Keystroke-level model: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Form of human–computer interaction}}

In [[human&ndash;computer interaction]], the '''keystroke-level model''' ('''KLM''') predicts how long it will take an expert user to accomplish a routine task without errors using an interactive computer system.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Allen|first3=Newell|title=The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=1980|volume=23|issue=7|pages=396–410|doi=10.1145/358886.358895|s2cid=5918086|ref=1|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was proposed by [[Stuart K. Card]], [[Thomas P. Moran]] and [[Allen Newell]] in 1980 in the ''[[Communications of the ACM]]'' and published in their book ''The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction'' in 1983, which is considered as a classic in the HCI field.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sauro|first1=Jeff|title=5 Classic Usability Books|url=http://www.measuringu.com/blog/usability-books.php|website=MeasuringU|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Perlman|first1=Gary|title=Suggested Readings in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), User Interface (UI) Development, & Human Factors (HF)|url=http://hcibib.org/readings.html|website=HCI Bibliography : Human-Computer Interaction Resources|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=8}}</ref> The foundations were laid in 1974, when Card and Moran joined the [[PARC (company)|Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC) and created a group named Applied Information-Processing Psychology Project (AIP) with Newell as a consultant aiming to create an applied psychology of human-computer interaction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Card|first1=Stuart K|last2=Moran|first2=Thomas P|last3=Newell|first3=Allen|title=The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction|date=1983|publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates Inc|___location=Hillsdale|isbn=978-0898592436|pages=ix–x|ref=4|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologyofhuma00stua}}</ref> The keystroke-level model is still relevant today, which is shown by the recent research about mobile phones and touchscreens (see [[#Adaptions|Adaptions]]).

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* '''R''' (response time of the system): the response time depends on the system, the command and the context of the command. It is only used when the user actually has to wait for the system. For instance, when the user mentally prepares (M) for executing their next physical action only the non-overlapping part of the response time is needed for R because the user uses the response time for the M operation (e.g. R of 2 seconds – M of 1.35 seconds = R of .65 seconds). To make things clearer, Kieras <ref name=Kieras>{{cite web|last1=Kieras|first1=David|title=Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate Execution Times|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=9|page=3|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319195627/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> suggests the naming waiting time (W) instead of response time (R) to avoid confusion. Sauro suggests taking a sample of the system response time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sauro|first1=Jeff|chapter=Estimating Productivity: Composite Operators for Keystroke Level Modeling |title=Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends|editor1-last=Jacko|editor1-first=Julie A|date=2009|volume=5610|page=355|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02574-7_40|ref=10|publisher=Springer-Verlag|___location=Berlin Heidelberg|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|isbn=978-3-642-02573-0}}</ref>

The following table shows an overview of the times for the mentioned operators as well as the times for suggested operators:

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| colspan="2" | suggested operators

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| B (mouse button press or release) || 0.1<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kieras|first1=David|title=Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate Execution Times|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=9|page=2|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319195627/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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| Click a Link/ Button || 3.73<ref name="sauro-suggested-operators">{{cite book|last1=Sauro|first1=Jeff|chapter=Estimating Productivity: Composite Operators for Keystroke Level Modeling |title=Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends|editor1-last=Jacko|editor1-first=Julie A|date=2009|volume=5610|page=357|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02574-7_40|ref=10|publisher=Springer-Verlag|___location=Berlin Heidelberg|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|isbn=978-3-642-02573-0}}</ref>

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{| class="wikitable"

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! Design A: drag the file into the trash can<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kieras|first1=David|title=Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate Execution Times|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=31|page=3|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319195627/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Design B: use the short cut “control + T”<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kieras|first1=David|title=Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate Execution Times|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=31|page=6|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319195627/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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| method encoding (operator sequence)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kieras|first1=David|title=Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate Execution Times|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=32|page=9|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319195627/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| method encoding (operator sequence)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kieras|first1=David|title=Using the Keystroke-Level Model to Estimate Execution Times|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2015|ref=33|page=10|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319195627/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~itm/688/KierasKLMTutorial2001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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