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{{Short description|American general, politician, and member of the Roosevelt family}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Theodore Roosevelt III
| image = LC-DIG-ggbain-37582.jpg
| caption = Roosevelt, {{circa}} 1921
| office = [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]
| term_start = February 29, 1932
| term_end = July 15, 1933
| president = [[Herbert Hoover]]<br />[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| preceded = [[George C. Butte]] (acting)
| succeeded = [[Frank Murphy]]
| office2 = [[Governor of Puerto Rico]]
| term_start2 = September 9, 1929
| term_end2 = January 30, 1932
| president2 = Herbert Hoover
| preceded2 = [[James R. Beverley]] (acting)
| succeeded2 = James R. Beverley
| office3 = [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]]
| term_start3 = March 10, 1921
| term_end3 = September 30, 1924
| president3 = [[Warren G. Harding]]<br />[[Calvin Coolidge]]
| preceded3 = [[Gordon Woodbury]]
| succeeded3 = [[Theodore Douglas Robinson]]
| state_assembly4 = New York
| district4 = 2nd
| term_start4 = 1920
| term_end4 = 1921
| preceded4 = [[Franklin A. Coles]]
| succeeded4 = [[Frederick Trubee Davison]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|9|13}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|07|12|1887|11|13}}
| birth_place = [[Oyster Bay (town), New York|Oyster Bay, New York]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Méautis]], [[France]]
| resting_place = [[Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial|Normandy American Cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|49|20|55|N|0|51|17|W|region:FR-NOR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Theodore Roosevelt]]|[[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Carow Roosevelt]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Eleanor Butler Roosevelt|Eleanor Butler Alexander]]|1910}}
| children = {{flatlist|* [[Grace Roosevelt McMillan|Grace]]
* [[Theodore Roosevelt III|Theodore IV]]
* [[Cornelius V.S. Roosevelt|Cornelius]]
* [[Quentin Roosevelt II|Quentin]]}}
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| allegiance = United States
| branch = [[United States Army]]
| branch_label = [[Military branch|Branch]]
| serviceyears = 1917–1919 National Army<br />1920–1939 Army Reserve<br />1940–1944 Army of the United States
| rank = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]
| unit = [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]]<br />[[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]
| commands = {{Nowrap|1st Battalion, [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Infantry]]}}<br />26th Infantry
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
** [[Battle of Cantigny|Cantigny]]{{WIA}}
** [[Battle of Soissons (1918)|Soissons]]
** [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel|St. Mihiel]]
** [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive|Meuse-Argonne]]
** [[Western Front (World War I)|Defensive Sector]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Operation Torch|Algeria‑French Morocco]]
** [[Tunisian campaign|Tunisia]]
** [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Sicily]]
** [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label = [[Military campaign|Campaign]]s
| mawards = {{unbulleted list|[[Medal of Honor]]|[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]|[[Silver Star]] (4)|[[Legion of Merit]]|[[Purple Heart]]|[[Legion of Honor]]|[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]]|''[[#Military awards|See more]]''}}
| education = [[Harvard University]] ([[B. A.|BA]])
}}
'''Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt was educated at private academies and [[Harvard University]]; after his 1909 graduation from college, he began a successful career in business and investment banking. Having gained pre–[[World War I]] army experience during his attendance at a [[Citizens' Military Training Camp]], at the start of the war he received a reserve commission as a [[Major (United States)|major]]. He served primarily with the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]], took part in several engagements including the [[Battle of Cantigny]], and commanded the 1st Battalion, [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Infantry]] as a [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]]. After the war, Roosevelt was instrumental in the forming of [[American Legion|The American Legion]].
In addition to his military and business careers, Roosevelt was active in politics and government. He served as [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] (1921–1924), [[Governor of Puerto Rico]] (1929–1932), and [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] (1932–1933). He resumed his business endeavors in the 1930s, and was [[Chair (official)|Chairman of the Board]] of [[American Express]] Company, and vice-president of [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday Books]]. Roosevelt also remained active as an Army reservist, attending annual training periods at [[Fort Drum, New York|Pine Camp]], and completing the Infantry Officer Basic and Advanced Courses, the Command and General Staff College, and refresher training for senior officers. He returned to active duty for World War II with the rank of [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]], and commanded the 26th Infantry. He soon received promotion to brigadier general as assistant division commander of the 1st Infantry Division.
After serving in the [[Operation Torch]] landings in North Africa and the [[Tunisia Campaign]], followed by participation in the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]], Roosevelt was assigned as assistant division commander of the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]. In this role, he led the first wave of troops ashore at [[Utah Beach]] during the [[Normandy landings]] in June 1944. He died in [[France]] of a heart attack the following month at 56 years old. At the time of his death, he had been recommended for the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] to recognize his heroism at Normandy. The recommendation was subsequently upgraded, and Roosevelt was a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor.
==
[[File:Teddy, Jr. & "Eli Yale".jpg|thumb|left|Roosevelt with "Eli Yale" c. June 17, 1902]]
Mr. Roosevelt, Jr. was the eldest son of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and First Lady [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]].<ref name=MorrisRise/> He was born at the family estate in [[Cove Neck]] on September 13, 1887, [[Oyster Bay (town), New York|Oyster Bay, New York]], when his father was just starting his political career. As a son of President Theodore Roosevelt, he has been referred to as "Jr", but he was actually Theodore III and one of his own sons was Theodore IV. His siblings were brothers [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], [[Archibald Roosevelt|Archie]], and [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]]; sister [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]]; and half-sister [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]]. As an [[Oyster Bay, New York|Oyster Bay]] Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack Jr., Ted was a descendant of the [[Schuyler family]].<ref>Taylor, Robert Lewis. ''Along the Way: Two Paths from One Ancestry''. Xlibris Corporation, 2014.</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}<ref>Brogan, Hugh and Mosley, Charles. ''American Presidential Families''. October 1993, p. 568.</ref><ref name="TRFamily">{{cite web|title=Theodore Roosevelt Family|url=http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trfamily.html|website=www.theodore-roosevelt.com|publisher=Alamanac of Theodore Roosevelt|access-date=December 27, 2017|archive-date=November 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053608/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trfamily.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt and family, 1903.jpg|thumb|left|The Roosevelt family in 1903, with Ted third to the right]]
Like all the Roosevelt children, Ted was tremendously influenced by his father. In later life, Ted recorded some of these childhood recollections in a series of newspaper articles written around the time of [[World War I]]. One day when he was about nine, his father gave him a rifle. When Ted asked if it were real, his father loaded it and shot a bullet into the ceiling.<ref>{{cite book|author=Doug Wead|title=All the Presidents' Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbkOZDrbcGoC|year=2003|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|isbn=978-0-7434-5139-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rbkOZDrbcGoC&pg=PA193 193]}}</ref>
When Ted was a child, his father initially expected more of him than of his siblings. The burden almost caused him to suffer a nervous breakdown.<ref>Stephen Hess (1966) ''America's Political Dynasties'', p. 194 (Garden City, NJ: [[Doubleday & Co.]] {{ISBN|1-56000-911-X}}.</ref>
In one article, Ted recalled his first time in Washington, "...when father was civil service commissioner I often walked to the office with him. On the way down he would talk history to me—not the dry history of dates and charters, but the history where you yourself in your imagination could assume the role of the principal actors, as every well-constructed boy wishes to do when interested. During every battle we would stop and father would draw out the full plan in the dust in the gutter with the tip of his umbrella. Long before the European war had broken over the world father would discuss with us military training and the necessity for every man being able to take his part."<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/tedsrecollections.htm|title=Average Americans in Olive Drab: The War as Seen by Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt|publisher=theodoreroosevelt.org|chapter=Boyhood Recollections|access-date=2008-05-27}} in [http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/lifeoftr.htm Life of Theodore Roosevelt]</ref>
==Education and early business career==
The Roosevelt boys attended private schools; Ted went to [[The Albany Academy]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Robert Wells |date=2004 |title=The Namesake: A Biography of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOkMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22theodore+roosevelt,+jr.%22+%22albany+academy%22 |___location=New York |publisher=Brick Tower Press |pages=34, 132 |isbn=978-1-883283-41-4}}</ref> and then [[Groton School]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=February 15, 1902 |title=Educational New England: Groton, Mass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kadLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22theodore+roosevelt%2C+jr.%22+%22groton+school%22&pg=PA199 |journal=[[The School Journal]] |___location=New York |publisher=[[E. L. Kellogg & Co.]] |page=199 |quote=The Groton School has been dismissed owing to the serious illness with pneumonia of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.}}</ref> Before he went to college, he thought about going to military school. Although not naturally called to academics, he persisted and graduated from [[Harvard College]] in 1909, where, like his father, he joined the [[Porcellian Club]].
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt,Jr.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ted at [[Mercy Hospital and Medical Center|Mercy Hospital]] after his father's October 14, 1912 shooting (October 17, 1912)]]
After graduating from college, Ted entered the business world. He took positions in the steel and carpet businesses before becoming branch manager of an investment bank. He had a flair for business and amassed a considerable fortune in the years leading up to World War I and on into the 1920s. The income generated by his investments positioned him well for a career in politics after the War.
==World War I==
All the Roosevelt sons, except Kermit, had some military training prior to World War I.
With the outbreak of World War I in Europe in August 1914, American leaders had heightened concern about their nation's readiness for military engagement. Only the month before, Congress had authorized the creation of an [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps|Aviation Section in the Signal Corps]]. In 1915, [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Leonard Wood]], President Roosevelt's former commanding officer during the [[Spanish–American War]], organized a summer camp at [[Plattsburgh, New York]], to provide military training for business and professional men, at their own expense.
[[File:Haudivillers 1917 26th Infantry Theodore Roosevelt Jr.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A group of officers of the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment, at [[Haudivillers]], [[Picardy]], France, 1917. Major Theodore Roosevelt Jr. is standing ninth from the left.]]
This summer training program provided the base of a greatly expanded junior officers' corps when the [[American entry into World War I|United States entered World War I]]. During that summer, many well-heeled young men from some of the finest east coast schools, including three of the four Roosevelt sons, attended the military camp. When the [[American entry into World War I|United States entered the war]], in April 1917, the [[United States Armed Forces|armed forces]] offered commissions to the graduates of these schools based on their performance. The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] continued the student military training and the businessmen's summer camps. It placed them on a firmer legal basis by authorizing an Officers' Reserve Corps and a [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC).
[[File:111-SC-35364 - NARA - 55229955 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Brigadier General [[Frank Parker (United States Army officer)|Frank Parker]] engaged in conversation with Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt and his wife, pictured here at [[Romagne-sous-Montfaucon|Romagne]], [[Meuse (department)|Meuse]], France, November 13, 1918.]]
After the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|United States declaration of war on Germany]], when the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF) was organizing, Theodore Roosevelt wired Major General [[John J. Pershing|John "Black Jack" Pershing]], the newly appointed commander of the AEF, asking if his sons could accompany him to Europe as privates. Pershing accepted, but, based on their training at [[Plattsburgh, New York|Plattsburgh]], Archie was offered a commission with rank of second lieutenant, while Ted was offered a commission and the rank of major. Quentin had already been accepted into the [[United States Army Air Service|Army Air Service]]. Kermit volunteered with the British in the area of present-day [[Iraq]].
With a reserve commission in the army (like Quentin and Archibald), soon after World War I started, Ted was called up. When the United States declared war on the [[German Empire]], Ted volunteered to be one of the first soldiers to go to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. There, he was recognized as the best battalion commander in his division, according to the division commander. Roosevelt braved hostile fire and gas and led his battalion in combat. So concerned was he for his men's welfare that he purchased [[combat boots]] for the entire battalion with his own money. He eventually commanded the 26th Regiment in the 1st Division as a lieutenant colonel. He fought in several major battles, including America's first victory at the [[Battle of Cantigny]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Matthew J.|title=First Over There.|year=2015|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press|St. Martins]]|___location=New York|isbn=978-1-250-05644-3}}</ref>
[[File:T (Theodore Roosevelt Jr.) in training with Chausseurs Alpins, 1917 LCCN2016651370 Crop.jpg|thumb|right|Roosevelt in training with [[Chasseurs Alpins]], 1917]]
Ted was gassed and wounded at [[Battle of Soissons (1918)|Soissons]] during the summer of 1918. In July of that year, his youngest brother Quentin was killed in combat. Ted received the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for his actions during the war, which ended on [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|November 11, 1918]] at 11:00 am. France conferred upon him the [[Legion of Honor|Chevalier Légion d'honneur]] on March 16, 1919. Before the troops came home from France, Ted was one of the founders of the soldiers' organization that developed as The American Legion. The American Legion ''Post Officers Guide'' recounts Ted's part in the organization's founding:
{{Blockquote|A group of twenty officers who served in the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.) in France in World War I is credited with planning the Legion. A.E.F. Headquarters asked these officers to suggest ideas on how to improve troop morale. One officer, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., proposed an organization of veterans. In February 1919, this group formed a temporary committee and selected several hundred officers who had the confidence and respect of the whole army. When the first organization meeting took place in Paris in March 1919, about 1,000 officers and enlisted men attended. The meeting, known as the Paris Caucus, adopted a temporary constitution and the name The [[American Legion]]. It also elected an executive committee to complete the organization's work. It considered each soldier of the A.E.F. a member of the Legion. The executive committee named a subcommittee to organize veterans at home in the U.S. The Legion held a second organizing caucus in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], in May 1919. It completed the constitution and made plans for a permanent organization. It set up temporary headquarters in [[New York City]], and began its relief, employment, and Americanism programs. Congress granted the Legion a national charter in September 1919.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Legion, "Capsule History of the American Legion", from the "American Legions Post Officers Guide, Appendix 4", p. 68, Online Edition|url=http://www.legion.org/pdf/pogsection_4_04update.pdf|access-date=2007-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223083253/http://www.legion.org/pdf/pogsection_4_04update.pdf|archive-date=2007-02-23}}</ref>}}
When the American Legion met in New York City, Roosevelt was nominated as its first national commander, but he declined, not wanting to be thought of as simply using it for political gain. In his view, acceptance under such circumstances could have discredited the nascent organization and himself and harmed his chances for a future in politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerlegiondeptfrance.org/files/Founding_of_the_American_Legion.pdf|title=The Founding of the American Legion in Paris March 1919|publisher=[[American Legion]]}}</ref>
Ted resumed his reserve service between the wars. He attended the annual summer camps at [[Fort Drum, New York|Pine Camp]] and completed both the Infantry Officer's Basic and Advanced Courses, and the Command and General Staff College. By the beginning of World War II, in September 1939, he was eligible for senior commissioned service.
In 1919 he became a member of the Empire State Society of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]].
==Political career==
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt Jr. 1920 B&W.jpg|thumb|left|Roosevelt's official [[New York State Assembly|State Assembly]] portrait, 1920]]
After service in World War I, Roosevelt began his political career. Grinning like his father, waving a crumpled hat, and like his father, shouting "bully", he participated in every national campaign that he could, except when he was [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]. Elected as a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] (Nassau County, 2nd D.) in [[143rd New York State Legislature|1920]] and [[144th New York State Legislature|1921]], Roosevelt was one of the few legislators who opposed the expulsion of five [[Socialist]] assemblymen in 1920. Anxiety about Socialists was high at the time.
[[File:Teddy Roosevelt Jr.jpg|thumb|200px|upright|As [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] in 1923, [[Newport, Rhode Island]]]]
On March 10, 1921, Roosevelt was appointed by President [[Warren G. Harding]] as [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]]. He oversaw the transferring of oil leases for [[federal lands]] in Wyoming and California from the Navy to the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of Interior]], and ultimately, to private corporations. Established as the Navy's petroleum reserves by President Taft, the properties consisted of three oil fields: Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3, [[Teapot Rock|Teapot Dome Field]], Natrona County, Wyoming; and Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at [[Elk Hills Oil Field]] and Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 2 [[Buena Vista Oil Field]], both in [[Kern County, California]]. In 1922, [[Albert B. Fall]], U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased the Teapot Dome Field to [[Harry F. Sinclair]] of [[Sinclair Oil|Sinclair Consolidated Oil Company]], and the field at Elk Hills, California, to [[Edward L. Doheny]] of [[Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company]], both without competitive bidding.
During the transfers, while Roosevelt was Assistant Secretary of the Navy, his brother [[Archibald Roosevelt|Archie]] was vice president of the Union Petroleum Company, the export auxiliary subsidiary of the Sinclair Consolidated Oil. The leasing of government reserves without competitive bidding, plus the close personal and business relationships among the players, led to the deal being called the [[Teapot Dome scandal]]. The connection between the Roosevelt brothers could not be ignored.
After Sinclair sailed for Europe to avoid testifying in Congressional hearings, G. D. Wahlberg, Sinclair's private secretary, advised Archibald Roosevelt to resign to save his reputation. The Senate Committee on Public Lands held hearings over a period of six months to investigate the actions of Fall in leasing the public lands without the required competitive bidding.<ref name="TIME">{{Cite magazine|title=Scandal?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 28, 1924|url=https://content.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601240128,00.html}}</ref> Although both Archibald and Ted Roosevelt were cleared of all charges by the Senate Committee on Public Lands, their images were tarnished.<ref name="TIME" />
[[File:CCoolidge-TRooseveltJr.jpg|left|thumb|Roosevelt shaking hands with President [[Calvin Coolidge]], September 26, 1924]]
At the [[1924 New York state election]], Roosevelt was the Republican nominee for [[Governor of New York]]. His cousin [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] (FDR) spoke out on Ted's "wretched record" as Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the oil scandals. In return, Ted said of FDR: "He's a maverick! He does not wear the brand of our family." [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], more closely related to Ted by blood but married to FDR, had been infuriated by these remarks. She dogged Ted on the [[New York (state)|New York]] State campaign trail in a car fitted with a ''[[papier-mâché]]'' bonnet shaped like a giant teapot that was made to emit simulated steam, and countered his speeches with those of her own, calling him immature.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/smith-al.cfm|title=Al Smith|publisher=[[George Washington University]]|access-date=2008-05-27}}{{cite web|url=http://www.booknotes.org/FullPage.aspx?SID=58674-1|title=C-SPAN Booknotes: Peter Collier: The Roosevelts: An American Saga [program transcript]|date=1994-08-07|access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref>
She would later decry these methods, admitting that they were below her dignity but saying that they had been contrived by Democratic Party "dirty tricksters." Ted's opponent, incumbent governor [[Alfred E. Smith]], defeated him by 105,000 votes. Ted never forgave Eleanor for her stunt, though his elder half-sister [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]] did, and resumed their formerly close friendship. These conflicts served to widen the split between the Oyster Bay (TR) and Hyde Park (FDR) wings of the Roosevelt family.
==Governor of Puerto Rico==
Along with his brother, Kermit, Roosevelt spent most of 1929 on a [[Kelley-Roosevelts Asiatic Expedition|zoological expedition]] and was the first Westerner known to have shot a panda.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Irving Dodge|author2=Will Rogers|title=The Indian Territory Journals of Colonel Richard Irving Dodge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fV83-1F8-bkC&pg=PA239|year=2000|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3267-9|page=239}}<br />{{cite book|author=Sandra Millett|title=The Hmong of Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kQOIubAKp0C&pg=PT14|year=2001|publisher=[[Lerner Publications]]|isbn=978-0-8225-4852-2|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lindburg|first1=Donald|last2=Baragona|first2=Karen|title=Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFKrwj73REIC|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23867-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bFKrwj73REIC&dq=roosevelt+%22shoot+a+wild+panda%22&pg=PA2 2]}}</ref> In September 1929, President [[Herbert Hoover]] appointed Roosevelt as [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], and he served until 1932. (Until 1947, when it became an electoral office, this was a political appointee position.) Roosevelt worked to ease the poverty of the people during the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. He attracted money to build secondary schools, raised money from American philanthropists, marketed Puerto Rico as a ___location for manufacturing, and made other efforts to improve the [[Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican economy]].<ref name="clark" />
He worked to create more ties to U.S. institutions for mutual benefit. For instance, he arranged for [[Cayetano Coll y Cuchi]] to be invited to [[Harvard Law School]] to lecture about [[Law of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico's legal system]].<ref name="clark" /> He arranged for Antonio Reyes Delgado of the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly]] to speak to a conference of Civil Service Commissioners in New York City.<ref name="clark" /> Roosevelt worked to educate Americans about the island and its people, and to promote the image of Puerto Rico in the rest of the U.S.
Roosevelt was the first American governor to study Spanish and tried to learn 20 words a day.<ref name="clark" /> He was fond of local [[Puerto Rican culture]] and assumed many of the island's traditions. He became known as ''El [[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|Jíbaro]] de [[La Fortaleza]]'' ("The Hillbilly of the Governor's Mansion") by locals.<ref name="clark">[https://books.google.com/books?id=tDZtGZoFSGYC&pg=PA141 ''Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933.''] Truman R. Clark. 1975. [[University of Pittsburgh Press]], pp. 139–142, Retrieved 19 December 2012.</ref> In 1931 he appointed [[Carlos E. Chardón]], a [[mycologist]], as the first Puerto Rican to be Chancellor of the [[University of Puerto Rico]].
==Governor-General of the Philippines==
Impressed with his work in Puerto Rico, President Hoover appointed Roosevelt as [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] in 1932. During his time in office, Roosevelt acquired the nickname "One Shot Teddy" among the Filipino population, in reference to his marksmanship during a hunt for [[tamaraw]] (wild pygmy water buffalo).
In the [[1932 United States presidential election]], when [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] challenged Hoover for the presidency, [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]] begged Ted to return from the Philippines to aid the campaign. Roosevelt announced to the press on August 22, 1932, that "Circumstances have made it necessary for me to return for a brief period to the United States..... I shall start for the Philippines again the first week in November..... While there I hope I can accomplish something."<ref name="Time" />
The reaction of many in the U.S. press was so negative that within a few weeks, Governor-General Roosevelt arranged to stay in [[Manila]] throughout the campaign. [[U.S. Secretary of War]] [[Patrick J. Hurley]] cabled Ted, "The President has reached the conclusion that you should not leave your duties for the purpose of participating in the campaign.... He believes it to be your duty to remain at your post."<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,744327,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205012510/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,744327,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2013|title='Teddy' & 'Frank'|date=September 12, 1932|magazine=Time|access-date=2008-05-27}}</ref> Roosevelt resigned as Governor-General after the election of FDR as president, as the new administration would appoint their own people. He thought that the potential for war in Europe meant another kind of opportunity for him. Using his father's language, he wrote to his wife as he sailed for [[North Africa]], saying that he had done his best and his fate was now "at the knees of the gods".<ref>{{cite web | last = Hull | first = Michael | title = Teddy Roosevelt, Jr. Led At Utah Beach | date = February–June 2010 | url = https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/teddy-roosevelt-jr-led-at-utah-beach/ |access-date = May 29, 2023 |website=Warfare History Network }}</ref>
==Return to the U.S. mainland==
[[File:Sagamore Hill Museum.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Old Orchard, Ted's estate in Oyster Bay – within walking distance of his father's house, [[Sagamore Hill (house)|Sagamore Hill]] – is now the Theodore Roosevelt Museum at Old Orchard, part of the Sagamore Hill National Historic Site.]]
During the 1932 presidential campaign of his cousin FDR, Roosevelt said, "Franklin is such poor stuff it seems improbable that he should be elected President."<ref>{{cite book |last=Cohn |first=Douglas Alan |date=2016 |title=The President's First Year |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLa9CgAAQBAJ&q=%22roosevelt%22+%22franklin+is+such+poor+stuff%22&pg=PA3 |___location=Guilford, CT |publisher=Lyons Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-4930-2395-0}}</ref> When Franklin won the election and Ted was asked just how he was related to FDR, Ted quipped "fifth cousin, about to be removed."<ref>{{cite book |last=Eisenhower |first=John S. D. |date=2012 |title=Soldiers and Statesmen: Reflections on Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersstatesme00eise |url-access=registration |quote=roosevelt fifth cousin about to be removed. |___location=Columbia, MO |publisher=[[University of Missouri Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/soldiersstatesme00eise/page/83 83] |isbn=978-0-8262-1970-1}}</ref>
In 1935, he returned to the United States and first became a vice president of the publishing house [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], Doran & Company. He next served as an executive with [[American Express]]. He also served on the boards of numerous non-profit organizations. He was invited by [[Irving Berlin]] to help oversee the disbursement of royalties for Berlin's popular song, "[[God Bless America]]," to charity. While living again in New York, the Roosevelts renewed old friendships with playwright [[Alexander Woollcott]] and comedian [[Harpo Marx]].
He was also mentioned as a potential candidate for the [[1936 Republican National Convention|1936 Republican presidential nomination]], but did not mount a campaign.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 23, 1936 |title=The Race Classic of 1936... The Nomination Derby |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/147055803/ |newspaper=Pittsburgh Press |___location=Pittsburgh, PA |page=25 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Had he received the 1936 Republican presidential nomination, he would have faced off against his cousin Franklin in [[1936 United States presidential election|the general election]]. After [[Alf Landon]] received the Republican presidential nomination, Roosevelt was also mentioned as a candidate for vice president, but that nomination went to [[Frank Knox]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=June 11, 1936 |title=Hints Sought from Landon Group on Vice President: Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Among Host of Names Echoed in Corridors by Many Politicians |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/4233455/ |newspaper=Montana Standard |___location=Butte, MT |page=1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Roosevelt was also mentioned as a candidate for Governor of New York [[1936 New York state election|in 1936]], but made no effort to become an active candidate.<ref>{{cite news |agency=United Press |date=June 27, 1936 |title=Theodore Roosevelt, Jr, Boomed for Governor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/17695626/ |newspaper=[[Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune|Chillicothe Constitution]] |___location=Chillicothe, MO |page=1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
==World War II service and death==
In 1940, during World War II (although the United States had not yet entered the war and remained neutral) Roosevelt attended a military refresher course offered to many businessmen as an advanced student, and was promoted to colonel in the [[Army of the United States]].
Roosevelt's wife personally asked Army Chief of Staff [[George C. Marshall]] to return him to a combat unit despite his past hospitalization. Although Marshall typically refused such political favoritism he remarked that he would make an exception "if what you wanted was a more dangerous job than what you had" and agreed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/masterscommander0000robe_g9v1 |title=Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses Who Led the West to Victory in World War II |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-141-02926-9 |edition=1 |___location=London |pages=28–29 |language=en |ref=None |via=Archive Foundation}}</ref> Roosevelt returned to active duty in April 1941 and was given command of the [[26th Infantry Regiment (United States)|26th Infantry Regiment]], part of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]], the same unit he fought with in World War I. Late in 1941, he was promoted to brigadier general.
===North Africa===
Upon his arrival in [[North Africa]], Roosevelt became known as a general who often visited the front lines. He had always preferred the heat of the battle to the comfort of the command post, and this attitude would culminate in his actions in France on [[Normandy landings|D-Day]].
Roosevelt led the 26th Infantry in an attack on [[Oran]], [[Algeria]], on November 8, 1942, as part of [[Operation Torch]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]' invasion of North Africa. During 1943, he was the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) of the 1st Infantry Division in the [[Tunisia Campaign|campaign in North Africa]] under Major General [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.|Terry Allen]]. He was cited for the [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] by the military commander of [[French Africa]], General [[Alphonse Juin]]:{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 8, 1943 |title=Two U.S. Generals Win French Citations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_associated-press-clippings-file-europe-disorders_1943-07/page/n251/mode/2up?q=Pichon |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <!-- Newspaper citation info is incomplete, no citation yet for Roosevelt leading an attack on Oran, and being ADC in 1943. Only contains quote for citation by Juin --><!-- Note he is shown to have received the French Croix de guerre 1914–1918 below but is not among those listed as having received it for that war in the page here at Wikipedia -->
{{blockquote|As commander of a Franco-American detachment on the Ousseltia plain in the region of [[Pichon]], in the face of a very aggressive enemy, he showed the finest qualities of decision and determination in the defense of his sector.
Showing complete contempt for personal danger, he never ceased during the period of Jan 28 – Feb 21, visiting troops in the front lines, making vital decisions on the spot, winning the esteem and admiration of the units under his command and developing throughout his detachment the finest fraternity of arms.}}
===Clashes with Patton===
[[File:US generals Theodore Roosevelt Jr., Terry Allen and George Patton.jpg|thumb|left|300px|From left to right, Brigadier Theodore Roosevelt Jr., Major General Terry Allen and Lieutenant General George S. Patton, March 1943.]]
Roosevelt collaborated with and was a friend of his commander, the hard-fighting, hard-drinking Major General [[Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.]] Their unorthodox approach to warfare did not escape the attention of [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[George S. Patton]], the [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh Army]] commander in Sicily, and formerly the [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] commander. Patton disapproved of such officers who "dressed down" and were seldom seen in regulation field uniforms, and who placed little value in Patton's spit-shined ways in the field. Patton thought them both un-soldierly for it and wasted no opportunity to send derogatory reports on Allen to [[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the [[Supreme Allied Commander]] in the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]] (MTO). Roosevelt was also treated by Patton as "guilty by association" for his friendship and collaboration with the highly unorthodox Allen. When Allen was relieved of command of the 1st Division and reassigned, so was Roosevelt.
After criticizing Allen in his diary on July 31, 1943, Patton noted that he had asked permission of Eisenhower "to relieve both Allen and Roosevelt on the same terms, on the theory of rotation of command", and added, concerning Roosevelt, "there will be a kick over Teddy, but he has to go, brave but otherwise, no soldier." Later, however, upon hearing of the death of Roosevelt, Patton wrote in his diary that Roosevelt was "one of the bravest men I've ever known", and a few days later served as a [[pallbearer]] at his funeral.<ref>The Patton Papers</ref>
[[File:Roosevelt Patton.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant General George S. Patton and Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt Jr., during the invasion of Sicily, Italy, 1943.]]
Roosevelt was also criticized by Lieutenant General [[Omar Bradley]], the II Corps commander, who ultimately relieved both Roosevelt and Allen.<ref>{{cite book |title=Terrible Terry Allen: The Soldiers' General |first=Gerald |last=Astor |publisher=[[Presidio Press]] |isbn=0-89141-760-5}}</ref> In both of his autobiographies – ''A Soldier's Story (1951)'' and ''A General's Life'' – Bradley claimed that relieving the two generals was one of his most unpleasant duties of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=Omar N. |author-link=Omar Bradley |year=1951 |title=A Soldier's Story |publisher=[[Modern Library]] |isbn=978-0-375-75421-0}}</ref> Bradley felt that Allen and Roosevelt were guilty of "loving their division too much" and that their relationship with their soldiers was having a generally bad effect on the discipline of both the commanders and the men of the division.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Roosevelt was assistant commander of the 1st Infantry Division at [[Battle of Gela (1943)|Gela]] during the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]], codenamed Operation Husky,<ref>{{cite book |last =Atkinson |first =Rick |title =The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy 1943–1944 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |volume =2 |edition =1st |date =2007 |___location =New York |page =[https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki/page/63 63] |isbn =978-0-8050-6289-2 |url-access =registration |url =https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki/page/63 }}</ref> commanded Allied Forces in [[Sardinia]], and fought on the Italian mainland. He was the chief liaison officer to the [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)|French Expeditionary Corps]] in Italy for General Eisenhower, and repeatedly made requests of Eisenhower for combat command.
===D-Day===
[[File:Ted Cane France.jpg|thumb|left|Despite a [[heart disease|heart condition]] and [[arthritis]] that forced him to use a cane, Brigadier General Roosevelt led the assault on [[Utah Beach]].]]
In February 1944, Roosevelt was assigned to [[England]] to help lead the [[invasion of Normandy|Normandy invasion]] and appointed Deputy Division Commander of the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]. After several verbal requests to the division's [[Commanding officer|Commanding General]] (CG), Major General [[Raymond O. Barton|Raymond "Tubby" Barton]], to go ashore on D-Day with the Division were denied, Roosevelt sent a written petition:
{{Blockquote|The force and skill with which the first elements hit the beach and proceed may determine the ultimate success of the operation.... With troops engaged for the first time, the behavior pattern of all is apt to be set by those first engagements. [It is] considered that accurate information of the existing situation should be available for each succeeding element as it lands. You should have when you get to shore an overall picture in which you can place confidence. I believe I can contribute materially on all of the above by going in with the assault companies. Furthermore I personally know both officers and men of these advance units and believe that it will steady them to know that I am with them.<ref name=Balkoski2005p179>{{Cite book|last=Balkoski|first=Joseph|title=The Utah Beach: The Amphibious Landing And Airborne Operations On D-Day, June 6, 1944|publisher=[[Stackpole Books]]|year=2005|page=179|chapter=Chapter 7|isbn= 0-8117-0144-1}}</ref>}}
Barton approved Roosevelt's written request with much misgiving, stating that he did not expect Roosevelt to return alive.
Roosevelt was the only general on D-Day to land by sea with the first wave of troops. At 56, he was the oldest man in the invasion,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/14383/5-facts-you-didnt-know-about-d-day/ |title=5 facts you didn't know about D-Day |last=Hudak |first=Tim |date=6 June 2014 |website=VAntage Point |publisher=[[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]]|access-date=6 June 2014 |quote=Roosevelt at 56 was the oldest man and only general in the first wave to storm the beaches of Normandy.}}<br />{{cite book|author=Barrett Tillman|title=D-Day Encyclopedia: Everything You Want to Know About the Normandy Invasion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fAhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT170|year=2014|publisher=Regnery Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-1-62157-312-8|page=170}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Margaret Sanger|author2=Michael W. Perry|author3=H. G. Wells|title=The Pivot of Civilization in Historical Perspective: The Birth Control Classic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NysSmD9t9o4C&pg=PA244|year=2003|publisher=Inkling Books|isbn=978-1-58742-008-5|page=244}}</ref> and the only one whose son also landed that day; [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[Quentin Roosevelt II]] was among the first wave of soldiers at [[Omaha Beach]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://digitaledition.qwinc.com/article/Roosevelts+Continued+To+Serve+In+WWII+And+Beyond/1927567/0/article.html|title=Change Language: Roosevelts Continued To Serve In WWII And Beyond|date=March 2015|magazine=[[VFW Magazine]]}}</ref>
Brigadier General Roosevelt was one of the first soldiers, along with Captain [[Leonard T. Schroeder Jr.]], off his [[landing craft]] as he led the [[8th Infantry Regiment (United States)|8th Infantry Regiment]] and [[70th Tank Battalion (United States)|70th Tank Battalion]] landing at [[Utah Beach]]. Roosevelt was soon informed that the landing craft had drifted south of their objective, and the first wave of men was a mile off course. Walking with the aid of a cane and carrying a pistol, he personally made a reconnaissance of the area immediately to the rear of the beach to locate the causeways that were to be used for the advance inland. He returned to the point of landing and contacted the commanders of the two battalions, Lieutenant Colonels Conrad C. Simmons and Carlton O. MacNeely, and coordinated the attack on the enemy positions confronting them. Opting to fight from where they had landed rather than trying to move to their assigned positions, Roosevelt's famous words were, "We'll start the war from right here!"{{#tag:Ref|Colonel [[James Van Fleet]], the regimental commanding officer, said in an unpublished memoir quoted in {{cite book|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E. |title=D-Day, June 6, 1944: the Climactic Battle of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/ddayjune6194400ambr|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-67334-5}} that it was he who ordered {{"'}}Go straight ahead,' ... 'We've caught the enemy at a weak point, so let's take advantage of it.{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-05-31-wr-64225-story.html|title=D-Day Invasion / June 6, 1944 : The Invasion of Normandy : The Battle|date=May 31, 1994|first1=Richard E. |last1=Meyer |first2=Tim |last2=Rutten |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Roosevelt's [[code talker]], though, confirmed that Roosevelt made the decision.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meadows|first=William C. |title=The Comanche code talkers of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwVFeIF6K-IC|year=2002|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-75274-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PwVFeIF6K-IC&pg=PA141 141]}}, citing {{harvnb|Ambrose|1994|p=279}}</ref>}}
These impromptu plans worked with complete success and little confusion. With artillery landing close by, each follow-on regiment was personally welcomed on the beach by a cool, calm, and collected Roosevelt, who inspired all with humor and confidence, reciting poetry and telling anecdotes of his father to steady the nerves of his men. Roosevelt pointed almost every regiment to its changed objective. Sometimes he worked under fire as a self-appointed traffic cop, untangling traffic jams of trucks and tanks all struggling to get inland and off the beach.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph Balkoski|title=Utah Beach: The Amphibious Landing and Airborne Operations on D-Day, June 6, 1944|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li5mAgJN12AC&pg=PA219|year=2006|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-4400-3|page=219}}<br />{{cite book|author=Mitchell G. Bard, Ph.D.|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World War II, 3rd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFaVMRx7dJgC&pg=PT283|year= 2010|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-101-42731-6|pages=283–284}}</ref> One [[G.I.|GI]] later reported that seeing the general walking around, apparently unaffected by the enemy fire, even when clods of earth fell down on him, gave him the courage to get on with the job, saying if the general is like that it cannot be that bad.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}
When Major General Barton, the commander of the 4th Infantry Division, came ashore, he met Roosevelt not far from the beach. He later wrote:
{{Blockquote|While I was mentally framing [orders], Ted Roosevelt came up. He had landed with the first wave, had put my troops across the beach, and had a perfect picture (just as Roosevelt had earlier promised if allowed to go ashore with the first wave) of the entire situation. I loved Ted. When I finally agreed to his landing with the first wave, I felt sure he would be killed. When I had bade him goodbye, I never expected to see him alive. You can imagine then the emotion with which I greeted him when he came out to meet me [near La Grande Dune]. He was bursting with information.<ref name=Balkoski2005p231>{{Cite book|last=Balkoski|first=Joseph|title=The Utah Beach: The Amphibious Landing And Airborne Operations On D-Day, June 6, 1944 |publisher=Stackpole Books|year=2005|page=231|chapter=Chapter 8|isbn= 0-8117-0144-1}}</ref>}}
By modifying his division's original plan on the beach, Roosevelt enabled its troops to achieve their mission objectives by coming ashore and attacking north behind the beach toward its original objective. Years later, Omar Bradley was asked to name the single most heroic action he had ever seen in combat. He replied, "Ted Roosevelt on Utah Beach."
Following the landing, Roosevelt utilized a [[Jeep#World War II Jeeps|Jeep]] named "[[Rough Riders|Rough Rider]]", which was the nickname of his father's regiment raised during the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick R. Foster|title=Jeep: The History of America's Greatest Vehicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iem-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|year=2014|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-62788-218-7|page=17}}<br />{{cite book|author=Sarah Watts|title=Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vh8vRr1_iykC&pg=PA238|year= 2003|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-87607-8|page=238}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Don Whitehead|author2=Benjamin Franklin|title=Combat Reporter: Don Whitehead's World War II Diary and Memoirs|url=https://archive.org/details/combatreporterdo00whit|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=978-0-8232-3749-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/combatreporterdo00whit/page/211 211]}}</ref> Before his death, Roosevelt was appointed as [[Military Governor]] of [[Cherbourg-Octeville|Cherbourg]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter C. Stuart|title=Planting the American Flag: Twelve Men Who Expanded the United States Overseas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CCfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|year=2007|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2983-7|page=165}}<br />{{cite book|author=Patrick J. Hayes|title=The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GVqXgCkkmgC&pg=PA658|year=2012|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-0-313-39203-0|page=658}}</ref>
===Death===
Throughout World War II, Roosevelt suffered from health problems. He had [[arthritis]], mostly from old World War I injuries, and walked with a cane. He also had heart trouble, which he kept secret from army doctors and his superiors.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward J. Renehan Jr.|title=The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4JJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT237|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-028541-8|page=237}}</ref>
On July 12, 1944, a little over one month after the landing at [[Utah Beach]], Roosevelt died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in France.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cannon |first1=Carl M. |title=An Old Soldier's Valor on D-Day |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2018/06/06/an_old_soldiers_valor_on_d-day_137213.html |access-date=June 10, 2019 |work=RealClearPolitics |date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> He was living at the time in a converted sleeping truck, captured a few days before from the Germans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Sharon D. |title=Pilgrimage to the D-Day Beaches |journal=[[Virginia Lawyer]] |date=February 2014 |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=12–17 |url=https://www.vsb.org/site/publications/valawyer/february-2014 |access-date=June 10, 2019 |format=PDF}}</ref> He had spent part of the day in a long conversation with his son, Captain [[Quentin Roosevelt II]], who had also landed at Normandy on D-Day. He was stricken at about 10:00 pm, attended by medical help, and died at about midnight. He was fifty-six years old.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathan Fenby|title=Alliance: The Inside Story of How Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill Won One War and Began Another|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwiFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT278|year= 2015|publisher=Simon & Schuster UK|isbn=978-1-4711-4297-0|page=278|quote=The advance through the [[hedgerow]]s of Normandy was more difficult than expected, but [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] hailed the 'brilliant success' of taking Caen and Cherbourg, where Theodore Roosevelt Junior became Military Governor before dying in his sleep from a heart attack at the age of fifty-seven.}}</ref> On the day of his death, he had been selected by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, now commanding the [[First United States Army|U.S. First Army]], for promotion to the [[two-star rank]] of major general and command of the [[90th Infantry Division (United States)|90th Infantry Division]]. These recommendations were sent to General Eisenhower, now the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rick Atkinson|title=The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mv2KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|year= 2014|publisher=Picador|isbn=978-1-250-03781-7|pages=126–127}}</ref> Eisenhower approved the assignment, but Roosevelt died before the battlefield promotion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zabecki |first1=David T. |title=World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135812423 |page=478 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT511 |language=en}}</ref> Of his death, Patton wrote: "Teddy R[oosevelt] died in his sleep last night. He had made three landings with the leading wave – such is fate... He was one of the bravest men I ever knew".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blumenson |first=Martin |title=The Patton Papers 1940-1945 |publisher=[[Da Capo Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=9780306807176 |edition= |___location= |language=English |chapter=The Cotentin and Cobra}}</ref>
Roosevelt was initially buried at [[Sainte-Mère-Église]]. Photographs show that his honorary [[pallbearer]]s were generals, including [[Omar N. Bradley]], [[George S. Patton]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://framework.latimes.com/2014/05/08/how-a-soldier-shot-a-famous-generals-funeral-in-normandy-after-d-day/#/0|title=How a soldier shot a famous general's funeral in Normandy after D-day|date=8 May 2014|first=Gary |last=Friedman|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508203636/http://framework.latimes.com/2014/05/08/how-a-soldier-shot-a-famous-generals-funeral-in-normandy-after-d-day/|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> [[Raymond O. Barton]], [[Clarence R. Huebner]], [[Courtney Hicks Hodges]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/original-rare-signal-corps-photo-roosevelt-jr|title=Original RARE Signal Corps Photo Roosevelt Jr. Funeral|access-date=6 June 2019|website=WorthPoint}}</ref> and [[J. Lawton Collins]], the [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] commander.<ref>{{cite book|author=Conrad Black|title=Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJA3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA911|year= 2014|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-213-6|page=911}}</ref> Later, Roosevelt was buried at the [[Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial|American cemetery in Normandy]], initially created for the Americans killed in Normandy during the invasion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Jenni |title=Only one father served with his son on D-Day and they were related to a president |url=https://www.newsweek.com/d-day-anniversary-only-one-father-served-his-son-normandy-invasion |access-date=June 10, 2019 |work=Newsweek |date=June 6, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> His younger brother, [[Second lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]] [[Quentin Roosevelt]], had been [[killed in action]] as a pilot in France during [[World War I]] and was initially buried near where he had been shot down in that war.<ref name="GraveOfQuentinRoosevelt">{{cite web |last1=Borja |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Grave of Quentin Roosevelt |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/grave-quentin-roosevelt |website=National Air and Space Museum |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=June 10, 2019 |language=en |date=July 14, 2018}}</ref> In 1955, his family had his body exhumed and moved to the Normandy cemetery, where he was re-interred beside his brother.<ref name="GraveOfQuentinRoosevelt"/> Ted also has a [[cenotaph]] near the grave of his parents at [[Youngs Memorial Cemetery]] in Oyster Bay,<ref name=restingPlaces>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Scott |title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons |edition=3d |date=2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |isbn=978-1476625997 |page=644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA644 |language=en}}</ref> while Quentin's original gravestone was moved to Sagamore Hill.<ref name=restingPlaces/>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:teds grave.jpg|Theodore Roosevelt Jr.'s grave marker at the [[Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial|American World War II cemetery in Normandy]]. He lies buried next to his brother, Quentin, who was killed during World War I.
File:Quentin Roosevelt headstone.jpg|Quentin Roosevelt's grave at Normandy Cemetery.
File:Gen. Omar Bradley attends the funeral of Gen. Theodore Roosevelt Jr.jpg|General officers including Omar Bradley and Gen. J. Lawton Collins (with goggles) attending Roosevelt's funeral. General Clarence Heubner is visible behind Bradley, and George Patton is partially visible behind Collins.
</gallery>
===Medal of Honor===
[[File:Theodore-Roosevelt-Jr-Medal-of-Honor-1944.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Eleanor Butler Roosevelt receives the Medal of Honor posthumously presented to her husband (September 21, 1944). From left: Gen. [[George Marshall]], U.S. Army Chief of Staff; Gen. [[Henry H. Arnold]], commanding U.S. Army Air Forces; Mrs. Roosevelt; British Field Marshal Sir [[John Dill]]; and Secretary of War [[Henry L. Stimson]].]]
Roosevelt was originally recommended for the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] by General Barton. The recommendation was upgraded at higher headquarters to the Medal of Honor, which was approved, and which Roosevelt was posthumously awarded on September 21, 1944. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., and his father, Theodore Roosevelt, remain one of only two father/son duos to receive the Medal of Honor, the other pair being [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|Arthur]] and [[Douglas MacArthur]]. <ref>Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., and his father, [[Theodore Roosevelt]], remain one of only two father/son duos to receive the Medal of Honor, the other pair being [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|Arthur]] and [[Douglas MacArthur]]. Theodore Roosevelt's medal was awarded posthumously by President [[Bill Clinton]] on January 16, 2001.{{Cite web|url=http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/familytree/Trjr.htm|title=TR's Family Tree|publisher=theodoreroosevelt.org|access-date=2008-05-27}}</ref> Roosevelt was also one of two sons of presidents of the United States to be awarded the Medal of Honor, the other being [[Webb Hayes]]. The fathers of both men were deceased and had been out of office for several years during their sons' Medal of Honor actions, so nepotism and politics were not likely a factor in their awards.
{{Blockquote|For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, in France. After two verbal requests to accompany the leading assault elements in the Normandy invasion had been denied, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt's written request for this mission was approved and he landed with the first wave of the forces assaulting the enemy-held beaches. He repeatedly led groups from the beach, over the seawall and established them inland. His valor, courage, and presence in the very front of the attack and his complete unconcern at being under heavy fire inspired the troops to heights of enthusiasm and self-sacrifice. Although the enemy had the beach under constant direct fire, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt moved from one locality to another, rallying men around him, directed and personally led them against the enemy. Under his seasoned, precise, calm, and unfaltering leadership, assault troops reduced beach strong points and rapidly moved inland with minimum casualties. He thus contributed substantially to the successful establishment of the beachhead in France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-m-s.html|work=Medal of Honor recipients|title=World War II (M–S); Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr. entry|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|access-date=January 14, 2009|archive-date=April 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430113840/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-m-s.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
==Family==
==
General Roosevelt's military awards include:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=2922|title=Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|publisher=Military Times Hall of Valor |access-date=February 25, 2018}}</ref>
<!-- Note: Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., is not listed among the recipients of Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France) in the list here at Wikipedia-->
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan=3|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Medal of Honor ribbon.svg|width=103}} {{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Distinguished Service Cross ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=3|type=cluster|ribbon=Silver Star ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=cluster|ribbon=Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=5|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=4|type=service-star|other_device=arrowhead|ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|width=103}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Medaille de la France Liberee.svg|width=103}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan=6 |[[Medal of Honor]]
|colspan=8 |[[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]
|-
|colspan=4 | [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]
|colspan=4 | [[Silver Star]]<br />with three bronze [[Oak leaf cluster|clusters]]
|colspan=4 |[[Legion of Merit]]
|-
|colspan="4"| [[Purple Heart]]
|colspan="4"| [[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]]<br />with one silver [[Service star|star]]
|colspan="4"| [[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|colspan="4"| [[American Campaign Medal]]
|colspan="4"| [[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal|European-African-Middle<br />Eastern Campaign Medal]]<br />with [[Arrowhead device]] and four bronze [[Service star|stars]]
|colspan="4"| [[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|colspan="4"| [[Legion of Honor]]
|colspan="4"| [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]]
|colspan="4"| [[Medal of a liberated France|Medal of Liberated France]]
|}
==Civilian honors==
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. is honored in the [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific names]] of two [[species]] of Caribbean lizards: ''[[Anolis roosevelti]]'' and ''[[Sphaerodactylus roosevelti]]''. Both species were named and described in 1931 by American [[Herpetology|herpetologist]] [[Chapman Grant]], a grandson of U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Roosevelt", p. 226).</ref>
==Representation in other media==
* Roosevelt's actions on [[D-Day]] are portrayed in ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'', a 1962 film in which he was played by actor [[Henry Fonda]]. The movie is based on the 1959 [[The Longest Day (book)|book of the same name]] by [[Cornelius Ryan]].
* Roosevelt's life, political views, and actions are documented in the 2014 miniseries [[The Roosevelts (miniseries)|''The Roosevelts'']], directed by [[Ken Burns]].
==See also==
* [[List of governors of Puerto Rico]]
* [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II#R|List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II]]
* [[List of members of the American Legion]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
<references group="Note" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
: {{ACMH}}
* Atkinson, Rick (2003). ''An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943''. Macmillan.
* Baldwin, Hanson W. (July 14, 1944). "Theodore Roosevelt, 56, Dies on Normandy Battlefield; Succumbs to a Heart Attack Soon After Visit from Son". ''The New York Times''.
*{{cite book|last=Brady|first=Tim|title=His Father's Son: The Life of General Ted Roosevelt, Jr.|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1101988152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqX0CwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite web|access-date=October 5, 2010|url=http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/tedjr.html|title=Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|publisher=Chapultepec|archive-date=November 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116052437/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/tedjr.html|url-status=dead}}
* Jeffers, H. Paul (2002). ''The Life of a War Hero''.
*Madaras, Lawrence H. “THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR. VERSUS AL SMITH: THE NEW YORK GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION OF 1924.” New York History 47, no. 4 (1966): 372–90. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/23162551 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR. VERSUS AL SMITH: THE NEW YORK GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION OF 1924].
* Roosevelt, Eleanor Butler (1959). ''Day Before Yesterday: The Reminiscences of Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.''
* Snyder, Charles W. (1991). "An American Original: Theodore Roosevelt, Junior." [https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o307850 TR Center - An American Original: Theodore Roosevelt, Junior]. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Dickinson State University.
* Walker, Robert W. (2004). ''The Namesake: The Biography of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.''
* Zumbaugh, David M. (2014). ''A Concise Biography of Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.''
*{{cite book|title=Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I|date=2020|editor1-last=Zabecki|editor1-first=David T.|editor-link1=David T. Zabecki|editor2-last=Mastriano|editor2-first=Douglas V.|editor2-link=Doug Mastriano|___location=New York, NY|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-3863-6}}
==External links==
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* {{Cite web|url=http://www.
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/tedsrecollections.htm |title=Ted's Boyhood Recollections of his Father}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.lylefrancispadilla.com/roosevelt.html |title=Medal of Honor recipients on film}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/tedjr.html |title=Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt |access-date=March 27, 2005 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116052437/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/tedjr.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39027}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("1887–1944" AND Roosevelt)}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/014945}}
<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page-->
*[https://generals.dk/general/Roosevelt/Theodore_Jr./USA.html Generals of World War II]
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_R01.html#Roosevelt_T United States Army Officers 1939–1945]
*{{Cite web|url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/teddy-roosevelt-jr-led-at-utah-beach/|title=Teddy Roosevelt Led at Utah Beach|date=March 18, 2023 }}
{{Commons category|Theodore Roosevelt Jr.}}
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