Retrocomputing: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Hobbyist use of older computer equipment}}

{{unfocused|date=February 2017}}

[[Image:Apple-II.jpg|thumb|The 1977 Apple II]]

'''Retrocomputing''' is the current use of [[Vintage computer|older computer hardware]] and [[software]]. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a [[hobby]] and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable [[Electronic hardware|hardware]] and [[software]] for sentimental reasons.<ref name="catb">{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/retro/ |title=The Retrocomputing Museum |publisher=Catb.org |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

[[Image:Apple-II.jpg|thumb|300px|The 1977 Apple II]]

Occasionally, however, an obsolete computer system has to be "resurrected" to run software specific to that system, to access data stored on obsolete media, or to use a [[peripheral]] that requires that system.

'''Retrocomputing''' is the use of older computer [[computer hardware|hardware]] and [[computer software|software]] in modern times. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a [[hobby]] and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable [[Electronic hardware|hardware]] and [[software]] for sentimental reasons. However, some do make use of it.<ref name="catb">{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/retro/ |title=The Retrocomputing Museum |publisher=Catb.org |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Retrocomputing 2010 Athens Greece.jpg|thumb|Retrosystem 2010, a retrocomputing event in [[Athens]]]]

Retrocomputing and [[retro gaming]] has been described as [[Digital preservation|preservation]] activity and as aspects of the [[remix culture]].<ref>{{cite conference |title=Retrocomputing as Preservation and Remix |last1=Takhteyev |first1=Yuri |last2=DuPont |first2=Quinn |date=2013 |publisher=iSchools |book-title=iConference 2013 Proceedings |pages= 422–432 |___location=Fort Worth, Texas |doi=10.9776/13230|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025|hdl=2142/38392}}</ref>

==Historical retrocomputing==

A more serious line of retrocomputing is part of the [[history of computer hardware]]. It can be seen as the analogue of [[experimental archaeology]] in computing.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.2424/ASTSN.M.2012.17|year = 2012|issue = 119|last1 = Cignoni|first1 = Giovanni A.|last2 = Gaducci|first2 = Fabio|title = Experimental Archaeology of Computer Science|journal = Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa Memorie Serie B|pages=111–116}}</ref> Some notable examples include the reconstruction of [[Babbage]]'s [[Difference engine]] (more than a century after its design) and the implementation of [[Plankalkül]] in 2000 (more than half a century since its inception).

==Hardware retrocomputing==

=="Homebrew" computers==

===Historic systems===

{{Main|Vintage computer}}

Retrocomputing is part of the [[history of computer hardware]]. It can be seen as the analogue of [[experimental archaeology]] in computing.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.2424/ASTSN.M.2012.17|year = 2012|issue = 119|last1 = Cignoni|first1 = Giovanni A.|last2 = Gaducci|first2 = Fabio|title = Experimental Archaeology of Computer Science|journal = Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali Residente in Pisa Memorie Serie B|pages=111–116}}</ref> Some notable examples include the reconstruction of [[Babbage]]'s [[Difference engine]] (more than a century after its design) and the implementation of [[Plankalkül]] in 2000 (more than half a century since its inception).

==="Homebrew" computers===

[[File:Mini C88 (31505391518).png|thumb|A Mini C88 eight byte homebrew computer.]]

Some retrocomputing enthusiasts also consider the "[[Homebrew (video games)|homebrewing]]" (designing and [[Homebuilt_computer|building]] of retro- and retro-styled computers or kits), to be an important aspect of the hobby, giving new enthusiasts an opportunity to experience more fully what the early years of hobby computing were like.<ref name="catb" /> There are several different approaches to this end. Some are exact replicas of older systems, and some are newer designs based on the principles of retrocomputing, while others combine the two, with old and new features in the same package. Examples include:

* Device offered by [[IMSAI]], a modern, updated, yet backward-compatible version and replica of the original [[IMSAI 8080]], one of the most popular early personal systems;

* Several [[Apple I|Apple 1]] replicas and kits have been sold in limited quantities in recent years, by different builders, such as the "[[Replica 1]]", from Briel Computers;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brielcomputers.com/|title=Briel Computers|website=www.brielcomputers.com}}</ref>

* A currently ongoing project that usesused old technology in a new design is the [[Z80]]-based [[N8VEM]];

* The [[Arduino]] Retro Computer kit is an open source, open hardware kit you can build and has a BASIC interpreter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amigojapan.github.io/Arduino-Retro-Computer-with-SD-card-and-LCD-display-and-Keyboard-input-with-BASIC-interpreter/ |title=Arduino Retro Computer with SD card and LCD display and Keyboard input with BASIC interpreter |publisher=amigojapan.github.io |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> There is also a version of the Arduino Retro Computer that can be hooked up to a TV;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amigojapan.github.io/Arduino-Retro-Computer-TV/ |title=Arduino Retro Computer TV |publisher=amigojapan.github.io |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

* There is at least one remake of the Commodore 64 using an [[Field-programmable gate array|FPGA]] configured to [[Emulator|emulate]] the 6502;<ref name="c1">{{cite web

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* MSX 2/2+ compatible [[do-it-yourself]] kit [[GR8BIT]], designed for the hands-on education in electronics, deliberately employing old and new concepts and devices (high-capacity [[Static random-access memory|SRAMs]], micro-controllers and [[Field-programmable gate array|FPGA]]);

* The MEGA65 will beis a [[Commodore 65]] compatible computer;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mega65.org/|title=MEGA65 - (MOST PROBABLY) THE BEST COMPUTER|website=mega65.org}}</ref>

* The Commander X16 is an ongoing project by [[The 8-Bit Guy|David Murray]] that hopes to build a new 8-bit platform inspired by the [[Commodore 64]], using off the shelf modern parts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retrosummit.com/2019/09/24/project-commander-x16/|title=Project Commander X16 {{!}} Retro Summit|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-02|archive-date=2022-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001210526/https://www.retrosummit.com/2019/09/24/project-commander-x16/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=David |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Building my dream computer - Part 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayh0qebfD2g |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003145449/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayh0qebfD2g |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en |publication-date=February 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=David |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Building my Dream Computer - Part 2 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sg-6Cjzzg8s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003145459/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sg-6Cjzzg8s |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=[[YouTube]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=David |date=October 12, 2022 |title=The Commander X16 has finally arrived! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcWqMGju7fk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028140720/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcWqMGju7fk |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |access-date=October 28, 2022 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

*The C256 Foenix and its different versions is a new retro computer family based on the WDC65C816. FPGAs are used to simulate CBM custom chips and has the power of an Amiga with its graphic and sound capabilities.

*Grant Searle collection of homebrew 8-bit projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searle.wales/|title=Grant's HOMEBUILT ELECTRONICS|website=searle.wales}}</ref>

==Software retrocomputing==

==Vintage computers==

As old computer hardware becomes harder to maintain, there has been increasing interest in computer simulation. This is especially the case with old [[mainframe computer]]s, which have largely been scrapped, and have space, power, and environmental requirements unaffordable by the average user. The memory size and speed of current systems enable simulation of many old systems to run faster than that system on original hardware.<ref name="Trimble">{{cite book |last1=Trimble jr |first1=George R. |title=Conference record of the 7th annual workshop on Microprogramming - MICRO 7 |chapter=Emulation of the IBM system/360 on a microprogrammable computer |date=September 1974 |pages=141–150 |doi=10.1145/800118.803854 |s2cid=5984264 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Burnet">{{cite journal |last1=Burnet |first1=Maxwell M. |last2=Supnik |first2=Robert M. |title=Preserving Computing's Past: Restoration and Simulation |journal=Digital Technical Journal |date=1996 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=23–38 |url=http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/dtjn02pf.pdf}}</ref>

The [[personal computer]] has been around since approximately 1971.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/297|title=What Was The First PC? - CHM Revolution|website=www.computerhistory.org}}</ref> But in that time, numerous technological revolutions have left generations of obsolete computing equipment on the junk heap. Nevertheless, in that time, these otherwise useless computers have spawned a sub-culture of [[History of computing hardware|vintage computer]] collectors, who often spend large sums to acquire the rarest of these items, not only to display but restore to their fully functioning glory, including active software development and adaptation to modern uses. This often includes so-called [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hackers]] who add-on, update and create hybrid composites from new and old computers for uses for which they were otherwise never intended. [[Ethernet]] interfaces have been designed for many vintage 8-bit machines to allow limited connectivity to the [[Internet]]; where users can access user groups, [[bulletin board]]s and databases of software. Most of this hobby centers on those [[History of computing hardware (1960s–present)|computers manufactured after 1960]], though some collectors specialize in [[History of computing hardware|pre-1960 computers]] as well.

One popular simulator, the history simulator [[SIMH]], offers simulations for over 50 historic systems, from the 1950s through the present. The [[Hercules (emulator)|Hercules]] emulator simulates the IBM System/360 family from [[System/360]] to 64-bit [[IBM Z|System/z]]. A simulator is available for the [[Honeywell]] [[Multics]] system. An online simulator is available for the [[Altair_8800]] and it runs the actual [[Altair_BASIC]]

{{Clear}}

[[File:Microcomputer Collection 2.jpg|thumb|Altair and IMSAI computers with drives]]

Software for older systems was not [[copyright]]ed, and was [[open source]], so there is a wide variety of available software to run on these simulators.

===MITS Inc.===

[[Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems]] (MITS) produced the [[Altair 8800]] in 1975, which is widely regarded as starting the [[microcomputer revolution]].

Some emulations are used by businesses, as running production software in a simulator is usually faster, cheaper, and more reliable than running it on original hardware.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===IMSAI===

[[IMSAI]] produced a machine similar to the Altair 8800, though considered by many {{Weasel inline|date=September 2018}} to be a more robust design.

==In popular culture==

===Processor Technology===

In an interview with [[Conan O'Brien]] in May 2014, [[George R. R. Martin]] revealed that he writes his books using [[WordStar|WordStar 4.0]], an [[MS-DOS]] application dating back to 1987.<ref name="got">{{cite journal|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/05/14/george_r_r_martin_writes_on_dos_based_wordstar_4_0_software_from_the_1980s.html|title=George R.R. Martin Writes on a DOS-Based Word Processor From the 1980s|author=Lily Hay Newman|journal=Slate |date=14 May 2014|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

[[Processor Technology]] produced the Sol-20. This was one of the first machines to have a case that included a [[Keyboard technology|keyboard]]; a design feature copied by many of later "home computers".

[[File:Microcomputer Collection.jpg|thumb|SWTPC and Altair computers from the 70s]]

US-based streaming video provider [[Netflix]] released a multiple-choice movie branded to be part of their [[Black Mirror]] series, called ''[[Black Mirror: Bandersnatch|Bandersnatch]]''. The protagonist is a teenage programmer working on a contract to deliver a video-game adaptation of a fantasy novel for an 8-bit computer in 1984. The multiple storylines revolve around the emotions and mental health issues resulting from a reality-perception mismatch between a new generation of computer-savvy teenagers and twenty-somethings, and their care givers.

===SWTPC===

Southwest Technical Products Corporation ([[SWTPC]]) produced the [[SWTPC 6800]] and later the SWTPC 6809 kits that employed the [[Motorola]] [[Motorola 68000 series|68xx]] series microprocessors. The 68xx line was to be followed later by the [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] processor that was used in many early "home computers", such as the [[Apple II]].

===Apple Inc.===

The earliest of the [[Apple Inc.]] personal computers are among some of the most collectable. They are relatively easy to maintain in an operational state thanks to Apple's use of readily available off-the-shelf parts.

*'''[[Apple I]]''': The Apple-1 was Apple's first product and has brought some of the highest prices ever paid for a microcomputer at auction.

*'''[[Apple II]]''': The Apple II series of computers are some of the easiest to adapt, thanks to the original expansion architecture designed into them. New [[Apple II peripheral cards|peripheral]] cards are still being designed by an avid thriving community, thanks to the longevity of this platform, manufactured from 1977 through 1993. Numerous websites exist to support not only the legacy users, but new adopters who weren't even born when the Apple II was discontinued by Apple.<ref>{{cite web| author=Weyhrich. Steven | url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/#02 | title=The Apple II | date=December 2008 | page=2 | publisher=apple2history.org | access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

*'''[[Macintosh]]''': Perhaps because of its friendly design and first commercially successful [[graphical user interface]] as well as its enduring [[Finder (software)|Finder]] application that persists on the most current Macs, the Macintosh is one of the most collected and used of the vintage computers. With dozens of websites around the world, old Macintosh hardware and software is put into daily use. Many maintain vast collections of functional and non-functional systems, which are lovingly maintained and discussed on worldwide user forums. The Macintosh had a strong presence in many early computer labs, creating a strong nostalgia factor for former students who recall their first computing experiences.

===RCA===

* The '''[[COSMAC ELF]]''' in 1976 was an inexpensive (about $100) single-board computer that was easily built by hobbyists. Many people who could not afford an Altair could afford an ELF, which was based on the RCA 1802 chip. Because the chips are still available from other sources, modern recreations of the ELF are fairly common and there are a number of fan web sites.

===IBM===

* The '''[[IBM 1130]]''' computing system from 1966 which still has a following of interested users, albeit via an [[emulator]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibm1130.org/sim |title=Simulating the IBM 1130 on 21st-century hardware |publisher=IBM1130.org | access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> rather than the actual machine.

* The '''[[IBM 5100|5100]]''' also has an avid collector and fan base.

* The '''[[IBM PC|PC]]''' series ([[IBM 5150|5150]] PC, [[IBM 5155|5155]] Portable PC, [[IBM 5160|5160]] PC/XT, [[IBM 5170|5170]] PC/AT) has become very popular in recent years, with the earliest models (PC) being considered the most collectible.

[[File:BBC Master with Retro Software games.jpg|thumb|upright|BBC Master with Retro Software games at the Wakefield RISC OS Show 2011]]

===Acorn BBC & Archimedes===

* The [[Acorn Computers|Acorn]] '''[[BBC Micro]]''' was a very popular British computer in the 1980s with home and educational users, and enjoyed near universal usage in British schools into the mid-1990s. It was possible to use 100K {{frac|5|1|4}}-inch disks, and it had many expansion ports.

* The '''[[Acorn Archimedes|Archimedes]]''' series{{snd}} the de facto successor to the BBC Micro{{snd}} has also enjoyed a following in recent years, thanks to its status as the first computer to be based around [[Advanced RISC Machines|ARM]]'s [[reduced instruction set computer|RISC]] microprocessor.

===Tandy/Radio Shack===

* The [[Tandy Corporation|Tandy]]/[[RadioShack]] '''[[Radio Shack Model 100|Model 100]]''' is still widely collected and used as one of the earliest examples of a truly portable computer. Other Tandy offerings, such as the '''[[TRS-80]]''' line, are also very popular, and early systems, like the Model I, in good condition can command premium prices on the vintage computer market.

===Sinclair===

* The [[Sinclair Research|Sinclair]] '''[[ZX81]]''' and '''[[ZX Spectrum]]''' series were the most popular British home computers of the early 1980s, with a wide choice of emulators available for both platforms. The Spectrum in particular enjoys a cult following due to its popularity as a games platform, with new games titles still being developed even today. Original "rubber key" Spectrums fetch the highest prices on the second hand market, with the later [[Amstrad]]-built models attracting less of a following. The earlier ZX81 is not as popular in original hardware form due to its monochrome display and limited abilities next to the Spectrum, but still unassembled ZX81 kits still appear on [[eBay]] occasionally.

===MSX===

* Although nearly nonexistent in the United States, the [[MSX]] architecture has strong communities of fans and hobbyists worldwide, particularly in Japan (where the standard was conceived and developed), South Korea (the only country had a MSX based game console, [[Zemmix]]), [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Russia]], [[Chile]], [[Middle East|the Middle East]] and others. New hardware and software are being actively developed to this day as well.

* One of the latest fundamental (from hardware and software perspectives) revivals of the MSX is the [[GR8BIT]].

===Robotron===

* The [[VEB Robotron|Robotron]] '''[[Robotron Z1013|Z1013]]''' was an East German home computer produced by VEB Robotron. It had a [[U880]] processor, 16 KB RAM and a [[membrane keyboard]].

* The '''[[KC 85]]''' series of computers was a modular 8-bit computer system used in East German schools.

=== Commodore<!-- This section needs more substance. -->===

* The [[Commodore 64]] was the most sold singular model of computer in the world.

* The [[Commodore PET]] was the first computer made by commodore, and is highly collectible.

* The [[Commodore VIC-20|VIC-20]] is the friendly computer and the first computer for Elon Musk and Linus Torvalds (creator of Linux).{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}[[File:Commodore Computers of the 1980s.jpg|thumb|Some old computers from [[Commodore International]]: [[Amiga 500]] (top left), [[Commodore 128]] (top right) and three different variants of the [[Commodore 64]] ]]

=== Xerox===

* The [[Xerox Alto]], designed and manufactured by [[Xerox PARC]] and released in 1973, was the first personal computer equipped with a graphic user interface. In 1979, [[Steve Jobs]] of [[Apple Inc.]] arranged for his engineers to visit Xerox in order to see the Alto. The design concepts of the Alto soon appeared in the Apple Lisa and Macintosh systems.

* The [[Xerox Star]], also known as the 8010/40, was made available in 1981. It followed on the Alto. Like the Alto, this machine was expensive and was only intended for corporate office usage. Therefore, being out of the price range of the average user, this product had little market penetration.

===Silicon Graphics===

* The [[SGI Indy]], built in 1993 for Silicon Graphics has a history of usage in the development of the Nintendo 64 as well as various CGI projects throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. The Indy and other machines in the SGI lineup have remained cult classics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/qvajn7/meet-the-community-keeping-obsolete-supercomputers-alive|title=Meet the Community Keeping Obsolete Supercomputers Alive|author=Ernie Smith|date=17 September 2018|access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

In an interview with [[Conan O'Brien]] in May 2014, [[George R. R. Martin]] revealed that he writes his books using [[WordStar|WordStar 4.0]], an [[MS-DOS]] application dating back to 1987.<ref name="got">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/05/14/george_r_r_martin_writes_on_dos_based_wordstar_4_0_software_from_the_1980s.html|title=George R.R. Martin Writes on a DOS-Based Word Processor From the 1980s|author=Lily Hay Newman|date=14 May 2014|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

US-based streaming video provider [[Netflix]] released a multiple-choice movie branded to be part of their [[Black Mirror]] series, called ''[[Black Mirror: Bandersnatch|Bandersnatch]]''. The protagonist is a teenage programmer working on a contract to deliver a video-game adaptation of a fantasy novel for an 8-bit computer in 1984. The multiple storylines evolve around the emotions and mental health issues resulting from a reality-perception mismatch between a new generation of computer-savvy teenagers and twenty-somethings, and their care givers.

==Education==

Due to their low complexity together with other technical advantages, 8-bit computers are frequently re-discovered for education, especially for introductory programming classes in [[Primary school|elementary schools]].{{cn|date=May 2023}} [[8-bit|8-bit computers]] turn on and directly present a programming environment; there are no distractions, and no need for other features or additional connectivity. The [[BASIC]] language is a simple-to-learn programming language that has access to the entire system without having to load libraries for sound, graphics, math, etc. The focus of the programming language is on efficiency; in particular, one command does one thing immediately (e.g. {{code|COLOR 0,6|basic}} turns the screen green).

==Reception==

Retrocomputing (and [[retrogaming]] as aspect) has been described in one paper as [[Digital preservation|preservation]] activity and as aspect of the [[remix culture]].<ref>{{cite conference |title=Retrocomputing as Preservation and Remix |last1=Takhteyev |first1=Yuri |last2=DuPont |first2=Quinn |date=2013 |publisher=iSchools |book-title=iConference 2013 Proceedings |pages= 422–432 |___location=Fort Worth, Texas |doi=10.9776/13230|doi-broken-date=31 December 2022|hdl=2142/38392}}</ref>

==Internet==

Though many retro computers pre-date widespread use of the Internet many enthusiasts find way to connect their machines using technologies such as ''Retronet'' that emulate the modems and [[X.25]] protocol the machines were designed at the time to use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.codeplex.com/|title=CodePlex Archive|website=CodePlex Archive|access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[History of computing hardware]]

* [[Vintage Computer Festival]]

* [[Computer History Museum]]

* [[Computer Conservation Society]]

* [[Computer History Museum]]

* [[History of computing hardware]]

* [[List of home computers by video hardware]]

* [[Living Computers: Museum + Labs]]

* [[RetrogamingRetro gaming]]

** [[Fantasy video game console]]

* [[SIMH]], the multi-system emulator

* [[Vintage Computer Festival]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

*[http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/dtjn02pf.pdf "Preserving Computing's Past: Restoration and Simulation"] Max Burnet and Bob Supnik, Digital Technical Journal, Volume 8, Number 3, 1996.

==External links==

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*[http://www.retromagazine.eu RETRO]{{snd}} German paper mag about digital culture

*[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/ The Centre for Computing History] The Centre for Computing History{{snd}} UK Computer Museum

*[http://www.livingcomputermuseum.org/Online-Systems/Request-a-Login.aspx/ Living Computer Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024124336/http://www.livingcomputermuseum.org/Online-Systems/Request-a-Login.aspx/ |date=2016-10-24 }} Request a Login from the LCM to interact with vintage computers over the internet.

*[http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ bitsavers] Software and PDF Document archive about older computers

*[https://wiki.preterhuman.net/Vintage_Computing_Resources Vintage Computing Resources] Active resources for retrocomputing hobbyists

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*[https://www.apress.com/gp/book/9781484241455 Beginning Programming Using Retro Computing]

*[https://www.loadzx.com LOAD ZX Spectrum] Museum, a retro computing museum in Portugal mostly focused on the Sinclair line of computers

*[https://s2js.com/altair/?basic Online MITS Altair] simulated hardware running authentic Altair BASIC

[[Category:Computing culture| ]]