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{{short description|Regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova}}
{{redirect|GUAM|the
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox Geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
| native_name =
| linking_name = GUAM
| symbol_type = Logo
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| map_caption = GUAM members in blue; former member in red
| membership_type = Member states
| membership = {{unbulleted list |[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] |[[Ukraine]] |[[Azerbaijan]] |[[Moldova]]}}
| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = {{nowrap|[[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]}}
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = Russian (1997−2014)<br>English (2014−)
| established_event1 = GUAM consultative forum
| established_date1 = 10 October 1997
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| area_sq_mi = 312,938
| area_label = Total
| population_estimate = {{decrease}}
| population_estimate_year = 2020
| population_density_km2 = 71.5
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $
| GDP_nominal_year =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $
| GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $
| official_website = {{official URL}}
| demonym =
| area_rank =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
}}
The '''GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development''' is a regional organization of four [[post-Soviet states]]: [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Moldova]].
Conceived in 1997 to harmonize and integrate commercial, diplomatic and democratic relations among its member states, the GUAM treaty charter was signed in 2001 and today covers a population of over
The agreement on a Free Trade Area was signed in 2002. In 2017, additional agreements on a [[free-trade area]] were announced, but as of 2022 reportedly the FTA has not been ratified and has not entered into force.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/ | title=GUAM 2.0: Can Free Trade Revive the Forgotten Regional Bloc? | date=3 October 2022 }}</ref> The WTO was notified only in 2017 and the Agreement is designated as "Plurilateral" and "In Force". According to the WTO database, the GUAM FTA agreement was signed in 2002 and entered into force in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=620 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref> [[International Trade Centre]] says there is no free trade area in operation with distinct rules from an [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area|Agreement on Creation of CIS Free Trade Area]], was signed on 15 April 1994 by 12 CIS countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/resources/cis | title=Market Access Map }}</ref>
The database of agreements of the International Trade Centre does not indicate that a GUAM FTA agreement has been concluded, but it does indicate that the 1994 Agreement on CIS FTA is in force for Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=268&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=804&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=031&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=498&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> and the 1999 Agreement on CIS FTA version is listed as the current text of the FTA agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN, ARMENIA, BELARUS, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA, KAZAKHSTAN, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, UKRAINE, UZBEKISTAN, TAJIKISTAN AND THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC |url=https://findrulesoforigin.org/documents/pdf/itc00659_full.pdf |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=findrulesoforigin.org}}</ref>
The official negotiating language of GUAM was Russian, but it was scrapped in favor of English in 2014.
[[Election monitoring]] by GUAM has been described as "low-quality", as observers from the group validate flawed elections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bush |first1=Sarah Sunn |last2=Cottiero |first2=Christina |last3=Prather |first3=Lauren |date=2024 |title=Zombies ahead: Explaining the rise of low-quality election monitoring |journal=The Review of International Organizations |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11558-024-09554-3 |issn=1559-744X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==History==
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[[File:GUAM Summit 2006.jpg|left|thumb|200px|70-kopeck [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] postage stamp commemorating the GUAM Summit held in [[Kyiv]], 22–23 May 2006.]]
Cooperation between Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova started with the "GUAM consultative forum", established on 10 October 1997, in [[Strasbourg]] and named after the initial letters of each of those countries.
In 2002, Uzbekistan announced that it planned to withdraw from the organization and following this announcement started to ignore GUUAM summits and meetings.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=18 June 2002|access-date=13 November 2020|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1100023.html
A summit of GUUAM took place in [[Chișinău]], Moldova, on 22 April 2005. The [[US Department of State]] special representative for [[Eurasia]]n conflicts, Steven Mann, and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] Secretary General, [[Ján Kubiš]], participated in the summit. The Russian ambassador in Chișinău criticized the fact that Russia was not invited to attend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=1964793 |title=Itar-Tass article |work=[[Itar-Tass]] |access-date=18 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204942/http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=1964793 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> [[Ilham Aliyev]], the president of Azerbaijan, said after the summit: "Our organization is emerging as a powerful force, participating in resolving problems in the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]]—[[Black Sea]] region" while the president of Ukraine, [[Viktor Yushchenko]], said that a new page had been written in the history of the organization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=9677 |title=
===Deepening of relations and integration (2006–2013)===
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In April 2006, three GUAM nations supported Ukraine's proposal to condemn the [[Holodomor]], the 1930s famine in Ukraine which killed millions of people, as a [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371016 |title= CIS Split at Ministerial Conference |date=25 April 2006 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |access-date=18 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417002350/http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371016 <!--Bot retrieved archive--> |archive-date=17 April 2007}}</ref>
In May 2006, Ukraine and Azerbaijan announced plans to further increase the GUAM member relations by renaming the organization ''GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development'' and establishing its headquarters in the Ukrainian capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azi.md/news?ID=39318 |title=Foreign Ministers of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova Discussed the Upcoming Guam Summit |date=19 May 2006 |work=InfoMarket |publisher=Moldova Azi |access-date=18 April 2007 |archive-date=3 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203110821/http://www.azi.md/news?ID=39318 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The other members said this was a remarkable step and development. The summit participants were also expected to adopt GUAM by—laws, a declaration and a communique. Also in May 2006 the Ukrainian Defense Ministry announced plans to establish GUAM [[peacekeeping]] forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://today.az/news/politics/26721.html |title=
In June 2007, presidents of Lithuania, Poland and Romania joined the leaders of GUAM member states at the GUAM summit in [[Baku]], Azerbaijan. Also participating at the summit were the Vice-President of [[Bulgaria]], the Vice-Speaker of the Estonian parliament, the Minister of Economy of Latvia, and the high—level representatives of the United States, Japan, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), the [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation]] (BSEC), [[UNESCO]], and heads of diplomatic missions accredited in Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azembassy.com/new/news.php?id=445 |title=Embassy of Azerbaijan in the U.S.: Baku hosts GUAM Second Summit |access-date=24 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192815/http://www.azembassy.com/new/news.php?id=445 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===After Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea (2014–present)===
In December 2014, then-Ukrainian Foreign Minister [[Pavlo Klimkin]] proposed that GUAM should use English during meetings, instead of Russian, which was also the main language used in official gatherings in the [[Soviet Union]]. GUAM representatives agreed.<ref>{{cite
In March 2017, GUAM officially established agreements on a [[free-trade area]] and harmonization of customs procedures among its member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049|website=[[Government of Ukraine]]|access-date=13 November 2020|date=27 March 2017|title=In the framework of the GUAM summit governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of the FTA and mutual recognition of results of customs control procedures|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113180237/https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2021}}
In May 2021, three of the four members, Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, joined the [[Association Trio]] in order to jointly facilitate further European integration.<!--Is there now a GUAM free trade area? If so, update [[List of multilateral free-trade agreements]]. -->
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{{Supranational PostSoviet Bodies|size=250px|align=right}}
==
An Agreement on Establishment of Free Trade Area between the GUUAM Participating States was signed on 20 July 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/ |title=Protocol on rules for determining the country of origin of goods to the Agreement on Establishment of Free Trade Area between the GUUAM Participating States |date=20 September 2022 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619163502/https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2017 Ukraine announced agreements on a [[free-trade area]] and harmonization of customs procedures among its member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049|website=[[Government of Ukraine]]|access-date=13 November 2020|date=27 March 2017|title=In the framework of the GUAM summit governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of the FTA and mutual recognition of results of customs control procedures|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113180237/https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049|url-status=live}}</ref>▼
At the 77th Session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly held in New York on 20 September
▲In 2017 Ukraine announced agreements on a [[free-trade area]] and harmonization of customs procedures among its member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/249849049|website=[[Government of Ukraine]]|access-date=13 November 2020|date=27 March 2017|title=In the framework of the GUAM summit governments of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed protocols on the establishment of the FTA and mutual recognition of results of customs control procedures
The Free Trade Area has not been ratified and has not entered into force. It is too soon to be sure whether GUAM member states will ratify the free trade area soon, or if the project will be placed on hiatus. There is also the question about to what extent an FTA could help financially GUAM countries compared to other projects, such as European Union membership or the Middle Corridor. GUAM is a regional bloc that has not demonstrated its usefulness to its member states compared to other organizations or projects that GUAM member states are part of.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/ |title=GUAM 2.0: Can Free Trade Revive the Forgotten Regional Bloc? |date=3 October 2022 |access-date=19 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619163458/https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>▼
▲At the 77th Session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly held in New York on September 20, 2022, the Foreign Ministers of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (GUAM) members came together on the sidelines and held the 39th Cabinet meeting of GUAM. After the meeting, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova signed a protocol on the determination of the country of origin of the goods. In addition, it was announced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine that a free trade zone was established between the GUAM countries.<ref>https://www.ankasam.org/free-zone-developed-in-the-shadow-of-the-russia-ukraine-war-economies-of-guam/?lang=en</ref><ref>https://guam-organization.org/en/protocol-on-rules-for-determining-the-country-of-origin-of-goods-to-the-agreement-on-establishment-of-free-trade-area-between-the-guuam-participating-states/</ref>
▲The Free Trade Area has not been ratified and has not entered into force. It is too soon to be sure whether GUAM member states will ratify the free trade area soon or if the project will be placed on hiatus. There is also the question about to what extent an FTA could help financially GUAM countries compared to other projects, such as European Union membership or the Middle Corridor. GUAM is a regional bloc that has not demonstrated its usefulness to its member states compared to other organizations or projects that GUAM member states are part of.<ref>https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/guam-2-0-can-free-trade-revive-the-forgotten-regional-bloc/</ref>
== Members ==▼
; Current
* {{flagcountry|Georgia}} (1997)
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{{clear}}
==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[Association Trio]]
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* [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
* [[TRACECA]]
* [[Roman Empire]]
{{div col end}}
==
{{reflist|2}}
==
* {{cite web |url=http://today.az/news/politics/26721.html |title=Ukraine suggests setting up GUAM peacekeeping unit |date=31 May 2006 |work=Today.az |access-date=18 April 2007 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.az/eng/international/organizations/guam.shtml |title=Azerbaijan-GUAM |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan |access-date=18 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416093857/http://www.mfa.gov.az/eng/international/organizations/guam.shtml <!--Bot retrieved archive--> |archive-date=16 April 2007 }}
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianhome.org/xml/t/databases.xml?lang=en&nic=databases&intorg=1&pid=26|title=GUAM Group|work=Eurasian Home|access-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901033227/http://www.eurasianhome.org/xml/t/databases.xml?lang=en&nic=databases&intorg=1&pid=26|archive-date=1 September 2007}}
==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{portal bar|Azerbaijan|Europe|Georgia (country)|Moldova|Ukraine}}
{{GUAM countries}}
{{regional organizations}}
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[[Category:Foreign relations of Moldova]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Post-Soviet alliances]]▼
[[Category:Organizations established in 2001]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
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