Huon Gulf languages: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Western Oceanic languages}}

{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300" style="margin-top:5px; margin-left:5px; margin-bottom:5px"

{{Infobox language family

! colspan="2" bgcolor=tomato style="font-size:120%"|Huon Gulf Languages

|name=Huon Gulf

|region=[[Papua New Guinea]]

|familycolor=Austronesian

|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]

|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]

|fam4=[[Western Oceanic languages|Western Oceanic]]

|fam5=[[North New Guinea languages|North New Guinea]]

|protoname=Proto-Huon Gulf

|child1=[[Markham languages|Markham]]

|child2=[[North Huon Gulf languages|North Huon Gulf]]

|child3=[[Numbami language|Numbami]]

|child4=[[South Huon Gulf languages|South Huon Gulf]]

|glotto=huon1245

|glottorefname=Huon Gulf

}}

The '''Huon Gulf languages''' are [[Western Oceanic languages]] spoken primarily in [[Morobe Province]] of [[Papua New Guinea]]. They may form a group of the [[North New Guinea languages]], perhaps within the Ngero–Vitiaz branch of that family.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Unusually for Oceanic languages, two [[North Huon Gulf languages]], [[Bukawa language|Bukawa]] and [[Yabem language|Yabem]], are tonal. The only other tonal Oceanic languages are found in [[New Caledonia]].<ref name="Blust-AN">{{cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Blust |year=2013 |title=The Austronesian languages |volume=A-PL 008 |___location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |hdl=1885/10191 |isbn=9781922185075 |edition=revised }}</ref>

==Classification==

According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), the structure of the family is as follows:<ref>[[John Lynch (linguist)|Lynch, John]], [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]] & [[Terry Crowley (linguist)|Terry Crowley]]. 2002. ''The Oceanic languages.'' Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.</ref>

*[[North Huon Gulf languages|North Huon Gulf]] linkage

*[[Markham languages|Markham]] family

*[[South Huon Gulf languages|South Huon Gulf]] linkage

*[[Numbami language|Numbami]]

==Proto-language==

{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Huon Gulf

| altname =

| region =

| era =

| familycolor = Austronesian

| ancestor = [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]

| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]]

| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Oceanic language|Proto-Oceanic]]

| child1 = [[Proto-Markham language|Proto-Markham]]

| target = Huon Gulf languages

}}

Proto-Huon Gulf was reconstructed by [[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Malcolm Ross]] in 1988 in ''Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia''. It is reconstructed on the basis of shared [[phonological]], [[morphosyntactic]] and [[semantics|lexicosemantic]] innovations relative to Proto-Oceanic, such as the pervasive lenition of Proto-Oceanic ''*p'' to ''*v'', the acquisition of a final ''*-c'' in some words, the idiosyncratic change of Proto-Oceanic {{lang|mis|*boRok}} 'pig' to Proto-Huon Gulf {{lang|mis|*boR}}, and the loss of all verb-deriving prefixes such as {{lang|mis|*pa-}} 'causative', {{lang|mis|*paRi-}} 'reciprocal', {{lang|mis|*ma-}} 'stative', and {{lang|mis|*ta-}} 'intransitive'.

===Vowels===

The vowels of Proto-Huon Gulf, according to Ross, are:

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

|+ Vowels

|-

!

| valign="top"|Spoken in:

![[Front vowel|Front]]

|Northern [[New Guinea]]

![[Central vowel|Central]]

![[Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! [[Close vowel|Close]]

| valign="top"|[[Language families and languages|Genetic]]<br>[[Language families and languages|classification]]:

| {{IPA|*i}}

|[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]<br>

|

&nbsp;[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]<br>

| {{IPA|*u}}

&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]]<br>

|-

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Eastern Malayo-Polynesian]]<br>

! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]<br>

| {{IPA|*e}}

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Western Oceanic languages|Western Oceanic]]<br>

|

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[North New Guinea languages|North New Guinea]]<br>

| {{IPA|*o}}

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Huon Gulf'''<br>

|-

! [[Open vowel|Open]]

|

| {{IPA|*a}}

|

|}

===Consonants===

The family of '''Huon Gulf languages''' is a subgroup of the [[North New Guinea languages]]. It consists of thirty [[language]]s.

The consonants of Proto-Huon Gulf, according to Ross, are:

: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Consonants

! colspan="2" |

![[Labial–velar consonant|Labiovelar]]

![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]

![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

![[Velar consonant|Velar]]

![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]

|-

! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]

!<small>[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>

|

|*{{IPA link|b}}

|*{{IPA link|d}}

|*{{IPA link|ɟ}}

|*{{IPA link|g}}

|

|-

!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>

|

|*{{IPA link|p}}

|*{{IPA link|t}}

|*{{IPA link|c}}

|*{{IPA link|k}}

|

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Nasalization|Nasal]]

|*{{IPA link|m}}{{IPA link|ʷ}}

|*{{IPA link|m}}

|*{{IPA link|n}}

|*{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|*{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

|*{{IPA link|v}}

|

|*{{IPA link|s}}

|

|*{{IPA link|ɣ}}

|

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

|*{{IPA link|w}}

|

|*{{IPA link|l}}, *{{IPA link|r}}

|*{{IPA link|j}}

|

|*{{IPA link|ʀ}}

|}

==Components==

*[[Markham languages]]

**[[Lower Markham languages]]

**[[Upper Markham languages]]

**[[Watut languages]]

*[[North Huon Gulf languages]]

**[[Bugawac language|Bugawac]]

**[[Yabem language|Yabem]]

**[[Kela language|Kela]]

*[[Numbami language|Numbami]]

*[[South Huon Gulf languages]]

**[[Hote-Buang languages]]

**[[Iwal language|Iwal]]

==References==

==References==

{{Reflist}}

* Ross, Malcolm (1988). ''Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia.'' Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

*[[Malcolm Ross (linguist)|Ross, Malcolm]] (1988). ''Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia.'' Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[[Category:Austronesian{{North New Guinea languages]]}}

{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea]]

[[Category:Huon Gulf languages| ]]

{{au-lang-stub}}

[[Category:North New Guinea languages]]

[[Category:Languages of Morobe Province]]