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:<math>\frac{P Q_e t}{\sqrt{P Q_e t}} = \sqrt{P Q_e t}</math>.
Apart from the quantum efficiency it depends on the incident photon flux and the exposure time, which is equivalent to the [[Exposure (photography)|exposure]] and the sensor area; since the exposure is the integration time multiplied with the image plane [[illuminance]], and illuminance is the [[luminous flux]] per unit area. Thus for equal exposures, the signal to noise ratios of two different size sensors of equal quantum efficiency and pixel count will (for a given final image size) be in proportion to the square root of the sensor area (or the linear scale factor of the sensor). If the exposure is constrained by the need to achieve some required [[depth of field]] (with the same shutter speed) then the exposures will be in inverse relation to the sensor area, producing the interesting result that if depth of field is a constraint, image shot noise is not dependent on sensor area. For identical f-number lenses the signal to noise ratio increases as square root of the pixel area, or linearly with pixel pitch. As typical f-numbers for lenses for cell phones and DSLR are in the same range {{f/|1.5
===Read noise===
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===Dynamic range===
Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest and smallest recordable signal, the smallest being typically defined by the 'noise floor'. In the image sensor literature, the noise floor is taken as the readout noise, so <math> DR = Q_\text{max} / \sigma_\text{readout}</math><ref>{{cite
== Sensor size and diffraction ==
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In considering the effect of sensor size, and its effect on the final image, the different magnification required to obtain the same size image for viewing must be accounted for, resulting in an additional scale factor of <math>1/{C}</math> where <math>{C}</math> is the relative crop factor, making the overall scale factor <math>1 / (N C)</math>. Considering the three cases above:
For the 'same picture' conditions, same angle of view, subject distance and depth of field, then the
In both the 'same photometric exposure' and 'same lens' conditions, the
== Sensor format and lens size ==
It might be expected that lenses appropriate for a range of sensor sizes could be produced by simply scaling the same designs in proportion to the crop factor.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ozaktas|first=Haldun M|author2=Urey, Hakan|author3=Lohmann, Adolf W.|title=Scaling of diffractive and refractive lenses for optical computing and interconnections|journal=Applied Optics|year=1994|volume=33|issue=17|pages=3782–3789|doi=10.1364/AO.33.003782|pmid=20885771|bibcode=1994ApOpt..33.3782O|hdl=11693/13640|s2cid=1384331 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Such an exercise would in theory produce a lens with the same
In summary, as sensor size reduces, the accompanying lens designs will change, often quite radically, to take advantage of manufacturing techniques made available due to the reduced size. The functionality of such lenses can also take advantage of these, with extreme zoom ranges becoming possible. These lenses are often very large in relation to sensor size, but with a small sensor can be fitted into a compact package.
Small body means small lens and means small sensor, so to keep [[smartphone]]s slim and light, the smartphone manufacturers use a tiny sensor usually less than the 1/2.3" used in most [[bridge camera]]s. At one time only [[Nokia 808 PureView]] used a 1/1.2" sensor, almost
== Active area of the sensor ==
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== Sensor size and shading effects ==
Semiconductor image sensors can suffer from shading effects at large apertures and at the periphery of the image field, due to the geometry of the light cone projected from the exit pupil of the lens to a point, or pixel, on the sensor surface. The effects are discussed in detail by Catrysse and Wandell.<ref name=Catrysse>{{cite book|last=Catrysse |first=Peter B. |author2=Wandell, Brian A. |editor-first1=Nitin |editor-first2=Jeffrey M. |editor-first3=Ricardo J. |editor-last1=Sampat |editor-last2=Dicarlo |editor-last3=Motta |title=Digital Photography |chapter=Roadmap for CMOS image sensors: Moore meets Planck and Sommerfeld |volume=5678 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1117/12.592483 |year=2005 |chapter-url=http://www.imageval.com/public/Papers/EI%205678-01%20Peter%20Catrysse.pdf |access-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113004959/http://www.imageval.com/public/Papers/EI%205678-01%20Peter%20Catrysse.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2015 |bibcode=2005SPIE.5678....1C |citeseerx=10.1.1.80.1320 |s2cid=7068027 }}</ref>
In the context of this discussion the most important result from the above is that to ensure a full transfer of light energy between two coupled optical systems such as the lens' exit pupil to a pixel's photoreceptor the [[Etendue|geometrical extent]] (also known as etendue or light throughput) of the objective lens / pixel system must be smaller than or equal to the geometrical extent of the microlens / photoreceptor system. The geometrical extent of the objective lens / pixel system is given by
where {{math|
where {{math|''w''<sub>photoreceptor</sub>}} is the width of the photoreceptor and {{math|(''f''/#)<sub>microlens</sub>}} is the f-number of the microlens.
<math display="block"> {(f/\#)}_\mathrm{microlens} \le {(f/\#)}_\mathrm{objective} \times \mathit{ff}\,.</math>
Thus if shading is to be avoided the f-number of the microlens must be smaller than the f-number of the taking lens by at least a factor equal to the linear fill factor of the pixel. The f-number of the microlens is determined ultimately by the width of the pixel and its height above the silicon, which determines its focal length. In turn, this is determined by the height of the metallisation layers, also known as the 'stack height'. For a given stack height, the f-number of the microlenses will increase as pixel size reduces, and thus the objective lens f-number at which shading occurs will tend to increase.
▲:<math> G_\mathrm{pixel} \simeq \frac{w_\mathrm{photoreceptor}}{2{(f/\#)}_\mathrm{microlens}} </math>,
In order to maintain pixel counts smaller sensors will tend to have smaller pixels, while at the same time smaller objective lens f-numbers are required to maximise the amount of light projected on the sensor. To combat the effect discussed above, smaller format pixels include engineering design features to allow the reduction in f-number of their microlenses. These may include simplified pixel designs which require less metallisation, 'light pipes' built within the pixel to bring its apparent surface closer to the microlens and '[[Back-illuminated sensor|back side illumination]]' in which the wafer is thinned to expose the rear of the photodetectors and the microlens layer is placed directly on that surface, rather than the front side with its wiring layers.
▲where {{math|<var>w<sub>photoreceptor</sub></var>}} is the width of the photoreceptor and {{math|<var>(f/#)<sub>microlens</sub></var>}} is the f-number of the microlens.
▲:<math> G_\mathrm{pixel} \ge G_\mathrm{objective}</math>, therefore <math> \frac{w_\mathrm{photoreceptor}}{{(f/\#)}_\mathrm{microlens}} \ge \frac{w_\mathrm{pixel}}{{(f/\#)}_\mathrm{objective}}</math>
▲:<math> {(f/\#)}_\mathrm{microlens} \le {(f/\#)}_\mathrm{objective} \times \mathit{ff}</math>
▲Thus if shading is to be avoided the f-number of the microlens must be smaller than the f-number of the taking lens by at least a factor equal to the linear fill factor of the pixel. The f-number of the microlens is determined ultimately by the width of the pixel and its height above the silicon, which determines its focal length. In turn, this is determined by the height of the metallisation layers, also known as the 'stack height'. For a given stack height, the f-number of the microlenses will increase as pixel size reduces, and thus the objective lens f-number at which shading occurs will tend to increase. This effect has been observed in practice, as recorded in the DxOmark article 'F-stop blues'<ref>{{cite web|last=DxOmark|title=F-stop blues|url=http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Publications/DxOMark-Insights/F-stop-blues|work=DxOMark Insights|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
▲In order to maintain pixel counts smaller sensors will tend to have smaller pixels, while at the same time smaller objective lens f-numbers are required to maximise the amount of light projected on the sensor. To combat the effect discussed above, smaller format pixels include engineering design features to allow the reduction in f-number of their microlenses. These may include simplified pixel designs which require less metallisation, 'light pipes' built within the pixel to bring its apparent surface closer to the microlens and '[[Back-illuminated sensor|back side illumination]]' in which the wafer is thinned to expose the rear of the photodetectors and the microlens layer is placed directly on that surface, rather than the front side with its wiring layers. The relative effectiveness of these stratagems is discussed by [[Aptina]] in some detail.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aptina Imaging Corporation|title=An Objective Look at FSI and BSI|url=http://www.eetrend.com/files-eetrend/newproduct/201101/100029156-17249-fsi-bsi-whitepaper.pdf|work=Aptina Technology White Paper|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
==Common image sensor formats==
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Some professional DSLRs, [[Sony SLT camera|SLTs]] and [[mirrorless camera]]s use ''[[full-frame DSLR|full-frame]]'' sensors, equivalent to the size of a frame of 35 mm film.
Most consumer-level DSLRs, SLTs and mirrorless cameras use relatively large sensors, either somewhat under the size of a frame of [[Advanced Photo System|APS]]-C film, with a [[crop factor]] of 1.5–1.6; or 30% smaller than that, with a crop factor of 2.0 (this is the [[Four Thirds System]], adopted by [[
{{As of|2013|11}}, there
Many different terms are used in marketing to describe DSLR/SLT/mirrorless sensor formats, including the following:
* {{val|860
*
*
*
Obsolescent and out-of-production sensor sizes include:
* {{val|548
* {{val|548
* {{val|548|u=mm2}} area [[APS-H]] format for the high-end mirrorless SD Quattro H from [[Sigma Corporation|Sigma]] (crop factor 1.35)
* {{val|370|u=mm2}} area APS-C crop factor 1.5 format from [[Epson R-D1|Epson]], [[Samsung]] NX, [[Konica Minolta]].
* {{val|286 * {{val|225
* {{val|116
*
* {{val|30|u=mm2}} area 1/2.3" original [[Pentax Q]] (5.6 crop factor). ''Current Q-series cameras have a crop factor of 4.55.''
When [[full-frame digital SLR|full-frame]] sensors were first introduced, production costs could exceed twenty times the cost of an APS-C sensor. Only twenty full-frame sensors can be produced on an {{convert|8|in|cm}} [[silicon wafer]], which would fit 100 or more APS-C sensors, and there is a significant reduction in [[Semiconductor device fabrication|yield]] due to the large area for contaminants per component. Additionally, full frame sensor fabrication originally required three separate exposures during each step of the [[photolithography]] process, which requires separate masks and quality control steps. Canon selected the intermediate [[APS-H]] size, since it was at the time the largest that could be patterned with a single mask, helping to control production costs and manage yields.<ref name=canon-wp>{{cite press release
Line 172 ⟶ 165:
Most sensors are made for camera phones, compact digital cameras, and bridge cameras. Most image sensors equipping compact cameras have an [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] of 4:3. This matches the aspect ratio of the popular [[SVGA]], [[XGA]], and [[SXGA]] display resolutions at the time of the first digital cameras, allowing images to be displayed on usual [[computer monitor|monitor]]s without cropping.
{{As of|2010|12}} most compact digital cameras used small 1/2.3" sensors. Such cameras include Canon
As of 2018 high-end compact cameras using one inch sensors that have nearly four times the area of those equipping common compacts include Canon PowerShot G-series (G3 X to G9 X), Sony DSC
[[File:Sensor sizes area.svg|thumb|400px|right|For many years until Sep. 2011 a gap existed between compact digital and DSLR camera sensor sizes. The x axis is a discrete set of sensor format sizes used in digital cameras, not a linear measurement axis.]] Finally, Sony has the DSC-RX1 and DSC-RX1R cameras in their lineup, which have a full-frame sensor usually only used in professional DSLRs, SLTs and MILCs.
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Due to the size constraints of powerful zoom objectives, most current [[bridge camera]]s have 1/2.3" sensors, as small as those used in common more compact cameras. As lens sizes are proportional to the image sensor size, smaller sensors enable large zoom amounts with moderate size lenses. In 2011 the high-end [[Fujifilm X-S1]] was equipped with a much larger 2/3" sensor. In 2013–2014, both Sony ([[Cyber-shot DSC-RX10]]) and Panasonic ([[Lumix DMC-FZ1000]]) produced bridge cameras with 1" sensors.
=== Medium-format digital sensors ===
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}}</ref> later models of the 645 series kept the same sensor size but replaced the CCD with a CMOS sensor. In 2016, [[Hasselblad]] announced the X1D, a 50MP medium-format [[Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera|mirrorless]] camera, with a {{convert|44|x|33|mm|abbr=on}} CMOS sensor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpreview.com/news/1988725790/medium-format-mirrorless-hasselblad-unveils-x1d |title=Medium-format mirrorless: Hasselblad unveils X1D |first=Allison |last=Johnson |publisher=[[Digital Photography Review]] |date=2016-06-22 |access-date=2016-06-26}}</ref>
In late 2016, [[Fujifilm]] also announced its new [[Fujifilm GFX 50S]] medium format, [[Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera|mirrorless]] entry into the market, with a {{convert|43.8|x|32.9|mm|abbr=on}} CMOS sensor and 51.4MP.
<ref>{{cite press release | title=Fujifilm announces development of new medium format "GFX" mirroless camera system | publisher
<ref>{{cite web | title = Fujifilm's Medium Format GFX 50S to Ship in February for $6,500 | url = https://petapixel.com/2017/01/19/fujifilms-medium-format-gfx-50s-ship-february-6500 | date = 2017-01-19}}</ref>
=== {{anchor|Table of sensor sizes}}Table of sensor formats and sizes ===
[[File:Ov6920-01.jpg|thumb|Different
Sensor sizes are expressed in inches notation because at the time of the popularization of digital image sensors they were used to replace [[video camera tube]]s. The common 1" outside diameter circular video camera tubes have a rectangular photo sensitive area about {{val|16
[[File:Apple and Samsung image sensor sizes.png|alt=The increasing image sensor sizes used in smartphones plotted|thumb|The development of different format image sensors in the main cameras of smartphones]]
Sizes are often expressed as a fraction of an inch, with a one in the numerator, and a decimal number in the denominator. For example, 1/2.5 converts to 2/5 as a [[Fraction (mathematics)#Simple
Due to inch-based sensor formats not being standardized, their exact dimensions may vary, but those listed are typical.<ref name="dpreview-sensor-sizes">{{cite web
Line 228 ⟶ 221:
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125090640/http://www.dpreview.com/glossary/camera-system/sensor-sizes
|archive-date=2013-01-25
}}</ref> <!-- Every word or number of the following two sentences is VERY carefully selected. PLEASE see talk page, think twice about the physics of optics before you change anything. Thank you very much. -->The listed sensor areas span more than a factor of 1000 and are [[Proportionality (mathematics)|proportional]] to the maximum possible collection of light and [[image resolution]] (same [[lens speed]], i.e., minimum [[
<!-- To recompute these with Scientific Python:
Line 243 ⟶ 236:
-->
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
! Type !! Diagonal (mm) !! Width (mm) !! Height (mm) !! Aspect Ratio !! Area (mm²) !! [[F-number#Stops, f-stop conventions, and exposure|Stops]] (area)<ref>Defined here as the equivalent number of stops lost (or gained, if positive) due to the area of the sensor relative to a full 35 frame (36×24mm). Computed as <math>Stops=\log_{2} \left ( \frac{Area_{sensor}}{Area_{35mm}} \right )</math></ref>!![[Crop factor]]<ref>Defined here as the ratio of the diagonal of a full 35 frame to that of the sensor format, that is <math>CF=\frac{diag_{35mm}}{diag_{sensor}}</math>.</ref>▼
|+ Sensor format types and dimensions
|-
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Diagonal (mm)
|1.60||1.28||0.96||4:3||1.23||-9.46||27.04▼
! scope="col" | Width (mm)
! scope="col" | Height (mm)
! scope="col" | Aspect Ratio
! scope="col" | Area (mm{{sup|2}})
▲!
! scope="col" | [[Crop factor]]{{efn-ua|Defined here as the ratio of the diagonal of a full {{val|35|u=mm}} frame to that of the sensor format, that is <math display="inline">\mathrm{CF} = \frac{\mathrm{diag_{35\ mm}}}{\mathrm{diag_{sensor}}}\,.</math>}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1/10"
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1/
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1/6" (Panasonic SDR-H20, SDR-H200)
|1/4"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.photoreview.com.au/tips/buying/unravelling-sensor-sizes|title=Unravelling Sensor Sizes – Photo Review|website=www.photoreview.com.au|access-date=2016-09-22}}</ref>▼
|
|-
▲! scope="row" | 1/4"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.photoreview.com.au/tips/buying/unravelling-sensor-sizes|title=Unravelling Sensor Sizes – Photo Review|website=www.photoreview.com.au|access-date=2016-09-22}}</ref>
|1/3.6" ([[Nokia Lumia 720]])<ref>{{Citation▼
|-
▲! scope="row" | 1/3.6" ([[Nokia Lumia 720]])<ref>{{Citation
| publisher = GSMArena.com
| title = Nokia Lumia 720 – Full phone specifications
Line 264 ⟶ 267:
| access-date=2013-09-21
| url = http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_lumia_720-5321.php}}</ref>
|5.00||4.00||3.00||4:3||12.0||{{val|-6.17}}||8.65
|-
! scope="row" | 1/3.2" ([[iPhone 5]])<ref>{{Citation
| publisher = Gizmag
| title = Camera sensor size: Why does it matter and exactly how big are they?
Line 272 ⟶ 275:
| access-date=2013-06-19
| url = http://www.gizmag.com/camera-sensor-size-guide/26684/}}</ref>
|5.68||4.54||3.42||4:3||15.50||{{val|-5.80}}||7.61
|-
! scope="row" | 1/3.09" Sony [[EXMOR]] IMX351<ref name=Sony-IMX351>{{cite web |url=https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/products/common/pdf/ProductBrief_IMX351_20171109.pdf |title=Diagonal 5.822 mm (Type 1/3.09) 16Mega-Pixel CMOS Image Sensor with Square Pixel for Color Cameras |publisher=Sony |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016162110/https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/products/common/pdf/ProductBrief_IMX351_20171109.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|5.82||4.66||3.5||4:3||16.3||{{val|-5.73}}||7.43
|-
! scope="row" | ''Standard [[8 mm film#Standard 8|8 mm film]] frame''
|5.94||4.8||3.5||11:8||16.8||{{val|-5.68}}||7.28
|-
! scope="row" | 1/3" ([[iPhone 5S]], [[iPhone 6]], [[LG G3]]<ref>{{Citation | publisher = PhoneArena | url = http://www.phonearena.com/phones/compare/Apple-iPhone-6,Apple-iPhone-5,Apple%20iPhone%206%20Plus/phones/8346,7378,8908 | title = Comparison of iPhone Specs }}</ref>)
|6.00||4.80||3.60||4:3||17.30||{{val|-5.64}}||7.21
|-
! scope="row" | 1/2.9" Sony [[EXMOR]] IMX322<ref name="Sony-IMX322">{{cite web
|url=https://dashcamtalk.com/cams/lk-7950-wd/Sony_IMX322.pdf
|title=Diagonal 6.23 mm (Type 1/2.9) CMOS Image Sensor with Square Pixel for Color Cameras
Line 289 ⟶ 292:
|date=2015
|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref>
|6.23||4.98||3.74||4:3||18.63||{{val|-5.54}}||6.92
|-
! scope="row" | 1/2.7" Fujifilm 2800 Zoom
|6.72||5.37||4.04||4:3||21.70||{{val|-5.32}}||6.44
|-
! scope="row" | [[Super 8 film|''Super 8 mm film'']]'' frame''
|7.04||5.79||4.01||13:9||23.22||{{val|-5.22}}||6.15
|-
! scope="row" | 1/2.5" ([[Nokia Lumia 1520]], [[Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T5]], [[iPhone XS]]<ref name="iPhoneXSMax">{{cite web
|url=https://www.dpreview.com/news/1564509739/iphone-xs-max-teardown-reveals-new-sensor-with-more-focus-pixels
|title=iPhone XS Max teardown reveals new sensor with more focus pixels
Line 303 ⟶ 306:
|date=27 September 2018
|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref>)
|7.18||5.76||4.29||4:3||24.70||{{val|-5.13}}||6.02
|-
! scope="row" | 1/2.3" ([[Pentax Q]], Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W330, [[GoPro]] HERO3, Panasonic HX-A500, Google Pixel/Pixel+, DJI Phantom 3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dji.com/phantom-3-pro|title=Phantom 3 Professional - Let your creativity fly with a 4K camera in the sky. - DJI|website=DJI Official|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>/Mavic 2 Zoom<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dji.com/support/product/mavic-2|title=DJI - The World Leader in Camera Drones/Quadcopters for Aerial Photography|website=DJI Official|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref>), Nikon [[Nikon Coolpix P1000|P1000]]/[[Nikon Coolpix P900|P900]]
|7.66||6.17||4.55||4:3||28.50||{{val|-4.94}}||5.64
|-
! scope="row" | 1/2.3" Sony Exmor IMX220<ref name="Sony-IMX220">{{cite web
|url=https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/products_en/IS/sensor1/img/products/ProductBrief_IMX220_20140910.pdf
|title=Diagonal 7.87mm (Type 1/2.3) 20.7M Pixel CMOS Image Sensor with Square Pixel for Color Cameras
Line 318 ⟶ 321:
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|7.87||6.30||4.72||4:3||29.73||{{val|-4.86}}||5.49
|-
! scope="row" | 1/2" ([[Fujifilm HS30EXR]], [[Xiaomi Mi 9]], [[OnePlus 7]], Espros EPC 660, DJI Mavic Air 2)
|8.00||6.40||4.80||4:3||30.70||{{val|-4.81}}||5.41
|-
! scope="row" | 1/1.8" ([[Nokia N8]]) (Olympus C-5050, C-5060, C-7070)
|8.93||7.18||5.32||4:3||38.20||{{val|-4.50}}||4.84
|-
! scope="row" | 1/1.7" ([[Pentax Q7]], Canon G10, G15, [[Huawei P20 Pro]], [[Huawei P30 Pro]], [[Huawei Mate 20 Pro]])
|9.50||7.60||5.70||4:3||43.30||{{val|-4.32}}||4.55
|-
! scope="row" | 1/1.6" ([[F200EXR|Fujifilm
|10.07||8.08||6.01||4:3||48.56||{{val|-4.15}}||4.30
|-
! scope="row" | 2/3" ([[Lumia 1020|Nokia Lumia 1020]], [http://www.imaging-resource.com/PRODS/XS1/XS1A.HTM Fujifilm X10], X20, XF1)
|11.00||8.80||6.60||4:3||58.10||{{val|-3.89}}||3.93
|-
! scope="row" | 1/1.33" ([[Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra]])<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.dpreview.com/news/0799990809/samsung-officially-unveils-108mp-isocell-bright-hmx-mobile-camera-sensor
|title=Samsung officially unveils 108MP ISOCELL Bright HMX mobile camera sensor
Line 342 ⟶ 345:
|access-date=16 Feb 2021
}}</ref>
|12||9.6||7.2||4:3||69.12||{{val|-3.64}}||3.58
|-
! scope="row" | ''Standard [[16 mm film#Standard 16 mm|16 mm film]] frame''
|12.70||10.26||7.49||11:8||76.85||{{val|-3.49}}||3.41
|-
! scope="row" | 1/1.2" ([[Nokia 808 PureView]])
|13.33||10.67||8.00||4:3||85.33||{{val|-3.34}}||3.24
|-
! scope="row" | 1/1.12" ([[Xiaomi Mi 11 Ultra]])
|14.29||11.43||8.57||4:3||97.96||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Blackmagic Cinema Camera|Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera]] & Blackmagic Studio Camera▼
|14.32||12.48||7.02||16:9||87.6||{{val|-3.30}}||3.02
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[16 mm film#Super 16 mm|Super 16 mm film]] frame''▼
▲|[[Blackmagic Cinema Camera|Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera]] & Blackmagic Studio Camera
|14.
|-
! scope="row" | 1" ([[Nikon CX format|Nikon CX]], [[Sony RX100]], [[RX10|Sony RX10]], [[
▲|''[[16 mm film#Super 16 mm|Super 16 mm film]] frame''
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1" [[Digital Bolex]] d16
▲|1" ([[Nikon CX format|Nikon CX]], [[Sony RX100]], [[RX10|Sony RX10]], [[ZV1|Sony ZV1]], [[Samsung NX mini|Samsung NX Mini]])
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1" [[
|16.
|-
! scope="row" | 1.1" Sony IMX253<ref name="Sony-IMX253">{{cite web
|url=https://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/products_en/IS/sensor0/img/product/cmos/IMX253_255LLR_LQR_Flyer.pdf
|title=Diagonal 17.6 mm (Type 1.1) Approx. 12.37M-Effective Pixel Monochrome and Color CMOS Image Sensor
Line 375 ⟶ 381:
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|17.46||14.10||10.30||11:8||145||{{val|-2.57}}||2.47
|-
! scope="row" | [[Blackmagic Cinema Camera|Blackmagic Cinema Camera EF]]
|18.13||15.81||8.88||16:9||140||{{val|-2.62}}||2.38
|-
! scope="row" | [[Blackmagic Cinema Camera|Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera 4K]]
|21.44||18.96||10||19:10||190||{{val|-2.19}}||2.01
|-
! scope="row" | [[Four Thirds system|Four Thirds]], [[Micro Four Thirds system|Micro Four Thirds]] ("4/3", "m4/3")
|21.60||17.30||13||4:3||225||{{val|-1.94}}||2.00
|-
! scope="row" | [[Blackmagic Cinema Camera|Blackmagic Production Camera/URSA/URSA Mini 4K]]
|24.23||21.12||11.88||16:9||251||{{val|-1.78}}||1.79
|-
! scope="row" | 1.5" [[Canon PowerShot G1 X Mark II]]
|23.36||18.70||14||4:3||262||{{val|-1.72}}||1.85
|-
! scope="row" | "35mm" [[Techniscope|2 Perf Techniscope]]
|23.85||21.95||9.35||7:3||205.23||{{val|-2.07}}||1.81
|-
! scope="row" | original [[Foveon X3 sensor|Sigma Foveon X3]]
|24.90||20.70||13.80||3:2||286||{{val|-1.60}}||1.74
|-
! scope="row" | [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED]] DRAGON 4.5K (RAVEN)
|25.50||23.00||10.80||19:9||248.4||{{val|-1.80}}||1.66
|-
! scope="row" | "Super 35mm" [[Techniscope|2 Perf]]
|26.58||24.89||9.35||8:3||232.7||{{val|-1.89}}||1.62
|-
! scope="row" | Canon [[EF-S]], [[APS-C]]
|26.82||22.30||14.90||3:2||332||{{val|-1.38}}||1.61
|-
! scope="row" | ''Standard [[35mm movie film|35 mm film]] frame (movie)''
|27.20||22.0||16.0||11:8||352||{{val|-1.30}}||1.59
|-
! scope="row" | [[Blackmagic Cinema Camera|Blackmagic URSA Mini/Pro 4.6K]]
|29||25.34||14.25||16:9||361||{{val|-1.26}}||1.49
|-
! scope="row" | [[APS-C]] ([[Sony A-mount|Sony α]], [[Sony E-mount|Sony E]], [[Nikon DX format|Nikon DX]], [[Pentax K mount|Pentax K]], [[Samsung NX-mount|Samsung NX]], [[Fujifilm X-mount|Fuji X]])
|28.2–28.4||23.6–23.7||15.60||3:2||368–370||{{val|-1.23}} to {{val|-1.22}}||1.52–1.54
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Super 35]] mm film 3 perf''
|28.48||24.89||13.86||9:5||344.97||{{val|-1.32}}||1.51
|-
! scope="row" | [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED]] DRAGON 5K S35
|28.9||25.6||13.5||17:9||345.6||{{val|-1.32}}||1.49
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Super 35]]mm film 4 perf''
|31.11||24.89||18.66||4:3||464||{{val|-0.90}}||1.39
|-
! scope="row" | Canon [[APS-H]]
|33.50||27.90||18.60||3:2||519||{{val|-0.74}}||1.29
|-
! scope="row" | ARRI ALEV III ([[Arri Alexa|ALEXA SXT]], [[Arri Alexa|ALEXA MINI]], AMIRA), RED HELIUM 8K S35
|33.80||29.90||15.77||17:9||471.52||{{val|-0.87}}||1.28
|-
! scope="row" | [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED]] DRAGON 6K S35
|34.50||30.7||15.8||35:18||485.06||{{val|-0.83}}||1.25
|-scope=row style="background:#ddd;"
! scope="row" style="background:#ddd;" | '''[[Full-frame digital SLR|35 mm film full-frame]]'''
|43.1–43.3||35.8–36||23.9–24||3:2||856–864||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Arri Alexa|ARRI ALEXA]] LF
|44.71||36.70||25.54||13:9||937.32||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED]]
|46.31||40.96||21.60||17:9||884.74||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Leica
|54||45||30||3:2||1350||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pentax 645D]], Hasselblad X1D-50c, Hasselblad H6D-50c, CFV-50c,
{{cite web
|url=https://cdn.hasselblad.com/datasheets/x1d-II-50c/x1D-ii-50c-data-sheet.pdf
Line 454 ⟶ 459:
|date=2019-06-01
|access-date=2022-04-09}}
</ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://fujifilm-x.com/global/products/cameras/gfx-50s/specifications/
Line 462 ⟶ 466:
|date= January 17, 2019
|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref>
|55||43.8||32.9||4:3||1452||
|-
! scope="row" | [[70 mm film#Technical specifications|''Standard 65/70 mm'']]'' film frame''
|57.30||52.48||23.01||7:3||1208||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Arri Alexa|ARRI ALEXA]] 65
|59.86||54.12||25.58||19:9||1384.39||
|-
! scope="row" | Kodak KAF 39000 CCD<ref>{{Citation
| publisher = KODAK
| title = KODAK KAF-39000 IMAGE SENSOR, DEVICE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION
Line 476 ⟶ 480:
| access-date=2014-02-09
| url = http://www.kodak.com/ek/uploadedFiles/Content/Small_Business/Images_Sensor_Solutions/Datasheets(pdfs)/KAF-39000LongSpec.pdf}}</ref>
| 61.30 || 49 || 36.80 || 4:3 || 1803 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Leaf AFi 10
| 66.57 || 56 || 36 || 14:9 || 2016 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Medium format (film)|Medium-format]] ([[Hasselblad]] H5D-60c, Hasselblad H6D-100c)<ref>{{Citation
| publisher = B&H PHOTO VIDEO
| title = Hasselblad H5D-60 medium-format DSLR camera
| access-date=2013-06-19
| url = http://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/893195-REG/Hasselblad_H5D_60_DSLR_Camera_With.html}}</ref>
| 67.08 || 53.7 || 40.2 || 4:3 || 2159 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Phase One [[Phase One (company)|P 65+]], IQ160, IQ180
| 67.40 || 53.90 || 40.40 || 4:3 || 2178 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Medium-format 6×4.5 cm (also called ''645 format'')
| 70 || 42 || 56 || 3:4 || 2352 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Medium-format 6×6 cm
| 79 || 56 || 56 || 1:1|| 3136 ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[70 mm film#IMAX .2815.2F70.29|''IMAX'']]'' film frame''
|87.91||70.41||52.63||4:3||3706||
|-
! scope="row" | Medium-format 6×7 cm
| 89.6 || 70 || 56 || 5:4 || 3920 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Medium-format 6×8 cm
| 94.4 || 76 || 56 || 3:4 || 4256 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Medium-format 6×9 cm
| 101 || 84 || 56 || 3:2 || 4704 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Large-format film 4×5 inch
| 150 || 121 || 97 || 5:4 || 11737 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Large-format film 5×7 inch
| 210 || 178 || 127 || 7:5 || 22606 ||
|-
! scope="row" | Large-format film 8×10 inch
| 300 || 254 || 203 || 5:4 || 51562 ||
|}
{{notelist-ua}}
==See also==
Line 532 ⟶ 537:
* [[Field of view]]
==Notes
{{notelist}}
==Footnotes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}
| |||