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{{Short description|Husband of Mary and legal father of Jesus}}
{{About|the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus|other uses|Saint Joseph (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Joseph
|image=Guido Reni - St Joseph with the Infant Jesus
|caption=[[Saint Joseph with the Christ Child|''Saint Joseph with the Infant Jesus'']] by [[Guido Reni]], {{circa|1635}}
|titles = Spouse of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]<br/>
Legal father of Jesus<br/>Patron of the Universal Church <br/>Guardian of the Holy Family
|feast_day=
* 19 March – [[Solemnity of Saint Joseph|Solemnity of Saint Joseph, spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] ([[Western Christianity]])
* 1 May – Memorial of [[#Saint Joseph the Worker|Saint Joseph the Worker]] ([[Catholic Church]])
* The Sunday after the [[Christmas|Nativity of the Lord]] ([[Eastern Christianity]])
* Monday after sixth Sunday after feast of the Holy Cross ([[Armenian Apostolic Church]])<ref>''Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church 2003'', Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, p. 530-1.</ref>
|canonized_date =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|attributes = Carpenter's square or tools,
|patronage = [[Catholic Church]], among others fathers, workers, carpenters, married people, persons living in exile, the sick and dying, for a happy death, and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Winnipeg|Archdiocese of Winnipeg]]
|venerated_in = All [[Christian denomination]]s that [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]
}}
{{
According to the [[Gospel|canonical Gospels]], '''Joseph''' ({{Langx|he|יוסף|translit=Yosef}}; {{langx|el|Ἰωσήφ|translit=Ioséph}}) was a 1st-century [[Jews|Jewish]] man of [[Nazareth]] who was [[Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary|married]] to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary, the mother of Jesus]], and was the legal father of [[Jesus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boff |first1=Leonardo |title=Saint Joseph: The Father of Jesus in a Fatherless Society |date=2009 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=9781606080078 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5chLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |language=en|quote=Legal father, because he cohabits with Mary, Jesus' mother. Through this title Mary is spared from false suppositions and Jesus from spurious origins.}}</ref>
Joseph is venerated as '''Saint Joseph''' in the [[Catholic Church]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Oriental Orthodox Church]], [[Anglicanism]] and [[Lutheranism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ww1.stjoeshill.org/|title=stjoeshill.org - stjoeshill Resources and Information.|website=ww1.stjoeshill.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lutherans.com/churches/church_info.php?church_id=8509|title=St. Joseph Lutheran Church, Allentown, Pennsylvania|website=lutherans.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103035737/http://www.lutherans.com/churches/church_info.php?church_id=8509|archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> In Catholic traditions, Joseph is regarded as the [[patron saint]] of workers and is associated with various [[feast day]]s. The month of March is dedicated to Saint Joseph. [[Pope Pius IX]] declared him to be both the patron and the protector of the Catholic Church, in addition to his patronages of the sick and of a holy death, due to the belief that he died in the presence of Jesus and Mary. Joseph has become patron of various [[diocese]]s and places. Being a patron saint of virgins, he is venerated as "most chaste".<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas H. Kinane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbQCAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA214|title=St. Joseph, his life, his virtues [&c.]. A month of March in his honour|page=214|year=1884|oclc=13901748}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Reverend Archdeacon Kinane|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmUhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|title=Saint Joseph: His Life, His Virtues, His Privileges, His Power|page=138|chapter=Section VI - The perpetual virginity os St. Joseph|publisher=Aeterna Press|oclc=972347083|access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> The veneration of the pure and most [[Chaste Heart of Joseph]] has, in constrast to the [[Sacred Heart|Most Sacred Heart of Jesus]] and the [[Immaculate Heart of Mary]], no liturgical ''cultus'', but is a private devotion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devotion to the Most Chaste Heart of St. Joseph |url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/devotion-to-the-most-chaste-heart-of-st-joseph |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CHASTE HEART OF JOSEPH {{!}} THE BOOK OF JOSEPH |url=https://www.blessedjoseph.com/chaste-heart-of-joseph |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=saintjoseph |language=en}}</ref>
Several venerated images of Saint Joseph have been granted a decree of [[List of canonically crowned images#Pontifically crowned Josephian images|canonical coronation]] by a [[pontiff]]. Religious [[iconography]] often depicts him with [[Lilium|lilies]] or [[spikenard]]. With the present-day growth of [[Mariology]], the theological field of [[Josephology]] has also grown and since the 1950s centers for studying it have been formed.<ref>P. de Letter, "The Theology of Saint Joseph", ''The Clergy Monthly'', March 1955, {{JSTOR|27656897}}</ref><ref>For the use of the term, see: James J. Davis, ''A Thomistic Josephology'', 1967, University of Montreal, {{ASIN|B0007K3PL4}}</ref>
==In the New Testament==
[[File:Gerard Seghers - Dream of St. Joseph.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Dream of St Joseph'', c. 1625–1630, by [[Gerard Seghers]]]]
The [[Pauline epistles]] are the oldest extant Christian writings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satin |first=Alec |date=2 March 2018 |title=What's the Chronological Order of the New Testament Books? |url=https://www.alecsatin.com/whats-the-chronological-order-of-the-new-testament-books/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Comfort for Christians |language=en-us}}</ref> These mention Jesus' mother (without naming her), but do not refer to his father. The [[Gospel of Mark]], believed to be the first gospel to be written and with a date about two decades after [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], also does not mention Jesus' father.<ref name="oblates">{{Cite web |title=Joseph in the Gospels of Mark and John |url=https://osjusa.org/st-joseph/scripture/iii-joseph-in-the-gospels-of-mark-and-john/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Oblates of St. Joseph – Holy Spouses Province}}</ref>
The first appearance of Joseph is in the gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]], often dated from around 80–90 AD. Each contains a [[genealogy of Jesus]] showing ancestry from King [[David]], but through different sons; Matthew follows the major royal line from [[Solomon]], while Luke traces another line back to [[Nathan (son of David)|Nathan]], another son of David and [[Bathsheba]]. Consequently, all the names between David and Joseph are different.
Like the two differing genealogies, the infancy narratives appear only in Matthew and Luke and take different approaches to reconciling the requirement that the [[Messiah]] be born in [[Bethlehem]] with the tradition that Jesus in fact came from [[Nazareth]]. In Matthew, Joseph obeys the direction of an angel to marry Mary. Following the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem, Joseph is told by an angel in a dream to [[Flight into Egypt|take the family to Egypt]] to escape the [[Massacre of the Innocents|massacre of the children of Bethlehem]] planned by Herod, the ruler of the [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman province of Judea]]. Once Herod has died, an angel tells Joseph to return but to avoid Herod's son, and he takes his wife and the child to Nazareth in [[Galilee]] and settles there. Thus in Matthew, the infant Jesus, like Moses, is in peril from a cruel king, like Moses he has a (fore)father named [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]] who goes down to Egypt, like the Old Testament Joseph this Joseph has a father named Jacob, and both Josephs receive important dreams foretelling their future.<ref>Spong, John Shelby. ''[https://archive.org/details/jesusfornonrelig0000spon/page/33 <!-- quote="Mark never says". --> Jesus for the non-religious]''. HarperCollins. 2007. {{ISBN|0-06-076207-1}}.</ref>
In the Gospel of Luke, Joseph already lives in Nazareth, and Jesus is born in Bethlehem because Joseph and Mary have to travel there to be counted in a census. Subsequently, Jesus was born there. Luke's account makes no mention of him being visited by angels (Mary and various others instead receive similar visitations), the Massacre of the Innocents, or of the flight into Egypt.
The last time Joseph appears in person in any of the canonical Gospels is in the narrative of the [[Passover]] [[Finding in the Temple|visit to the Temple]] in Jerusalem when Jesus is 12 years old, which is found only in Luke. No mention is made of him thereafter.<ref>{{cite book|title=Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today|first=Louise B.|last= Perrotta|year= 2000 |isbn= 978-0-87973-573-9 |pages= 21, 110–112 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing }}</ref> The story emphasizes Jesus' awareness of his coming mission: here Jesus speaks to both Mary and Joseph of "my father," meaning God, but they fail to understand.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Luke|2:41–51|KJV}}</ref>
Joseph is not mentioned as being present at the [[Wedding at Cana]] at the beginning of Jesus' mission, nor at the [[Passion of Jesus|Passion]] at the end. If he had been present at the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]], he would under Jewish custom have been expected to take charge of Jesus' body, but this role is instead performed by [[Joseph of Arimathea]]. Nor would Jesus have entrusted his mother to the care of [[John the Apostle]] if her husband had been alive.<ref name=CatholicEncyc>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=St. Joseph|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|___location=New York|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm|access-date=12 June 2016|last=Souvay|first=Charles|date=1910|volume=8}}</ref>
While none of the Gospels mentions Joseph as present at any event during Jesus' adult ministry, the [[synoptic Gospels]] share a scene in which the people of Nazareth, Jesus' hometown, doubt Jesus' status as a prophet because they know his family. In [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 6:3, they call Jesus "Mary's son" instead of naming his father. In [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], the townspeople call Jesus "the [[Carpentry|carpenter's]] son," again without naming his father.<ref>{{Bibleverse||Matthew|13:53–55|NIV}}</ref> In [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 3:23 NIV: "Now Jesus himself was about thirty years old when he began his ministry. He was the son, so it was thought, of Joseph, the son of Heli,";<ref>{{Bibleverse||Luke|3:21–38|NIV}}</ref> or alternatively punctuated: "(ὡς ἐνομ. τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ) τοῦ Ἡλί, 'the son (as supposed of Joseph, but in reality) of Heli'".<ref>Henry Alford: ''Greek Testament'', on Luke 3:23. Alford records that many have thus punctuated the verse, though Alford does not endorse it.</ref> In Luke the tone of the contemporary people is positive, whereas in Mark and Matthew it is disparaging.{{sfn|Vermès|2004|pp= 1–37}} This incident does not appear in [[Gospel of John|John]], but in a parallel story, the disbelieving neighbors refer to "Jesus the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know".<ref>{{Bibleverse||John|6:42|NIV}})</ref>
==Mentions in the Gospels==
{| border=1 class="wikitable sortable"; border="1" cellpadding="3" ||
|+The Gospels on Saint Joseph
!No.
!Event
![[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]
![[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]
![[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]
![[Gospel of John|John]]
|-
|align=center|1
|Joseph lived in Nazareth
!colspan=2|
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|2:4|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|2
|Genealogy of Jesus
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|1:1–17|NIV}}</ref> Solomon to Jacob
!
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|3:23|NIV}}</ref> Nathan to Heli
!
|-
|align=center|3
|Joseph betrothed to Mary
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|1:18|NIV}}</ref>
!
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|1:27|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|4||[[St. Joseph's dream|Angel visits Joseph]] (1st dream)||<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|1:20–21|NIV}}</ref>
!colspan=3|
|-
|align=center|5||Joseph and Mary travel to Bethlehem
!colspan=2|
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|2:1–5|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|6||[[Virgin birth of Jesus|Birth of Jesus]]||<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|1:25|NIV}}</ref>
!
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|2:6–7|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|7||[[Infant Jesus at the Temple|Temple presentation]]
!colspan=2|
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|2:22–24|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|8||[[St. Joseph's dream|Angel tells Joseph to flee]] (2nd dream) ||<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|2:13|NIV}}</ref>
!colspan=3|
|-
|align=center|9||[[Flight into Egypt]]||<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|2:14–15|NIV}}</ref>
!colspan=3|
|-
|align=center|10||[[St. Joseph's dream|Angel tells Joseph to return to Nazareth]] (3rd dream)||<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|2:19–20|NIV}}</ref>
!colspan=3|
|-
|align=center|11||[[Return of young Jesus to Nazareth|Joseph and family settle in Nazareth]]||<ref>{{bibleverse||Matthew|2:21–23|NIV}}</ref>
!
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|2:39|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|12||[[Finding Jesus in the Temple]]
!colspan=2|
|<ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|2:41–51|NIV}}</ref>
!
|-
|align=center|13||[[Holy Family]]
!colspan=3|
|<ref>{{bibleverse||John|6:41–42|NIV}}</ref>
|}
===Lineage===
{{Further|Genealogy of Jesus}}
Joseph appears in Luke as the father of Jesus and in a "variant reading in Matthew".<ref name=Vermes20>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvSEK2HALnwC&q=Joseph+Jesus+father&pg=PA20 |title= Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels |last= Vermes|first= Geza|year= 1981|publisher= First Fortress|___location= Philadelphia|isbn=978-1451408805 |page= 20}}</ref> [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] both contain a [[genealogy of Jesus]] showing his ancestry from [[David]], but through different sons; Matthew follows the major royal line from [[Solomon]], while Luke traces another line back to [[Nathan (son of David)|Nathan]], another son of David and [[Bathsheba]]. Consequently, all the names between David and Joseph are different. According to Matthew 1:16 "Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary",<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|1:16|9}}</ref> while according to Luke 3:23, Joseph is said to be "the son of [[Heli (Bible)|Heli]]".<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|3:23|9}}</ref>
The variances between the genealogies given in Matthew and Luke are explained in a number of ways. One possibility is that Matthew's genealogy traces Jesus' legal descent, according to [[Halakha|Jewish law]], through Joseph; while Luke's genealogy traces his actual physical descent through Mary.<ref name="Ironside">{{cite book |last=Ironside |first=Harry A. |author-link=Harry A. Ironside |title=Luke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQBe5m6g8LoC&q=%22genealogy+of+Mary%22&pg=PT37 |year=2007 |publisher=Kregel Academic |isbn=978-0825496653 |page=73}}</ref><ref name="Ryrie">{{cite book |last=Ryrie |first=Charles C. |author-link=Charles Caldwell Ryrie |title=Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F55Dx_kFcZIC&q=%22genealogy+of+the+virgin%22&pg=PA279 |year=1999 |publisher=Moody Publishers |isbn=978-1575674988 }}</ref> Another possibility proposed by [[Sextus Julius Africanus|Julius Africanus]] is that both Joseph and his father were the sons of Levirate marriages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monnickendam |first1=Yifat |title=Biblical Law in Greco-Roman Attire: The Case of Levirate Marriage in Late Antique Christian Legal Traditions |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |year=2019 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=136–164 |doi=10.1017/jlr.2018.40 |s2cid=213399685 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why Are Jesus' Genealogies in Matthew and Luke Different? Was St. Joseph Adopted, too? Spiritual Insights into Adoption |url=https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2021/06/why-are-jesus-genealogies-in-matthew.html |website=All Roads Lead to Rome |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> A third explanation proposed by [[Augustine of Hippo]] is that Joseph was adopted, and his two genealogies trace Joseph's lineage through his biological and adopted families.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hippo |first1=Augustine |title=Sermon on New Testament, par. 7 |url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/160301.htm |website=New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
<!--Christians point to Joseph's lineage in Matthew 1:11-12, which lists his ancestor, [[Jeconiah|King Jeconiah]], as evidence that Joseph could not be Jesus' biological father, since Jeremiah 22:28-30 records a curse God places on Jeconiah that none of his descendants would ever rule Israel (which would include a future Messiah).-->
===Professional life===
[[File:John Everett Millais - Christ in the House of His Parents (`The Carpenter's Shop') - Google Art Project.jpg|upright=1.25|thumb|''[[Christ in the House of his Parents]]'', 1850, by [[John Everett Millais]]]]
In the Gospels, Joseph's occupation is mentioned only once. The [[Gospel of Matthew]] asks about Jesus:
{{blockquote|Is not this the carpenter's son (''ho tou tektōnos huios'')?<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:55}}</ref>}}
Joseph's description as a "''[[tekton]]''" (τέκτων) has been traditionally translated into English as "carpenter", but is a rather general word (from the same root that gives us "technical", "technology")<ref>{{Cite web |title=techno- |work=Dictionary.com Unabridged|access-date=28 August 2021 |url= https://www.dictionary.com/browse/techno- }}</ref> that could cover makers of objects in various materials.<ref>Dickson, 47</ref> The Greek term evokes an artisan with wood in general, or an artisan in iron or stone.<ref name="Deiss14">{{cite book |last=Deiss |first=Lucien |author-link=Lucien Deiss |title=Joseph, Mary, Jesus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZLWU9zvj-4C&q=tekton+joseph&pg=PA14 |year=1996 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0814622551 }}</ref> But the specific association with woodworking is a constant in [[Early Christian]] tradition; [[Justin Martyr]] (died c. 165) wrote that Jesus made [[yoke]]s and [[plough]]s, and there are similar early references.<ref>Fiensy, 68–69</ref>
[[File:Georges de La Tour. St. Joseph, the Carpenter.JPG|thumb|upright|left|''[[Joseph the Carpenter]]'', by [[Georges de La Tour]], c. 1645]]
Other scholars have argued that ''tekton'' could equally mean a highly skilled craftsman in wood or the more prestigious metal, perhaps running a workshop with several employees, and noted sources recording the shortage of skilled artisans at the time.<ref>Fiensy, 75–77</ref> [[Géza Vermes]] has stated that the terms 'carpenter' and 'son of a carpenter' are used in the Jewish [[Talmud]] to signify a very learned man, and he suggests that a description of Joseph as 'naggar' (a carpenter) could indicate that he was considered wise and highly literate in the Torah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landman |first=Leo |title=The Jewish Quarterly Review New Series, Vol. 70, No. 2 (JSTOR)|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=70 |issue=2 |jstor=1453874 |year=1979 |pages=125–128|doi=10.2307/1453874 }}</ref>
At the time of Joseph, [[Nazareth]] was an obscure village in [[Galilee]], about {{convert|130|km}} from the Holy City of [[Jerusalem]], and is barely mentioned in surviving non-Christian texts and documents.<ref name="MisJ">[[Bart D. Ehrman|Ehrman, Bart D.]] [[Misquoting Jesus]]: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-06-073817-4}}</ref><ref name="EJ1">Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. "Contexts," pp 1–24.</ref><ref name = "TM1998">Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. ''The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide''. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition)</ref><ref>Sanders terms it a "minor village." Sanders, E. P. ''The historical figure of Jesus''. Penguin, 1993. p. 104</ref> [[Archaeology]] over most of the site is made impossible by subsequent building, but from what has been excavated and tombs in the area around the village, it is estimated that the population was at most about 400.<ref>Laughlin, 192–194. See also Reed's Chapter 3, pp. 131–134.</ref> It was, however, only about 6 kilometers from the city of [[Sepphoris]], which was destroyed and depopulated by the Romans in 4 BC, and thereafter was expensively rebuilt. Analysis of the landscape and other evidence suggest that in Joseph's lifetime Nazareth was "oriented toward" the nearby city,<ref>Reed, 114–117, quotation p. 115</ref> which had an overwhelmingly Jewish population although with many signs of [[Hellenization]],<ref>Reed, Chapter 4 in general, pp. 125–131 on the Jewish nature of Sepphoris, and pp. 131–134</ref> and historians have speculated that Joseph and later Jesus too might have traveled daily to work on the rebuilding. Specifically the large theatre in the city has been suggested, although this has aroused much controversy over dating and other issues.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1l9RXDl1JB4C&q=Jesus+tekton&pg=PA63|title=Neotestamentica Et Philonica: Studies in Honour of Peder Borgen|first1=Peder Johan|last1=Borgen|first2=David Edward|last2=Aune|first3=Torrey|last3=Seland|first4=Jarl Henning|last4=Ulrichsen|date=5 March 2018|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=978-9004126107}}</ref> Other scholars see Joseph and Jesus as the general village craftsmen, working in wood, stone, and metal on a wide variety of jobs.<ref>For example, Dickson, 47</ref>
===Modern appraisal===
[[File:Jacques Stella - Mort de Saint Joseph.jpg|thumb|''Death of Saint Joseph'', following the apocryphal account. [[Jacques Stella]], 1650s]]
The name "Joseph" is found almost exclusively in the genealogies and the infancy narratives.{{sfn|Vermès|2004|pp=398–417}}<ref name = "ActJBirth">[[Robert W. Funk|Funk, Robert W.]] and the [[Jesus Seminar]]. ''The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus.'' HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Birth & Infancy Stories" pp. 497–526.</ref>
The canonical gospels created a problem: they stated clearly that Mary conceives Jesus virginally, and Joseph is not his father; however, Jesus was described unambiguously by John and Matthew as "Joseph's son" and "the carpenter's son", and Joseph's paternity was essential to establish Jesus' [[Davidic line|Davidic descent]]. The theological situation was complicated by the gospel references to [[Brothers of Jesus|"brothers and sisters" of Jesus]],<ref name="Joseph629">Everett Ferguson, Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kgRV7QohACcC&q=Joseph+629&pg=PA629 article "Joseph"] in ''Encyclopedia of early Christianity, Volume 1'', p. 629</ref> who may have been: (1) the sons of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and Joseph; (2) sons of [[Mary, the wife of Clopas]] and sister of Mary the mother of Jesus; or (3) sons of Joseph by a former marriage.{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=237-238}}
Modern positions on the question of the relationship between Joseph and the Virgin Mary vary. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], which names Joseph's first wife as {{visible anchor|Salome}}, holds that Joseph was a widower and betrothed to Mary,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Holy Apostles Convent |title=The Life of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos |year=1989 |pages=64 |___location=Buena Vista |publisher=Holy Apostles Convent and Dormition Skete |isbn=978-0-944359-03-7}}</ref> and that references to Jesus' "brothers" were children of Joseph from a previous marriage. A popular position held by many Catholics, derived from the writings of [[Jerome]], is that Joseph was the husband of Mary, but that references to Jesus' "brothers" should be understood to mean cousins. Such usage is prevalent throughout history, and occurs elsewhere in the Bible. [[Abraham]]'s nephew Lot (Genesis 11:26-28) was referred to as his brother (Genesis 14:14), as was [[Jacob]]'s uncle Laban (Genesis 29:15). Jesus himself frequently used the word "brother" as a generic term for one's fellow man. This custom has continued into modern times, with close friends, colleagues, and fellow churchgoers often called "brothers and sisters." Generally, most Protestants read "brothers and sisters" of Jesus as referring specifically to children born of Mary.
The [[perpetual virginity of Mary]] is a Christian doctrine that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virgin "before, during and after" the birth of Christ, which means that Joseph and Mary never had sexual relations. The Catholic Church adheres to this doctrine, as do some Lutherans, Anglicans, Reformed, and other Protestants.
The term ''[[Erusin|kiddushin]]'', which refers to the first part of a two-part marriage, is frequently translated as "betrothal". Couples who fulfill the requirements of the ''kiddushin'' are married, until death or divorce.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/477321/jewish/Kiddushin-Betrothal.htm|title=Kiddushin -- Betrothal|website=www.chabad.org}}</ref><ref name="Barclay1998">{{cite book|first1=William|last1=Barclay|author-link1=William Barclay (theologian)|title=The Ten Commandments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtlerPl89hAC&pg=PA100|date=1 November 1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25816-0|page=100}}</ref>
===Death===
The New Testament has no mention of Joseph's death, but he is never mentioned after the story of finding Jesus in the temple when Jesus was 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Joseph |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Year of St. Joseph |url=https://catholic-resources.org/ChurchDocs/Year_of_St_Joseph_2020-2021.htm# |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=catholic-resources.org}}</ref> Some eastern traditions made Joseph out to be 90 years old, a tradition intended to protect Mary's perpetual virginity.
[[Mauro Gagliardi]] presents a hypothesis that Joseph was [[Entering heaven alive|assumed into Heaven]] with body and soul because he belongs to the few saints who left no bodily relics.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mauro Gagliardi|title=Truth Is a Synthesis: Catholic Dogmatic Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8P1DwAAQBAJ&dq=saint+joseph+assumption++relics++body&pg=PT406|year=2020|publisher=Emmaus Academic|isbn=978-1-64585-046-5 }}</ref>
==Later apocryphal writings==
[[File:Sagrada Familia del pajarito (Murillo).jpg|thumb|''[[The Holy Family with a Little Bird]]'', c. 1650, by [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]]]]
The [[Gospel of James]] (also known as the Protoevangelium of James), written about 150 AD, presents Joseph as an old man chosen by God to watch over the Virgin. Jesus' brothers are presented as Joseph's children by an earlier marriage.<ref>Luigi Gambero, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC&q=L.+Gambero%2C+Mary+and+the+Fathers+of+the+Church "Mary and the fathers of the church: the Blessed Virgin Mary in patristic thought"] pp. 35–41</ref>
The ''[[History of Joseph the Carpenter]]'', written in the 5th century and framed as a biography of Joseph dictated by Jesus, describes how Joseph, aged 90, a widower with four sons and two daughters, is given charge of the twelve-year-old Mary, who then lives in his household raising his youngest son James the Less (the supposed author of the Protoevangelium) until she is ready to be married at age 14½. Joseph's death aged 111, attended by angels and asserting the [[perpetual virginity of Mary]], takes up approximately half the story.<ref>{{cite book|title=CHURCH FATHERS: The History of Joseph the Carpenter|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0805.htm|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
==Church Fathers==
According to the bishop of Salamis, [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], in his work ''[[Panarion|The Panarion]]'' (AD 374–375) Joseph became the father of [[James the brother of Jesus|James]] and his three brothers ([[Joses, brother of James the younger|Joses]], [[Simeon of Jerusalem|Simeon]], [[Judas Thaddaeus|Judah]]) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cyprus)|first1=Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in|last2=texts)|first2=Frank Williams (Specialist in early Christian|last3=Holl|first3=Karl|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III|date=2013|publisher=BRILL|___location=Leiden [u.a.]|isbn=978-9004228412|pages=622|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=salome|language=en}}</ref> or a Salome and an Anna<ref>{{cite book|last1=College|first1=St. Epiphanius of Cyprus; translated by Young Richard Kim, Calvin|title=Ancoratus 60:1|date=2014|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|___location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8132-2591-3|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxHWAwAAQBAJ&q=anna|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref>) with James being the eldest sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary but were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. After Joseph's first wife died, many years later when he was eighty, "he took Mary (mother of Jesus)".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=translated by Frank|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Books II and III (Sects 47-80, De Fide) in Sect 78:9:6|date=1994|publisher=E.J. Brill|___location=Leiden|isbn=9789004098985|page=607|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAP-uJTfc84C&q=salome|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=translated by Frank|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis|date=2013|publisher=Brill|___location=Leiden [u.a.]|isbn=9789004228412|page=36|edition=Second, revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=eighty|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>
[[Eusebius of Caesarea]] relates in his ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Church History]]'' (Book III, ch. 11) that "[[Hegesippus (chronicler)|Hegesippus]] records that [[Clopas]] was a brother of Joseph and an uncle of Jesus."<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, Book III], ch. 11.</ref> [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] adds that Joseph and Cleopas were brothers, sons of "Jacob, surnamed Panther."<ref>{{cite book|last1=of Salamis|first1=Epiphanius|last2=Williams|first2=Frank|title=The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III Sect 78:7,5|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004228412|page=620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=panther|access-date=10 December 2016|language=en|year=2013}}</ref>
[[Origen]] quotes the [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosopher]] and opponent of [[History of Christianity|early Christianity]] [[Celsus]] (from his work ''[[The True Word|On the True Doctrine]]'', c. 178 AD) as controversially asserting that Joseph left Mary upon learning of her pregnancy: "...when she was pregnant she was turned out of doors by the carpenter to whom she had been betrothed, as having been guilty of adultery, and that she bore a child to a certain soldier named [[Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera|Pantera]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/celsus.html|title=Celsus as quoted by Origen|website=www.earlychristianwritings.com}}</ref> Origen, however, argues that Celsus's claim was a fabricated story.<ref>Contra Celsum, trans Henry Chadwick, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965)</ref>
==Veneration==
[[File:Martin Schongauer 001.jpg|thumb|right|''The Nativity of Christ'' by [[Martin Schongauer]] (1475–1480)]]
[[File:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo - The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities - 1681-82.jpg|thumb|''Holy Family with the Holy Trinity'' by [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo|Murillo]], 1675–1682]]
The earliest records of a formal devotional following for Saint Joseph date to the year 800 and references to him as ''Nutritor Domini'' (educator/guardian of the Lord) began to appear in the 9th century, and continued growing to the 14th century.<ref name="Irénée Henri Dalmais page 143">''The liturgy and time'' by Irénée Henri Dalmais, Aimé Georges Martimort, Pierre Jounel 1985 {{ISBN|0-8146-1366-7}} page 143</ref><ref>''Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3'' by Phyllis G. Jestice 2004 {{ISBN|1-57607-355-6}} page 446</ref><ref>''Bernard of Clairvaux and the shape of monastic thought'' by M. B. Pranger 1997 {{ISBN|90-04-10055-5}} page 244</ref> [[Thomas Aquinas]] discussed the necessity of the presence of Saint Joseph in the plan of the Incarnation for if Mary had not been married, the Jews would have stoned her and that in his youth Jesus needed the care and protection of a human father.<ref>''The childhood of Christ'' by Thomas Aquinas, Roland Potter, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-02960-0}} pages 110–120</ref><ref>''Aquinas on doctrine'' by Thomas Gerard Weinandy, John Yocum 2004 {{ISBN|0-567-08411-6}} page 248</ref>
In the 15th century, major steps were taken by [[Bernardine of Siena]], Pierre d'Ailly, and [[Jean Gerson]].<ref name="Irénée Henri Dalmais page 143"/> Gerson wrote ''Consideration sur Saint Joseph'' and preached sermons on Saint Joseph at the [[Council of Constance]].<ref>''Medieval mothering'' by John Carmi Parsons, Bonnie Wheeler 1999 {{ISBN|0-8153-3665-9}} page 107</ref> In 1889 [[Pope Leo XIII]] issued the encyclical ''[[Quamquam pluries]]'' in which he urged Catholics to pray to Saint Joseph, as the patron of the church in view of the challenges facing the church. Likewise, Leo stated that Saint Joseph "set himself to protect with a mighty love and a daily solicitude his spouse and the Divine Infant; regularly by his work he earned what was necessary for the one and the other for nourishment and clothing"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15081889_quamquam-pluries.html|title=Quamquam Pluries (August 15, 1889) | LEO XIII|website=Vatican website}}</ref>
[[Josephology]], the [[theology|theological]] study of Saint Joseph, is one of the most recent theological disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?dz=wiara&id_art=00122|title=Sunday - Catholic Magazine|website=sunday.niedziela.pl|access-date=16 June 2010|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008015315/http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?dz=wiara&id_art=00122|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1989, on the occasion of the centenary of ''Quamquam pluries'' Pope [[John Paul II]] issued ''[[Redemptoris Custos]]'' (''Guardian of the Redeemer''), which presented Saint Joseph's role in the plan of redemption, as part of the "redemption documents" issued by John Paul II such as ''[[Redemptoris Mater]]'' to which it refers.<ref>''Foundations of the Christian way of life'' by Jacob Prasad 2001 {{ISBN|88-7653-146-7}} page 404</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_15081989_redemptoris-custos.html|title=Redemptoris Custos (August 15, 1989) | John Paul II|website=Vatican website}}</ref><ref>''Cradle of redeeming love: the theology of the Christmas mystery'' by John Saward 2002 {{ISBN|0-89870-886-9}} page 230</ref><ref>''Divine likeness: toward a Trinitarian anthropology of the family'' by Marc Ouellet {{ISBN|0-8028-2833-7}} page 102</ref>
Together with the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] and the [[Child Jesus]], Joseph is one of the three members of the [[Holy Family]]; since he only appears in the birth narratives of the Gospels, Jesus is depicted as a child when with him. The formal veneration of the Holy Family began in the 17th century by [[François de Laval]].
In 1962, [[Pope John XXIII]] inserted the name of Joseph in the [[Canon of the Mass]], immediately after that of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In 2013, [[Pope Francis]] had his name added to the three other [[Eucharistic Prayer]]s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130624053545/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/06/19/news/31223.html#TRADUZIONE%20IN%20LINGUA%20INGLESE Memorial of Saint Joseph the Worker]</ref>
===Feast days===
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Feast of Saint Joseph
| type = Christian, cultural
| image = Guido Reni - Saint Joseph and the Christ Child - Google Art Project.jpg
| imagesize = 240px
| caption = ''Saint Joseph and the Christ Child'' by [[Guido Reni]], 1640
| official_name =
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Catholic Church]]<br />[[Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]]
| litcolor =
| longtype =
| significance =
| date = 19 March
| scheduling =
| duration =
| frequency = <!-- Use next three if holiday is the same day of the same week every year -->
| week_ordinal = <!-- "first", "second", "last", etc. -->
| weekday = <!-- "Sunday", "Monday", "Friday", etc. -->
| month = <!-- "January", "February", "December", etc. -->
<!-- Use next three if the date changes in an unusual pattern each year -->| celebrations = novenas, carrying [[Blessing#Christianity|blessed]] fava beans, wearing red-coloured clothing, assembling [[home altar]]s dedicated to Saint Joseph, attending a Saint Joseph's Day parade
| observances = [[Church attendance]] at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine Service (Lutheran)|Divine Service]]
| relatedto =
}}
====Saint Joseph's Day====
{{Main|Saint Joseph's Day}}
19 March, Saint Joseph's Day, has been the principal [[feast day]] of Saint Joseph in [[Western Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/pt/f4.htm|title=Tisch|website=www.clerus.org}}</ref><ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 89</ref> since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, [[Anglican]]s, [[Lutheran]]s, and other denominations.<ref>19 March is observed as the Feast of Saint Joseph, Guardian of [[Jesus]], the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], the [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]], the [[Wisconsin Synod]], and the [[Evangelical Lutheran Synod]]. Some Protestant traditions also celebrate this festival.</ref> In [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on 26 December (Synaxis of the Mother of God and [[Flight into Egypt|flight of the Holy Family into Egypt]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=СВЯТОЕ СЕМЕЙСТВО - Древо |url=http://drevo-info.ru/articles/13681494.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=drevo-info.ru |language=ru}}</ref> the First Sunday after the [[Nativity of Christ]], on 19 March and on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the [[Christmas|Nativity]]) and on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (Sunday before the [[Christmas|Nativity]]), when he is commemorated together with other [[Genealogy of Jesus|ancestors of Jesus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ИОСИФ ОБРУЧНИК - Древо |url=http://drevo-info.ru/articles/14386.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=drevo-info.ru |language=ru}}</ref> In the Catholic Church, the Feast of Saint Joseph (19 March) is a [[solemnity]] (first class if using the [[Tridentine calendar]]), and is transferred to another date if impeded (i.e., 19 March falling on Sunday or in Holy Week).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solemnity of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary - March 20, 2023 - Liturgical Calendar |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=www.catholicculture.org}}</ref>
Joseph is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] and the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church]] on 19 March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=1 December 2019 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-234-7 |language=en}}</ref>
Popular customs among Christians of various liturgical traditions observing Saint Joseph's Day are attending [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or the [[Divine Service (Lutheran)|Divine Service]], wearing red-coloured clothing, carrying dried [[fava beans]] that have been [[Blessing#Christianity|blessed]], and assembling [[home altar]]s dedicated to Saint Joseph.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/03/18/519987433/move-over-st-patrick-st-josephs-feast-is-when-italians-parade|title=Move Over, St. Patrick: St. Joseph's Feast Is When Italians Parade: The Salt: NPR|last=Jankowski|first=Nicole|date=18 March 2017|publisher=[[NPR]]|language=en|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>
In [[Sicily]], where Saint Joseph is regarded by many as their [[patron saint]], and in many [[Italian Americans|Italian-American]] communities, thanks are given to Saint Joseph (''San Giuseppe'' in [[Italian language|Italian]]) for preventing a famine in Sicily during the [[Middle Ages]]. According to legend, there was a severe drought at the time, and the people prayed for their patron saint to bring them rain. They promised that if God answered their prayers through Joseph's intercession, they would prepare a large feast to honor him. The rain did come, and the people of Sicily prepared a large banquet for their patron saint. The [[fava bean]] was the crop which saved the population from starvation and is a traditional part of Saint Joseph's Day altars and traditions. Giving food to the needy is a Saint Joseph's Day custom. In some communities it is traditional to wear red clothing and eat a Neapolitan pastry known as a [[zeppola]] (created in 1840 by Don Pasquale Pinatauro in Naples) on Saint Joseph's Day.<ref name=non-stop>{{Cite web|url=http://members.aol.com/nonstopny/italiano/stjoseph.htm|title=Non-Stop New York's Italianissimo: La Festa di San Giuseppe NYC-Style}}</ref> ''Maccu di San Giuseppe'' is a traditional Sicilian dish that consists of various ingredients and [[maccu]] that is prepared on this day.<ref name="Clarkson"/> Maccu is a foodstuff and soup that dates to [[Ancient history|ancient]] times which is prepared with fava beans as a primary ingredient.<ref name="Clarkson">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOzYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 | title=Food History Almanac | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | author=Clarkson, Janet | year=2013 | pages=262 | isbn=978-1442227156}}</ref>
Upon a typical Saint Joseph's Day altar, people place flowers, limes, candles, wine, fava beans, specially prepared cakes, breads, cookies, other meatless dishes, and [[zeppole]]. Foods are traditionally served containing bread crumbs to represent sawdust since Joseph was a carpenter. Because the feast occurs during Lent, traditionally no meat was allowed on the celebration table. The altar usually has three tiers, to represent the Trinity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houstonculture.org/laproject/stjo.html|title=Louisiana Project - St. Joseph's Day Altars|work=houstonculture.org}}</ref>
====Saint Joseph the Worker====
In 1870, [[Pope Pius IX]] declared Joseph patron of the [[Catholic Church|Universal Church]] and instituted another feast, a solemnity to be held on the third Sunday of Eastertide. Pope Pius X, in order to restore the celebration of Sundays, moved this feast to the Wednesday in the second week after Easter, and gave it an [[Octave (liturgy)|octave]]. In 1955, Pope [[Pius XII]] introduced in its place the feast of ''Saint Joseph the Worker'' on 1 May in the [[General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII|General Roman Calendar]] as an ecclesiasical counterpart to the [[International Workers' Day]] on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Feast-of-Saint-Joseph-the-Worker|title=Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker | Roman Catholicism | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=St. Joseph, Hammer of Communists: The Anti-Communist Origins of the Feast of St. Joseph the Worker |url=https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2021/04/st-joseph-hammer-of-communists-anti.html |website=All Roads Lead to Rome |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> This reflects Saint Joseph's status as patron of workers. Pius XII established the feast both to honor Saint Joseph, and to make people aware of the dignity of human work.<ref>Robert Voigt, ''St. Joseph the Workman'' in ''Homiletic & Pastoral Review'', Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., New York, NY, 1957, pp. 733–735</ref>
==== Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary ====
The [[Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] is observed in some liturgical calendars (e. g. that of the [[Oblates of Saint Joseph]]) on 23 January.
===''Patris corde'' and ''Year of Saint Joseph''===
Pope Francis on 8 December 2020, released the [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|apostolic letter]] ''Patris corde'' on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the declaration by Pius IX, on 8 December 1870, of Saint Joseph as patron of the Universal Church; for the same reason he declared a ''Year of Saint Joseph'', from 8 December 2020, to 8 December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Francis proclaims "Year of St Joseph" - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2020-12/pope-francis-proclaims-year-of-st-joseph.html |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=www.vaticannews.va |agency=Vatican News |date=8 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Francis |first1=Pope |title=Apostolic Letter Patris Corde of the Holy Father Francis on the 150th Anniversary of the proclamation of Saint Joseph as Patron of the Universal Church (8 December 2020) |url=http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_letters/documents/papa-francesco-lettera-ap_20201208_patris-corde.html |access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref>
==Patronage==
[[Pope Pius IX]] proclaimed Saint Joseph the patron of the Universal Church in 1870. Having died in the "arms of Jesus and Mary" according to Catholic tradition, he is considered the model of the pious believer who receives grace at the moment of death, in other words, the patron of a happy death.<ref>Leonard Foley OFM [http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1327 ''Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast''], (revised by Pat McCloskey OFM), Franciscan Media, {{ISBN|978-0-86716-887-7}}</ref>
Saint Joseph is well known as the patron saint of fathers, both families and virgins, workers, especially carpenters, expecting mothers and unborn children. Among many others, he is the patron saint of attorneys and barristers, emigrants, travelers and house hunters. He is invoked against hesitation and for the grace of a holy death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yearofstjoseph.org/patronages/|title = Patronages – Year of St. Joseph}}</ref>
===Places, churches, and institutions===
{{Main|St. Joseph's Cathedral (disambiguation){{!}}Saint Joseph's Cathedral|List of churches named after Saint Joseph|List of places named after Saint Joseph}}
{{See also|Saint Joseph's (disambiguation)|San Jose (disambiguation)|l2=São José}}
[[File:Oratoire Saint-Joseph du Mont-Royal - Montreal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Saint Joseph's Oratory]], [[Montreal]], the largest church in Canada]]
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Many cities, towns, and locations are named after Saint Joseph. According to the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]], the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] form, ''San Jose'', is the most common place name in the world. Probably the most-recognized San Joses are [[San José, Costa Rica]], and [[San Jose, California]], United States, given their name by [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonists]]. Joseph is the patron saint of the [[New World]]<ref>Joseph F. Chorpenning, ''Patron Saint of the New World – Spanish American Colonial Images of St. Joseph'', Saint Joseph's University Press, 1992</ref> and of many countries ([[Austria]] – especially venerated in [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]], [[Styria]], and [[state of Tyrol|Tyrol]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=EDS - Heiliger Josef – Patron aller Arbeitenden |url=https://eds.at/glaube-feiern/kirchenjahr/weitere-feiertage-feste/verkuendigung-des-herrn-1 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=eds.at |language=de}}</ref> [[Croatia]] – proclaimed as a patron saint of [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] by [[Croatian Sabor]] on 9 June 1687<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karlovac-touristinfo.hr/hr/znamenitosti/nacionalno-svetiste-sv-josipa|language=hr|title=Nacionalno svetište sv. Josipa|trans-title=National Shrine of St. Joseph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513053125/http://karlovac-touristinfo.hr/hr/znamenitosti/nacionalno-svetiste-sv-josipa|archive-date=13 May 2014|website=karlovac-touristinfo.hr|publisher=City of Karlovac Tourist Board}}</ref>) and of several main cities ([[Karlovac]]<ref name=DanKa>{{cite web|url=https://ika.hkm.hr/novosti/u-josipovu-svetistu-obiljezen-dan-karlovacke-zupanije/|language=hr|title=U Josipovu svetištu obilježen Dan Karlovačke županije|website=ika.hkm.hr|trans-title=Day of Karlovac County celebrated in Joseph's sanctuary|publisher=Informative Catholic Agency|date=25 April 2024}}</ref>), dioceses and administrative regions ([[Karlovac County]] in Croatia<ref name=DanKa/>).
Many churches, monasteries and other institutions are dedicated to Saint Joseph. [[Saint Joseph's Oratory]] is the largest church in Canada, with the largest dome of its kind in the world after that of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]]. Elsewhere in the world churches named after the saint may be known as those of ''San Giuseppe'', e.g. [[San Giuseppe dei Teatini]], ''San José'', e.g. [[Metropolitan Cathedral of San José]] or ''São José'', e.g. in [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil.
The [[Sisters of St. Joseph]] were founded as an order in 1650 and have about 14,013 members worldwide. In 1871, the [[Josephite Fathers]] of the Catholic Church were created under the patronage of Joseph, intending to work with the poor. The first Josephites in America re-devoted their part of the order to ministry within the newly emancipated African American community. The [[Oblates of St. Joseph]] were founded in 1878 by [[Joseph Marello]]. In 1999 their Shrine of Saint Joseph the Guardian of the Redeemer was named after the Apostolic exhortation ''[[Redemptoris Custos]]''.<ref>''Mention Your Request Here: The Church's Most Powerful Novenas'' by Michael Dubruiel, 2000 {{ISBN|0-87973-341-1}} page 154</ref>
===Prayers and devotions===
[[File:Billafingen Pfarrkirche Seitenaltar.jpg|thumb|upright|Altar of Saint Joseph, [[Billafingen]], Germany]]
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, during the [[feast day]] of Saint Joseph the following hymn is chanted:
<blockquote><poem>
Verily, Joseph the betrothed, saw clearly in his old age that the foresayings of the Prophets had
been fulfilled openly; for he was given an odd earnest,
receiving inspiration from the angels,
who cried, Glory to God; for he hath bestowed peace on earth.
</poem></blockquote>
In the Catholic tradition, just as there are prayers for the [[Seven Joys of Mary]] and [[Seven Sorrows of Mary]], there are also prayers for the seven joys and seven sorrows of Saint Joseph. Furthermore, there is a [[novena]]<ref>{{cite book|chapter=[[s:St. Joseph's manual/Devotions to St. Joseph|Devotions to St. Joseph]]|title=St. Joseph's manual|year=1877|publisher=Thomas Noonan|first=Rev. James|last=Fitton}}</ref> prayed before the feast of Saint Joseph on 19 March. Saint Joseph is frequently invoked for employment, daily protection, vocation, happy marriage, and a happy death.<ref>''Devotions to St. Joseph'' by Susanna Magdalene Flavius, 2008 {{ISBN|1-4357-0948-9}} pages 5–15</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Powerful Novena to St. Joseph for Work, Family, Job, Employment, to Sell House |url=https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2020/11/powerful-novena-to-st-joseph-for-work.html |website=All Roads Lead to Rome |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>[[s:The Catholic Prayer Book and Manual of Meditations/Devotions to St Joseph|''Devotions to St. Joseph'' from The Catholic Prayer Book and Manual of Meditations by Patrick Francis Moran]]</ref>
Multiple venerated Catholics have described their devotion to Saint Joseph and his intercession. [[Francis de Sales]] included Saint Joseph along with [[Virgin Mary]] as saints to be invoked during prayers in his 1609 book, ''[[Introduction to the Devout Life]]''.<ref>''Introduction to the Devout Life'' by St. Francis de Sales {{ISBN|0-7661-0074-X}} Kessinger Press 1942 page 297</ref> [[Teresa of Ávila]] attributed her recovery of health to Saint Joseph and recommended him as an advocate.<ref>''The interior castle'' by Saint Teresa of Ávila, Paulist Press 1979, {{ISBN|0-8091-2254-5}} page 2</ref> [[Therese of Lisieux]] stated that she prayed daily to "Saint Joseph, Father and Protector of Virgins" and felt protected from danger as a result.<ref>''The Story of a Soul'' by Saint Therese De Lisieux Bibliolife 2008 0554261588 page 94</ref> [[Pope Pius X]] composed a prayer to Saint Joseph which begins:<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} page 449</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
Glorious St. Joseph, pattern of all who are devoted to toil,
obtain for me the grace to toil, in the spirit of penance,
in order to thereby atone for my many sins …
</poem></blockquote>
There is a Catholic tradition that burying a statuette of Saint Joseph on the grounds of a home will help to sell or buy<ref>Marcelle Bernstein, ''The nuns'', Collins, London, 1976, p. 84</ref> a house.;<ref>{{Cite news |last = Applebome |first = Peter |title = St. Joseph, Superagent in Real Estate |newspaper = New York Times |date = 16 September 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/17/nyregion/17towns.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Joseph%20statue%20bury%20real%20estate&st=cse |access-date = 24 June 2010}}</ref> this tradition became so popular through the World Wide Web that some American realtors bought them by the gross.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.simplemost.com/the-story-behind-using-a-st-joseph-statue-to-sell-your-house/ | title=The Story Behind Using a St. Joseph Statue to Sell Your House | date=16 April 2018 }}</ref>
St. Joseph's role in the Catholic church is summarized by the German theologian Friedrich Justus Knecht:
<blockquote>
''St. Joseph's high place in the kingdom of God'' comes from this, that God chose him to be the guardian and protector of His Son, entrusting him with what was greatest and dearest to Himself, singling him out and especially blessing him for this office. The Church celebrates a Feast in honour of St. Joseph on 19 March, and desires that all the faithful should honour him, ask for his intercession, and imitate his virtues. St. Joseph is the especial patron of the Church. Even as he was the protector of the Child Jesus on earth, so, we believe, is he now the protector of the mystical Body of Jesus, His holy Church. We also especially seek his intercession for a good death, because, having died so blessedly, in the presence and with the assistance of Jesus and Mary, he should be supplicated to obtain for us from Jesus the grace of a happy death.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=[[s:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture/IX. The Flight into Egypt|IX. The Flight into Egypt]]|title=A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture|year=1910|publisher=B. Herder|first=Friedrich Justus|last=Knecht}}</ref>
</blockquote>
==In art==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Saint Joseph with the Flowering Rod - Jusepe de Ribera - overall.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|''Saint Joseph with the Flowering Rod'', by [[Jusepe de Ribera]], early 1630s. Ribera conveys the unexpected wonder of the moment with the lighting from above. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
In mosaics in the basilica of [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] (432-40) Joseph is portrayed young, bearded and dressed as a Roman of status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yearofstjoseph.org/devotions/sacred-artwork/|title=Sacred Artwork – Year of St. Joseph|website=yearofstjoseph.org}}</ref> Joseph is shown mostly with a beard, not only in keeping with Jewish custom, but also because – although the Gospel accounts do not give his age – later legends tend to present him as an old man at the time of his wedding to Mary. Earlier writers thought the traditional imagery necessary to support belief in Mary's perpetual virginity.<ref>[https://www.christianiconography.info/joseph.html Stracke, Richard. "Saint Joseph: The Iconography ", Christian Iconography] Augusta University, 21 June 2021</ref> [[Jean Gerson]] nonetheless favoured showing him as a younger man.<ref>Shapiro:6–7</ref>
[[File:San José - Alonso Miguel de Tovar.jpg|thumb|upright|''Joseph with the Child and the Flowering Rod'', [[Alonso Miguel de Tovar]]]]
In recent centuries – in step with a growing interest in Joseph's role in Gospel exegesis – he himself has become a focal figure in representations of the Holy Family. He is now often portrayed as a younger or even youthful man (perhaps especially in [[Protestant]] depictions), whether going about his work as a carpenter, or participating actively in the daily life of Mary and Jesus as an equal and openly affectionate member.<ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=4464 Finding St. Joseph by Sandra Miesel] gives a useful account of the changing views of Joseph in art and generally in Catholicism</ref> Art critic and self proclaimed atheist [[Waldemar Januszczak]] however emphasises the preponderance of Joseph's representation as an old man, and sees this as the need.<ref>Waldemar Januszczak, [http://www.waldemar.tv/2003/12/art-no-ordinary-joe/ "No ordinary Joe"], ''The Sunday Times'', December 2003</ref>
However Carolyn Wilson challenges the long-held view that pre-Tridentine images were often intended to demean him.<ref>Wilson, Carolyn C., ''St. Joseph in Italian Renaissance Society and Art'', Saint Joseph's University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|9780916101367}}</ref> According to Charlene Villaseñor Black, "Seventeenth-century Spanish and Mexican artists reconceptualized Joseph as an important figure, ... representing him as the youthful, physically robust, diligent head of the Holy Family."<ref>Black, Charlene Villaseñor, ''Creating the Cult of St. Joseph'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|9780691096315}}</ref> In [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]]'s ''[[The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities]]'', Saint Joseph is given the same prominence as the Virgin as they are both part of the "Earthly Trinity" and Jesus lays his hands on both of them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bartolomé Esteban Murillo {{!}} The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities {{!}} NG13 {{!}} National Gallery, London |url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/bartolome-esteban-murillo-the-heavenly-and-earthly-trinities |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=www.nationalgallery.org.uk}}</ref>
[[File:St. Joseph on St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Saint Joseph on the door of [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York City)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in New York City.]]
Full cycles of his life are rare in the Middle Ages, although the scenes from the ''[[Life of the Virgin]]'' or ''Life of Christ'' where he is present are far more often seen. The [[Mérode Altarpiece]] of about 1425, where he has a panel to himself, working as a carpenter who fashions mousetraps – a rare depiction of Saint Joseph being present in the context of the [[Annunciation]]. The fact that Saint Joseph makes mousetraps is attributed to an interpretation by [[Augustine of Hippo]], according to which Jesus Christ is the mousetrap for the devil.<ref>Meyer Schapiro, '' 'Muscipula Diaboli', The Symbolism of the Merode Altarpiece'' In: ''Art Bulletin'' 27, 1945</ref>
Some statues of Joseph depict his staff as topped with flowers, recalling the non-canonical Gospel of James's account of how Mary's spouse was chosen by collecting the walking sticks of widowers in Palestine, and Joseph's alone bursting into flower, thus identifying him as divinely chosen.<ref>John Bosco, ''Life of Saint Joseph, spouse of Mary Most Holy, earthly father of Jesus Christ'', Chapter 3. Marriage of St Joseph</ref> The ''[[Golden Legend]]'', which derives its account from the much older [[Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew]], tells a similar story, although it notes that all marriageable men of the Davidic line and not only widowers were ordered by the [[Kohen Gadol|High Priest]] to present their rods at the [[Second Temple|Temple]]. Several [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[Nativity of Jesus in art|Nativity]] [[icons]] show Joseph tempted by the [[Devil]] (depicted as an old man with furled wings) to break off his betrothal, and how he resists that temptation. There are some paintings with him wearing a [[Jewish hat]].<ref>Brigitte Heublein, ''Der 'verkannte' Joseph – zur mittelalterlichen Ikonographie des Heiligen im deutschen und niederländischen Kulturraum'', VDG Weimar 1998, pp. 75 et seqq</ref>
===Chronology of Saint Joseph's life in art===
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NOTE: These images are time-ordered, one per episode.
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="145px">
File:Albrecht Dürer 029.jpg|''Joseph and [[Joachim]]'', [[Dürer]], 1504
File:Robert Campin - Triptych with the Annunciation, known as the "Merode Altarpiece" - Google Art Project.jpg|At work in the ''[[Mérode Altarpiece]]'', 1420s, attributed to [[Robert Campin]] and his workshop
File:Le Doute de Joseph.jpg|''[[Nativity of the Virgin/Doubt of Saint Joseph|Discovering his wife pregnancy and doubting her faithfulness before being reassured by an angel]]'', [[Upper Rhenish Master]], c. 1430
File:Rembrandt van Rijn 195.jpg|''[[Joseph's Dream (Rembrandt, 1645)|Joseph's Dream]]'', [[Rembrandt]], c. 1645
File:Casamento - perugino1.jpg|''Marriage to the Virgin'', [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]], c. 1448
File:Marten de vos Nativity.jpg|''[[Nativity of Jesus]]'', [[Marten de Vos]] 1577
File:Hans Memling 028.jpg|''[[The Adoration of the Magi]]'', [[Hans Memling]], c. 1480
File:Presentation in the Temple. Bartolo di Fredi..jpg|[[Jesus presented at Temple|''Temple presentation'']], [[Bartolo di Fredi|di Fredi]], 1388
File:Daniele Crespi - Saint Joseph’s dream (Kunsthstorisches Museum Wien).jpg|''Dream of Flight'', [[Daniele Crespi]], c. 1625
File:Flight into Egypt - Capella dei Scrovegni - Padua 2016.jpg|''[[Flight to Egypt]]'', [[Giotto]], 14th century
File:Enkhuisen Book of Hours (folio 39v) excerpt.jpg|''[[Finding in the Temple]]'', [[Book of Hours]], 15th century
File:Vitrail Florac 010609 02 Mort de Joseph.jpg|''Death of Joseph'', [[Florac|St. Martin's at Florac]]
File:Coronación de San José Valdés Leal.jpg|''Coronation of Joseph'', [[Juan de Valdés Leal|Valdés Leal]], c. 1670
</gallery>
==Music==
*[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Motet de St Joseph,'' H.368, for soloists, chorus, and continuo (1690)
==See also==
* [[Marriage of the Virgin]]
* [[
* [[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/March 19|Portal:Catholic Church patron saint archive]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book
| last1 = Bauckham
| first1 = Richard
| title = Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church
| publisher = Bloomsbury
| year = 2015
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oCOdBQAAQBAJ
| isbn = 9781474230476
}}
*{{cite book
| last1 = Cross
| first1 = Frank Leslie
| last2 = Livingstone
| first2 = Elizabeth A.
| chapter = Brethren of the Lord
| title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2005
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA237
| isbn = 9780192802903
}}
* Ferguson, Everett; Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kgRV7QohACcC&q=Joseph+629&pg=PA629 "Joseph"] in ''Encyclopedia of early Christianity'', Volume 1, p. 629
* [[John Dominic Crossan|Crossan, John Dominic]]. ''Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography''. Harpercollins: 1994. {{ISBN|0-06-061661-X}}.
* [[John Dickson (author)|Dickson, John.]] ''Jesus: A Short Life'', Lion Hudson plc, 2008, {{ISBN|0-8254-7802-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8254-7802-4}}, [https://archive.org/details/spectatorsguidet0000dick/page/47 <!-- quote=Jesus tekton. --> Internet Archive]
* Fiensy, David A., ''Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life'', Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, {{ISBN|1-59333-313-7}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59333-313-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ6N-zVfTgkC&q=Jesus+tekton&pg=PA26 Google books]
* {{Cite book |last=Vermès |first=Géza |title=The authentic gospel of Jesus |date=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-191260-8 |___location=London |oclc=647043972}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=Q128267|c=category:Saint Joseph|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|q=Saint Joseph|species=no|s=Portal:Joseph of Nazareth}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.serfes.org/lives/stjoseph.htm | title = Eastern Orthodox Tradition: The Righteous Elder Joseph The Betrothed, And His Repose | website = swerfes.org | access-date = 17 March 2006 | archive-date = 13 January 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130113121458/http://www.serfes.org/lives/stjoseph.htm | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=85 | title = Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed}} (Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] for the Sunday after Nativity)
* {{cite web | url = http://www.serfes.org/lives/stjoseph.htm | title = Eastern Orthodox Tradition: The Righteous Elder Joseph The Betrothed, And His Repose | website = swerfes.org | access-date = 17 March 2006 | archive-date = 13 January 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130113121458/http://www.serfes.org/lives/stjoseph.htm | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web | url = http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=85 | title = Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed}} (Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] for the Sunday after Nativity)
* {{cite web |url= https://digilander.libero.it/monast/giuseppe/inglese/index.htm |title= Saint Joseph, patriarch of Israel and father of Jesus |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060503215921/https://digilander.libero.it/monast/giuseppe/inglese/index.htm |archive-date= 3 May 2006}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.catholic-saints.net/saints/st-joseph.php | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100810234248/http://www.catholic-saints.net/saints/st-joseph.php | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 10 August 2010 | title = The Life of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and foster-father of Our Lord Jesus Christ}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/306336/Saint-Joseph | title = Saint Joseph, in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.
| year =2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081012194952/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/306336/Saint-Joseph | archive-date = 12 October 2008 | url-status = live}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.earlychristians.org/docs_interest/Vocation_St_Joseph.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130121004952/http://www.earlychristians.org/docs_interest/Vocation_St_Joseph.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 January 2013 | title = The vocation of Saint Joseph |website= Early Christians| date = 21 January 2013 }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Joseph-131/StJoseph.htm | title = Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square in Rome |website= stpetersbasilica.info}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Altars/StJoseph/StJoseph.htm| title = St Joseph Altar in St Peter's Basilica |website= stpetersbasilica.info}}
* {{German National Library portal|118558382}}
* {{Hl-Lex|b|Joseph_von_Nazareth.htm}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.stjosef.at/dokumente/custos.htm | title = Apostolic writing ''Redemptoris Custos'' by Pope John Paul II | language = de |website= stjosef.at}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.monumente-online.de/08/06/sonderthema/10_Josef.php | title = Saint Joseph in art |website= Monumente Online | language = de | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151231031251/https://www.monumente-online.de/de/ausgaben/2008/6/gottes-mann-auf-erden.php | archive-date = 31 December 2015 | url-status = live}}
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