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A '''numeric character reference''' ('''NCR''') is a common [[markup (computer programming)|markup]] construct used in [[SGML]] and SGML-derived markup languages such as [[HTML]] and [[XML]]. It consists of a short sequence of [[character (computing)|character]]s that, in turn, represents a single character. Since [[SGML|WebSgml]], [[XML]] and [[HTML 4]], the code points of the [[Universal Character Set]] (UCS) of [[Unicode]] are used. NCRs are typically used in order to represent characters that are not [[plain text#Encoding|directly encodable]] in a particular document (for example, because they are international characters that do not fit in the 8-bit [[Character encoding|character set]] being used, or because they have special syntactic meaning in the language). When the document is interpreted by a markup-aware reader, each NCR is treated as if it were the character it represents.
==Examples==
In SGML, HTML, and XML, the following are all valid numeric character references for the Greek capital letter Sigma
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Numerical character reference of {{unichar|03A3|GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA}}<br/>({{hexadecimal|0931}} = 931<sub>10</sub>)
|-
! [[Unicode#Upluslink|Unicode character]]
! Numerical base
! Numerical reference in markup
! Effect
|-
| U+03A3 || Decimal || &#931; || Σ
|-
| U+03A3 || Decimal || &#0931; || Σ
|-
| U+03A3 || Hexadecimal || &#x3A3; || Σ
|-
| U+03A3 || Hexadecimal || &#x03A3; || Σ
|-
| U+03A3 || Hexadecimal || &#x3a3; || Σ
|}
In SGML, HTML, and XML, the following are all valid numeric character references for the Latin capital letter AE
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Numerical character reference of {{unichar|00C6|Latin capital letter AE}}
|-
! [[Unicode#Upluslink|Unicode character]]
! Numerical base
! Numerical reference in markup
! Effect
|-
| U+00C6 || Decimal || &#198; || Æ
|-
| U+00C6 || Hexadecimal || &#xC6; || Æ
|}
In SGML, HTML, and XML, the following are all valid numeric character references for the Latin small letter sharp s ß
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Numerical character reference of {{unichar|00DF|Latin small letter sharp s}}
|-
! [[Unicode#Upluslink|Unicode character]]
! Numerical base
! Numerical reference in markup
! Effect
|-
| U+00DF || Decimal || &#223; || ß
|-
| U+00DF || Hexadecimal || &#xDF; || ß
|}
List of numeric character references for the printable [[ASCII]] characters:
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Unicode#Upluslink|Unicode character]]
! Character<br />Reference<br />(decimal)
! Character<br />Reference<br />(hexadecimal)
! Effect
|-
| U+0020 || &#32; || &#x20; || (space)
|-
| U+0021 || &#33; || &#x21; || !
|-
| U+0022 || &#34; || &#x22; || "
|-
| U+0023 || &#35; || &#x23; || #
|-
| U+0024 || &#36; || &#x24; || $
|-
| U+0025 || &#37; || &#x25; || %
|-
| U+0026 || &#38; || &#x26; || &
|-
| U+0027 || &#39; || &#x27; || '
|-
| U+0028 || &#40; || &#x28; || (
|-
| U+0029 || &#41; || &#x29; || )
|-
| U+002A || &#42; || &#x2A; || *
|-
| U+002B || &#43; || &#x2B; || +
|-
| U+002C || &#44; || &#x2C; || ,
|-
| U+002D || &#45; || &#x2D; || -
|-
| U+002E || &#46; || &#x2E; || .
|-
| U+002F || &#47; || &#x2F; || /
|-
| U+0030 || &#48; || &#x30; || 0
|-
| U+0031 || &#49; || &#x31; || 1
|-
| U+0032 || &#50; || &#x32; || 2
|-
| U+0033 || &#51; || &#x33; || 3
|-
| U+0034 || &#52; || &#x34; || 4
|-
| U+0035 || &#53; || &#x35; || 5
|-
| U+0036 || &#54; || &#x36; || 6
|-
| U+0037 || &#55; || &#x37; || 7
|-
| U+0038 || &#56; || &#x38; || 8
|-
| U+0039 || &#57; || &#x39; || 9
|-
| U+003A || &#58; || &#x3A; || :
|-
| U+003B || &#59; || &#x3B; || ;
|-
| U+003C || &#60; || &#x3C; || <
|-
| U+003D || &#61; || &#x3D; || =
|-
| U+003E || &#62; || &#x3E; || >
|-
| U+003F || &#63; || &#x3F; || ?
|-
| U+0040 || &#64; || &#x40; || @
|-
| U+0041 || &#65; || &#x41; || A
|-
| U+0042 || &#66; || &#x42; || B
|-
| U+0043 || &#67; || &#x43; || C
|-
| U+0044 || &#68; || &#x44; || D
|-
| U+0045 || &#69; || &#x45; || E
|-
| U+0046 || &#70; || &#x46; || F
|-
| U+0047 || &#71; || &#x47; || G
|-
| U+0048 || &#72; || &#x48; || H
|-
| U+0049 || &#73; || &#x49; || I
|-
| U+004A || &#74; || &#x4A; || J
|-
| U+004B || &#75; || &#x4B; || K
|-
| U+004C || &#76; || &#x4C; || L
|-
| U+004D || &#77; || &#x4D; || M
|-
| U+004E || &#78; || &#x4E; || N
|-
| U+004F || &#79; || &#x4F; || O
|-
| U+0050 || &#80; || &#x50; || P
|-
| U+0051 || &#81; || &#x51; || Q
|-
| U+0052 || &#82; || &#x52; || R
|-
| U+0053 || &#83; || &#x53; || S
|-
| U+0054 || &#84; || &#x54; || T
|-
| U+0055 || &#85; || &#x55; || U
|-
| U+0056 || &#86; || &#x56; || V
|-
| U+0057 || &#87; || &#x57; || W
|-
| U+0058 || &#88; || &#x58; || X
|-
| U+0059 || &#89; || &#x59; || Y
|-
| U+005A || &#90; || &#x5A; || Z
|-
| U+005B || &#91; || &#x5B; || [
|-
| U+005C || &#92; || &#x5C; || \
|-
| U+005D || &#93; || &#x5D; || ]
|-
| U+005E || &#94; || &#x5E; || ^
|-
| U+005F || &#95; || &#x5F; || _
|-
| U+0060 || &#96; || &#x60; || '
|-
| U+0061 || &#97; || &#x61; || a
|-
| U+0062 || &#98; || &#x62; || b
|-
| U+0063 || &#99; || &#x63; || c
|-
| U+0064 || &#100; || &#x64; || d
|-
| U+0065 || &#101; || &#x65; || e
|-
| U+0066 || &#102; || &#x66; || f
|-
| U+0067 || &#103; || &#x67; || g
|-
| U+0068 || &#104; || &#x68; || h
|-
| U+0069 || &#105; || &#x69; || i
|-
| U+006A || &#106; || &#x6A; || j
|-
| U+006B || &#107; || &#x6B; || k
|-
| U+006C || &#108; || &#x6C; || l
|-
| U+006D || &#109; || &#x6D; || m
|-
| U+006E || &#110; || &#x6E; || n
|-
| U+006F || &#111; || &#x6F; || o
|-
| U+0070 || &#112; || &#x70; || p
|-
| U+0071 || &#113; || &#x71; || q
|-
| U+0072 || &#114; || &#x72; || r
|-
| U+0073 || &#115; || &#x73; || s
|-
| U+0074 || &#116; || &#x74; || t
|-
| U+0075 || &#117; || &#x75; || u
|-
| U+0076 || &#118; || &#x76; || v
|-
| U+0077 || &#119; || &#x77; || w
|-
| U+0078 || &#120; || &#x78; || x
|-
| U+0079 || &#121; || &#x79; || y
|-
| U+007A || &#122; || &#x7A; || z
|-
| U+007B || &#123; || &#x7B; || {
|-
| U+007C || &#124; || &#x7C; || {{pipe}}
|-
| U+007D || &#125; || &#x7D; || }
|-
| U+007E || &#126; || &#x7E; || ~
|}
==Discussion==
Line 44 ⟶ 289:
For example, as mentioned above, the correct numeric character reference for the [[Euro sign]] "€" <code>U+20AC</code> when using [[Unicode]] is decimal <code>&#8364;</code> and hexadecimal <code>&#x20AC;</code>. However, if using tools supporting obsolete implementations of HTML, the reference <code>&#128;</code> (Euro sign in the [[CP-1252]] code page) or <code>&#164;</code> (Euro sign in [[ISO/IEC 8859-15]]) may work.
As another example, if some text was created originally using the [[MacRoman]] character set, the [[quotation mark
==See also==
Line 51 ⟶ 296:
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Unicode navigation}}
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