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[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20del%20Banco https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma del Banco] (german article)<br>
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[[User:IAmAToad/FinalProject/FinalDraft|FINAL DRAFT ENGLISH]]
== English - first draft==
'''Alma Aline Henriette del Banco''' (*December 24, 1862 in [[Hamburg]]<ref>despite literature claiming this to be her year of birth, her gravestone claims it to be 1863</ref>; †March 8, 1943 in Hamburg) was a [[Germany|German]] painter during [[Modernity|modernity]]. After being persecuted during [[Nazism|national socialism]] for being [[Jews|Jewish]], she died in 1943 by [[suicide]] to avoid [[deportation]] to a [[Extermination camp|death camp.]]
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=== Life ===
==== Family ====
Alma del Banco came from an [[Jewish assimilation|assimilated Jewish]] family. Her father Eduard Moses del Banco (1810-1881) ran a retail business selling furs, pig bristles, horsehair and feathers for bedding, located at [[Deichstraße]] 16. Her mother Therese Vallentin (1824-1884) originally came from [[Sweden]]. While the family was Jewish, the children were not raised religiously. After her father died, her youngest [[Half brother|half-brother]] Siegmund (1846-1938) took over his fathers business at 21 years old and continued running it, presumably until 1890. After her mother died, Siegmund became head of the family and also the main provider for his three half-sisters Alma, Fanny (1857-1923) and Eleonore (1862-1934), who would later marry Hans Lübbe. The siblings lived together at their parents' apartment at Katharinenstraße 20.
==== Education in painting ====
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She made her return to Hamburg in 1914 to work as a freelance artist in her studio at Große Theaterstraße 34/35, which subsequently became a popular meeting spot for painters in Hamburg. However, her orders were not making enough profit to fund her living necessities. <br>
Alma del Banco developed her own signature style in the years after Paris. In the 1920s, she enhanced her preliminary sketches to optically shift the focus towards graphic elements. Cubist influences caused her motives to be slightly distorted, and she also used methods like the application of paint only in a very thin layer as well as leaving parts of the canvas completely unpainted, in order to intentionally generate a sketch-like overall impression. She traveled to [[Italy]] (with Gretchen Wohlwill, 1922), [[France]] and the [[Balkans|Balkan]] countries, where she continued to educate herself further. <br>
Del Banco established herself as one of the most important persons in the Hamburg art scene. In 1919, she became one of the founding members of the [[Secession (art)|Hamburg Secession]]. In 1920, she joined the ''Hamburgische Künstlerschaft'' (association of Hamburg artists) and a year later, she also became a member of the ''[[Deutscher Künstlerbund]]'' (association of German artists). At this time, she also was a member of the ''Tafelrunde'' (“round table”) hosted by [[journalist]] and [[author]] Hans W. Fischer. In 1931, she was one of the founding members of the first German [[Zonta International|Zonta]] club
In the early 1930s, at 70 years old, her art style changed, including elements of the characteristic style of the Hamburg Secession. Her late works are not as sketch-like, more developed, and the outlines transformed into soft, dark brushstrokes. Her paintings are formatively influenced by her cheerfulness and her critical, uncompromising art style. She preferred to paint motives and still lives of the northern German area, mainly around Hamburg and [[Cuxhaven]], and she became a popular portraitist who painted many prominent members of Hamburg society, like [[mayor]] Wilhelm Burchard-Motz, [[Ida Dehmel]], Max Sauerlandt and government building officer Ludwig Wendemuth (1860-1929). Along with her Secession colleagues [[Anita Rée]] and Gretchen Wohlwill, she was a valued painter in Hamburg during the late [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]].
==== Prosecution and confiscation of her works ====
However, this changed due to the increasingly [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] atmosphere in the late 1920s, which resulted in the [[Nazi Germany|national socialist dictatorship]]. In 1933, the association of Hamburg artists expelled Alma del Banco because she came from a Jewish family, as these expulsions had become government mandated. In contrast, the ''Hamburg Secession'' disbanded itself, partially because they wanted to spare their Jewish colleagues the humiliation of being expelled. <br>
13 of her paintings were confiscated from the ''Hamburger Kunsthalle'' in 1937 during the ''Entartete Kunst'' ([[degenerate art]]) movement. Nine of these paintings were subsequently destroyed, the fate of three more paintings is unknown. Only one painting, ''Bildnis Pastor Hunzingers''<ref>{{cite
==== Final years ====
After the death of her still unmarried half-brother Siegmund del Banco, Alma moved out of their shared apartment at the ''[[Jungfernstieg]]'' and moved in with her [[Sibling-in-law|brother-in-law]] Hans Lübbert in Hamburg-Blankenese, who had already set up a studio for her in his house years prior. There, she was put on [[house arrest]] by the government. In her last years, she suffered from [[Cardiac insufficiency|heart insufficiency]] and at age 79, she felt too weak and too old to [[Emigration|emigrate]]. When she received her deportation notice for [[Theresienstadt Ghetto|Theresienstadt]], Alma del Banco ended her own life with [[morphine]] on March 8, 1943. <br>
She was buried in the area of the Lübbert family grave on [[Ohlsdorf Cemetery]], where a pillow stone reminds of her
Due to her persecution as well as the [[confiscation]] and partial destruction of her paintings during the Nazi regime, she and her works faded from collective memory. Art historian Maike Bruhns helped to bring her back into the public eye.
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=== Honors ===
In front of her last residence in [[Blankenese]], a ''[[Stolperstein]]'' was installed for Alma del Banco<ref>[http://www.stolpersteine-hamburg.de/index.php?MAIN_ID=7&BIO_ID=775 ''Alma del Banco''] at stolpersteine-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2013-06-01.</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2013-06-01|author=Matthias Schmoock|date=2019-07-30|title=Blankeneser Künstlerhaus wegen Bauprojekts abgerissen|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/elbvororte/article226630479/Blankeneser-Kuenstlerhaus-abgerissen.html|website=[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
. <br>
In 1985, the street ''Del-Banco-Kehre'' in the Hamburg district [[Neuallermöhe]] was named after her. <br>
The ''Forum für Künstlernachlässe Hamburg'' set up an award, the Alma del Banco-Preis, which is given away since 2017 for the best [[Bachelor's thesis]] of [[Art & Design]] students at the [[University of Europe for Applied Sciences]] in Hamburg<ref>{{cite
=== Exhibitions ===
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