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===== Load balancing =====
[[Load balancing (computing)|Load balancing]] is essential for efficient operation in distributed environments. It means distributing work among different servers,<ref>{{harvnb|Kai|Dayang|Hui|Yintang|2013|p=23}}</ref> fairly, in order to get more work done in the same amount of time and to serve clients faster. In a system containing N chunkservers in a cloud (N being 1000, 10000, or more), where a certain number of files are stored, each file is split into several parts or chunks of fixed size (for example, 64 megabytes), the load of each chunkserver being proportional to the number of chunks hosted by the server.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Hsiao|Chung|Shen|Chao|2013|p=2}}</ref> In a load-balanced cloud, resources can be efficiently used while maximizing the performance of MapReduce-based applications.
===== Load rebalancing =====
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Distributed file systems can be optimized for different purposes. Some, such as those designed for internet services, including GFS, are optimized for scalability. Other designs for distributed file systems support performance-intensive applications usually executed in parallel.<ref>{{harvnb|Soares| Dantas†|de Macedo|Bauer|2013|p=158}}</ref> Some examples include: [[MapR FS|MapR File System]] (MapR-FS), [[Ceph (storage)|Ceph-FS]], [[BeeGFS|Fraunhofer File System (BeeGFS)]], [[Lustre (file system)|Lustre File System]], [[IBM General Parallel File System]] (GPFS), and [[Parallel Virtual File System]].
MapR-FS is a distributed file system that is the basis of the MapR Converged Platform, with capabilities for distributed file storage, a NoSQL database with multiple APIs, and an integrated message streaming system. MapR-FS is optimized for scalability, performance, reliability, and availability. Its file storage capability is compatible with the Apache Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) API but with several design characteristics that distinguish it from HDFS. Among the most notable differences are that MapR-FS is a fully read/write filesystem with metadata for files and directories distributed across the namespace, so there is no NameNode.<ref name="mapr-productivity">{{cite web|last1=Perez|first1=Nicolas|title=How MapR improves our productivity and simplifies our design|url=https://medium.com/@anicolaspp/how-mapr-improves-our-productivity-and-simplify-our-design-2d777ab53120#.mvr6mmydr|website=Medium|access-date=June 21, 2016|date=2016-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Woodie|first1=Alex|title=From Hadoop to Zeta: Inside MapR's Convergence Conversion|url=http://www.datanami.com/2016/03/08/from-hadoop-to-zeta-inside-maprs-convergence-conversion/|website=Datanami|publisher=Tabor Communications Inc.|access-date=June 21, 2016|date=2016-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Brennan|first1=Bob|title=Flash Memory Summit|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOT63zR7PvU&t=1682|website=youtube|publisher=Samsung|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="maprfs-video">{{cite web|last1=Srivas|first1=MC|title=MapR File System|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP4HnvZmpZI|website=Hadoop Summit 2011|date=23 July 2011 |publisher=Hortonworks|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="real-world-hadoop">{{cite book|last1=Dunning|first1=Ted|last2=Friedman|first2=Ellen|title=Real World Hadoop|date=January 2015|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc|___location=Sebastopol, CA|isbn=978-1-4919-2395-5|pages=23–28|edition=First|chapter-url=http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920038450.do|access-date=June 21, 2016|language=en|chapter=Chapter 3: Understanding the MapR Distribution for Apache Hadoop}}</ref>
Ceph-FS is a distributed file system that provides excellent performance and reliability.<ref>{{harvnb|Weil|Brandt|Miller|Long|2006|p=307}}</ref> It answers the challenges of dealing with huge files and directories, coordinating the activity of thousands of disks, providing parallel access to metadata on a massive scale, manipulating both scientific and general-purpose workloads, authenticating and encrypting on a large scale, and increasing or decreasing dynamically due to frequent device decommissioning, device failures, and cluster expansions.<ref>{{harvnb|Maltzahn|Molina-Estolano|Khurana|Nelson|2010|p=39}}</ref>
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== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| last1 = Andrew
| first1 = S.Tanenbaum | last2 = Maarten
| first2 = Van Steen | year = 2006
| title = Distributed systems principles and paradigms
| url = http://net.pku.edu.cn/~course/cs501/2011/resource/2006-Book-distributed%20systems%20principles%20and%20paradigms%202nd%20edition.pdf
| access-date = 2014-01-10
}}▼
| archive-date = 2013-08-20
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130820190519/http://net.pku.edu.cn/~course/cs501/2011/resource/2006-Book-distributed%20systems%20principles%20and%20paradigms%202nd%20edition.pdf
| url-status = dead
▲ }}
* {{cite web
| first = Fabio |last = Kon
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* {{cite web
| last1 = Jacobi
| first1 = Tim-Daniel
| last2 = Lingemann
| first2 = Jan
| url = http://wr.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/_media/research/labs/2012/2012-10-tim-daniel_jacobi_jan_lingemann-evaluation_of_distributed_file_systems-report.pdf
| title = Evaluation of Distributed File Systems
| access-date = 2014-01-24
}}▼
| archive-date = 2014-02-03
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203140412/http://wr.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/_media/research/labs/2012/2012-10-tim-daniel_jacobi_jan_lingemann-evaluation_of_distributed_file_systems-report.pdf
| url-status = dead
▲ }}
# Architecture, structure, and design:
#* {{cite book
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/ClusterW.2012.27
| s2cid = 12430485
| chapter = A Novel Scalable Architecture of Cloud Storage System for Small Files Based on P2P
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| year = 2013
| doi = 10.1109/CTS.2013.6567222
| s2cid = 45293053
| pages = 155–161
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| year = 2012
| url = http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/417/notes/16-dfs.pdf
| access-date = 2013-12-27
}}▼
| archive-date = 2013-12-27
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227152320/http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~pxk/417/notes/16-dfs.pdf
| url-status = dead
▲ }}
#* {{cite conference
| last1 = Kobayashi | first1 = K
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| title = The Gfarm File System on Compute Clouds
| conference = Parallel and Distributed Processing Workshops and Phd Forum (IPDPSW), 2011 IEEE International Symposium on
| conference-url =
| doi = 10.1109/IPDPS.2011.255
}}
#* {{cite book
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/ICAICT.2012.6398489
| s2cid = 6113112
| pages = 1–5
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| first4 =Yu-Chang
| title = Load Rebalancing for Distributed File Systems in Clouds
|
| year = 2013
| doi = 10.1109/TPDS.2012.196
| s2cid = 11271386
| pages = 951–962
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| year = 2013
| doi = 10.1109/INCoS.2013.14
| s2cid = 14821266
| pages = 23–29
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| year = 2008
| doi = 10.1109/NCM.2008.164
| s2cid = 18933772
| pages = 400–405
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| year = 2013
| doi = 10.1109/WETICE.2013.12
| s2cid = 6155753
| pages = 158–163
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/ICAICT.2012.6398484
▲ | s2cid = 16674289
| pages = 1–3
| chapter = Distributed file system as a basis of data-intensive computing
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| year = 2003
| url = https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2003/ols2003-pages-380-386.pdf
▲ | pages = 400–407
}}
#* {{cite journal
|
|first1 = Terry
|
|first2 = Alice
|last3 = Yates
|first3 = R. Kim
|
|
|
|year = 2000
|access-date = 2014-01-24
|archive-date = 2013-02-26
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130226053255/https://computing.llnl.gov/code/sio/GPFS_performance.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}
#* {{cite conference
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|access-date = 2014-01-24
|archive-date = 2012-03-09
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120309021423/http://www.ssrc.ucsc.edu/Papers/weil-osdi06.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}
#* {{cite report
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| year = 2003
| doi = 10.1109/MASS.2003.1194865
▲ | pages = 290–298
| chapter = Efficient metadata management in large distributed storage systems
| isbn = 978-0-7695-1914-2
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| year = 2011
| doi = 10.1109/SWS.2011.6101263
▲ | s2cid = 14791637
| pages = 16–20
| chapter = A carrier-grade service-oriented file storage architecture for cloud computing
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| isbn = 978-1-58113-757-6
| s2cid =221261373
}}
# Security
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| year = 2009
| doi = 10.1109/I-SPAN.2009.150
▲ | pages = 4–16
| chapter = High-Performance Cloud Computing: A View of Scientific Applications
| isbn = 978-1-4244-5403-7
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/MIC.2012.6273264
▲ | s2cid = 40685246
| pages = 327–331
| chapter = PsFS: A high-throughput parallel file system for secure Cloud Storage system
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| last4 = Xue
| first4 = Lan
| title = Efficient Metadata Management in Large Distributed Storage Systems
| periodical = 11th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, San Diego, CA
| year = 2003
| url = http://www.ssrc.ucsc.edu/Papers/brandt-mss03.pdf
| access-date = 2013-12-27
| archive-date = 2013-08-22
}}▼
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130822213717/http://www.ssrc.ucsc.edu/Papers/brandt-mss03.pdf
| url-status = dead
▲ }}
#* {{cite journal
| author = Lori M. Kaufman
| s2cid = 16233643
| title =Data Security in the World of Cloud Computing
|
| year = 2009
| doi = 10.1109/MSP.2009.87
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/Grid.2012.17
▲ | s2cid = 10778240
| pages = 12–21
| chapter = A Distributed Cache for Hadoop Distributed File System in Real-Time Cloud Services
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/SC.Companion.2012.103
▲ | s2cid = 5554936
| pages = 753–759
| chapter = Integrating High Performance File Systems in a Cloud Computing Environment
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/ISPACS.2012.6473485
▲ | s2cid = 18260943
| pages = 227–232
| chapter = Implement a reliable and secure cloud distributed file system
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| year = 2012
| doi = 10.1109/WETICE.2012.104
▲ | s2cid = 19798809
| pages = 173–178
| chapter = File System As-a-Service: Providing Transient and Consistent Views of Files to Cooperating Applications in Clouds
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| year = 2008
| url = http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2008/PIP_Cloud.Memo.pdf.pdf
| access-date = 2013-12-27
}}▼
| archive-date = 2013-07-12
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130712182757/http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2008/PIP_Cloud.Memo.pdf.pdf
| url-status = dead
▲ }}
#* {{cite journal
| last1 = Yau
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| isbn = 978-1-4577-1904-2
}}
#* {{cite
| last1 = Qian
| first1 = Haiyang
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| last3 = T.
| first3 = Trivedi
| title = 12th IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM 2011) and Workshops
|
| year = 2011
| doi = 10.1109/INM.2011.5990680
| pages = 105–112
| isbn = 978-1-4244-9219-0
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.190.5148
| s2cid = 15912111
}}
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| chapter = Provable data possession at untrusted stores
| isbn = 978-1-59593-703-2
| url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/6469184
}}
#* {{cite book
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| chapter = Provable data possession at untrusted stores
| isbn = 978-1-59593-703-2
| url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/6469184
}}
# Synchronization
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| doi = 10.1109/CLUSTERWKSP.2010.5613087
| pages = 1–4
| s2cid = 14577793
| chapter = Cloud-based synchronization of distributed file system hierarchies
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| s2cid = 16233643
| title = Data Security in the World of Cloud Computing
|
| year = 2009
| doi = 10.1109/MSP.2009.87
Line 1,042 ⟶ 1,054:
| year = 2011
| doi = 10.1109/3PGCIC.2011.37
▲ | s2cid = 13393620
| pages =193–199
| chapter = Suitability of Cloud Computing for Scientific Data Analyzing Applications; an Empirical Study
| |||