Hibernate (framework): Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox software

| name = Hibernate ORM

| logo = Hibernate logo a.pngsvg

| logo size = 250px

| developer = [[Red Hat]]

| released = {{Start date and age|2001|05|23|df=yes}}

| latest release version = 67.10.40.Final

| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|102025|05|19}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inhibernate.relation.toorg/2022orm/10releases/05/hibernate-orm-614-final7.0/|title= Hibernate ORM 6.1.4- 7.Final0 releasedseries |access-date=1127 OctoberMay 20222025}}</ref>

| latest preview version =

| latest preview date =

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| platform = [[Java Virtual Machine]]

| genre = [[Object–relational mapping]]

| license = [[GNU Lesser General PublicApache License]] 2.0

| website = {{urlURL|httphttps://hibernate.org/orm/}}

}}

'''Hibernate ORM''' (or simply '''Hibernate''') is an [[object–relational mapping]]{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§1.2.2|p=12}} tool for the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] programming language. It provides a [[Software framework|framework]] for mapping an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] ___domain model to a [[relational database]]. Hibernate handles [[object–relational impedance mismatch]] problems by replacing direct, [[Persistence (computer science)|persistent]] database accesses with high-level object handling functions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/7.0/introduction/html_single/Hibernate_Introduction.html|title=A Short Guide to Hibernate 7|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref>

Hibernate is [[free software]] that is distributed under the [[Apache License]]. Versions prior to 7.0.0.Beta4 were distributed under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] 2.1.

Hibernate's primary feature is mapping from Java classes to [[Table (database)|database tables]], and mapping from Java data types to [[SQL]] data types. Hibernate also provides data query and retrieval facilities. It generates SQL calls and relieves the developer from the manual handling and object conversion of the result set.

==Standards==

Hibernate ORM is a certified compatible implementation of the industry-standard [[Jakarta Persistence]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.2/|title=Jakarta Persistence 3.2|website=jakarta.ee}}</ref> (formerly Java Persistence API) and Jakarta Data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.ee/specifications/data/1.0/|title=Jakarta Data 1.0|website=jakarta.ee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/6.6/repositories/html_single/Hibernate_Data_Repositories.html|title= Introducing Hibernate Data Repositories |website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref> specifications.

==Mapping==

The mapping of Java classes to database tables is implemented by the configuration of an [[XML]] file or by using [[Java annotation|Java Annotations]]. When using an XML file, Hibernate can [[Program synthesis|generate]] skeleton [[source code]] for the persistence classes. This is auxiliary when annotations are used. Hibernate can use the XML file or the Java annotations to maintain the [[database schema]].

There are provided facilities to arrange [[One-to-many (data model)|one-to-many]] and [[Many-to-many (data model)|many-to-many]] relationships between classes.{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=7|pp=140-171140–171}} In addition to managing associations between objects, Hibernate can also manage [[Reflexive relation|reflexive]] associations wherein an object has a one-to-many relationship with other instances of the [[Class (computer programming)|class]] [[data type|type]].

Hibernate supports the mapping of custom value types. This makes the following scenarios possible:

* Overriding the default SQL type when mapping a column to a property.

* Mapping Java [[Enumerated type|Enums]] to columns as though they were regular properties.{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=5.1.7|pp=89-9089–90}}

* Mapping a single property to multiple columns.

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==Hibernate Query Language (HQL)==

Hibernate provides a [[SQL]] inspired language called Hibernate Query Language<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/7.0/querylanguage/html_single/Hibernate_Query_Language.html|title=A Guide to Hibernate Query Language|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref> (HQL) for writing SQL-like queries against Hibernate's data objects. ''Criteria Queries'' are provided as an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] alternative to HQL. Criteria Query is used to modify the objects and provide the restriction for the objects.{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=14.1.1|p=347-349347–349}}

HQL (Hibernate Query Language) is the object-oriented version of SQL. It generates database independent queries so that there is no need to write database-specific queries. Without this capability, changing the database would require individual SQL queries to be changed as well, leading to maintenance issues.

==Persistence==

Hibernate provides transparent persistence for [[Plain Old Java Object]]s (POJOs).{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=3.2.2|pp=37-3837–38}} The only strict requirement for a persistent class is a [[Nullary constructor|no-argument constructor]],{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=3.2.3|pp=39}}, though not necessarily '''{{code|public}}'''. Proper behavior in some applications also requires special attention to the {{codeJavadoc|module=java.base|package=java.lang|class=Object|member=equals(java.lang.Object)|text=equals(Object obj)|monotype=y}} and {{codeJavadoc|module=java.base|package=java.lang|class=Object|member=hashCode()|text=hashCode()|monotype=y}} methods in the object{{code|Object}} classes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equals and HashCode|url=https://community.jboss.org/wiki/EqualsAndHashCode|publisher=JBoss Community|access-date=2013-12-16|archive-date=2013-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216104403/https://community.jboss.org/wiki/EqualsAndHashCode|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hibernate recommends providing an identifier attribute, and this is planned to be a mandatory requirement in a future release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate User Guide: 2.5.5. Provide identifier attribute|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/5.2/userguide/html_single/Hibernate_User_Guide.html#entity-pojo-identifier|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

Collections of data objects are typically stored in Java collection classes, such as implementations of the {{codeJavadoc|module=java.base|package=java.util|class=Set|text=Set|monotype=y}} and {{codeJavadoc|module=java.base|package=java.util|class=List|text=List|monotype=y}} interfaces. [[Generics in Java|Java generics]], introduced in Java 5, are also supported. Hibernate can be configured to [[lazy load]] associated collections.{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=12.1|pp=289-293289–293}} Lazy loading is the default as of Hibernate 3.

Related objects can be configured to ''[[Propagation constraint|cascade]]'' operations from one object to the other. For example, a parent {{code|Album}} class object can be configured to cascade its {{code|save}} and {{code|delete}} operations to its child {{code|Track}} class objects.

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==Entities and components==

In Hibernate [[jargon]], an ''entity'' is a stand-alone object in Hibernate's [[Persistence (computer science)|persistent]] mechanism which can be manipulated independently of other objects.{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=4.2|pp=62-7462–74}} In contrast, a ''component'' is subordinate to an entity and can be manipulated only with respect to that entity. For example, an Album object may represent an entity; but the Tracks object associated with the Album objects would represent a ''component'' of the Album entity, if it is assumed that Tracks can only be saved or retrieved from the database through the Album object. Unlike J2EE, Hibernate can switch databases.

==History==

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[[JBoss (company)|JBoss, Inc.]] (now part of [[Red Hat]]) later hired the lead Hibernate developers in order to further its development.

In 2005, Hibernate version 3.0 was released. Key features included a new Interceptor/Callback architecture, user defined filters, and JDK 5.0 [[Java annotation|Annotations]] (Java's [[metadata]] feature). {{As of | 2010}}, Hibernate 3 (version 3.5.0 and up) was a certified implementation of the [[Java Persistence API#JPA 2.0|Java Persistence API 2.0]] specification via a wrapper for the Core module which provides conformity with the JSR 317 standard.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate 3.5.0-Final release|date=April 2010 |url=http://in.relation.to/Bloggers/Hibernate350FinalRelease|publisher=In Relation To...}}</ref>

In Dec 2011, Hibernate Core 4.0.0 Final was released. This includes new features such as [http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/5.3/userguide/html_single/Hibernate_User_Guide.html#multitenacy multi-tenancy] support, introduction of ServiceRegistry (a major change in how Hibernate builds and manages "services"), better session opening from SessionFactory, improved integration via ''org.hibernate.integrator.spi.Integrator'' and auto discovery, [[Internationalization and localization|internationalization]] support, message codes in logging, and a more distinction between the API, SPI or implementation classes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hibernate.org/orm/releases/|title=Releases - Hibernate ORM|website=hibernate.org}}</ref>

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In December 2018, Hibernate ORM 5.4.0 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hibernate.org/orm/releases/|title=Releases - Hibernate ORM|website=hibernate.org}}</ref>

In OctoberMarch, 2022, Hibernate ORM 6.10.40 Final was released. ,<ref>{{Cite web |lasturl=Boriero https://in.relation.to/2022/03/31/orm-60-final/|firstwebsite=Andrea hibernate.org|title=Hibernate ORM 6.1.4.0 Final|language=en}}</ref> releaseda "major redesign [which] has touched almost every subsystem of Hibernate, including the APIs, mapping annotations, and the query language".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indocs.relationjboss.toorg/2022hibernate/10orm/056.6/hibernate-orm-614-finalintroduction/ html_single/Hibernate_Introduction.html#preface|access-datetitle=2022-10-11An |website=InIntroduction Relationto ToHibernate 6|languagewebsite=endocs.jboss.org}}</ref>

In October 2022, Hibernate ORM 6.1.4 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boriero |first=Andrea |title=Hibernate ORM 6.1.4.Final released |url=https://in.relation.to/2022/10/05/hibernate-orm-614-final/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=In Relation To |date=5 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2025, Hibernate ORM 7.0.0 Final was released,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.relation.to/2025/05/20/hibernate-orm-seven/|title=Hibernate 7 (and Hibernate Validator 9)|website=In Relation To}}</ref> with support for Jakarta Persistence 3.2 and Jakarta Data 1.0.

==Application programming interface==

The Hibernate API is provided in the [[Java package]] {{code|org.hibernate}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/stable/core/javadocs/index.html?overview-summary.html|title=Hibernate JavaDocs|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref>

===org.hibernate.SessionFactory interface===

The {{code|org.hibernate.SessionFactory}} interface is the native equivalent version of the JPA's standard {{code|EntityManagerFactory}}.{{sfn|Bauer|2016King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=2.3|p=26}}

===org.hibernate.Session interface===

The {{code|org.hibernate.Session}} interface<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/stable/core/javadocs/org/hibernate/Session.html|title=Session (Hibernate JavaDocs)|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref> represents a Hibernate session, i.e., the main point of the manipulation performed on the database entities. The latter activities include (among the other things) managing the persistence state ([[Transient (computer programming)|transient]], [[Java Persistence API|persisted]], detached{{Clarify|date=June 2011}}) of the objects, fetching the persisted ones from the database and the management of the transaction demarcation{{Clarify|date=June 2011}}.

A session{{code|Session}} is intended to last as long as the logical transaction on the database. Due to the latter feature, {{code|Session}} implementations are not expected to be thread safe nor to be used by multiple clients.

==Software components==

The Hibernate software includes the following components:<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate: Relational Persistence for Java and .NET|url=http://www.hibernate.org/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* Hibernate ORM (known as Hibernate Core before release 4.1<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate ORM 4.1.0 Release|date=9 February 2012 |url=http://in.relation.to/Bloggers/HibernateORM410Release|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>) – the base software for an object–relational mapping solution for Java environments<ref>{{cite web|title=HIBERNATE - Relational Persistence for Idiomatic Java|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/4.1/manual/en-US/html/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* Hibernate Annotations (merged into Hibernate Core/ORM since version 3.6<ref>{{cite web|title=No more hibernate-annotations module|date=5 April 2012 |url=http://in.relation.to/Bloggers/NoMoreHibernateannotationsModule|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>) – metadata that governs the transformation of data between the object-oriented model and the relational database model according to the JSR 317 [[Java Persistence API]] (JPA 2)<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Annotations|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/annotations/3.5/reference/en/html_single/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* Hibernate EntityManager (merged into Hibernate Core/ORM since version 5.2<ref>{{cite web|title=hibernate-entitymanager merged into hibernate-core|url=https://github.com/hibernate/hibernate-orm/wiki/Migration-Guide---5.2#hibernate-entitymanager-merged-into-hibernate-core|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>)– together with Hibernate Annotations, a wrapper that implements a JSR 317 [[Java Persistence API]] (JPA 2) persistence solution<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate EntityManager|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/entitymanager/3.6/reference/en/html_single/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* Hibernate Envers – auditing and versioning of persistent classes<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Envers – Easy Entity Auditing|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/envers/3.6/reference/en-US/html_single/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

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* Hibernate Search – integrates the full text library functionality from [[Apache Lucene]] in the Hibernate and JPA model<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Search|url=http://www.hibernate.org/search/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* Hibernate Tools – a set of tools implemented as a suite of [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] plugins and [[Ant (software)|Ant]] tasks included in [[JBoss Developer Studio]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Tools for Eclipse and Ant|url=http://www.hibernate.org/tools/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* Hibernate Validator – the [[reference implementation]] of JSR 303 [[Bean Validation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Validator|url=http://www.hibernate.org/validator/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=3.3.2|pp=49–51}}

* Hibernate Metamodel Generator – an annotation processor that creates JSR 317 [[Java Persistence API]] (JPA 2) static metamodel classes using the JSR 269 [[Metadata facility for Java|Pluggable Annotation Processing API]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Metamodel Generator|url=http://www.hibernate.org/subprojects/jpamodelgen.html|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>

* [[NHibernate]] – an object–relational mapping solution for the [[.NET Framework]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NHibernate|url=http://nhforge.org/|publisher=NHibernate Forge|access-date=2011-04-26|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712170138/http://nhforge.org/|archive-date=2012-07-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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|url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596517724/

}}

* {{cite book | last1=Bauer | first1=Christian | last2=King | first2=Gavin | last3=Gregory | first3=Gary | title=Java Persistence with Hibernate | publisher=[[Manning Publications]] | date=November 8, 2015 | isbn=978-1-61729-045-9}}

*{{citation

| first1 = Gavin

| last1 = King

| first2 = Bauer

| last2 = Christian

| year = 2016

| title = Java Persistence with Hibernate

| edition = Second

| publisher = [[Manning Publications]]

| pages = 880

| isbn = 978-1617290459

| url =

}}

*{{citation

|first1 = Jeff

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}}

*{{citation

|first1last1 = GavinBauer

|last1 first1 = KingChristian

|first2last2 = BauerKing

|last2 first2 = ChristianGavin

|date = August 1, 2004

|title = Hibernate In Action

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Object-relationalObject–relational mapping]]

[[Category:Java enterprise platform]]

[[Category:Red Hat software]]

[[Category:Cross-platform software]]

[[Category:Persistence frameworks]]

[[Category:Software using the GNU Lesser General Public License]]

[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]