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| alt1 = A circular diagram is separated into three rings, broken down into sections labeled with the letters: G, U, A, and C. Each represents a nucleotide found in RNA.
}}
A '''codon table''' can be used to translate a [[genetic code]] into a sequence of [[amino acid]]s.<ref name="RNA codon table">{{cite web|url=http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm|title=Amino Acid Translation Table|publisher=Oregon State University|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529000711/http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/genbio/otherresources/aminoacidtranslation.htm|url-status=livedead}}</ref><ref name="oregon"/> The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an [[RNA]] [[codon]] table, because when [[protein]]s are made in a [[Cell (biology)|cell]] by [[ribosome]]s, it is [[messenger RNA]] (mRNA) that directs [[protein synthesis]].<ref name="oregon">{{cite book|last1=Bartee|first1=Lisa|last2=Brook|first2=Jack|title=MHCC Biology 112: Biology for Health Professions|url=https://mhccbiology112.pressbooks.com|publisher=Open Oregon|page=42|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206173711/https://mhccbiology112.pressbooks.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="geneticcodes">{{Cite web|title=The Genetic Codes|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|vauthors=Elzanowski A, Ostell J|date=7 January 2019|access-date=21 February 2019| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005105339/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi|archive-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomic [[DNA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rna-functions-352/|title=RNA Functions|website=Scitable|publisher=Nature Education|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018170459/https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rna-functions-352/|archive-date=18 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In this context, the standard genetic code is referred to as 'translation table 1' among [[List of genetic codes|other tables]].<ref name="geneticcodes"/> It can also be represented in a DNA codon table. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the [[Sense (molecular biology)|sense]] DNA strand and are arranged in a [[Directionality (molecular biology)|5′5{{prime}}-to-3′3{{prime}} direction]]. Different tables with alternate codons are used depending on the source of the genetic code, such as from a [[cell nucleus]], [[mitochondrion]], [[plastid]], or [[hydrogenosome]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi|title=The Genetic Codes|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|access-date=2 December 2020|archive-date=13 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513014234/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
There are 64 different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Codon|title=Codon|website=National Human Genome Research Institute|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022081214/https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Codon|url-status=live}}</ref> Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as [[stop codon]]s,{{efn|group=note|Each stop codon has a specific name: UAG is ''amber'', UGA is ''opal'' or ''umber'', and UAA is ''ochre''.<ref name="stop"/> In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively.}} do not code for an amino acid but instead signal the release of the nascent [[polypeptide]] from the ribosome.<ref name="stop">{{cite web| url=http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/rev-sup/amber-name.html|title=How nonsense mutations got their names|author=Maloy S.|date=29 November 2003|work=Microbial Genetics Course|publisher=San Diego State University|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923075442/http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/rev-sup/amber-name.html|archive-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> (sometimes for UGA, ''umber'' is used instead of ''opal'').<ref>Stanley Maloy: ''[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123749840016004 Umber codon]''</ref> In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively.}} do not code for an amino acid but instead signal the release of the nascent [[polypeptide]] from the ribosome.<ref name="stop"/> In the standard code, the sequence AUG—read as [[methionine]]—can serve as a [[start codon]] and, along with sequences such as an [[initiation factor]], initiates translation.<ref name="geneticcodes"/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hinnebusch AG|date=2011|title=Molecular Mechanism of Scanning and Start Codon Selection in Eukaryotes|journal= Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=75|issue=3|pages=434–467|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00008-11|pmid=21885680|pmc=3165540|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid12867081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Touriol C, Bornes S, Bonnal S, Audigier S, Prats H, Prats AC, Vagner S| title = Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative initiation of translation at non-AUG codons|journal=Biology of the Cell|volume=95|issue=3–4|pages=169–78|date=2003|pmid=12867081|doi=10.1016/S0248-4900(03)00033-9|doi-access=free}}</ref> In rare instances, start codons in the standard code may also include GUG or UUG; these codons normally represent [[valine]] and [[leucine]], respectively, but as start codons they are translated as [[methionine]] or [[formylmethionine]].<ref name="geneticcodes"/><ref name="pmid12867081"/>
 
[[File:Codon wheels.png|thumb|The second codon position best determines amino acid hydrophobicity. Color-coding: hydrophobicity from microenvironment in folded proteins <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Debashree |last2=Mehler |first2=Ernest L. |date=August 2008 |title=Quantitative expression of protein heterogeneity: Response of amino acid side chains to their local environment. |journal=Proteins |volume=72 |number=2 |pages=646–59 |doi=10.1002/prot.21958|pmid=18247345 }}</ref>]]
 
The classical table/wheel of the standard genetic code is arbitrarily organized based on codon position 1. Saier,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saier |first1=Milton H. Jr. |date=10 July 2019 |title=Understanding the Genetic Code. |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=201 |number=15 |pages=e00091-19 |doi=10.1128/JB.00091-19|pmid=31010904 |pmc=6620406 }}</ref> following observations from,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muto |first1=A. |last2=Osawa |first2=S. |date=January 1987 |title=The guanine and cytosine content of genomic DNA and bacterial evolution. |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=84 |number=1 |pages=166–9 |doi=10.1073/pnas.84.1.166|doi-access=free |pmid=3467347 |pmc=304163 |bibcode=1987PNAS...84..166M }}</ref> showed that reorganizing the wheel based instead on codon position 2 (and reordering from UCAG to UCGA) better arranges the codons by the hydrophobicity of their encoded amino acids. This suggests that early ribosomes read the second codon position most carefully, to control hydrophobicity patterns in protein sequences.
 
The first table—the standard table—can be used to translate [[nucleotide]] triplets into the corresponding amino acid or appropriate signal if it is a start or stop codon. The second table, appropriately called the inverse, does the opposite: it can be used to deduce a possible triplet code if the amino acid is known. As multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]'s (IUPAC) [[nucleic acid notation]] is given in some instances.
Line 16 ⟶ 20:
==Translation table 1==
===Standard RNA codon table===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none; background:none; text-align:center;"
| [[Amino acids|Amino-acid]] biochemical properties
| style="background-color:#ffe75f; width: 50px;" | Nonpolar {{up-arrow}}(np)
| style="background-color:#b3dec0; width: 50px;" | Polar {{†}}(p)
| style="background-color:#bbbfe0; width: 50px;" | Basic {{Double dagger}}(b)
| style="background-color:#f8b7d3; width: 50px;" | Acidic ↓(a)
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 100px;" |
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Termination: stop codon *
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 10px;" |
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" | Initiation: possible start codon {{Arrow 2}}⇒
|}
{| class="wikitable"
Line 41 ⟶ 45:
! rowspan=4 | [[Uracil|U]]
| UUU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Phe/F) [[Phenylalanine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
| UCU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serine]] {{†}}(p)
| UAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Tyr/Y) [[Tyrosine]] {{†}}(p)
| UGU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Cys/C) [[Cysteine]] {{†}}(p)
! U
|-
Line 57 ⟶ 61:
|-
| UUA
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Leu/L) [[Leucine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
| UCA
| UAA
Line 65 ⟶ 69:
! A
|-
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" |UUG {{Arrow 2}}⇒
| UCG
| UAG
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] (''Amber'') *{{efn|group=note|name=historical}}
| UGG
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Trp/W) [[Tryptophan]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
! G
|-
Line 77 ⟶ 81:
| CUU
| CCU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Pro/P) [[Proline]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
| CAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (His/H) [[Histidine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
|CGU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
! U
|-
Line 93 ⟶ 97:
|CCA
|CAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Gln/Q) [[Glutamine]] {{†}}(p)
|CGA
! A
Line 106 ⟶ 110:
! rowspan="4" | [[Adenine|A]]
|AUU
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ile/I) [[Isoleucine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|ACU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Thr/T) [[Threonine]] {{†}}(p)
|AAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Asn/N) [[Asparagine]] {{†}}(p)
|AGU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serine]] {{†}}(p)
! U
|-
Line 124 ⟶ 128:
|ACA
|AAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Lys/K) [[Lysine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
|AGA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
! A
|-
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" |AUG {{Arrow 2}}⇒
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Met/M) [[Methionine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|ACG
|AAG
Line 139 ⟶ 143:
! rowspan="4" | [[Guanine|G]]
|GUU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Val/V) [[Valine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|GCU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ala/A) [[Alanine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|GAU
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Asp/D) [[Aspartic acid]] ↓(a)
|GGU
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Gly/G) [[Glycine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
! U
|-
Line 157 ⟶ 161:
|GCA
|GAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Glu/E) [[Glutamic acid]] ↓(a)
|GGA
! A
|-
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" |GUG {{Arrow 2}}⇒
|GCG
|GAG
Line 168 ⟶ 172:
|-
|}
 
As shown in the above table, NCBI table 1 includes the less-canonical start codons GUG and UUG.<ref name="geneticcodes"/>
 
===Inverse RNA codon table===
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top;"
|+ Inverse table for the standard genetic code (compressed using [[Nucleic acid notation|IUPAC notation]])<ref name="iupac">{{cite web|url=http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf|title=Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and Their Constituents|author=IUPAC—IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature|publisher=International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183441/http://publications.iupac.org/pac/1974/pdf/4003x0277.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Amino acid !! RNA codons !! Compressed
Line 254 ⟶ 260:
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| START
| AUG, CUG, UUG || HUG
|colspan=2| AUG
! style="text-align:center;"| STOP
| UAA, UGA, UAG
Line 261 ⟶ 267:
 
===Standard DNA codon table===
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none; background:none; text-align:center;"
| [[Amino acids|Amino-acid]] biochemical properties
| style="background-color:#ffe75f; width: 50px;" | Nonpolar {{up-arrow}}(np)
| style="background-color:#b3dec0; width: 50px;" | Polar {{†}}(p)
| style="background-color:#bbbfe0; width: 50px;" | Basic {{Double dagger}}(b)
| style="background-color:#f8b7d3; width: 50px;" | Acidic ↓(a)
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 100px;" |
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Termination: stop codon *
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 10px;" |
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" | Initiation: possible start codon {{Arrow 2}}⇒
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Standard genetic code<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-does-dna-do|title=What does DNA do?|website=Your Genome|publisher=Welcome Genome Campus|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129044637/https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-does-dna-do|archive-date=29 November 2020|url-status=livedead}}</ref>{{efn|group=note|The major difference between DNA and RNA is that [[thymine]] (T) is only found in the former. In RNA, it is replaced with [[uracil]] (U).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html|title=Genes|website=DNA, Genetics, and Evolution|publisher=Boston University|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=28 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428050259/http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/DNA-Genetics/DNA-Genetics3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the only difference between the standard RNA codon table and the standard DNA codon table.}}
! rowspan=2 | 1st<br/>base
! colspan=8 | 2nd base
Line 285 ⟶ 291:
! rowspan=4 | [[Thymine|T]]
| {{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Phe/F) [[Phenylalanine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
| {{{T|T}}}C{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serine]] {{†}}(p)
| {{{T|T}}}A{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Tyr/Y) [[Tyrosine]] {{†}}(p)
| {{{T|T}}}G{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Cys/C) [[Cysteine]] {{†}}(p)
! {{{T|T}}}
|-
Line 301 ⟶ 307:
|-
| {{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}A
|rowspan=6 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Leu/L) [[Leucine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
| {{{T|T}}}CA
| {{{T|T}}}AA
Line 309 ⟶ 315:
! A
|-
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" | {{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}G {{Arrow 2}}⇒
| {{{T|T}}}CG
| {{{T|T}}}AG
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] (''Amber'') *{{efn|group=note|name=historical}}
| {{{T|T}}}GG
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Trp/W) [[Tryptophan]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
! G
|-
Line 321 ⟶ 327:
| C{{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}
| CC{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Pro/P) [[Proline]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
| CA{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (His/H) [[Histidine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
|CG{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
! {{{T|T}}}
|-
Line 337 ⟶ 343:
|CCA
|CAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Gln/Q) [[Glutamine]] {{†}}(p)
|CGA
! A
Line 349 ⟶ 355:
! rowspan="4" | [[Adenine|A]]
|A{{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=3 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ile/I) [[Isoleucine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|AC{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Thr/T) [[Threonine]] {{†}}(p)
|AA{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Asn/N) [[Asparagine]] {{†}}(p)
|AG{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#b3dec0" | (Ser/S) [[Serine]] {{†}}(p)
! {{{T|T}}}
|-
Line 367 ⟶ 373:
|ACA
|AAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Lys/K) [[Lysine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
|AGA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#bbbfe0" | (Arg/R) [[Arginine]] {{Double dagger}}(b)
! A
|-
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" |A{{{T|T}}}G {{Arrow 2}}⇒
| style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | (Met/M) [[Methionine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|ACG
|AAG
Line 382 ⟶ 388:
! rowspan="4" | [[Guanine|G]]
|G{{{T|T}}}{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Val/V) [[Valine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|GC{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Ala/A) [[Alanine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
|GA{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Asp/D) [[Aspartic acid]] ↓(a)
|GG{{{T|T}}}
|rowspan=4 style="background-color:#ffe75f" | (Gly/G) [[Glycine]] {{up-arrow}}(np)
! {{{T|T}}}
|-
Line 400 ⟶ 406:
|GCA
|GAA
|rowspan=2 style="background-color:#f8b7d3" | (Glu/E) [[Glutamic acid]] ↓(a)
|GGA
! A
|-
| style="background-color:#97D8F7;" |G{{{T|T}}}G {{Arrow 2}}⇒
|GCG
|GAG
Line 497 ⟶ 503:
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| START
| ATG, TTG, GTG, CTG<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choose a start codon |url=https://depts.washington.edu/agro/genomes/students/stanstart.htm |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref>|| NTG
|colspan=2| A{{{T|T}}}G
! style="text-align:center;"| STOP
| {{{T|T}}}AA, {{{T|T}}}GA, {{{T|T}}}AG
Line 506 ⟶ 512:
{{Further|List of genetic codes}}
 
The genetic code was once believed to be universal:<ref name="evolve1"/> a codon would code for the same amino acid regardless of the organism or source. However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves,<ref name="evolve2"/> resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source.<ref name="evolve1">{{cite journal|last1=Osawa|first1=A|date=November 1993|title=Evolutionary changes in the genetic code|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8281749/|journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology|volume=106|issue=2|pages=489–94|doi=10.1016/0305-0491(93)90122-l|pmid=8281749}}</ref><ref name="evolve2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Osawa S, Jukes TH, Watanabe K, Muto A|date=March 1992|title=Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code|journal= Microbiological Reviews|volume=56|issue=1|pages=229–64|doi=10.1128/MR.56.1.229-264.1992|pmc=372862|pmid=1579111}}</ref> For example, in 1981, it was discovered that the use of codons AUA, UGA, AGA and AGG by the coding system in mammalian mitochondria differed from the universal code.<ref name="evolve1"/> Stop codons can also be affected: in [[Ciliate|ciliated protozoa]], the universal stop codons UAA and UAG code for glutamine.<ref name="evolve2"/>{{efn|group=note|''[[Euplotes octacarinatus]]'' is an exception.<ref name="evolve2"/>}} Four novel alternative genetic codes (numbered here 34–37) were discovered in bacterial genomes by Shulgina and Eddy, revealing the first sense codon changes in bacteria.<ref name="Shulgina">{{cite journal |last1=Shulgina |first1=Yekaterina |last2=Eddy |first2=Sean R. |date=9 November 2021 |title=A computational screen for alternative genetic codes in over 250,000 genomes. |journal=eLife |volume=10 |doi=10.7554/eLife.71402|doi-access=free |pmid=34751130 |pmc=8629427 }}</ref> The following table displays these alternative codons.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none; background:none; text-align:center;"
| [[Amino acids|Amino-acid]] biochemical properties
| style="background-color:#ffe75f; width: 50px;" | Nonpolar {{up-arrow}}(np)
| style="background-color:#b3dec0; width: 50px;" | Polar {{†}}(p)
| style="background-color:#bbbfe0; width: 50px;" | Basic {{Double dagger}}(b)
| style="background-color:#f8b7d3; width: 50px;" | Acidic ↓(a)
| style="border:none; background:none; width: 100px;" |
| style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Termination: stop codon *
|}
 
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Comparison between codon translations with alternative and standard genetic codes<ref name="geneticcodes"/><ref name="Shulgina" />
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Code
! scope="col" style="width: 25px;" | Translation <br/> table
Line 541 ⟶ 547:
|AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="4" |
|-
Line 547 ⟶ 553:
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| ATA
| AUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Met (M) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Ile (I) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 563 ⟶ 569:
| ATA
| AUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Met (M) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Ile (I) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|rowspan="8" |
|-
| CTT
| CUU
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Thr (T) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| CTC
| CUC
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Thr (T) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| CTA
| CUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Thr (T) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| CTG
| CUG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Thr (T) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 595 ⟶ 601:
| CGA
|colspan="3" | absent
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| CGC
| CGC
|colspan="3" | absent
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
!scope=row rowspan="1" | [[The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code|Mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial + Mycoplasma / Spiroplasma]]
Line 606 ⟶ 612:
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="1" |Includes the translation table 7 ([[kinetoplast]]s).
Line 614 ⟶ 620:
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="4" |
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| ATA
| AUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Met (M) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Ile (I) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 637 ⟶ 643:
| TAA
| UAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="2" |
Line 643 ⟶ 649:
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 650 ⟶ 656:
| AAA
| AAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Asn (N) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Lys (K) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="4" |
|-
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 673 ⟶ 679:
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Cys (C) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="1" |
Line 689 ⟶ 695:
| CTG
| CUG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|rowspan="1" |
|-
Line 697 ⟶ 703:
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Gly (G) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="4" |
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Gly (G) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| ATA
| AUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Met (M) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Ile (I) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 720 ⟶ 726:
| AAA
| AAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Asn (N) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Lys (K) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="5" |
|-
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| TAA
| UAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Tyr (Y) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 748 ⟶ 754:
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="1" | As of Nov. 18, 2016: absent from the NCBI update. Similar to [[#Translation table 6|translation table 6]].
Line 756 ⟶ 762:
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="1" |
Line 764 ⟶ 770:
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="5" |
Line 770 ⟶ 776:
| ATA
| AUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Met (M) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Ile (I) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|-
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| AAA
| AAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Asn (N) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Lys (K) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
!scope=row rowspan="2" | [[Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code|''Scenedesmus obliquus'' mitochondrial]]
Line 793 ⟶ 799:
| UCA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|rowspan="2" |
|-
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 806 ⟶ 812:
| UUA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|rowspan="1" |Similar to [[#Translation table 11|translation table 11]].
|-
Line 813 ⟶ 819:
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="3" |
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Lys (K) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 831 ⟶ 837:
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Gly (G) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="1" |
Line 839 ⟶ 845:
| CTG
| CUG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Ala (A) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Leu (L) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|rowspan="1" |
|-
Line 847 ⟶ 853:
| TAA
| UAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="3" |
Line 853 ⟶ 859:
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
| TGTGA
| UGA
|style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] * || style="width: 10px;" | or || style="width: 50px; background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 865 ⟶ 871:
| TAA
| UAA
|style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] * || or || style="width: 50px; background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="3" |
Line 871 ⟶ 877:
| TAG
| UAG
|style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] * || or || style="width: 50px; background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] * || or || style="width: 50px; background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 883 ⟶ 889:
| TAA
| UAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Tyr (Y) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="2" |
Line 889 ⟶ 895:
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Tyr (Y) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 896 ⟶ 902:
| TA
| UAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#f8b7d3;" | Glu (E) ↓(a)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="2" |
Line 902 ⟶ 908:
| TAG
| UAG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#f8b7d3;" | Glu (E) ↓(a)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 909 ⟶ 915:
| TAA
| UAA
|style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] * || or || style="width: 50px; background-color:#f8b7d3;" | Glu (E) ↓(a)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|rowspan="3" |
Line 915 ⟶ 921:
| TAG
| UAG
|style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] * || or || style="width: 50px; background-color:#f8b7d3;" | Glu (E) ↓(a)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
Line 927 ⟶ 933:
| AGA
| AGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Ser (S) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|rowspan="4" |Similar to [[#Translation table 24|translation table 24]].
|-
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Lys (K) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) {{Double dagger}}(b)
|-
| TAA
| UAA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Tyr (Y) {{†}}(p)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) {{up-arrow}}(np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|-
!scope=row rowspan="1" | [[Enterosoma code|Enterosoma]]
|rowspan="1" | 34
| AGG
| AGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Met (M) (np)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) (b)
|
|-
!scope=row rowspan="1" | [[Peptacetobacter code|''Peptacetobacter'']]
|rowspan="1" | 35
| CGG
| CGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#b3dec0;" | Gln (Q) (p)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) (b)
|
|-
!scope=row rowspan="1" | [[Anaerococcus and Onthovivens code|''Anaerococcus and Onthovivens'']]
|rowspan="1" | 36
| CGG
| CGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) (np)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) (b)
|
|-
!scope=row rowspan="3" | [[Absconditabacteraceae code|''Absconditabacteraceae'']]
|rowspan="3" | 37
| CGA
| CGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) (np)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) (b)
|
|-
| CGG
| CGG
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Trp (W) (np)
|style="background-color:#bbbfe0;" | Arg (R) (b)
|
|-
| TGA
| UGA
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f;" | Gly (G) (np)
|style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | [[Stop codon|Stop]] *
|
|}
 
Line 960 ⟶ 1,010:
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Chevance FV, Hughes KT|date=2 May 2017|title=Case for the genetic code as a triplet of triplets|url= |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=18|pages=4745–4750|doi=10.1073/pnas.1614896114|jstor=26481868|pmid=28416671|pmc=5422812|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.4745C }}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Dever TE|date=29 June 2012|title=A New Start for Protein Synthesis|url=https://www.jstorzenodo.org/stablerecord/415851461230920|jstor=41585146|journal=Science|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|volume=336|issue=6089|pages=1645–1646|doi=10.1126/science.1224439|pmid=22745408|bibcode=2012Sci...336.1645D|s2cid=44326947|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608001506/https://zenodo.org/record/1230920|url-status=live}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Gardner RS, Wahba AJ, Basilio C, Miller RS, Lengyel P, Speyer JF|title=Synthetic polynucleotides and the amino acid code. VII|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=48|issue=12|pages=2087–2094|date=December 1962|pmid=13946552|pmc=221128|doi=10.1073/pnas.48.12.2087|bibcode=1962PNAS...48.2087G|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|vauthors=Nakamoto T|title=Evolution and the universality of the mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis|journal=Gene|volume=432|issue=1–2|pages=1–6|date=March 2009 |pmid=19056476|doi=10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.001}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables"