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{{Short description|
{{distinguish|Civil procedure}}
{{other uses|Civil law (disambiguation)}}
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{{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}
The history of [[Codification (law)|codification]] dates back to ancient [[Babylon]]. The earliest surviving civil code is the [[Code of Ur-Nammu]], written around 2100–2050 BC. The [[Corpus Juris Civilis]], a codification of [[Roman law]] produced between 529 and 534 AD by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Justinian I]], forms the basis of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal systems that would rule over [[Continental Europe]].
Other codified laws used since ancient times include various texts used in [[religious law]], such as the [[Manu Smriti|Law of Manu]] in [[Hindu law]], Islamic [[Sharia]] law, the [[Mishnah]] in Jewish [[Halakha]] law, and the [[Canons of the Apostles]] in Christian [[Canon law]].
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Since 2002 with the First law of the Civil Code of Catalonia, Parliament of Catalonia's several laws have approved the successive books of the [[Civil Code of Catalonia]]. This has replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes. Only the Sixth book, relating to obligations and contracts, has to be approved.
In Europe, apart from the [[common law]] countries of the United Kingdom and Ireland, only [[Scandinavia]] remained untouched by the codification movement. The particular tradition of the civil code originally enacted in a country is often thought to have a lasting influence on the methodology employed in legal interpretation. Scholars of [[comparative law]] and economists promoting the [[legal origins theory]] of (financial) development usually subdivide the countries of the [[civil law tradition]] as belonging either to the French, Scandinavian or German group (the latter including [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Japan]], [[China]]
{{see also|European civil code}}
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The [[Mexican state]] of [[Oaxaca]] promulgated the first Latin American civil code in 1827, copying the French civil code.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
Later on, in 1830, the civil code of [[Bolivia]], a summarized copy of the French one, was promulgated by [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]. The latest, with some changes, was adopted by [[Costa Rica]] in 1841.<ref>{{Citation
The [[Dominican Republic]], in 1845, put into force the original Napoleonic code, in French language (a translation in Spanish was published in 1884).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Legal Research in the Dominican Republic - GlobaLex |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Dominican_Republic.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.nyulawglobal.org}}</ref>
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[[Uruguay]] promulgated its code in 1868, and [[Argentina]] in 1869 (work by [[Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield]]). [[Paraguay]] adopted its code in 1987, and in 1877 [[Guatemala]] adopted the Peruvian code of 1852.
[[Nicaragua]] in 1904 replaced its civil code of 1867 by adopting the Argentine code. In 1916 [[Brazil]] enacted its civil code (project of [[Clovis Bevilacqua]], after rejecting the project by [[Teixeira de Freitas]] that was translated by the Argentines to prepare their project), that entered into effect in 1917 (in 2002, the [[Brazilian Civil Code]] was replaced by a new text). Brazilian Civil Code of 1916 was considered, by many, as the last code of the 19th century despite being adopted in the 20th century. The reason behind that is that the Brazilian Code of 1916 was the last of the important codes from the era of codifications in the world that had strong liberal influences, and all other codes enacted thereafter were deeply influenced by the social ideals that emerged after World War I and the Soviet Socialist Revolution.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
[[Panama]] in 1916 decided to adopt the Argentine code, replacing its code of 1903.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
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| ''[[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]''
| 1812
| rowspan="
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|-
|{{ flag| Albania}}
| ''[[Kodi Civil i Republikës së Shqipërisë| Civil Code of the Republic of Albania]]''
| 1994
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|-
| {{flag|Armenia}}
| ''[[Law of Armenia|Armenian Civil Code]]''
| 1998
|
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| 1987
| Replaced the previous Spanish Civil Code [https://web.archive.org/web/20160428022535/http://www.gacetaoficial.cu/html/codigo%20civil%20lib1.html]
|-
| {{flag|California}}
| [[California Civil Code]]
| 1872
|
|-
| {{flag|Catalonia}}
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* Fourth Book: 2008
* Fifth Book: 2006
* Sixth Book: 2018 <ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Code of Catalonia |url=https://web.gencat.cat/en/actualitat/reportatges/El-Codi-civil-de-Catalunya/ |website=Government of Catalonia |access-date=2019-03-28 |archive-date=2020-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109183123/http://web.gencat.cat/en/actualitat/reportatges/El-Codi-civil-de-Catalunya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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* Replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes
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| ''[[Αστικός Κώδικας]]'' (Civil Code)
| 1946<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Greece.html|first=Maria|last=Panezi|title=A Description of the Structure of the Hellenic Republic, the Greek Legal System, and Legal Research|work=[[GlobaLex]]|date=April 2006|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
| Replaced the ''Hexabiblos'' and the Civil Law of 1856; also locally the 1841 Ionian Civil Code, 1899 Civil Code of Samos, and the 1904 Cretan Civil Code<ref>Eugenia Dacoronia, "The Evolution of the Greek Civil Law", in ''Regional Private Laws and Codification in Europe'', eds. Hector L. MacQueen, Antoni Vaquer, & Santiago Espiau Espiau (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 290-1.</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| ''[[Burgerlijk Wetboek]]'' (Civil Code of 1838)
| 1848
| Still in force in [[Indonesia]] since 1848, while its replaced by [[Burgerlijk Wetboek|Nieuw Burgerlijk Wetboek]] in [[The Netherlands]]. This Civil Code as known as [[Civil Code of Indonesia]].
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| ''[[Italian civil code|Codice Civile]]'' (Civil Code)
| 1942<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jus.unitn.it/cardozo/obiter_dictum/codciv/codciv.htm |title=Il Codice Civile Italiano |language=it |publisher=Jus.unitn.it |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-date=2010-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122230738/http://www.jus.unitn.it/cardozo/Obiter_dictum/codciv/Codciv.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| 1999
| Replaced the 1966 Portuguese Civil Code
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| [[Mesopotamia]]
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| 1838
| style="background:#fbe4e3;"| Defunct
| Still in force in [[Indonesia]] since 1848, as the Indonesian Civil Code
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| {{flag|Netherlands}}
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| 1844
| style="background:#fbe4e3;"| Defunct
| Drafted by [[Jovan Hadžić]]; officially defunct in 1946 but mostly repealed in 1978 by a new Obligations Act; some articles which have no legal equivalent in current day Serbian law are still in force
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| {{flag|Spain}}
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