
* [http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43651.pdf?
* [http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-3513_7-6731442-1.html Is Your Car Spying On You?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040924095047/http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/pr_1616.html World's First Motor Vehicle 'Black Box' Standard Created at IEEE]
* [http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/gnss2004unsw/YIP,%20Alan%20P226.pdf Integrating GPS with Standalone MVEDR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206235215/http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/gnss2004unsw/YIP,%20Alan%20P226.pdf |date=2012-02-06 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080904234213/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1616/2002043027Boyell.pdf Availability and Accessibility of MVEDR Data]
| |||