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{{Short description|Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009}}
{{Redirect|
{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dick Cheney
| image = 46 Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2003
| alt = Official portrait of vice president Dick Cheney
| order1 = 46th
| office1 = Vice President of the United States
| president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
| term_start1 = January 20, 2001
|
| predecessor1 = [[Al Gore]]
| successor1 = [[Joe Biden]]
| order2 = 17th
| office2 = United States Secretary of Defense
| president2 = [[George H. W. Bush]]
| deputy2 = [[Donald J. Atwood Jr.]]
| term_start2 = March 21, 1989
| term_end2 = January 20, 1993
| predecessor2 = [[Frank Carlucci]]
| successor2 = [[Les Aspin]]
| office3 = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Whip]]
| leader3 = [[Robert H. Michel]]
| term_start3 = January 3, 1989
| term_end3 = March 20, 1989
| predecessor3 = [[Trent Lott]]
| successor3 = [[Newt Gingrich]]
| office4 = [[House Republican Conference|Chair of the House Republican Conference]]
| leader4 = Robert H. Michel
| term_start4 = June 4, 1987
| term_end4 = January 3, 1989
| predecessor4 = [[Jack Kemp]]
| successor4 = [[Jerry Lewis (California politician)|Jerry Lewis]]
| state5 = [[Wyoming]]
| district5 = {{ushr|WY|AL|at-large}}
| term_start5 = January 3, 1979
| term_end5 = March 20, 1989
| predecessor5 = [[Teno Roncalio]]
| successor5 = [[Craig L. Thomas]]
| order6 = 7th
| office6 = White House Chief of Staff
| president6 = [[Gerald Ford]]
| term_start6 = November 21, 1975
| term_end6 = January 20, 1977
| predecessor6 = [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| successor6 = [[Hamilton Jordan]] (1979)
| office7 = [[White House Deputy Chief of Staff]]
| president7 = Gerald Ford
| term_start7 = December 18, 1974
| term_end7 = November 21, 1975
| predecessor7 = ''Position established''
| successor7 = Landon Butler
| birth_name = Richard Bruce Cheney
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lynne Cheney|Lynne Vincent]]|1964}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Liz Cheney|Liz]]|[[Mary Cheney|Mary]]}}
| education = {{plainlist|
* [[University of Wyoming]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])
}}
| signature = Dick Cheney Signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= Rep. Dick Cheney on the 1st Day of the Iran-Contra Hearings.ogg|title=Dick Cheney's voice|type=speech|description=Cheney, while in the House of Representatives, speaks on the first day of the [[Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair|Iran–Contra hearings]]<br/>Recorded May 5, 1987}}
}}
{{conservatism US|politicians}}
'''Richard Bruce Cheney''' <!--Dick is a historical nickname for Richard… per [[MOS:HYPOCORISM]], do not mention that he is commonly known as Dick Cheney -->({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|n|i}} {{respell|CHAY|nee}};{{efn|In his early life the vice president himself pronounced his [[family name]] as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|iː|n|i}} {{respell|CHEE|nee}}, the pronunciation used by his family. After moving east he adopted the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|eɪ|n|i}} {{respell|CHAY|nee}} favored by the media and public-at-large.<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0012/05/se.01.html ''Cheney Holds News Briefing with Republican House Leaders'', Aired on CNN December 5, 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309044733/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0012/05/se.01.html |date=March 9, 2016 }}</ref><ref>[https://nymag.com/news/politics/64601/ The Cheney Government in Exile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210070544/http://nymag.com/news/politics/64601/ |date=December 10, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|um9-hiJ8uMg|Alliance for a Strong America Commercial, 2014}}</ref>}} born January 30, 1941) is an American former politician and businessman who served as the 46th [[vice president of the United States]] from 2001 to 2009 under President [[George W. Bush]]. He has been called [[vice presidency of Dick Cheney|the most powerful vice president in American history]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99422633 |title=Cheney: A VP With Unprecedented Power |publisher=[[NPR.org]] |date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218213245/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99422633 |archive-date=February 18, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6096042.stm |title=The most powerful vice-president ever? |publisher=BBC News |___location=United Kingdom |date=October 29, 2006 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |first=Paul |last=Reynolds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129111119/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6096042.stm |url-status=live |archive-date=November 29, 2010 }}</ref> Cheney previously served as [[White House Chief of Staff]] for President [[Gerald Ford]], the [[U.S. representative]] for {{ushr|WY|AL}} from 1979 to 1989, and as the 17th [[United States secretary of defense]] in the administration of President [[George H. W. Bush]].
Born in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], Cheney grew up there and in [[Casper, Wyoming]].<ref>''Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President'', p. 11</ref> He attended [[Yale University]] before earning a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in political science from the [[University of Wyoming]]. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman [[William A. Steiger]], eventually working his way into the [[White House]] during the [[Presidency of Richard Nixon|Nixon]]<!-- See section below for details --> and [[Presidency of Gerald Ford|Ford]] administrations. He served as [[White House Chief of Staff|White House chief of staff]] from 1975 to 1977. In 1978, he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]], and represented [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district]] from 1979 to 1989, briefly serving as [[Party whips of the United States House of Representatives|House minority whip]] in 1989. He was appointed [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] during the [[presidency of George H. W. Bush]], and held the position for most of Bush's term from 1989 to 1993.<ref name="Historical Office Richard B. Cheney">{{cite web |url=https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571284/richard-b-cheney/ |title=Richard B. Cheney – George H. W. Bush Administration |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office |access-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614191740/https://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571284/richard-b-cheney/ |archive-date=June 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> As secretary, he oversaw [[Operation Just Cause]] in 1989 and [[Operation Desert Storm]] in 1991. While out of office during the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]], he was the chairman and CEO of [[Halliburton]] from 1995 to 2000.
In [[2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection|July 2000]], Cheney was chosen by presumptive [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential nominee [[George W. Bush]] as his running mate in the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential election]]. They defeated their [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] opponents, incumbent vice president [[Al Gore]] and senator [[Joe Lieberman]]. In [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], Cheney was reelected to his second term as vice president with Bush as president, defeating their Democratic opponents Senators [[John Kerry]] and [[John Edwards]]. During Cheney's tenure as vice president, he played a leading behind-the-scenes role in the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]]'s response to the [[September 11 attacks]] and coordination of the [[War on Terror|Global War on Terrorism]]. He was an early proponent of [[Iraq War|invading Iraq]], alleging that the [[Saddam Hussein]] regime possessed [[Weapon of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] program and had an [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|operational relationship]] with [[Al-Qaeda]]; however, neither allegation was ever substantiated. He also pressured the intelligence community to provide intelligence consistent with the administration's rationales for invading Iraq. Cheney was often criticized for the Bush administration's policies regarding the campaign against terrorism, for his support of [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|wiretapping by the National Security Agency (NSA)]] and for his endorsement of the U.S.'s "[[enhanced interrogation techniques|enhanced interrogation]]" [[torture]] program.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5024408 |title=Prewar Iraq Intelligence: A Look at the Facts |newspaper=NPR.org |publisher=NPR |date=November 23, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-date=March 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329081713/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5024408 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F14%2Fwashington%2F14nsa.html&OQ=Q70Q61Q67Q65Q77Q61Q6eQ74Q65Q64Q3dQ61Q6cQ6cQ26Q5fQ72Q3dQ31Q26 |title=Cheney Pushed U.S. to Widen Eavesdropping |work=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2006 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235650/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F14%2Fwashington%2F14nsa.html&OQ=Q70Q61Q67Q65Q77Q61Q6eQ74Q65Q64Q3dQ61Q6cQ6cQ26Q5fQ72Q3dQ31Q26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url-status=live |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/30/cheney.amnestyintl/ |title=Cheney offended by Amnesty criticism Rights group accuses U.S. of violations at Guantanamo Bay |work=CNN|date=May 21, 2005 |access-date=January 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012102621/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/30/cheney.amnestyintl/ |archive-date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Carol |date=December 4, 2019 |title=What the C.I.A.'s Torture Program Looked Like to the Tortured |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/us/politics/cia-torture-drawings.html |access-date=September 7, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> He publicly disagreed with President Bush's position against [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=August 25, 2004|title=Cheney at odds with Bush on gay marriage – politics|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5817720|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030085312/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5817720|archive-date=October 30, 2020|access-date=December 29, 2016|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> but also said it is "appropriately a matter for the states to decide".<ref>Kaufman, Marc and Allen, Mike. “[https://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/08/25/cheney_splits_with_bush_on_gay_marriage_ban/ Cheney splits with Bush on gay marriage ban]”, ''[[Washington Post]]'' via ''[[Boston Globe]]'' (August 25, 2004).</ref>
Cheney ended his vice presidential tenure as a deeply unpopular figure in American politics with an approval rating of 13 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/08/remembering-why-americans-loathe-dick-cheney/244306/|title=Remembering Why Americans Loathe Dick Cheney|work=The Atlantic|first=Conor|last=Friedersdorf|date=August 30, 2011|access-date=March 4, 2024|archive-date=November 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118094110/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/08/remembering-why-americans-loathe-dick-cheney/244306/|url-status=dead}}</ref> His peak approval rating in the wake of the September 11 attacks was 68 percent.<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/> Since leaving the vice presidency, Cheney has been critical of modern Republican leadership, including [[Donald Trump]], going as far as to endorse Trump's challenger in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], Democrat [[Kamala Harris]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2024 |title=Former Vice President Dick Cheney says he will vote for Harris |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/dick-cheney-kamala-harris-liz-cheney-rcna169979 |access-date=September 9, 2024 |first=Megan|last=Lebowitz|website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> He is the oldest living former U.S. vice president, following the death of [[Walter Mondale]] in 2021, as well as the most recent Vice President not to run for President.
==Early life and education==
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as [[Welsh American|Welsh]], Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry. His father was a soil conservation agent for the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s;<ref>{{cite news|url-status=live |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0309/20/lkl.00.html |title=Interview With Lynne Cheney |work=CNN|date=September 20, 2003 |access-date=May 23, 2007 |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206053654/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0309/20/lkl.00.html }}</ref> Cheney was one of three children.
He attended [[Calvert Elementary School]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=October 23, 2006 |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/kids/ |title=Bio on Kids' section of White House site |publisher=[[White House]] |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114112027/http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/vicepresident/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lps.org/about/profiles/2005-06%20Elementary/2005-06%20Calvert.pdf|title=Calvert Profile|access-date=October 23, 2006|date=May 15, 2006|publisher=[[Lincoln Public Schools]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102001434/http://www.lps.org/about/profiles/2005-06%20Elementary/2005-06%20Calvert.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> before his family moved to [[Casper, Wyoming]],<ref name=dcvpbio>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/ |title=Official US Biography |access-date=October 23, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203195245/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/ |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |archive-date=February 3, 2009 }}</ref> where he attended [[Natrona County High School]].
He attended [[Yale University]], but by his own account had problems adjusting to the college, and dropped out.<ref>Cheney, Dick, with Liz Cheney. ''In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir,'' pp. 26–28. Simon and Schuster, 2011. {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref name="TWP_Kaiser_20110830"/> Among the influential teachers from his days in New Haven was [[H. Bradford Westerfield]], whom Cheney repeatedly credited with having helped to shape his approach to [[foreign policy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=January 27, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/education/27westerfield.html |access-date=January 28, 2008 |title=H. Bradford Westerfield, 79, Influential Yale Professor |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417074624/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/education/27westerfield.html |archive-date=April 17, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> He later attended the [[University of Wyoming]], where he earned both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Arts in [[political science]]. He subsequently started, but did not finish, [[doctorate|doctoral]] studies in political science at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref>{{cite journal
|date =Fall 2006
|title = A Newsletter for Alumni and Friends of the Department
|journal = North Hall News
|page = 4
|publisher = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
|access-date = January 1, 2008
|url = http://polisci.wisc.edu/documents/AlumniNewsletterFall06.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061210105330/http://polisci.wisc.edu/documents/AlumniNewsletterFall06.pdf
|archive-date = December 10, 2006
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy
}}
</ref>
In November 1962, at the age of 21, Cheney was convicted of [[Driving under the influence|driving while intoxicated]] (DWI). He was arrested for DWI again the following year.<ref name="cheney video">{{cite video|people=McCollough, Lindsay G. (Producer); Gellman, Barton (Narrator)|title=The Life and Career of Dick Cheney|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070622/GAL-07Jun22-78887/|medium= Narrated slideshow|work=The Washington Post|access-date=December 18, 2007}}</ref> Cheney said that the arrests made him "think about where I was and where I was headed. I was headed down a bad road if I continued on that course."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |date=May 7, 2001 |title=The Quiet Man |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?040906fr_archive06 |access-date=August 2, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?040906fr_archive06 |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1964, he married [[Lynne Cheney|Lynne Vincent]], his high school sweetheart, whom he had met at age 14.
When Cheney became eligible for the [[conscription in the United States|draft]], during the [[Vietnam War]], he applied for and received five draft deferments. In 1989, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' writer George C. Wilson interviewed Cheney as the next [[U.S. Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]]; when asked about his deferments, Cheney reportedly said, "I had other priorities in the '60s than military service."<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile of Dick Cheney |newspaper=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=January 6, 2006 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Inauguration/story?id=421666 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315135915/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Inauguration/story?id=421666 |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney testified during his confirmation hearings in 1989 that he received deferments to finish a college career that lasted six years rather than four, owing to sub-par academic performance and the need to work to pay for his education. Upon graduation, Cheney was eligible for the draft, but at the time, the [[Selective Service System]] was not inducting married men.<ref name=slatenoah>{{cite news |last=Noah |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Noah |date=March 18, 2004 |title=How Dick Cheney dodged the draft |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2004/03/elizabeth_cheney_deferment_baby.html |newspaper=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=August 4, 2015 |archive-date=August 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812221546/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2004/03/elizabeth_cheney_deferment_baby.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 26, 1965, the draft was expanded to include married men without children; Cheney's first daughter, [[Liz Cheney|Elizabeth]], was born 9 months and two days later.<ref name=nyt2004-05-01 /><ref name=slatenoah /> Cheney's fifth and final deferment granted him "3-A" status, a "hardship" deferment available to men with dependents. In January 1967, Cheney turned 26 and was no longer eligible for the draft.<ref name=nyt2004-05-01>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/01/us/2004-campaign-military-service-cheney-s-five-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-era.html |date=May 1, 2004 |access-date=December 11, 2007 |title=Cheney's Five Draft Deferments During the Vietnam Era Emerge as a Campaign Issue |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Katharine Q. |last=Seelye |archive-date=December 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227144011/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/01/us/2004-campaign-military-service-cheney-s-five-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-era.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1966 Cheney dropped out of the doctoral program at the University of Wisconsin to work as staff aide for Governor [[Warren P. Knowles|Warren Knowles]].<ref name=CNN2013-09-21>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/us/dick-cheney-fast-facts/index.html|title=Dick Cheney Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=September 21, 2013|access-date=January 5, 2020|archive-date=February 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211030211/https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/us/dick-cheney-fast-facts/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1968 Cheney was awarded an [[American Political Science Association]] congressional fellowship and moved to Washington.<ref name=CNN2013-09-21/>
==
[[File:Chief of Staff Dick Cheney during a meeting following the assassinations in Beirut, 1976 - NARA - 7064952.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[White House Chief of Staff]] Cheney, 1976]]
Cheney's political career began in 1969, as an intern for Congressman [[William A. Steiger]] during the [[Richard Nixon]] Administration. He then joined the staff of [[Donald Rumsfeld]], who was then Director of the [[Office of Economic Opportunity]] from 1969 to 1970.<ref name="cheney video"/> He held several positions in the years that followed: White House Staff Assistant in 1971, Assistant Director of the Cost of Living Council from 1971 to 1973, and Deputy Assistant to the president from 1974 to 1975. As deputy assistant, Cheney suggested several options in a memo to Rumsfeld, including use of the [[US Justice Department]], that the [[Ford administration]] could use to limit damage from an article, published by ''[[The New York Times]]'', in which investigative reporter [[Seymour Hersh]] reported that Navy submarines had tapped into Soviet undersea communications as part of a highly classified program, [[Operation Ivy Bells]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/preview/documents.html |title=Dick Cheney's Memos from 30 Years Ago |author1=Lowell Bergman |author2=Marlena Telvick |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |work=Frontline: News War |date=February 13, 2007 |access-date=February 13, 2008 |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214071119/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/preview/documents.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article17542.htm |title=Cheney's Nemesis |last=Taibbi |first=Matt |access-date=September 10, 2010 |date=April 2, 2007 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419182041/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article17542.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==
{{See also|Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)|l1=Halloween Massacre}}
Cheney was Assistant to the President and White House Deputy Chief of Staff under [[Gerald Ford]] from December 1974 to November 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs – Richard Cheney as an Assistant to President Ford|url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/avproj/cheney.htm|access-date=October 27, 2020|website=www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517171949/https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/avproj/cheney.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum | title=Richard Cheney as an Assistant to President Ford | url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/avproj/cheney.htm | date=August 26, 2002 | access-date=September 14, 2015 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014526/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/avproj/cheney.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/11/04/76624578.html?pageNumber=25|title=New Aide to Ford Rumsfeld Protege|work=The New York Times |access-date=April 15, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004452/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/11/04/76624578.html?pageNumber=25|url-status=live}}</ref> When Rumsfeld was named [[U.S. Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], Cheney became [[White House Chief of Staff]], succeeding Rumsfeld.<ref name="cheney video" /> He later was campaign manager for Ford's [[1976 United States presidential election|1976 presidential campaign]].<ref name=chiff>{{cite web |publisher=Chiff.com |url=http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/news-people/dick-cheney.htm |title=People in the News: Dick Cheney |access-date=January 1, 2008 |archive-date=October 29, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029143020/http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/news-people/dick-cheney.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==U.S. House of Representatives (1979–1989)==
[[
===Elections===
In 1978, Cheney was elected to represent Wyoming in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and succeeded retiring [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] Congressman [[Teno Roncalio]], having defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley. Cheney was re-elected five times, serving until 1989.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
===Tenure===
====Leadership====
In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the [[House Republican Conference]]. The following year, he was elected [[Minority Whip of the United States House of Representatives|House Minority Whip]].<ref name="1988 hmw">{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/about/regents/members.htm |title=The Board of Regents |access-date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209233720/http://www.si.edu/about/regents/members.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2008 }}</ref> He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator [[John G. Tower]], whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
====Votes====
[[File:Ronald Reagan and Dick Cheney.jpg|thumb|left|Cheney meets with President [[Ronald Reagan]], July 1983.]]
He voted against the creation of the [[United States Department of Education|U.S. Department of Education]], citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and claiming that the department was an encroachment on [[states' rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dick Cheney on Education |access-date=December 12, 2007 |url=http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Education.htm |publisher=[[On the Issues]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Education.htm |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> He voted against funding [[Head Start Program|Head Start]], but reversed his position in 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/072800-101.htm |title=Dick Cheney, Fiscal Conservative? |access-date=December 12, 2007 |date=July 28, 2000 |work=The New York Times |last=McIntyre |first=Robert S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024034348/http://www.commondreams.org/views/072800-101.htm |archive-date=October 24, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cheney initially opposed establishing a national holiday in honor of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in 1979, but supported creation of [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] five years later, in 1983.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/04/the-complicated.html|title=The Complicated History of John McCain and MLK Day|author=Saira Anees|date=April 4, 2008|publisher=ABC|quote=Dick Cheney...voted for the holiday. (Cheney had voted against it in 1978.)|access-date=October 22, 2015|archive-date=May 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525210720/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/04/the-complicated.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Cheney supported [[Bob Michel]]'s (R-IL) bid to become Republican Minority Leader.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Politico|access-date=May 6, 2012|url=https://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62194_Page4.html#ixzz1WMqFuKGX|title=A political junkie's guide to Dick Cheney's memoir|author=Jonathan Martin|archive-date=March 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309101513/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62194_Page4.html#ixzz1WMqFuKGX|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 1980, Cheney endorsed Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] for president, becoming one of Reagan's earliest supporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GaglAAAAIBAJ&pg=3700,2616822&dq=richard+cheney|title=Reagan gains backing of 36 House Republicans|agency=Associated Press|page=10}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
In 1986, after President [[Ronald Reagan]] vetoed a bill to impose [[economic sanctions]] on South Africa for its policy of [[apartheid]], Cheney was one of 83 Representatives to vote against overriding Reagan's veto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0012africa.html |title=The Coming Apathy: Africa Policy Under a Bush Administration |year=2001 |access-date=December 18, 2007 |last=Booker |first=Salih |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0012africa.html |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In later years, he articulated his opposition to unilateral sanctions against many different countries, stating "they almost never work"<ref>{{cite web |date=June 23, 1998 |url=http://www.cato.org/speeches/sp-dc062398.html |title=Defending Liberty in a Global Economy |access-date=December 12, 2007 |publisher=[[Cato Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://www.cato.org/speeches/sp-dc062398.html |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and that in that case they might have ended up hurting the people instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/us/2000-campaign-record-cheney-slips-explaining-vote-freeing-mandela.html |title=Cheney Slips in Explaining A Vote on Freeing Mandela |date=July 28, 2000 |access-date=March 19, 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=David E. |last=Rosenbaum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040918102730/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E1DB173DF93BA15754C0A9669C8B63 |archive-date=September 18, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1986, Cheney, along with 145 Republicans and 31 Democrats, voted against a non-binding Congressional resolution calling on the South African government to release [[Nelson Mandela]] from prison, after the Democrats defeated proposed amendments that would have required Mandela to renounce violence sponsored by the [[African National Congress]] (ANC) and requiring it to oust the communist faction from its leadership; the resolution was defeated. Appearing on [[CNN]], Cheney addressed criticism for this, saying he opposed the resolution because the ANC "at the time was viewed as a terrorist organization and had a number of interests that were fundamentally inimical to the United States."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/30/talk.wrap/index.html |title=Cheney defends voting record, blasts Clinton on talk-show circuit |work=CNN|access-date=December 12, 2007 |date=July 30, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402101455/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/30/talk.wrap/index.html |archive-date=April 2, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===
Originally declining, U.S. Congressman [[Barber Conable]] persuaded Cheney to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks. He was elected [[Republican Policy Committee Chairman of the United States House of Representatives|Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee]] from 1981 to 1987. Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the [[Iran-Contra Affair]].<ref name="cheney video"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PM8dAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843%2C5129735&dq=dick+cheney+committee+assignments|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702233144/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PM8dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cCQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843%2C5129735&dq=dick+cheney+committee+assignments|url-status=dead|title=The Times-News |via=Google News Archive Search|date=July 11, 2012|archive-date=July 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/09/opinion/09wilentz.html |title=Mr. Cheney's Minority Report |author=Sean Wilintz |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 9, 2007 |place=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |archive-date=March 14, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314233608/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/09/opinion/09wilentz.html }}</ref> He promoted Wyoming's petroleum and coal businesses as well.<ref>{{cite web |date=Summer 1993 |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3582101.html |title=Calm After Desert Storm |access-date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution]] |archive-date=July 30, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730081935/http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3582101.html }}</ref>
==Secretary of Defense (1989–1993)==
[[File:Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney, official portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Dick Cheney, 1989–1993]]
[[File:Cheney delivering speech before an AEGIS ship is commissioned.JPEG|thumb|right|Secretary of Defense Cheney delivering a speech before the launch of destroyer [[USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51)|USS ''Arleigh Burke'']]]]
President [[George H. W. Bush]] nominated Cheney for the office of [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm [[John Tower]] for that position.<ref name=EB1990YB>{{cite book|first=Charles Johnson|last=Taggart|contribution= Cheney, Richard Bruce|title=1990 Britannica Book of the Year|year=1990|page=85|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Inc.|place=Chicago|isbn=0-85229-522-7}}</ref> The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0<ref name="EB1990YB"/> and he served in that office from March 1989 to January 1993. He directed the [[United States invasion of Panama]] and [[Operation Desert Storm]] in the Middle East. In 1991, he was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by Bush.<ref name="1988 hmw"/><ref name="CNN2013-09-21"/> Later that year, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by [[Jefferson Awards for Public Service|Jefferson Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |title=Jefferson Awards Foundation |website=Jeffersonawards.org |access-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cheney has said his time at the Pentagon was the most rewarding period of his public service career, calling it "the one that stands out."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2014 |title=Vice President Dick Cheney: Personal Reflections on his Public Life |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoZkP3O8g8s |access-date=June 28, 2023 |website=YouTube |publisher=[[Bill Kristol|Conversations with Bill Kristol]]}}</ref> In 2014, Cheney recounted that when he met with President [[George H. W. Bush]] to accept the offer, he passed a painting in the private residence entitled ''The Peacemakers,'' which depicted President Lincoln, General Grant, and [[William Tecumseh Sherman]]. "My great-grandfather had served under William Tecumseh Sherman throughout the war," Cheney said, "and it occurred to me as I was in the room as I walked in to talk to the President about becoming Secretary of Defense, I wondered what he would have thought that his great-grandson would someday be in the White House with the President talking about taking over the reins of the U.S. military."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/dick-cheney/ |title=Dick Cheney on Conversations with Bill Kristol |website=Conversationswithbillkristol.org |access-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020163336/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/dick-cheney/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Early tenure===
Cheney worked closely with [[Pete Williams (television correspondent)|Pete Williams]], [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs]], and [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]], from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most of the internal DoD management to [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald J. Atwood Jr.|Donald Atwood]].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
===Budgetary practices===
[[File:Bush and Cheney 1991.jpg|thumb|right|Secretary Cheney with President George H. W. Bush, 1991]]
Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following the [[Reagan Administration]]'s peacetime defense buildup at the height of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Bartels|first=Larry M.|title=Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Build Up|journal=The American Political Science Review|date=June 1, 1991|volume=85|issue=2|pages=457–474|issn=0003-0554|jstor=1963169|doi=10.2307/1963169|s2cid=28751110|url= http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fdee/96153a27e69e49c0947057f712b62f2aa790.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190309033318/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fdee/96153a27e69e49c0947057f712b62f2aa790.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= March 9, 2019}}</ref> As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services for such expensive programs as the [[McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II|Avenger II]] Naval attack aircraft, the [[B-2 Spirit|B-2]] stealth bomber, the [[V-22 Osprey]] tilt-wing [[helicopter]], the [[Aegis destroyer]] and the [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper|MX missile]], totaling approximately $4.5 billion in light of changed world politics.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney opposed the V-22 program, which Congress had already appropriated funds for, and initially refused to issue contracts for it before relenting.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Charlie Savage (author)|Charlie Savage]] |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=November 26, 2006 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/11/26/hail_to_the_chief/?page=4 |title=Hail to the chief: Dick Cheney's mission to expand – or 'restore' – the powers of the presidency |access-date=February 26, 2008 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512030214/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/11/26/hail_to_the_chief/?page=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
When the 1990 Budget came before Congress in the summer of 1989, it settled on a figure between the Administration's request and the [[House Armed Services Committee]]'s recommendation.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm |title=Richard B. Cheney: 17th Secretary of Defense |access-date=December 12, 2007 |publisher=United States Department of Defense |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401100903/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2004 |url-status=dead }}{{Source-attribution}}</ref>
In subsequent years under Cheney, the proposed and adopted budgets followed patterns similar to that of 1990. Early in 1991, he unveiled a plan to reduce military strength by the mid-1990s to 1.6 million, compared with 2.2 million when he entered office. Cheney's 1993 defense budget was reduced from 1992, omitting programs that Congress had directed the Department of Defense to buy weapons that it did not want, and omitting unrequested reserve forces.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
Over his four years as Secretary of Defense, Cheney downsized the military and his budgets showed negative real growth, despite pressures to acquire weapon systems advocated by Congress. The Department of Defense's total obligational authority in current dollars declined from $291 billion to $270 billion. Total military personnel strength decreased by 19 percent, from about 2.2 million in 1989 to about 1.8 million in 1993.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Notwithstanding the overall reduction in military spending, Cheney directed the development of a Pentagon plan to ensure U.S. military dominance in the post-Cold War era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm |title="Prevent the Reemergence of a New Rival" – The Making of the Cheney Regional Defense Strategy, 1991–1992 |publisher=[[National Security Archive]] |access-date=November 28, 2011 |archive-date=March 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303000951/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb245/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Political climate and agenda===
Cheney publicly expressed concern that nations such as [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]], could acquire nuclear components after the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. The end of the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the disintegration of the [[Warsaw Pact]] obliged the first Bush Administration to reevaluate the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|North Atlantic Treaty Organization's]] (NATO's) purpose and makeup. Cheney believed that NATO should remain the foundation of European security relationships and that it would remain important to the United States in the long term; he urged the alliance to lend more assistance to the new democracies in Eastern Europe.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
Cheney's views on NATO reflected his skepticism about prospects for peaceful social development in the former [[Eastern Bloc]] countries, where he saw a high potential for political uncertainty and instability. He felt that the Bush Administration was too optimistic in supporting [[General Secretary of the CPSU]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his successor, Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney not only wanted the break-up of the USSR but also of Russia itself.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gates |first1=Robert |title=Duty : Memoirs of a Secretary at War |publisher=Vintage Books |page=97 |date=2014}}</ref> Cheney worked to maintain strong ties between the United States and its European allies.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Defense Department Report, Wednesday, October 14 (10/14/92) |publisher=Department of Defense |date=October 14, 1992 |url=https://fas.org/news/usa/1992/56297759-56300711.htm |access-date=December 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040303004546/https://fas.org/news/usa/1992/56297759-56300711.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cheney persuaded the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] to allow bases for U.S. ground troops and war planes in the nation. This was an important element of the success of the [[Gulf War]], as well as a lightning-rod for [[Islamist]]s, such as [[Osama bin Laden]], who opposed having non-Muslim armies near their holy sites.<ref name="JINSA"/>
===International situations===
Using [[economic sanctions]] and political pressure, the United States mounted a campaign to drive Panamanian ruler General [[Manuel Antonio Noriega]] from power after he fell from favor.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> In May 1989, after [[Guillermo Endara]] had been duly elected [[President of Panama]], Noriega nullified the election outcome, drawing intensified pressure. In October, Noriega suppressed a [[military coup]], but in December, after soldiers of the [[Panamanian army]] killed a U.S. serviceman, the United States invasion of Panama began under Cheney's direction. The stated reason for the invasion was to seize Noriega to face drug charges in the United States, protect U.S. lives and property, and restore Panamanian [[civil liberties]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica
|title=Panama: Invasion of Panama
|access-date=July 19, 2012
|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama/213961/Rule-by-Torrijos-and-Noriega#toc213962
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
|pages=44
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427230124/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440722/Panama/213961/Rule-by-Torrijos-and-Noriega
|archive-date=April 27, 2008
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref> Although the mission was controversial,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/03/opinion/observer-is-this-justice-necessary.html |title=Observer; Is This Justice Necessary? |date=January 3, 1990 |access-date=December 12, 2007 |work=The New York Times |first=Russell |last=Baker |archive-date=June 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616105410/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE5DF123FF930A35752C0A966958260 |url-status=dead }}</ref> U.S. forces achieved control of [[Panama]] and Endara assumed the presidency; Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on [[racketeering]] and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rohter |first=Larry |date=1992-07-11 |title=NORIEGA SENTENCED TO 40 YEARS IN JAIL ON DRUG CHARGES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/11/us/noriega-sentenced-to-40-years-in-jail-on-drug-charges.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In 1991, the [[Somali Civil War]] drew the world's attention. In August 1992, the United States began to provide [[humanitarian assistance]], primarily food, through a military airlift. At President Bush's direction, Cheney dispatched the first of 26,000 U.S. troops to [[Somalia]] as part of the [[Unified Task Force]] (UNITAF), designed to provide security and food relief.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Cheney's successors as Secretary of Defense, [[Les Aspin]] and [[William J. Perry]], had to contend with both the [[Bosnian War|Bosnian]] and Somali issues.
====Iraqi invasion of Kuwait====
On August 1, 1990, Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] [[Invasion of Kuwait|sent the invading Iraqi forces into neighboring Kuwait]], a small petroleum-rich state long claimed by Iraq as part of its territory. This invasion sparked the initiation of the [[Persian Gulf War]] and it brought worldwide condemnation.<ref name="gulf war pbs">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/cron/ |title=The Gulf War: Chronology |publisher=PBS |access-date=December 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011234650/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/cron/ |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 140,000 [[Iraqi troops]] quickly took control of [[Kuwait City]] and moved on to the [[Saudi Arabia]]/Kuwait border.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for the defense of Saudi Arabia by the [[U.S. Central Command]], headed by General [[Norman Schwarzkopf]], because of its important petroleum reserves.
=====U.S. and world reaction=====
[[File:Cheney meeting with Prince Sultan.jpg|thumb|Cheney meets with [[Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Prince Sultan, Minister of Defence and Aviation]] in Saudi Arabia to discuss how to handle the [[invasion of Kuwait]], December 1, 1990.]]
Cheney and Schwarzkopf oversaw planning for what would become a full-scale U.S. military operation. According to General [[Colin Powell]], Cheney "had become a glutton for information, with an appetite we could barely satisfy. He spent hours in the [[National Military Command Center]] peppering my staff with questions."<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where [[King Fahd]] requested U.S. military assistance. The United Nations took action as well, passing a series of resolutions condemning Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; the [[UN Security Council]] authorized "all means necessary" to eject Iraq from Kuwait, and demanded that the country withdraw its forces by January 15, 1991.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/> By then, the United States had a force of about 500,000 stationed in Saudi Arabia and the [[Persian Gulf]]. Other nations, including Britain, Canada, France, Italy, [[Syria]], and [[Egypt]], contributed troops, and other allies, most notably Germany and Japan, agreed to provide financial support for the coalition effort, named [[Operation Desert Shield (Gulf War)|Operation Desert Shield]].<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/>
On January 12, 1991, Congress authorized Bush to use military force to enforce Iraq's compliance with UN resolutions on Kuwait.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>
=====Military action=====
[[File:President Bush meets with General Colin Powell, General Scowcroft, Secretary James Baker, Vice President Quayle... - NARA - 186429.jpg|thumb|Bush meets with [[Robert Gates]], General [[Colin Powell]], Secretary Cheney, and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf and Operation [[Desert Shield]], January 15, 1991.]]
The first phase of [[Operation Desert Storm]], which began on January 17, 1991, was an air offensive to secure air superiority and attack Iraqi forces, targeting key Iraqi command and control centers, including the cities of [[Baghdad]] and [[Basra]]. Cheney turned most other Department of Defense matters over to Deputy Secretary Atwood and briefed Congress during the air and ground phases of the war.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> He flew with Powell to the region to review and finalize the ground war plans.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/>
After an air offensive of more than five weeks, [[Coalition of the Gulf War|Coalition]] forces launched the ground war on February 24. Within 100 hours, Iraqi forces had been routed from Kuwait and Schwarzkopf reported that the basic objective{{snd}}expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait{{snd}}had been met on February 27.<ref name="gulf war military">{{cite web
|publisher=[[Military.com]]
|year=2006
|url=http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_gulfwar.htm
|title=The Gulf War: A Line in the Sand
|access-date=December 13, 2007
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102093442/http://www.military.com/Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_gulfwar.htm
|archive-date=November 2, 2007
}}</ref> After consultation with Cheney and other members of his national security team, Bush declared a suspension of hostilities.<ref name="gulf war pbs"/> On working with this national security team, Cheney has said, "there have been five Republican presidents since
Eisenhower. I worked for four of them and worked closely with a fifth{{snd}}the Reagan years when I was part of the House leadership. The best national security team I ever saw was that one. The least friction, the most cooperation, the highest degree of trust among the principals, especially."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cheney|first1=Dick|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoZkP3O8g8s#t=1399| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/CoZkP3O8g8s| archive-date=October 27, 2021|title=Conversations with Bill Kristol|date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=October 15, 2014|publisher=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=====Aftermath=====
A total of 147 U.S. military personnel died in combat, and another 236 died as a result of accidents or other causes.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/><ref name="gulf war military"/> Iraq agreed to a formal truce on March 3, and a permanent cease-fire on April 6.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> There was subsequent debate about whether Coalition forces should have driven as far as Baghdad to oust Saddam Hussein from power. Bush agreed that the decision to end the ground war when they did was correct, but the debate persisted as Hussein remained in power and rebuilt his military forces.<ref name="Cheney DoD bio"/> Arguably the most significant debate concerned whether U.S. and Coalition forces had left Iraq too soon.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.indepthinfo.com/iraq/aftermath.shtml
|title=Aftermath of the Gulf War
|access-date=December 18, 2007
|publisher=W.J. Rayment
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102063250/http://www.indepthinfo.com/iraq/aftermath.shtml
|archive-date=November 2, 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Strauss|first=Mark|date=March–April 2002|title=Attacking Iraq|journal=[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]|issue=129|pages=14–19|doi=10.2307/3183385|issn=0015-7228|jstor=3183385}}</ref> In an April 15, 1994, interview with C-SPAN, Cheney was asked if the U.S.-led Coalition forces should have moved into Baghdad. Cheney replied that occupying and attempting to take over the country would have been a "bad idea" and would have led to a "quagmire", explaining that:
<blockquote>
[If] we'd gone to Baghdad we would have been all alone. There wouldn't have been anybody else with us. There would have been a U.S. occupation of Iraq. None of the Arab forces that were willing to fight with us in Kuwait were willing to invade Iraq. Once you got to Iraq and took it over, took down Saddam Hussein's government, then what are you going to put in its place? That's a very volatile part of the world, and if you take down the central government of Iraq, you could very easily end up seeing pieces of Iraq fly off: part of it, the Syrians would like to have to the west, part of it{{snd}}eastern Iraq{{snd}}the Iranians would like to claim, they fought over it for eight years. In the north you've got the Kurds, and if the Kurds spin loose and join with the Kurds in Turkey, then you threaten the territorial integrity of Turkey. It's a quagmire if you go that far and try to take over Iraq. The other thing was casualties. Everyone was impressed with the fact we were able to do our job with as few casualties as we had. But for the 146 Americans killed in action, and for their families{{snd}}it wasn't a cheap war. And the question for the president, in terms of whether or not we went on to Baghdad, took additional casualties in an effort to get Saddam Hussein, was how many additional dead Americans is Saddam worth? Our judgment was, not very many, and I think we got it right.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|date=April 15, 1994|access-date=October 25, 2007|title=Life and Career of Dick Cheney: American Profile Interview|url=http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/index.php?main_page=product_video_info&products_id=58277-1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026202426/http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/index.php?main_page=product_video_info&products_id=58277-1|archive-date=October 26, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jon |last=Garfunkel |url=https://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2007/08/cheney_video_huntthe_tangled_s.html |title=Cheney Video Hunt: The Tangled State of Archived News Footage Online |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |date=August 22, 2007 |access-date=October 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104154634/http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2007/08/cheney_video_huntthe_tangled_s.html |archive-date=November 4, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref>
</blockquote>
Cheney regarded the Gulf War as an example of the kind of regional problem the United States was likely to continue to face in the future:<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/cheney/2.html
|title=Oral History: Richard Cheney
|publisher=Public Broadcasting System
|access-date=October 25, 2007
|archive-date=October 25, 2007
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025065845/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/cheney/2.html
}}</ref>
<blockquote>
We're always going to have to be involved [in the Middle East]. Maybe it's part of our national character, you know we like to have these problems nice and neatly wrapped up, put a ribbon around it. You deploy a force, you win the war and the problem goes away. But it doesn't work that way in the Middle East. It never has, and isn't likely to in my lifetime.
</blockquote>
==Private sector career==
Between 1987 and 1989, during his last term in Congress, Cheney was on the board of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] foreign policy organization.<ref name=cfr>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html |title=The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 – Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207083316/http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/appendix.html |archive-date=February 7, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
With the inauguration of the new Democratic administration under President [[Bill Clinton]] in [[1992 United States presidential election|January 1993]], Cheney joined the [[American Enterprise Institute]]. He also served a second term as a Council on Foreign Relations director from 1993 to 1995.<ref name=cfr/>
From October 1, 1995<ref>{{cite news |last1=Myerson |first1=Allen R. |title=Halliburton Picks Cheney To Be Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/11/business/halliburton-picks-cheney-to-be-chief.html |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=August 11, 1995 |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227195112/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/11/business/halliburton-picks-cheney-to-be-chief.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to July 25, 2000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherri |first1=Chunn |title=Cheney Resigns As Halliburton CEO |url=https://apnews.com/article/9e3dbc5cb5623501b2b90cd39f08e260 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=Associated Press |date=July 25, 2000 |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227195114/https://apnews.com/article/9e3dbc5cb5623501b2b90cd39f08e260 |url-status=live }}</ref> he was chairman of the board and chief executive officer of [[Halliburton]], a [[Fortune 500]] company. Cheney resigned as CEO on the same day he was announced as George Bush's vice-presidential pick in the 2000 election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheney to Join Bush on GOP Ticket |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=123344&page=1 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |work=ABC News |date=July 25, 2000 |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227195118/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=123344&page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cheney's record as CEO was subject to some dispute among [[Wall Street]] analysts. A 1998 merger between Halliburton and [[Dresser Industries]] attracted the criticism of some Dresser executives for Halliburton's lack of accounting transparency.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2000 Campaign; Cheney Has Mixed Record In Business Executive Role |last1=Henriques |first1=Diana B. |last2=Bergman |first2=Lowell |last3=Oppel |first3=Richard A. Jr. |last4=Moss |first4=Michael |work=The New York Times |date=August 24, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/24/us/the-2000-campaign-cheney-has-mixed-record-in-business-executive-role.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206195119/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EEDB1431F937A1575BC0A9669C8B63 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref> Halliburton shareholders pursued a [[class-action lawsuit]] alleging that the corporation artificially inflated its stock price during this period, though Cheney was not named as an individual [[defendant]] in the suit. In June 2011, the [[United States Supreme Court]] reversed a lower court ruling and allowed the case to continue in litigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Halliburton Securities Fraud Lawsuit Reinstated |last=Vincini |first=James |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-halliburton-lawsuit-idUSTRE75532D20110606 |work=Reuters |date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=April 3, 2012 |archive-date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609000909/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/06/us-halliburton-lawsuit-idUSTRE75532D20110606 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney was named in a December 2010 corruption complaint filed by the Nigerian government against Halliburton, which the [[Halliburton#Controversies|company settled for $250 million]].<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-17/nigeria-withdraws-charges-against-cheney-halliburton.html |title=Nigeria Withdraws Charges Against Cheney, Halliburton |work=[[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222163158/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-17/nigeria-withdraws-charges-against-cheney-halliburton.html |archive-date=December 22, 2010 |access-date=December 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
During Cheney's term, Halliburton changed its accounting practices regarding revenue realization of disputed costs on major construction projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berenson |first1=Alex |last2=Bergman |first2=Lowell |date=May 22, 2002 |title=Under Cheney, Halliburton Altered Policy On Accounting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/22/business/under-cheney-halliburton-altered-policy-on-accounting-160164.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201207/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E6DF1038F931A15756C0A9649C8B63 |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Cheney resigned as CEO of Halliburton on July 25, 2000. As vice president, he argued that this step, along with establishing a trust and other actions, removed any [[conflict of interest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2004/09/kerry-ad-falsely-accuses-cheney-on-halliburton/|title=Kerry Ad Falsely Accuses Cheney on Halliburton|website=Factcheck.org|date=September 30, 2004|access-date=October 9, 2019|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729221403/https://www.factcheck.org/2004/09/kerry-ad-falsely-accuses-cheney-on-halliburton/|url-status=live}}</ref> Cheney's net worth, estimated to be between $19 million and $86 million,<ref>{{cite news|work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheneys-halliburton-ties-remain/ |title=Cheney's Halliburton Ties Remain |access-date=December 13, 2007 |date=September 26, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020042015/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/26/politics/main575356.shtml |archive-date=October 20, 2007 }}</ref> is largely derived from his post at Halliburton.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee |first=Pratap |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/08/dick-cheney-halliburton-supreme-court |title=Dick Cheney's Halliburton: a corporate case study |access-date=July 2, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612055538/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/08/dick-cheney-halliburton-supreme-court |___location=London |archive-date=June 12, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
His 2006 gross joint income with his wife was nearly $8.82 million.<ref>
{{cite news|title=Cheney income tops Bush 12-fold|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C16%5Cstory_16-4-2006_pg4_10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702090411/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C16%5Cstory_16-4-2006_pg4_10|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 2, 2013|access-date=July 2, 2013|newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|___location=[[Lahore]]|date=April 16, 2006}}</ref>
He was also a member of the board of advisors of the [[Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs]] (JINSA) before becoming vice president.<ref name="JINSA">{{cite web
|url=http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1082/documentid/1084/history/3,2360,656,1082,1084
|title=President-elect G.W. Bush: Key Defense Appointments and Arms Control Policy
|publisher=[[Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs]] (JINSA)
|access-date=December 13, 2007
|date=December 18, 2000
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025065845/http://www.jinsa.org/articles/articles.html/function/view/categoryid/1082/documentid/1084/history/3%2C2360%2C656%2C1082%2C1084
|archive-date=October 25, 2007
}}
</ref>
==2000 presidential election==
{{See also|2000 United States presidential election|Presidential transition of George W. Bush}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2000.svg|thumb|270x270px|left|The Bush–Cheney ticket won the 2000 presidential election with 271 electoral votes but with only 47.9% of the popular vote, less than their opposition ticket, Gore–Lieberman, which received 48.3%.]]
In early 2000, while CEO of Halliburton, Cheney headed [[Governor of Texas]] [[George W. Bush]]'s vice-presidential search committee. On July 25, after reviewing Cheney's findings, Bush surprised some pundits by asking Cheney himself to join the Republican ticket.<ref name="cheney video"/><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Six Questions for Bart Gellman, Author of Angler |last=Horton |first=Scott |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |date=September 18, 2008 |access-date=September 13, 2010 |url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/09/hbc-90003554 |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918153733/http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/09/hbc-90003554 |url-status=live }}</ref> Halliburton reportedly reached agreement on July 20 to allow Cheney to retire, with a package estimated at $20 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2000 Campaign: The Republican Running Mate – Cheney Is Said to Be Receiving $20 Million Retirement Package |last1=Henriques |first1=Diana B. |last2=Bergman |first2=Lowell |last3=Norris |first3=Floyd |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 12, 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/12/us/2000-campaign-republican-running-mate-cheney-said-be-receiving-20-million.html |url-status=live |archive-date=December 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207233841/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502EEDE123FF931A2575BC0A9669C8B63 }}</ref>
A few months before the election Cheney put his home in Dallas up for sale and changed his drivers' license and voter registration back to Wyoming. This change was necessary to allow Texas' presidential electors to vote for both Bush and Cheney without contravening the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which forbids electors from voting for "an inhabitant of the same state with themselves"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-12|title=Amendment XII. Election of President |website=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=January 17, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216103121/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-12|url-status=live}}</ref> for both president and vice president.
Cheney campaigned against [[Al Gore]]'s running mate, [[Joseph Lieberman]], in the 2000 presidential election. While the election was undecided, the Bush-Cheney team was not eligible for public funding to plan a transition to a new administration, prompting Cheney to open a privately funded transition office in Washington. This office worked to identify candidates for all important positions in the cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=November 13, 2007 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~action/chrntran.html |title=The New Administration Takes Shape |last=Appleman |first=Eric M. |publisher=[[George Washington University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040502063957/http://www.gwu.edu/~action/chrntran.html |archive-date=May 2, 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Craig Unger]], Cheney advocated [[Donald Rumsfeld]] for the post of Secretary of Defense to counter the influence of [[Colin Powell]] at the State Department, and tried unsuccessfully to have [[Paul Wolfowitz]] named to replace [[George Tenet]] as director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html |title=How Cheney took control of Bush's foreign policy |last=Unger |first=Craig |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date=November 9, 2007 |access-date=November 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012184055/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html |archive-date=October 12, 2008 }}</ref>
==Vice presidency (2001–2009)==
{{main|Vice presidency of Dick Cheney}}
===First term (2001–2005)===
[[File:Vice President Cheney Watches Television.jpg|thumb|Cheney watching the initial 9/11 attack]]
Following the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001, attacks]], Cheney remained physically apart from Bush for security reasons. For a period, Cheney stayed at a variety of undisclosed locations, out of public view.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec04/cheney_09-01.html |title=The Running Mate |access-date=January 2, 2008 |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209112021/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec04/cheney_09-01.html }}</ref> Cheney later revealed in his memoir ''In My Time'' that these "undisclosed locations" included his official vice presidential residence, his home in Wyoming, and [[Camp David]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/upshot/cheney-reveals-his-undisclosed-___location.html |publisher=Yahoo |work=The Upshot |title=Cheney reveals his 'undisclosed ___location' |first=Rachel Rose |last=Hartman |date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=May 22, 2019 |archive-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163740/https://www.yahoo.com/news/blogs/upshot/cheney-reveals-his-undisclosed-___location.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also utilized a heavy security detail, employing a motorcade of 12 to 18 government vehicles for his daily commute from the vice presidential residence at [[Number One Observatory Circle]] to the White House.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gold |first=Victor |title=Invasion of the Party Snatchers |publisher=[[Sourcebooks]], Inc. |date=April 1, 2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781402212499/page/79 79] |isbn=978-1-4022-1249-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781402212499/page/79 }}</ref>
On the morning of June 29, 2002, Cheney served as [[Acting President of the United States|acting president]] from 7:09{{spaces}}a.m. to 9:24{{spaces}}a.m., under the terms of the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|25th Amendment]] to the Constitution, while Bush underwent a [[colonoscopy]].<ref>{{cite web|author=White House Press Secretary |title=Statement by the Press Secretary |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020629-1.html |date=June 22, 2002 |access-date=January 9, 2008 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514061949/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020629-1.html |url-status=live |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=White House Physician Provides Update on Bush's Condition |date=June 29, 2002 |access-date=June 4, 2006 |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/29/bn.02.html |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813054538/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/29/bn.02.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Iraq War====
{{see also|Iraq War}}
[[File:Cheney-Balad-Iraq-Mar2008.jpg|thumb|left|Cheney speaks to US troops at [[Camp Anaconda]], Iraq, in 2008.]]
Following 9/11, Cheney was instrumental in providing a primary justification for a renewed war against Iraq. Cheney helped shape Bush's approach to the "[[War on Terror]]", making numerous public statements alleging Iraq possessed [[weapons of mass destruction]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.iwatchnews.org/index.htm/projects.publicintegrity.org/WarCard/Default268a.html?&context=key_false_statements&id=946|publisher=The Center for Public Integrity|title=Iraq: The War Card|access-date=July 20, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318162540/http://projects.iwatchnews.org/index.htm/projects.publicintegrity.org/WarCard/Default268a.html?&context=key_false_statements&id=946|archive-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> and making several personal visits to CIA headquarters, where he questioned mid-level agency analysts on their conclusions.<ref name="darkside">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/darkside/? |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting System]] |title=Frontline: The Dark Side |date=June 20, 2006 |access-date=February 6, 2008 |archive-date=October 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043325/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/view/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney continued to [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations#Cheney's claims|allege links between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda]], even though President Bush received a classified President's Daily Brief on September 21, 2001, indicating the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11 attacks and that "there was scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with Al Qaeda."<ref name="1122nj1.htm"/> Furthermore, in 2004, the [[9/11 Commission]] concluded that there was no "collaborative relationship" between Iraq and al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pincus|first=Walter|author2=Dana Milbank|date=June 17, 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47812-2004Jun16.html|title=Al Qaeda-Hussein Link Is Dismissed|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917073412/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47812-2004Jun16.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2014, Cheney continued to misleadingly claim that Saddam "had a 10-year relationship with al Qaeda."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2014/12/cheneys-tortured-facts/|title=Cheney's Tortured Facts|last=Kiely|first=Eugene|date=December 16, 2014|website=FactCheck.org|language=en-US|access-date=June 5, 2019|archive-date=August 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816120759/https://www.factcheck.org/2014/12/cheneys-tortured-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Following the US invasion of Iraq, Cheney remained steadfast in his support of the war, stating that it would be an "enormous success story",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/23/cheney.interview/ |title=Cheney: Iraq will be 'enormous success story' |access-date=December 11, 2007 |date=June 25, 2005 |work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010123611/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/06/23/cheney.interview/ |archive-date=October 10, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> and made many visits to the country. He often criticized [[Opposition to the Iraq War|war critics]], calling them "opportunists" who were peddling "cynical and pernicious falsehoods" to gain political advantage while US soldiers died in Iraq. In response, Senator [[John Kerry]] asserted, "It is hard to name a government official with less credibility on Iraq [than Cheney]."<ref name="Cheney criticizes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10078197 |title=Cheney calls war critics "opportunists" |date=November 17, 2005 |access-date=December 11, 2007 |work=NBC News |archive-date=December 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227214159/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10078197/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In a March 24, 2008, extended interview conducted in Ankara, Turkey, with ABC News correspondent [[Martha Raddatz]] on the fifth anniversary of the original U.S. military assault on Iraq, Cheney responded to a question about public opinion polls showing that Americans had lost confidence in the war by simply replying "So?"<ref>{{cite news|date=March 24, 2008 |access-date=March 11, 2013 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/WorldNews/story?id=4515515 |title=Full Interview: Dick Cheney on Iraq |work=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313200219/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/WorldNews/story?id=4515515 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> This remark prompted widespread criticism, including from former [[Oklahoma]] Republican Congressman [[Mickey Edwards]], a long-time personal friend of Cheney.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032102482_pf.html|title=Dick Cheney's Error: It's Government By the People|last=Edwards|first=Mickey|date=March 22, 2008|access-date=March 6, 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032102482_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Second term (2005–2009)===
{{See also|2004 United States presidential election}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg|thumb|270x270px|left|The Bush–Cheney ticket won the 2004 presidential election with 50.7% of the popular vote and 286 electoral votes.]]
Bush and Cheney were re-elected in the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]], running against [[John Kerry]] and his running mate, [[John Edwards]]. During the election, the pregnancy of his daughter [[Mary Cheney|Mary]] and her [[sexual orientation]] as a lesbian became a source of public attention for Cheney in light of the [[same-sex marriage]] debate.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 25, 2004 |title=Cheney describes same-sex marriage as state issue |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/24/cheney.samesex/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212356/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/24/cheney.samesex/ |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=August 2, 2006 |work=CNN|url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney has since stated that he is in favor of gay marriages personally, but that each individual U.S. state should decide whether to permit it or not.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2, 2009 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31066626 |title=Cheney backs gay marriage, calls it state issue |work=NBC News |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923225918/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31066626 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney's former chief legal counsel, [[David Addington]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/cheney/etc/script.html |title=Frontline: Cheney's Law |publisher=Public Broadcasting System |date=October 16, 2007 |access-date=February 13, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-date=October 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031010949/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/cheney/etc/script.html }}</ref> became his chief of staff and remained in that office until Cheney's departure from office. [[John P. Hannah]] served as Cheney's national security adviser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11423 |title=Vice Squad |last=Dreyfuss |first=Robert |work=[[The American Prospect]] |date=April 17, 2006 |access-date=February 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103141432/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=11423 |archive-date=November 3, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Until his indictment and resignation<ref name="indictment">[http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/iln/osc/documents/libby_indictment_28102005.pdf "Indictment"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528062030/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/iln/osc/documents/libby_indictment_28102005.pdf |date=May 28, 2008 }} in ''United States of America vs. I. Lewis Libby, also known as "Scooter Libby"'', ''[[United States Department of Justice]]'', October 28, 2005; accessed December 10, 2007</ref> in 2005, [[Scooter Libby|I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Jr.]] served in both roles.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 5, 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/02aide.html |title=In Cheney's New Chief, a Bureaucratic Master |last=Jehl |first=Douglas |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094219/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/02aide.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref>
On the morning of July 21, 2007, Cheney once again served as acting president, from 7:16 am to 9:21 am. Bush transferred the power of the presidency prior to undergoing a medical procedure, requiring sedation, and later resumed his powers and duties that same day.<ref name="acting cheney">{{cite news |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19872260 |title=Bush has 5 polyps removed during colonoscopy |access-date=December 18, 2007 |date=July 21, 2007 |archive-date=September 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224925/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19872260/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
After his term began in 2001, Cheney was occasionally asked if he was interested in the Republican nomination for the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]]. However, he always maintained that he wished to retire upon the expiration of his term and he did not run in the [[2008 Republican Party presidential primaries|2008 presidential primaries]]. The Republicans nominated Arizona Senator [[John McCain]].<ref>{{cite news|date=March 7, 2005 |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/295zkwpw.asp |title=President Cheney? |last=Barnes |first=Fred |work=[[The Weekly Standard]] |volume=10 |number=23 |access-date=December 18, 2007 |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071117182647/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/295zkwpw.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
====Disclosure of documents====
Cheney was a prominent member of the National Energy Policy Development Group (NEPDG),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Energy_+_Oil.htm |title=Dick Cheney on Energy & Oil: Member of Bush's National Energy Policy Development Group |access-date=January 2, 2008 |date=May 2, 2001 |publisher=National Energy Policy Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011181522/http://www.issues2000.org/2004/Dick_Cheney_Energy_%2B_Oil.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> commonly known as the [[Energy Task Force]], composed of energy industry representatives, including several [[Enron]] executives. After the [[Enron scandal]], the Bush administration was accused of improper political and business ties. In July 2003, the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] ruled that the [[US Department of Commerce]] must disclose NEPDG documents, containing references to companies that had made agreements with the previous Iraqi government to extract Iraq's petroleum.<ref name=nepdg>{{cite web |title=Judicial Watch, Inc. vs. National Energy Policy Development Group |url=http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_1270.shtml |access-date=December 18, 2007 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Judicial Watch]], Inc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008232628/http://www.judicialwatch.org/printer_1270.shtml |archive-date=October 8, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Beginning in 2003, Cheney's staff opted not to file required reports with the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] office charged with assuring that the executive branch protects classified information, nor did it allow inspection of its record keeping.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/81883/output/print |title=Challenging Cheney |author=Michael Isikoff |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=December 24, 2007 |access-date=February 25, 2008 |archive-date=December 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227015730/http://www.newsweek.com/id/81883/output/print |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cheney refused to release the documents, citing his executive privilege to deny congressional information requests.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ragavan |first=Chitra |title=Cheney Tangles With Agency on Secrecy |journal=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070208/8cheney.htm?s_cid=rss:site1 |date=February 8, 2007 |archive-date=October 28, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028153835/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070208/8cheney.htm?s_cid=rss%3Asite1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062201322.html?|title=Cheney Defiant on Classified Material|first=Peter|last=Baker|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 22, 2007|access-date=December 13, 2007|archive-date=August 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802000509/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/22/AR2007062201322.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Media outlets such as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine and [[CBS News]] questioned whether Cheney had created a "fourth branch of government" that was not subject to any laws.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Duffy |first=Michael |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1636435,00.html |title=The Cheney Branch of Government |magazine=Time |date=June 22, 2007 |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028071440/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C1636435%2C00.html |archive-date=October 28, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A group of historians and open-government advocates filed a lawsuit in the [[US District Court for the District of Columbia]], asking the court to declare that Cheney's vice-presidential records are covered by the [[Presidential Records Act of 1978]] and cannot be destroyed, taken or withheld from the public without proper review.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|last=Lee|first=Christopher|title=Lawsuit to Ask That Cheney's Papers Be Made Public|access-date=September 8, 2008|date=September 8, 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/07/AR2008090702260_pf.html|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111121647/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/07/AR2008090702260_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Christopher|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/20/AR2008092001627_pf.html|title=Cheney Is Told to Keep Official Records|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 21, 2008|access-date=September 28, 2008|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111121703/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/20/AR2008092001627_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Breitman |first=Rachel |url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2008/09/advocacy-group.html |title=Advocacy Group Files Suit To Ensure That VP's Records Stay Public |publisher=[[The American Lawyer]] |date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=September 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003090134/http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2008/09/advocacy-group.html |archive-date=October 3, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=/dean/20100903.html |last=Dean |first=John W. |title=What Will Become of Dick Cheney's Vice Presidential Records? |publisher=[[FindLaw]] Legal News and Commentary |date=September 3, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510082844/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=%2Fdean%2F20100903.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
====CIA leak scandal====
{{Main|Plame affair}}
{{See also|CIA leak grand jury investigation|United States v. Libby}}
[[File:Cheneysnotes.jpg|thumb|Handwritten note above [[Joseph C. Wilson|Joe Wilson]]'s editorial by Cheney referring to the covert agent before the leak took place]]
On October 18, 2005, ''The Washington Post'' reported that the vice president's office was central to the investigation of the [[Valerie Plame]] CIA leak scandal, for Cheney's former chief of staff, [[Lewis Libby|Lewis "Scooter" Libby]], was one of the figures under investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html|title=Spinning the Course|last=Froomkin|first=Dan|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 24, 2006|access-date=October 24, 2006|archive-date=October 25, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025181039/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/linkset/2005/04/11/LI2005041100879.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Libby resigned his positions as Cheney's chief of staff and assistant on national security affairs later in the month after he was indicted.
In February 2006, ''[[The National Journal]]'' reported that Libby had stated before a [[grand jury]] that his superiors, including Cheney, had authorized him to disclose classified information to the press regarding intelligence on Iraq's weapons.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Waas |first=Murray |date=February 9, 2006 |title=Cheney 'Authorized' Libby to Leak Classified Information |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/cheney-authorized-libby-to-leak-classified-information-20060209 |url-status=dead |magazine=[[National Journal]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129124819/http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/cheney-authorized-libby-to-leak-classified-information-20060209 |archive-date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2012 }}</ref> That September, [[Richard Armitage (politician)|Richard Armitage]], former Deputy Secretary of State, publicly announced that he was the source of the revelation of Plame's status. Armitage said he was not a part of a conspiracy to reveal Plame's identity and did not know whether one existed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800304.html|last=Apuzzo|first=Matt|title=Armitage Says He Was Source on Plame|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 8, 2006|access-date=October 24, 2006|archive-date=November 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111121724/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800304.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
On March 6, 2007, Libby was convicted on four [[felony]] counts for obstruction of justice, [[perjury]], and making false statements to federal investigators.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/28/leak.probe/ |title=Cheney's top aide indicted; CIA leak probe continues |date=October 29, 2005 |access-date=January 2, 2008 |url-status=live |work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005150731/http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/28/leak.probe/ |archive-date=October 5, 2007 }}</ref> In his closing arguments, independent prosecutor [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] said that there was "a cloud over the vice president",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harpers.org/archive/2009/11/hbc-90006017 |title=Did Cheney Lie to the Plame Prosecutors? |last=Horton |first=Scott |work=Harpers Magazine |date=November 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106071458/http://harpers.org/archive/2009/11/hbc-90006017 |archive-date=November 6, 2009 |access-date=October 15, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> an apparent reference to Cheney's interview with FBI agents investigating the case, which was made public in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] |url=http://www.citizensforethics.org/index.php/press/entry/crew-causes-release-of-notes-of-cheneys-fbi-interview/ |title=CREW Lawsuit Results in Release of Notes of Cheney's FBI Interview in Wilson Leak Case |date=October 30, 2009 |access-date=October 15, 2011 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522120606/http://www.citizensforethics.org/index.php/press/entry/crew-causes-release-of-notes-of-cheneys-fbi-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheney lobbied President George W. Bush vigorously and unsuccessfully to grant Libby a full [[presidential pardon]] up to the day of Barack Obama's inauguration, likening Libby to a "soldier on the battlefield".<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1912414,00.html|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130204085006/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1912414,00.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= February 4, 2013|title=Inside Bush and Cheney's Final Days|magazine=Time|author1=Massimo Calibrisi |author2=Michael Weisskopf |date=July 24, 2009|access-date= October 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/us/politics/18cheney.html |title=Aides Say No Pardon for Libby Irked Cheney |work=The New York Times |author1=Jim Rutenberg |author2=Jo Becker |date=February 17, 2009 |access-date=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512170217/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/us/politics/18cheney.html |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Libby was subsequently pardoned by President [[Donald Trump]] in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/13/trump-pardon-scooter-libby-522055|title=Trump issues pardon for Lewis 'Scooter' Libby|first1=Andrew|last1=Restuccia|first2=Josh|last2=Gerstein|website=Politico|date=April 13, 2018|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716041853/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/13/trump-pardon-scooter-libby-522055|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Assassination attempt====
{{Main|Attempted assassination of Dick Cheney}}
[[File:Dick Cheney, Mitch McConnell, and Trent Lott.jpg|thumb|right|Vice President Cheney speaks to the press flanked by fellow Republicans [[Mitch McConnell]] (left) and [[Trent Lott]] (right), April 2007.]]
On February 27, 2007, at about 10 am, a suicide bomber killed 23 people and wounded 20 more outside [[Bagram Airfield]] in Afghanistan during a visit by Cheney. The [[Taliban]] claimed responsibility for the attack and declared that Cheney was its intended target. They also claimed that [[Osama bin Laden]] supervised the operation.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Seattle Times |last=Johnson |first=Anna |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003681577_cheney26.html |date=April 26, 2007 |access-date=December 13, 2007 |title=Bin Laden is said to have supervised February Cheney-visit attack |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025065845/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003681577_cheney26.html |archive-date=October 25, 2007 }}</ref> The bomb went off outside the front gate while Cheney was inside the base and half a mile away. He reported hearing the blast, saying "I heard a loud boom... The Secret Service came in and told me there had been an attack on the main gate."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/cheney.afghanistan.ap/index.html |title=Cheney unhurt in blast outside Afghan base |work=CNN|agency=Associated Press |date=February 27, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301092232/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/cheney.afghanistan.ap/index.html |archive-date=March 1, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The purpose of Cheney's visit to the region had been to press Pakistan for a united front against the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news
|title = Cheney Asks Musharraf to Fight al-Qaida
|publisher = CBS
|last = Graham
|first = Stephen
|date = February 26, 2007
|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/ap/world/mainD8NHG8K01.shtml
|access-date = January 3, 2008
|archive-date = October 6, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006025926/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/26/ap/world/mainD8NHG8K01.shtml
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy
}}</ref>
====Policy formulation====
[[File:Cheney_Mubarak,_Presidential_Palace_in_Cairo.jpg|alt=Cheney_Mubarak,_Presidential_Palace_in_Cairo|thumb|left|Cheney shakes hands with [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] President [[Hosni Mubarak]] at the [[Heliopolis Palace|Presidential Palace]] in [[Cairo]], May 2007.]]
Cheney has been characterized as the most powerful and influential Vice President in history.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Man Behind the Curtain |work=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney_2.htm |date=October 5, 2003 |access-date=January 11, 2009 |last=Walsh |first=Kenneth T. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810091905/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney_2.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|title=Cheney's unprecedented power|date=February 25, 2004|access-date=January 11, 2009|last=Kuttner|first=Robert|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/02/25/cheneys_unprecedented_power/|archive-date=July 31, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731073344/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/02/25/cheneys_unprecedented_power/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Both supporters and critics of Cheney regard him as a shrewd and knowledgeable politician who knows the functions and intricacies of the federal government. A sign of Cheney's active policy-making role was then-House Speaker [[Dennis Hastert]]'s provision of an office near the House floor for Cheney<ref name="house floor office">{{cite news |date=January 5, 2001 |access-date=January 3, 2008 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/05/cheney.hill |work=CNN|title=Cheney makes Capitol Hill rounds |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013215043/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/05/cheney.hill |url-status=dead }}</ref> in addition to his office in the [[West Wing]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Inside the Real West Wing|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 22, 2006|access-date=January 3, 2008|last=Froomkin|first=Dan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2005/06/06/CU2005060601310.html|archive-date=August 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830010503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/custom/2005/06/06/CU2005060601310.html|url-status=live}}</ref> his ceremonial office in the Old Executive Office Building,<ref>{{cite web|title=Old Executive Office Building |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc32.htm |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012101811/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc32.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and his Senate offices (one in the [[Dirksen Senate Office Building]] and another off the floor of the Senate).<ref name="house floor office"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Dirksen Senate Office Building |access-date=January 3, 2008 |url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/visiting/d_three_sections_with_teasers/dirksen_senate_office_map_page.htm |publisher=United States Senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101040031/https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/visiting/d_three_sections_with_teasers/dirksen_senate_office_map_page.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cheney has actively promoted an expansion of the powers of the presidency, saying that the Bush administration's "challenges to the laws which Congress passed after Vietnam and [[Watergate]] to contain and oversee the executive branch{{snd}}the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]], the [[Presidential Records Act]], the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] and the [[War Powers Resolution]]{{snd}}are 'a restoration, if you will, of the power and authority of the president.'"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Bazelon-t.html |title=All the President's Powers |last=Brazelon |first=Emily |work=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2007 |access-date=November 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206164110/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Bazelon-t.html |archive-date=December 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=February 13, 2008 |url=http://hnn.us/articles/44951.html |title=The Return of the Imperial Presidency: An Interview with Charlie Savage |author=Robin Lindley |publisher=[[History News Network]] |date=January 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918080057/http://hnn.us/articles/44951.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref>
In June 2007, ''The Washington Post'' summarized Cheney's vice presidency in a [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040701359_pf.html|title=Washington Post Wins 6 Pulitzers|author=Howard Kurtz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 7, 2008|access-date=April 7, 2008|archive-date=October 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012121731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/07/AR2008040701359_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
four-part series, based in part on interviews with former administration officials. The articles characterized Cheney not as a "shadow" president, but as someone who usually has the last words of counsel to the president on policies, which in many cases would reshape the powers of the presidency. When former Vice President [[Dan Quayle]] suggested to Cheney that the office was largely ceremonial, Cheney reportedly replied, "I have a different understanding with the president." The articles described Cheney as having a secretive approach to the tools of government, indicated by the use of his own security classification and three man-sized safes in his offices.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gellman|first1=Barton|last2=Becker|first2=Jo|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – 'A Different Understanding With the President'|pages=A01|date=June 24, 2007|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/chapter_1/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 17, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515102759/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/chapter_1/|archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref>
The articles described Cheney's influence on decisions pertaining to detention of suspected terrorists and the legal limits that apply to their questioning, especially what constitutes [[torture]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – Pushing the Envelope on Presidential Power |pages=A01 |date=June 25, 2007 |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/pushing_the_envelope_on_presi/index.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171842/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/pushing_the_envelope_on_presi/index.html |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref> [[U.S. Army]] Colonel [[Lawrence Wilkerson]], who served as Colin Powell's chief of staff when he was both [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] at the same time Cheney was Secretary of Defense, and then later when Powell was [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], stated in an in-depth interview that Cheney and [[Donald Rumsfeld]] established an alternative program to interrogate post-9/11 detainees because of their mutual distrust of [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Andy Worthington |title=An Interview with Col. Lawrence Wilkerson |url-status=dead |url=http://www.fff.org/comment/com0908m.asp |publisher=Future of Freedom Foundation |date=August 24, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |archive-date=August 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830172355/http://www.fff.org/comment/com0908m.asp }}</ref>
''The Washington Post'' articles, principally written by [[Barton Gellman]], further characterized Cheney as having the strongest influence within the administration in shaping budget and tax policy in a manner that assures "conservative orthodoxy."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gellman|first1=Barton|last2=Becker|first2=Jo|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – A Strong Push From Backstage|url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/index.html|access-date=January 17, 2008|newspaper=The Washington Post|pages=A01|date=June 26, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515121246/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/a_strong_push_from_back_stage/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2008}}</ref> They also highlighted Cheney's behind-the-scenes influence on the [[George W. Bush#Environmental policies|Bush administration's environmental policy]] to ease pollution controls for power plants, facilitate the disposal of nuclear waste, open access to federal timber resources, and avoid federal constraints on [[greenhouse gas emissions]], among other issues. The articles characterized his approach to policy formulation as favoring business over the environment.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency – Leaving No Tracks |date=June 27, 2007 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html |access-date=January 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515135939/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/cheney/chapters/leaving_no_tracks/index.html |archive-date=May 15, 2008 }}</ref>
[[File:Vice President Dick Cheney walks with Saudi Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|Cheney walks with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] Crown Prince [[Sultan bin Abdulaziz]], May 2007.]]
In June 2008, Cheney allegedly attempted to block efforts by Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] to strike a controversial US compromise deal with [[North Korea]] over the communist state's nuclear program.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sherwell |first=Philip |title=Dick Cheney 'tried to block North Korea Nuclear deal' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2211928/Dick-Cheney--%27tried-to-block-North-Korea-nuclear-deal%27.html |date=June 28, 2008 |access-date=August 5, 2008 |pages=A01 |work=The Daily Telegraph |___location=London |archive-date=July 2, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702034423/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2211928/Dick-Cheney--%27tried-to-block-North-Korea-nuclear-deal%27.html }}</ref>
In July 2008, a former [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] official stated publicly that Cheney's office had pushed significantly for large-scale deletions from a [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] report on the [[health effects of global warming]] "fearing the presentation by a leading health official might make it harder to avoid regulating greenhouse gases."<ref name=ap1001>{{cite news|last=Hebert |first=Josef |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080708/ap_on_re_us/cheney_climate |title=Cheney wanted cuts in climate testimony |agency=Associated Press |date=July 8, 2008 |access-date=July 8, 2008 |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712091828/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080708/ap_on_re_us/cheney_climate |archive-date=July 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October, when the report appeared with six pages cut from the testimony, the White House stated that the changes were made due to concerns regarding the accuracy of the science. However, according to the former senior adviser on climate change to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator [[Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)|Stephen Johnson]], Cheney's office was directly responsible for nearly half of the original testimony being deleted.<ref name=ap1001/>
In his role as President of the [[U.S. Senate]], Cheney broke with the Bush Administration [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]], and signed an amicus brief to the [[United States Supreme Court]] in the case of ''[[Heller v. District of Columbia]]'' that successfully challenged gun laws in the nation's capital on [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] grounds.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/08/AR2008020803802.html|title=Cheney Joins Congress In Opposing D.C. Gun Ban; Vice President Breaks With Administration|first=Robert|last=Barnes|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=July 21, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605212450/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/08/AR2008020803802.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
On February 14, 2010, in an appearance on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week]]'', Cheney reiterated his support of [[waterboarding]] and for the torture of captured terrorist suspects, saying, "I was and remain a strong proponent of our [[enhanced interrogation techniques|enhanced interrogation program]]."<ref name=ABCTW20100214>{{cite web|url= https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-vice-president-dick-cheney/story?id=9818034|title={{-'}}This Week' Transcript: Former Vice President Dick Cheney |date=February 14, 2010|work=[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week]]|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|access-date=February 27, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218091416/https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-vice-president-dick-cheney/story?id=9818034|archive-date=February 18, 2010}}</ref>
==Post–vice presidency (2009–present)==
In 2008 Cheney purchased a home on Chain Bridge Road in [[McLean, Virginia]], part of the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] suburbs, which he tore down for a replacement structure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former U.S. VP, McLean Neighbor Dick Cheney Starts Marketing His Memoir |date=August 25, 2011 |url=https://patch.com/virginia/mclean/former-us-vp-mclean-neighbor-dick-cheney-starts-marke9abc55eea4 |access-date=July 15, 2024}}</ref> He also maintains homes in Wyoming and on Maryland's Eastern Shore.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamen|first=Al|title=The New Neighbors Sure Like Black SUVs|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 30, 2008|access-date=January 17, 2010|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/29/AR2008012903154.html|archive-date=February 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033915/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/29/AR2008012903154.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Political activity===
[[File:Dick Cheney by Gage Skidmore.jpg|left|thumb|Cheney speaking at [[Conservative Political Action Conference|CPAC]] in February 2011]]
In July 2012, Cheney used his Wyoming home to host a private fundraiser for Republican presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]], which netted over $4 million in contributions from attendees for Romney's campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/cheneys-host-fund-raiser-for-romney-in-wyoming/ |title=Cheneys Host Fund Raiser for Romney in Wyoming |last=Parker |first=Ashley |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=July 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713054114/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/cheneys-host-fund-raiser-for-romney-in-wyoming/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Cheney is the subject of the documentary film ''The World According to Dick Cheney'', which premiered March 15, 2013, on the [[Showtime (TV channel)|Showtime]] television channel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dick Cheney Doesn't Care About Being Loved |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/02/15/watch_the_trailer_for_the_world_according_to_dick_cheney_showtime_s_new.html |last=Harris |first=Aisha |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Magazine]] |date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=March 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216064430/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/02/15/watch_the_trailer_for_the_world_according_to_dick_cheney_showtime_s_new.html |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/112652/world-according-dick-cheney-masterful-performance# |title=Bravo, Dick: In a new documentary, Cheney gives a masterful performance |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |last=Noah |first=Timothy |date=March 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321161213/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112652/world-according-dick-cheney-masterful-performance%23 |archive-date=March 21, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2013/03/dick-cheney-documentary-review |title=Dick Cheney: New Doc Shows the Genius, Chutzpah, and Blithely Twisted Nature of the Former Vice President |last=Handy |first=Bruce |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=March 11, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310084447/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2013/03/dick-cheney-documentary-review |archive-date=March 10, 2013 }}</ref> Cheney was also reported to be the subject of an [[HBO]] television [[mini-series]] based on [[Barton Gellman]]'s 2008 book ''[[Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency|Angler]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hbo-produce-miniseries-dick-cheney-hollywood-likes-republicans/story?id=13188197 |title=Hollywood Goes Republican? On the Big Screen: HBO to Produce Miniseries on Dick Cheney Vice Presidency |last=Dwyer |first=Devin |work=ABC News |date=March 22, 2011 |access-date=March 23, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=March 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325101439/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hbo-produce-miniseries-dick-cheney-hollywood-likes-republicans/story?id=13188197 }}</ref> and the 2006 documentary ''The Dark Side'', produced by the [[Public Broadcasting Service]].<ref name="darkside"/>
Cheney maintained a visible public profile after leaving office,<ref name=Riechmann>{{cite news|author=Riechmann, Deb |agency=Associated Press |title=Don't call ex-Vice President Cheney a has-been |work=[[The Seattle Times]] News |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2009255122_apuscheneynoexit.html |date=May 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081457/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2009255122_apuscheneynoexit.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> being especially critical of [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] policies on national security.<ref>{{cite news|author=Loven, Jennifer|agency=Associated Press|title=President defends his position on closing Guantanamo prison|date=May 22, 2009|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/052209/nat_442687158.shtml|work=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]] via AP|access-date=July 19, 2012|archive-date=October 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061538/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/052209/nat_442687158.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=VandeHei |first1=Jim |first2=Allen |last2=Mike |title=Obama, Cheney plan dueling speeches |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090520/pl_politico/22748 |date=May 20, 2009 |publisher=[[Politico]] via Yahoo! News |access-date=May 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524022424/http://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20090520/pl_politico/22748 |archive-date=May 24, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Landay, Jonathan S. |author2=Strobel, Warren P. |title=Cheney's speech ignored some inconvenient truths |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/226/story/68643.html |date=May 21, 2009 |publisher=[[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]] |access-date=May 30, 2009 |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525053227/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/226/story/68643.html }}</ref> In May 2009, Cheney spoke of his support for [[same-sex marriage]], becoming one of the most prominent Republican politicians to do so. Speaking to the [[National Press Club (USA)|National Press Club]], Cheney stated: "People ought to be free to enter into any kind of union they wish, any kind of arrangement they wish. I do believe, historically, the way marriage has been regulated is at a state level. It's always been a state issue, and I think that's the way it ought to be handled today."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Pink News]] |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12687.html |title=Dick Cheney speaks out in favour of gay marriage |archive-date=June 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605072245/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-12687.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, Cheney reportedly encouraged several Maryland state legislators to vote to legalize same-sex marriage in that state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/2012/02/17/dick-cheney-lobbying-for-gay-marriage.html |title=Dick Cheney Lobbying for Gay Marriage |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=February 17, 2012 |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218021604/http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheats/2012/02/17/dick-cheney-lobbying-for-gay-marriage.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Although, by custom, a former vice president unofficially receives six months of protection from the [[United States Secret Service]], President Obama reportedly extended the protection period for Cheney.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=July 10, 2009 |url=https://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2009/07/10/obama-extends-cheneys-secret-service-protection.html |title=Obama extends Cheney's Secret Service Protection |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=July 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712060842/http://www.usnews.com/blogs/washington-whispers/2009/07/10/obama-extends-cheneys-secret-service-protection.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On July 11, 2009, CIA Director [[Leon Panetta]] told the Senate and House intelligence committees that the CIA withheld information about a secret counter-terrorism program from Congress for eight years on direct orders from Cheney. Intelligence and Congressional officials have said the unidentified program did not involve the [[Enhanced Interrogation Techniques|CIA interrogation program]] and did not involve domestic intelligence activities. They have said the program was started by the counter-terrorism center at the CIA shortly after the attacks of September 11, 2001, but never became fully operational, involving planning and some training that took place off and on from 2001 until 2009.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shane, Scott |title=Cheney Is Linked to Concealment of C.I.A. Project |date=July 11, 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/politics/12intel.html |access-date=August 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315041815/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/us/politics/12intel.html |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported, citing former intelligence officials familiar with the matter, that the program was an attempt to carry out a 2001 presidential authorization to capture or kill [[al Qaeda]] operatives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gorman|first=Siobhan|title=CIA Had Secret Al Qaeda Plan|date=July 13, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 6, 2009|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124736381913627661|archive-date=March 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307121905/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124736381913627661|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Liz Cheney oath of office 15826579.jpg|thumb|Cheney attending his daughter Liz's ceremonial congressional swearing-in ceremony in January 2017]]
Cheney has said that the [[Tea Party Movement]] is a "positive influence on the Republican Party" and that "I think it's much better to have that kind of turmoil and change in the Republican Party than it would be to have it outside."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/dick-cheney-tea-party-positive-for-gop-98594.html |author=Tal Kopan |title=Dick Cheney: Tea party 'positive' for GOP |publisher=Politico |date=October 21, 2013 |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021121521/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/dick-cheney-tea-party-positive-for-gop-98594.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2016, Cheney endorsed [[Donald Trump]] as the Republican nominee in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/dick-cheney-support-donald-trump-222907|title=Dick Cheney will support Trump|publisher=politico|date=May 6, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2020|archive-date=June 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074748/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/dick-cheney-support-donald-trump-222907|url-status=live}}</ref> That November, his daughter Liz won [[2016 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming|election to the House of Representatives]] (to his former congressional seat). When she was sworn into office in January 2017, Cheney said he believed she would do well in the position and that he would only offer advice if requested.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/dick-cheney-new-rep-cheney-wants-advice-shell-ask|title=Dick Cheney on New Rep. Cheney: 'If She Wants My Advice, She'll Ask for It'|date=January 3, 2017|publisher=rollcall.com|first=Tom|last=Curry|access-date=April 21, 2017|archive-date=April 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134111/http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/dick-cheney-new-rep-cheney-wants-advice-shell-ask|url-status=live}}</ref>
That March, Cheney said that [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]] could be considered "an act of war".<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2017/03/29/dick-cheney-alleged-russian-election-interference-was-an-act-of-war/ Dick Cheney lashes out at Russia for "act of war" as neocons try outreach to liberals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401030439/http://www.salon.com/2017/03/29/dick-cheney-alleged-russian-election-interference-was-an-act-of-war/ |date=April 1, 2017 }}. ''[[Salon.com]]''. March 29, 2017.</ref>
===Views on President Obama===
[[File:Presidents at Bush funeral.jpg|thumb|left|Cheney attending the [[Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush|state funeral of George H. W. Bush]] in December 2018]]
On December 29, 2009, four days after the [[Northwest Airlines Flight 253|attempted bombing of an international passenger flight from the Netherlands to United States]], Cheney criticized President [[Barack Obama]]: "[We] are at war and when President Obama pretends we aren't, it makes us less safe. ... Why doesn't he want to admit we're at war? It doesn't fit with the view of the world he brought with him to the Oval Office. It doesn't fit with what seems to be the goal of his presidency{{snd}}social transformation{{snd}}the restructuring of American society."<ref name=politico_dec2009>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Mike|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/12/cheney-obama-trying-to-pretend-031054|title=Dick Cheney: Barack Obama 'trying to pretend'|newspaper=Politico|date=December 30, 2009|access-date=January 4, 2010|archive-date=January 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103233412/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1209/31054.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, [[White House Communications Director]] [[Daniel Pfeiffer|Dan Pfeiffer]] wrote on the official [[whitehouse.gov|White House blog]] the following day, "[I]t is telling that Vice President Cheney and others seem to be more focused on criticizing the Administration than condemning the attackers. Unfortunately too many are engaged in the typical Washington game of pointing fingers and making political hay, instead of working together to find solutions to make our country safer."<ref name=whitehouse_dec30_2009>{{cite news |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/12 |title=The Same Old Washington Blame Game |last=Pfeiffer |first=Dan |newspaper=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date=December 30, 2009 |access-date=January 4, 2010 |archive-date=December 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203191445/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=cnn_dec30_2009>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/30/cheney.obama.war/index.html |title=Cheney, White House spar over terrorism |last=Mooney |first=Alexander |work=CNN|date=December 30, 2009 |access-date=August 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231024756/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/30/cheney.obama.war/index.html |archive-date=December 31, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
During a February 14, 2010, appearance on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week]]'', Cheney reiterated his criticism of the Obama administration's policies for handling suspected terrorists, criticizing the "mindset" of treating "terror attacks against the United States as criminal acts as opposed to acts of war".<ref name=ABCTW20100214/>
In a May 2, 2011, interview with ABC News, Cheney praised the Obama administration for the covert military operation in Pakistan that resulted in the [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|death of Osama bin Laden]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/dick-cheney-osama-bin-ladens-death-obama-deserves/story?id=13509547 |title=Dick Cheney Says 'Obama Deserves Credit' for Osama Bin Laden's Death |last=Karl |first=Johnathan |work=ABC News |date=May 2, 2011 |access-date=May 7, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505062948/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/dick-cheney-osama-bin-ladens-death-obama-deserves/story?id=13509547 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2014, during an interview with [[Sean Hannity]], he called Obama a "weak President" after Obama announced his plans to pull forces out of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/dick-cheney-barack-obama-weak-fox-sean-hannity-afghanistan-107205.html |title=Dick Cheney: President Obama 'very weak' |author=Kendall Breitman |publisher=Politico |date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 1, 2014 |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529164353/http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/dick-cheney-barack-obama-weak-fox-sean-hannity-afghanistan-107205.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Memoir===
{{main|In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir}}
[[File:Dick Cheney, 2012.jpg|thumb|Cheney in 2012, promoting his book]]
In August 2011, Cheney published his memoir, ''In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir'', written with [[Liz Cheney]]. The book outlines Cheney's recollections of [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], the [[War on Terrorism]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 War in Afghanistan]], the run-up to the 2003 [[Iraq War]], so-called "[[enhanced interrogation techniques]]" and other events.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/inmytimepersonal00chen |title=In My Time | Book by Dick Cheney, Liz Cheney | Official Publisher Page |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=August 30, 2011 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |isbn=9781439176191 }}</ref> According to [[Barton Gellman]], the author of ''[[Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency]]'', Cheney's book differs from publicly available records on details surrounding the [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy|NSA surveillance program]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://swampland.time.com/2011/08/29/in-new-memoir-dick-cheney-tries-to-rewrite-history/ |title=In New Memoir, Dick Cheney Tries to Rewrite History |author-link=Barton Gellman |first=Barton |last=Gellman |magazine=Time |date=August 29, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-date=September 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918092730/http://swampland.time.com/2011/08/29/in-new-memoir-dick-cheney-tries-to-rewrite-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=September 12, 2011|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2091374,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204092757/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2091374,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2013|title=The Power and the Zealotry|author=[[Barton Gellman]]|magazine=Time|access-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref>
===''Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America''===
{{main|Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America}}
In 2015, Cheney published another book, ''[[Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America]]'', again co-authored with his daughter [[Liz Cheney|Liz]]. The book traces the history of U.S. foreign policy and military successes and failures from [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]'s administration through the [[Obama administration]]. The authors tell the story of what they describe as the unique role the United States has played as a defender of freedom throughout the world since [[World War II]].<ref name="simonandschuster">{{cite book |url= http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417 |title= Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America, By Dick Cheney and Liz Cheney |publisher= Simon & Schuster |date= September 2015 |access-date= September 3, 2015 |isbn= 9781442388314 |archive-date= September 5, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150905073401/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Exceptional/Dick-Cheney/9781501115417 |url-status= live }}</ref> Drawing upon the notion of [[American exceptionalism]], the co-authors criticize [[Barack Obama]]'s and former [[Secretary of State Hillary Clinton]]'s foreign policies, and offer what they see as the solutions needed to restore American greatness and power on the world stage in defense of freedom.<ref name=WashTimes0901>{{cite news |last=Harper |first=Jennifer |date=September 1, 2015 |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/1/dick-cheney-our-children-must-know-us-most-powerfu/ |title=Dick Cheney: Tell children that America is 'the most powerful, good and honorable nation in history': New book provides insight into the true value of a mighty America |newspaper=The Washington Times |access-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016110416/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/1/dick-cheney-our-children-must-know-us-most-powerfu/ |url-status=live }} Retrieved September 6, 2015</ref><ref name="weeklystandardcheney">{{cite news |last=Warren |first=Michael |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Cheney: Iran Deal Did Not Begin With Bush Administration |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/cheney-iran-deal-did-not-begin-bush-administration_1023631.html?page=2 |newspaper=The Weekly Standard |access-date=September 3, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906064110/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/cheney-iran-deal-did-not-begin-bush-administration_1023631.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Views on President Trump===
Cheney has criticized modern Republican leadership.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cillizza |first1=Chris|title=Analysis: Dick Cheney just spoke a hard truth to his fellow Republicans about January 6 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/07/politics/dick-cheney-jan-6-capitol-riot-anniversary/index.html |website=CNN |date=January 7, 2022 |access-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref> In May 2016, Cheney said he would support [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=LoBianco |first1=Tom |title=First on CNN: Cheney says he will support Trump |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/06/politics/dick-cheney-donald-trump/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=August 4, 2022 |date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> In May 2018, Cheney supported Trump's [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|decision to withdraw]] from the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran Nuclear Deal]].<ref>"[http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/5783049472001/ Dick Cheney: Fundamentally opposed Iran nuclear deal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054142/http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/5783049472001/ |date=May 20, 2018 }}". Fox News. May 10, 2018.</ref>
Cheney criticized the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] at the [[American Enterprise Institute]] [[AEI World Forum|World Forum]] alongside Vice President [[Mike Pence]] in March 2019. Questioning his successor on Trump's commitment to [[NATO]] and tendency to announce policy decisions on Twitter before consulting senior staff members, Cheney commented, "It seems, at times, as though your administration’s approach has more in common with Obama’s foreign policy than traditional Republican foreign policy."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/11/cheney-mike-pence-foreign-policy-1216663|title=Cheney grills Pence on Trump's foreign policy|first=Eliana|last=Johnson|website=Politico|date=March 11, 2019|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=July 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713164722/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/11/cheney-mike-pence-foreign-policy-1216663|url-status=live}}</ref>
On the one-year anniversary of the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|2021 United States Capitol attack]], Cheney joined his daughter [[Liz Cheney]] at the Capitol and participated in the remembrance events.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sotomayor|first1=Marianna|last2=Kane|first2=Paul|date=January 7, 2021|title=Dick Cheney returns to the House and receives a warm welcome . . . from Democrats|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/january-6-cheney/2022/01/06/72665baa-6f1e-11ec-974b-d1c6de8b26b0_story.html|access-date=January 8, 2022|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=January 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108150224/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/january-6-cheney/2022/01/06/72665baa-6f1e-11ec-974b-d1c6de8b26b0_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His daughter was the only Republican member of the House or Senate to attend the events, despite the events being open for attendance by all others.<ref>Multiple sources:
*{{cite web |last1=Wilkie |first1=Christina |title=With Republicans absent, Liz and Dick Cheney join Democrats to mark Jan. 6 attack anniversary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/06/liz-and-dick-cheney-join-democrats-to-mark-jan-6-attack-anniversary.html |website=CNBC |access-date=September 6, 2024 |date=January 7, 2022}}
*{{cite web |last1=Edmondson |first1=Catie |title='A Reflection of Where Our Party Is': Republicans Avoid Jan. 6 Observances |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/06/us/politics/republicans-jan-6-observances.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=September 6, 2024 |date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> He later appeared in a [[2022 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming#Republican primary|2022 primary]] campaign ad for Liz in which he called Trump a "coward" and a "threat to our republic" due to his [[attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election]]. That year, Liz ran for her Wyoming [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|congressional seat]] against Trump-backed primary challenger [[Harriet Hageman]], who ultimately won by over 30%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vakil |first1=Caroline |title=Dick Cheney in new ad: No individual is 'greater threat to our republic' than Trump |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3588425-dick-cheney-in-new-ad-no-individual-is-greater-threat-to-our-republic-than-trump/ |access-date=August 5, 2022 |work=The Hill |publisher=Nexstar Inc. |date=August 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradner |first1=Eric |last2=Zeleny |first2=Jeff |title=How Liz Cheney lost Wyoming's lone seat in the House |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/17/politics/why-liz-cheney-lost/index.html |access-date=August 18, 2022 |work=[[CNN]] |date=August 17, 2022}}</ref>
On September 6, 2024, Cheney released a public statement confirming that he intends to cast his vote in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]] for Democratic nominee [[Kamala Harris]]. The previous day, his daughter Liz had told a crowd of Cheney's intention to do so.<ref name="Harris1"/> In his statement, Cheney opined, {{quote|In our nation's 248-year history, there has never been an individual who is a greater threat to our republic than Donald Trump. He tried to steal the last election using lies and violence to keep himself in power after the voters had rejected him. He can never be trusted with power again. As citizens, we each have a duty to put country above partisanship to defend our Constitution. That is why I will be casting my vote for Vice President Kamala Harris.<ref name="Harris1">Multiple sources:
*{{cite web |title=In Rebuke of Donald Trump, Dick Cheney Says He Will Vote for Kamala Harris |url=https://www.wcpo.com/politics/liz-cheney-says-her-father-dick-cheney-will-vote-for-kamala-harris |website=WCPO 9 Cincinnati |publisher=Scripp's News |access-date=6 September 2024 |date=6 September 2024}}
*{{cite web |last1=Clayton |first1=Abené |last2=Yang |first2=Maya |last3=Clayton (now) |first3=Abené |last4=Yang (earlier) |first4=Maya |title=Dick Cheney Confirms He Will Vote for Kamala Harris, Saying No 'Greater Threat' to US Than Donald Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2024/sep/06/trump-harris-us-election?CMP=share_btn_url&page=with%3Ablock-66db73c88f086598f67646e7#block-66db73c88f086598f67646e7 |website=The Guardian |access-date=September 6, 2024 |date=September 6, 2024}}</ref>}}
==Public perception and legacy==
[[File:Dick Cheney Federal Building - 100 East B Street - Casper - Wyoming (52688909541).jpg|thumb|left|The Dick Cheney Federal Building in [[Casper, Wyoming]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.house.gov/cubin/news/1999/May25.html |title=Cheney Building Dedication to be Held in Casper |publisher=United States House of Representatives: Barbara Cubin |access-date=January 1, 2008 |year=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040328113911/http://www.house.gov/cubin/news/1999/May25.html |archive-date=March 28, 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Law 105-277 (Section 113), 105th Congress, 21 October 1998|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ277/pdf/PLAW-105publ277.pdf|website=U.S. Government Publishing Office|access-date=April 18, 2015|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418004215/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ277/pdf/PLAW-105publ277.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Cheney's early public opinion polls were more favorable than unfavorable, reaching his peak approval rating in the wake of the [[September 11 attacks]] at 68 percent.<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/> However, polling numbers for both him and the president gradually declined in their second terms,<ref name="cheney gallup approval"/><ref name="PollingReport">{{cite news|access-date= December 31, 2006|url= http://www.pollingreport.com/C.htm|publisher= The Polling Report|date= December 31, 2007|title= Vice President Dick Cheney: Job Ratings|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080705231247/http://www.pollingreport.com/C.htm|archive-date = July 5, 2008}}</ref> with Cheney reaching his lowest point shortly before leaving office at 13 percent.<ref name="PollingReport"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bushs-final-approval-rating-22-percent/|title=Bush's Final Approval Rating: 22 Percent|work=CBS News|date=February 11, 2009|access-date=July 17, 2013|archive-date=July 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722041522/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500160_162-4728399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cheney's [[Gallup poll]] figures are mostly consistent with those from other polls:<ref name="cheney gallup approval">{{cite web|last=Carroll |first=Joseph |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/28159/Americans-Ratings-Dick-Cheney-Reach-New-Lows.aspx |title=Americans' Ratings of Dick Cheney Reach New Lows |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=[[The Gallup Organization]] |access-date=December 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820200131/http://www.gallup.com/poll/28159/Americans-Ratings-Dick-Cheney-Reach-New-Lows.aspx |archive-date=August 20, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cheney bush march 2009 gallup approval">{{cite web|last=Saad |first=Lidia |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/117250/Little-Change-Negative-Images-Bush-Cheney.aspx |title=Little Change in Negative Images of Bush and Cheney – Favorable ratings for both are at or near their all-time lows |date=April 3, 2009 |access-date=April 3, 2009 |publisher=[[The Gallup Organization]] |archive-date=April 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406023356/http://www.gallup.com/poll/117250/Little-Change-Negative-Images-Bush-Cheney.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* April 2001 – 63% approval, 21% disapproval
* January 2002 – 68% approval, 18% disapproval
* January 2004 – 56% approval, 36% disapproval
* January 2005 – 50% approval, 40% disapproval
* January 2006 – 41% approval, 46% disapproval
* July 2007 – 30% approval, 60% disapproval
* March 2009 – 30% approval, 63% disapproval
In April 2007, Cheney was awarded an honorary doctorate of public service by [[Brigham Young University]], where he delivered the commencement address.<ref>{{cite web|title=BYU to give Cheney honorary degree |work=[[Deseret News]] |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660215019,00.html |date=April 25, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621214756/http://www.deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C660215019%2C00.html |archive-date=June 21, 2008 |access-date=May 7, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His selection as commencement speaker was controversial. The college board of trustees issued a statement explaining that the invitation should be viewed "as one extended to someone holding the high office of vice president of the United States rather than to a partisan political figure".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ldsmag.com/ldsmag/churchupdate/070402debate.html |title=BYU Invitation to Vice President Stirs Debate |work=Meridian |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |date=March 29, 2007 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061553/http://www.ldsmag.com/ldsmag/churchupdate/070402debate.html |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> BYU permitted a protest to occur so long as it did not "make personal attacks against Cheney, attack (the) BYU administration, the [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|church]] or the [[First Presidency (LDS Church)|First Presidency]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/63803 |title=BYU to Allow Cheney Protest |publisher=[[Brigham Young University]] |date=March 29, 2007 |last=Buchanan |first=Adam |access-date=December 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304061625/http://nn.byu.edu/story.cfm/63803 |archive-date=March 4, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cheney has been cited as the most powerful vice president in American history.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> He has been compared to [[Darth Vader]], a characterization originated by his critics, but which was later adopted humorously by Cheney himself as well as by members of his family and staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21575478 |title=Cheney: Being Darth Vader not so bad |work=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |date=November 1, 2007 |access-date=May 27, 2011 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223200/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21575478 |url-status=live }}</ref>
As a result of Cheney having admitted that he "signed off" on the so-called "[[enhanced interrogation techniques]]" program,<ref name="JasonLeopold">[http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1/6983--cheney-admits-he-signed-off-on-waterboarding-of-three-guantanamo-prisoners.html Jason Leopold, "Cheney Admits He 'Signed Off' on Waterboarding of Three Guantanamo Prisoners"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210221047/http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1/6983--cheney-admits-he-signed-off-on-waterboarding-of-three-guantanamo-prisoners.html |date=December 10, 2015 }}, ''[[Atlantic Free Press]]'', December 29, 2008</ref><ref name="SenateReportRice">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 23, 2009 |title=Senate Report: Rice, Cheney OK'd CIA use of waterboarding |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/23/cheney.rice.waterboarding/ |newspaper=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182407/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/23/cheney.rice.waterboarding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> some public officials, as well as several media outlets and advocacy groups, [[Attempted impeachment of Dick Cheney|have called for his prosecution]] under various anti-torture and war crimes statutes.<ref name="Calls for prosecution">Calls for prosecution:
* [[Center for Constitutional Rights]]: [http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/senate-armed-services-committee-report-underscores-need-prosecution Senate Armed Services Committee Report Underscores Need for Prosecution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224005544/http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/senate-armed-services-committee-report-underscores-need-prosecution |date=December 24, 2014 }}
* [[Human Rights Watch]]: [https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/11/united-states-investigate-bush-other-top-officials-torture United States: Investigate Bush, Other Top Officials for Torture] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404082217/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/11/united-states-investigate-bush-other-top-officials-torture |date=April 4, 2016 }}
* ''The New York Times'' Editorial Board [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717060934/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html |date=July 17, 2016 }}
* Sen. [[Carl Levin]]: [http://harpers.org/blog/2008/12/levin-discusses-need-for-torture-prosecutions/ Levin Discusses Need for Torture Prosecutions] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809045346/http://harpers.org/blog/2008/12/levin-discusses-need-for-torture-prosecutions/ |date=August 9, 2016 }}
* [[Richard A. Clarke]]: [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/29/richard-clarke-george-bush-war-crimes_n_5410619.html Former Counterterrorism Czar Richard Clarke: Bush, Cheney Committed War Crimes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213151924/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/29/richard-clarke-george-bush-war-crimes_n_5410619.html |date=December 13, 2016 }}
* [http://www.salon.com/2008/12/18/prosecutions/ "Demands for war crimes prosecutions are now growing in the mainstream"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423052334/http://www.salon.com/2008/12/18/prosecutions/ |date=April 23, 2016 }} [[Glenn Greenwald]], ''Salon'', December 18, 2008
</ref><ref name="HRW Roadmap">{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/283564 |title=No More Excuses: A Roadmap to Justice for CIA Torture |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 2015 |website=hrw.org |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=December 2, 2015 |archive-date=December 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201203948/https://www.hrw.org/node/283564 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In [[Jon Meacham]]'s book ''Destiny and Power: The American Odyssey of George Herbert Walker Bush'', published in November 2015, the 41st president, although also laudatory of Cheney, is in part critical of the former vice president, whom Bush describes as "having his own empire" and "very hard-line."<ref name="New York Daily News">{{cite news |last=Edelman |first=Adam |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/george-h-w-bush-slams-dick-cheney-donald-rumsfeld-book-article-1.2424320 |title=Rumsfeld swipes at George H.W. Bush after critical bio clips |newspaper=[[New York Daily News]] |date=November 5, 2015 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-date=November 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106023732/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/george-h-w-bush-slams-dick-cheney-donald-rumsfeld-book-article-1.2424320 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
[[File:Fake Dick Cheney (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Dick Cheney [[impersonator]] at the 2010 [[Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear]]]]
* In [[Eminem]]'s 2002 single "[[Without Me (Eminem song)|Without Me]]", where the lines "I know that you got a job, Ms. Cheney / But your husband's heart problem's complicated" refer to his [[#Health problems|health problems]].
* In ''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'', the character Raymond Becker (played by [[Kenneth Welsh]]) is intended to be a criticism of Dick Cheney.
* In ''[[W. (film)|W.]]'' (2008), a biographical comedy-drama film directed by [[Oliver Stone]], he is portrayed by [[Richard Dreyfuss]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com:80/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ic8cebb424120f3a576fdfb72633580f7 |title=Richard Dreyfuss heads to the White House |journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=May 22, 2008 |access-date=January 12, 2019 |first=Steven |last=Zeitchik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524023212/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ic8cebb424120f3a576fdfb72633580f7 |archive-date=May 24, 2008 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In [[War Dogs (2016 film)|''War Dogs'']] (2016), where the line "God bless Dick Cheney's America" refers to his support of American military presence in Iraq.
* In ''[[Who Is America?]]'' (2018), a political satire series, [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] pranked Cheney into signing a makeshift [[Waterboarding|waterboard kit]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|title=Sacha Baron Cohen Asks Dick Cheney To Sign Water Board Kit In New Clip From Mystery Showtime Series|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/sacha-baron-cohen-showtime-series-donald-trump-dick-cheney-who-is-america-1202422888/|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=July 9, 2018|access-date=October 11, 2018|archive-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709021219/https://deadline.com/2018/07/sacha-baron-cohen-showtime-series-donald-trump-dick-cheney-who-is-america-1202422888/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In ''[[Vice (2018 film)|Vice]]'' (2018), a biographical comedy-drama film written and directed by [[Adam McKay]], Cheney is portrayed by [[Christian Bale]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coyle |first=Jake |date=April 12, 2017 |title=Christian Bale, Acton's Steve Carell cast in Dick Cheney biopic |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/movies/2017/04/12/christian-bale-actons-steve-carell-cast-in-dick-cheney-biopic/ |access-date=May 28, 2023 |website=[[Boston.com]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> for which the latter won a [[Golden Globe]] and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]].
* In ''[[Mrs. America (miniseries)|Mrs. America]]'' (2020), a [[historical drama]] television miniseries produced by [[FX (TV channel)|FX]], Cheney is portrayed by Andrew Hodwitz.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avclub.com/in-jill-mrs-america-captures-a-painful-turning-poin-1843281364 |title=In "Jill," ''Mrs. America'' captures a painful turning point |date=May 6, 2020 |access-date=May 6, 2020 |author=Sulagna Misra |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508031834/https://tv.avclub.com/in-jill-mrs-america-captures-a-painful-turning-poin-1843281364 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bob Rivers]] did a parody cover called "Cheney's Got a Gun"<ref>{{cite web |title=Cheney's Got a Gun |url=https://bobrivers.com/cheneys-got-a-gun/ |website=The Bob Rivers Show |date=January 13, 2003 |access-date=July 12, 2021 |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004406/https://bobrivers.com/cheneys-got-a-gun/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In an episode entitled "Dick Cheney" during the first-season run of the [[Comedy drama|dramedy]] [[Patriot (TV series)|''Patriot'']] aired on [[Amazon Prime]], protagonist John Lakeman shoots his rival with a shotgun while the two were conducting a duck hunt, referencing events surrounding the [[Dick Cheney hunting accident]].
==Personal life==
Cheney is a member of the [[United Methodist Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2287753/k.E975/United_Methodists_fill_62_seats_in_new_Congress.htm |title=United Methodists fill 62 seats in new Congress |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=United States Marine Corps |first=Alberto J |last=Menende |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021013456/http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.2287753/k.E975/United_Methodists_fill_62_seats_in_new_Congress.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2007 }}</ref> and was the first Methodist vice president to serve under a Methodist president.<ref>{{cite web |title=How many U.S. Presidents/Senators/Representatives have been Methodist? Have we ever had a President and Vice President of the same denomination before? |work=Frequently Asked Questions – Questions About Methodism |publisher=[[Drew University|The United Methodist Archives Center at Drew University]] |access-date=May 24, 2009 |url=http://www.drew.edu/depts/library.aspx?id=2410#m5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016063555/http://www.drew.edu/depts/library.aspx?id=2410#m5 |archive-date=October 16, 2008 }}</ref>
Cheney's brother, Bob, is a former civil servant at the [[Bureau of Land Management]].<ref name="Lemann 2001">{{cite magazine | last=Lemann | first=Nicholas | title=The Quiet Man | magazine=The New Yorker | date=April 30, 2001 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/05/07/the-quiet-man-nicholas-lemann | access-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>
His wife, [[Lynne Cheney|Lynne]], was chair of the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] from 1986 to 1996. She is now a public speaker, author, and a senior fellow at the [[American Enterprise Institute]].
The couple have two daughters, [[Liz Cheney|Elizabeth ("Liz")]] and [[Mary Cheney]], and seven grandchildren. Liz, a former congresswoman from Wyoming, is married to [[Philip Perry|Philip J. Perry]], a former General Counsel of the [[Department of Homeland Security]]. Mary, a former employee of the [[Colorado Rockies]] baseball team and the [[Coors Brewing Company]], was a campaign aide to the [[2004 United States presidential election|Bush re-election]] campaign; she lives in [[Great Falls, Virginia]], with her wife Heather Poe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/23/wednesday/index.html |title=Vice President Cheney's legacy grows by one grandchild |work=CNN|archive-date=April 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407002650/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/23/wednesday/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney has publicly supported gay marriage since leaving the vice presidency.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=May 12, 2014 |date=July 30, 2012 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/07/dick-cheney-defends-his-silence-on-gay-marriage-in-2000-079119 |title=Dick Cheney defends his silence on gay marriage in 2000 |publisher=Politico |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801214130/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/79119.html |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Health problems===
Cheney's long histories of [[cardiovascular disease]] and periodic need for urgent health care raised questions of whether he was medically fit to serve in public office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/24/us/the-2000-campaign-the-texas-governor-new-sign-bush-favors-cheney-as-no-2.html |last=Bruni |first=Frank |title=The 2000 Campaign: The Texas Governor; New Sign Bush Favors Cheney as No. 2 |work=The New York Times |date=July 24, 2000 |access-date=May 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511222606/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/24/us/the-2000-campaign-the-texas-governor-new-sign-bush-favors-cheney-as-no-2.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Having [[tobacco smoking|smoked]] approximately three packs of cigarettes per day for nearly 20 years,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/health/dick-cheneys-medical-history-traces-milestones-in-heart-care.html |title=Cheney File Traces Heart Care Milestones |work=The New York Times |author=Lawrence K. Altman, M.D. |date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423172533/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/health/dick-cheneys-medical-history-traces-milestones-in-heart-care.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cheney had his first of five [[myocardial infarction|heart attacks]] on June 18, 1978,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Jake|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR8V_6tyJ5oC&pg=PA45|title=Vice: Dick Cheney and the Hijacking of the American Presidency|last2=Dubose|first2=Lou|date=September 4, 2008|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4090-2353-1|language=en|access-date=August 22, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304004453/https://books.google.com/books?id=zR8V_6tyJ5oC&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref> at age 37. Subsequent heart attacks in 1984, 1988, on November 22, 2000, and on February 22, 2010, resulted in moderate contractile dysfunction of his [[left ventricle]].<ref name=CNNHealth2001>{{cite news |work=CNN|date=July 2, 2001 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/06/29/cheney.chronology/index.html |title=Cheney's history of heart problems |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123110104/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/06/29/cheney.chronology/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=USATodayCamia2010>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/02/tests-show-cheney-suffered-mild-heart-attack-/1 |last=Camia |first=Catalina |title=Tests show Cheney suffered 'mild heart attack' |work=[[USA Today]] |date=February 23, 2010 |access-date=February 26, 2010 |archive-date=February 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226103305/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2010/02/tests-show-cheney-suffered-mild-heart-attack-/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=dmy format?|date=October 2021}} He underwent four-vessel [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary artery bypass]] grafting in 1988, [[Stent|coronary artery stenting]] in November 2000, urgent [[Angioplasty|coronary balloon angioplasty]] in March 2001, and the implantation of a [[implantable cardioverter-defibrillator|cardioverter-defibrillator]] in June 2001.<ref name="CNNHealth2001"/>
On September 24, 2005, Cheney underwent a six-hour endo-[[Blood vessel|vascular]] procedure to repair [[popliteal artery]] [[aneurysm]]s bilaterally, a [[catheter]] treatment technique used in the artery behind each knee.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/> The condition was discovered at a regular physical in July, and was not life-threatening.<ref name="Dr. Zebra">{{cite web|date=December 1, 2007 |author= Zebra |url=http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_cheney.htm |title=Health & Medical History of Richard "Dick" Cheney |publisher=Dr. Zebra.com |access-date=January 10, 2008 |archive-date=March 1, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301033740/http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_cheney.htm }}</ref> Cheney was hospitalized for tests after experiencing shortness of breath five months later. In late April 2006, an [[ultrasound]] revealed that the clot was smaller.<ref name="cheney's health cbs"/>
On March 5, 2007, Cheney was treated for [[deep-vein thrombosis]] in his left leg at [[George Washington University Hospital]] after experiencing pain in his left calf. Doctors prescribed blood-thinning medication and allowed him to return to work.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/05/cheney.health/index.html |last=Malveaux |first=Suzanne |title=Cheney treated for blood clot in his leg |work=CNN|date=March 5, 2007 |access-date=February 27, 2010 |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125084218/http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/03/05/cheney.health/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CBS News reported that during the morning of November 26, 2007, Cheney was diagnosed with [[atrial fibrillation]] and underwent treatment that afternoon.<ref name="cheney's health cbs">{{cite news |access-date=February 27, 2010 |url=http://wcbstv.com/topstories/cheney.irregular.heartbeat.2.595859.html |work=[[CBS News]] |title=V.P. Cheney Treated For Irregular Heartbeat |date=November 26, 2007 |archive-date=June 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611123831/http://wcbstv.com/topstories/cheney.irregular.heartbeat.2.595859.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On July 12, 2008, Cheney underwent a [[cardiology|cardiological]] exam; doctors reported that his heartbeat was normal for a 67-year-old man with a history of heart problems. As part of his annual checkup, he was administered an [[electrocardiogram]] and [[radiological imaging]] of the stents placed in the arteries behind his knees in 2005. Doctors said that Cheney had not experienced any recurrence of atrial fibrillation and that his special pacemaker had neither detected nor treated any [[Heart arrhythmia|arrhythmia]].<ref>{{cite news|date=July 13, 2008 |access-date=February 27, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/washington/13cheney.html |title=Doctors Clear Cheney on Health |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093506/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/washington/13cheney.html }}</ref> On October 15, 2008, Cheney returned to the hospital briefly to treat a minor irregularity.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=February 27, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/washington/16cheney.html |title=Cheney Is Treated for an Irregular Heartbeat |last=Stout |first=David |work=The New York Times |date=October 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823001548/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/washington/16cheney.html |archive-date=August 23, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On January 19, 2009, Cheney [[Strain (injury)|strained]] his [[Back injury|back]] "while moving boxes into his new house". As a consequence, he was in a wheelchair for two days, including his attendance at the [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|2009 United States presidential inauguration]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,24939969-5013948,00.html?from=public_rss |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215173658/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,,24939969-5013948,00.html?from=public_rss |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2012 |title=Vice-President Dick Cheney to watch Barack Obama inauguration in a wheelchair |access-date=February 27, 2010 |date=January 21, 2009 |work=The Australian }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheney Wheelchair Bound for Inauguration|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/video/2009/01/20/VI2009012001387.html|date=January 20, 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|mode=cs2|format=[[Flash video]]|access-date=February 24, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/video/2009/01/20/VI2009012001387.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
On February 22, 2010, Cheney was admitted to [[George Washington University Hospital]] after experiencing chest pains. A spokesperson later said Cheney had experienced a mild heart attack after doctors had run tests.<ref name=USATodayCamia2010/> On June 25, 2010, Cheney was admitted to George Washington University Hospital after reporting discomfort.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna37935956 |title=Former VP Cheney hospitalized |access-date=June 25, 2010 |date=June 25, 2010 |work=NBC News |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923231326/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37935956 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In early-July 2010, Cheney was outfitted with a [[Ventricular assist device|left-ventricular assist device]] (LVAD) at [[Inova]] Fairfax Heart and Vascular Institute to compensate for worsening [[congestive heart failure]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=July 19, 2012 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/cheney-has-bridge-to-transplant-heart-device-implanted |title=Cheney Has 'Bridge to Transplant' Heart Device Implanted |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=July 15, 2010 |archive-date=July 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716220929/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C596725%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The device pumped blood continuously through his body.<ref>{{cite news|title=MSNBC's Rachel Maddow on Cheney's heart surgery |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/vp/38252377#38252377 |publisher=MSNBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129182740/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26315908/vp/38252377 |archive-date=January 29, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Altman |first=Lawrence K. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/health/20docs.html |title=A New Pumping Device Brings Hope for Cheney |access-date=July 19, 2010 |date=July 19, 2010 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320140509/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/health/20docs.html |archive-date=March 20, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was released from Inova on August 9, 2010,<ref>{{cite news
|url-status=live
|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6784XK20100809
|title=Former VP Cheney released from Hospital
|date=August 9, 2010
|work=Reuters
|first=Tabassum
|last=Zakaria
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812152516/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6784XK20100809
|archive-date=August 12, 2010
}}</ref> and had to decide whether to seek a full [[heart transplant]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/05/us/politics/05cheney.html |title=Cheney Is Back, With Heart Pump and New Outlook |date=January 4, 2011 |work=The New York Times |first1=Lawrence K. |last1=Altman |first2=Helene |last2=Cooper |first3=Michael D. |last3=Schear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106082607/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/05/us/politics/05cheney.html |archive-date=January 6, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/05/cheney-ponders-heart-transplant/ |title=Cheney ponders heart transplant |date=May 9, 2011 |work=USA Today |first=David |last=Jackson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509191452/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/05/cheney-ponders-heart-transplant/1 |archive-date=May 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
This pump was [[centrifugal pump|centrifugal]] and as a result he remained alive without a [[pulse]] for nearly fifteen months.<ref>{{cite news|___location=New York |date=January 5, 2011 |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-01-05/entertainment/27086458_1_mechanical-heart-artificial-heart-surgical-director |work=Daily News |title='Former vice president Dick Cheney now has no pulse; Heart pump like artificial heart |first=Rosemary |last=Black |archive-date=April 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233927/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-01-05/entertainment/27086458_1_mechanical-heart-artificial-heart-surgical-director }}</ref>
On March 24, 2012, Cheney underwent a seven-hour [[heart transplant]] procedure at [[Inova Fairfax Hospital]] in [[Woodburn, Fairfax County, Virginia|Woodburn, Virginia]]. He had been on a waiting list for more than 20 months before receiving the heart from an anonymous donor.<ref name="Fox News">{{cite news|title=Cheney undergoes heart transplant surgery |date=March 24, 2012 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/cheney-undergoes-heart-transplant-surgery/ |access-date=March 24, 2012 |publisher=Fox News Channel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325000045/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/03/24/cheney-recovering-from-heart-transplant-surgery/ |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=May 6, 2012 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57403969-503544/dick-cheney-receives-heart-transplant/ |title=Dick Cheney receives heart transplant – Political Hotsheet |work=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325033033/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57403969-503544/dick-cheney-receives-heart-transplant/ |archive-date=March 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cheney's principal cardiologist, Jonathan Reiner, advised his patient that "it would not be unreasonable for an otherwise healthy 71-year-old man to expect to live another 10 years" with a transplant, saying in a family-authorized interview that he considered Cheney to be otherwise healthy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/us/cheney-heart-transplant-a-recent-decision.html |title=For Cheney, Pros and Cons in New Heart |author1=Lawrence K. Altman |author2=Denise Grady |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 26, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065843/https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F26%2Fus%2Fcheney-heart-transplant-a-recent-decision.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Hunting incident===
{{main|Dick Cheney hunting accident}}
On February 11, 2006, Cheney accidentally shot [[Harry Whittington]], a then-78-year-old [[Texas]] attorney, while participating in a [[quail]] hunt at Armstrong ranch in [[Kenedy County, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0216061cheney1.html |title=Texas Cops Release Cheney Shooting Report |website=[[The Smoking Gun]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220123116/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0216061cheney1.html |archive-date=February 20, 2009 }}</ref> [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agents and medical aides, who were traveling with Cheney, came to Whittington's assistance and treated his birdshot wounds to his right cheek, neck, and chest. An ambulance standing by for the Vice President took Whittington to nearby [[Kingsville, Texas|Kingsville]] before he was flown by helicopter to [[Corpus Christi Memorial Hospital]]. On February 14, 2006, Whittington had a non-fatal [[Myocardial infarction#Signs and symptoms|heart attack]] and [[atrial fibrillation]] due to at least one lead-shot pellet lodged in or near his heart.<ref name="Seattlepi_14Feb">{{cite news|work=CNN|title=Hunter shot by Cheney has heart attack |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/14/cheney/ |date=February 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906191431/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/14/cheney/ |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of the small size of the [[Shotgun shell|birdshot pellets]], doctors decided to leave up to 30 pieces of the pellets lodged in his body rather than try to remove them.
The Secret Service stated that they notified the sheriff about one hour after the shooting. Kenedy County Sheriff Ramone Salinas III stated that he first heard of the shooting at about 5:30 pm.<ref name="cheney_cited">{{cite news|work=CBS News |title=Cheney Cited for Breaking Hunting Law |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheney-cited-for-breaking-hunting-law/ |date=February 14, 2006 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-date=November 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109031012/http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-201_162-1315479.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, ranch owner Katharine Armstrong informed the ''[[Corpus Christi Caller-Times]]'' of the shooting.<ref name="smokinggun_incident_report">{{cite web|access-date=February 14, 2006 |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0213061cheney1.html |title=Texas Parks and Wildlife Hunting Accident and Incident Report Form |date=February 13, 2006 |website=The Smoking Gun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220162517/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0213061cheney1.html |archive-date=February 20, 2009 }}</ref> Cheney had a televised interview with [[MSNBC]] News about the shooting on February 15. Both Cheney and Whittington have called the incident an accident. Early reports indicated that Cheney and Whittington were friends and that the injuries were minor. Whittington has since told ''The Washington Post'' that he and Cheney were not close friends but acquaintances. When asked if Cheney had apologized, Whittington declined to answer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/13/AR2010101307173.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Paul|last=Farhi|title=Since Dick Cheney shot him, Harry Whittington's aim has been to move on|date=October 14, 2010|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=August 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810001038/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/13/AR2010101307173.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The sheriff's office released a report on the shooting on February 16, 2006, and witness statements on February 22, indicating that the shooting occurred on a clear sunny day, and Whittington was shot from {{convert|30|or|40|yd|m|-1}} away while searching for a downed bird. Armstrong, the ranch owner, claimed that all in the hunting party were wearing blaze-orange safety gear and none had been drinking.<ref>{{cite news|title=White House Deferred to Cheney on Shooting|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300452.html|first1=Jim|last1=VandeHei|first2=Sylvia|last2=Moreno|access-date=May 1, 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 14, 2006|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702191714/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021300452.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Cheney has acknowledged that he had one beer four or five hours prior to the shooting.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNN|title=Cheney: 'One of the worst days of my life' |date=February 16, 2006 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/15/cheney/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207054017/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/15/cheney/index.html |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Kenedy County Sheriff's Office documents support the official story by Cheney and his party, re-creations of the incident produced by George Gongora and John Metz of the ''Corpus Christi Caller-Times'' indicated that the actual shooting distance was closer than the 30 yards claimed.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Corpus Christi Caller-Times |title=Avid shooter simulates the accident, its injuries |date=February 14, 2006 |url=http://www.caller.com/news/2006/feb/14/avid-shooter-simulates-the-accident-its-injuries/ |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104212016/http://www.caller.com/news/2006/feb/14/avid-shooter-simulates-the-accident-its-injuries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The incident hurt Cheney's popularity standing in the polls.<ref name="los_angeles_15feb">{{cite news|title=Hunter Suffers Setback as Criticism of Cheney Grows |publisher=Los Angeles Times |work=The Nation |date=February 15, 2006 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-15-na-cheney15-story.html |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201050543/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/feb/15/nation/na-cheney15 |first1=Nicholas |last1=Riccardi |first2=James |last2=Gerstenzang |url-status=live }}</ref> According to polls on February 27, 2006, two weeks after the accident, Dick Cheney's approval rating had dropped 5 percentage points to 18%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Poll:Bush Ratings At All-Time Low |date=February 27, 2006 |access-date=October 8, 2008 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-bush-ratings-at-all-time-low/ |work=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216020521/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/02/27/opinion/polls/main1350874.shtml |archive-date=December 16, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident became the subject of a number of jokes and satire.<ref name="Washington_post_unload">{{cite news|title=After Cheney's Shooting Incident, Time to Unload|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021301303_pf.html|date=February 14, 2006|first=Mark|last=Leibovich|access-date=August 26, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911132000/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021301303_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Works==
<!-- In ascending order by date of publication. -->
* {{Cite journal |last1=Clausen |first1=Aage R. |last2=Cheney |first2=Richard B. |date=March 1970 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Senate–House Voting on Economic and Welfare Policy, 1953–1964* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/div-classtitlea-comparative-analysis-of-senate-house-voting-on-economic-and-welfare-policy-19531964a-hreffn01-ref-typefnadiv/5BB81EBCE7EBFE2209AEC27C42043DE7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817195601/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/div-classtitlea-comparative-analysis-of-senate-house-voting-on-economic-and-welfare-policy-19531964a-hreffn01-ref-typefnadiv/5BB81EBCE7EBFE2209AEC27C42043DE7 |archive-date=August 17, 2017 |url-status=live |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=138–152 |doi=10.2307/1955618 |jstor=1955618 |s2cid=154337342 |access-date=June 8, 2017 |via=Cambridge Core| issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cheney |first1=Richard B. |last2=Cheney |first2=Lynne V. |author-link2=Lynne Cheney |year=1983 |title=Kings of the Hill: Power and Personality in the House of Representatives |publisher=Continuum |___location=New York |isbn=0-8264-0230-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Dick |year=1997 |title=Professional Military Education: An Asset for Peace and Progress |others=Directed and edited by Bill Taylor |___location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center for Strategic & International Studies |isbn=0-89206-297-5 |oclc=36929146}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Dick |collaboration=with [[Liz Cheney]] |year=2011 |title=In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir |title-link=In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir |___location=New York |publisher=Threshold Editions |isbn=978-1-4391-7619-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cheney |first1=Dick |last2=Reiner |first2=Jonathan |collaboration=with [[Liz Cheney]] |year=2013 |title=Heart: An American Medical Odyssey |url=https://archive.org/details/heartamericanmed0000chen |url-access=registration |___location=New York |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1-4767-2539-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cheney |first1=Dick |last2=Cheney |first2=Liz |year=2015 |title=Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America |title-link=Exceptional: Why the World Needs a Powerful America |___location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-1541-7}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="TWP_Kaiser_20110830">{{cite news|first=Robert G.|last=Kaiser|date=August 29, 2011|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/in-my-time-a-personal-and-political-memoir-by-dick-cheney/2011/08/29/gIQADVZ0nJ_story.html?|title=Review: ''In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir'' by Dick Cheney|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=February 2, 2014|archive-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210175439/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/in-my-time-a-personal-and-political-memoir-by-dick-cheney/2011/08/29/gIQADVZ0nJ_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="1122nj1.htm">{{cite web|title=Key Bush Intelligence Briefing Kept From Hill Panel
|url=http://www3.nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1122nj1.htm|first=Murray|last=Waas|publisher=National Journal Group Inc.|date=November 22, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516071522/http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2005/1122nj1.htm|archive-date=May 16, 2008|url-status=dead
|access-date=August 31, 2011}}</ref>
}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Dick Cheney: A Life in Public Service|first=Elaine K.|last=Andrews|publisher=Millbrook Press|___location=Brookfield, Conn|year=2001|isbn=0-7613-2306-6|url=https://archive.org/details/dickcheneylifein00andr}}
*{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|title=Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House |date=2013 |publisher=Doubleday |___location=New York |isbn=978-0385525183}}
* {{cite book|title=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency|first=Barton|last=Gellman |author-link=Barton Gellman|publisher=Penguin Press|___location=New York|year=2008|isbn= 978-1-59420-186-8|title-link=Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency}}
* {{cite conference|title=Cheney, Vice Presidential Power and the War on Terror|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joel K.|date=August 31, 2009|publisher=APSA Meeting Paper|___location=Toronto|ssrn=1450601}}
* {{cite book|title=Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President|first=Stephen F.|last=Hayes|author-link=Stephen F. Hayes|publisher=HarperCollins|___location=New York|year=2007|isbn=978-0-06-072346-0|url=https://archive.org/details/cheneyuntoldstor00haye}}
* Goldstein, Joel K. "The contemporary presidency: Cheney, vice presidential power, and the war on terror." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 40.1 (2010): 102–139. [https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1522&context=faculty online]
* {{cite book|title=Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet|first=James|last=Mann|author-link=James Mann (writer)|publisher=Penguin Books|___location=New York|year=2004|isbn=0-670-03299-9|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofvulcanshis00mann_0}}
* {{cite book|title=Dick: The Man Who Is President|first=John|last=Nichols|author-link=John Nichols (journalist)|publisher=New Press|___location=New York|year=2004|isbn=1-56584-840-3|url=https://archive.org/details/dickmanwhoispres00nich}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|n=Category:Dick Cheney}}
* {{CongBio|C000344}}
* {{C-SPAN|9801}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040710115512/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/presbush/cheney.htm US Department of State] from the [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/dick_cheney/index.html '' The New York Times'' – Dick Cheney] archives
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