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{{short description|Portuguese explorer (1480–1521)}}
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{{redirect|Magellan|the
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ferdinand Magellan
| image = Ferdinand Magellan.jpg
| caption = Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16th- or 17th-century anonymous portrait
| birth_name = Fernão de Magalhães
| birth_date = {{circa|1480}}
| birth_place = Northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]<ref group="note" name="birth_location"/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1521|4|27|1480||}}
| death_place = Chiefdom of [[Mactan]]<br/>{{small|(now Mactan, [[Philippines]])}}
| burial_place = Died at war
| nationality = Portuguese
| known_for = {{plainlist |
*The [[Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan expedition]]
*Finding the [[Strait of Magellan]]
*Naming the [[Pacific Ocean]]
*First documented Pacific Ocean crossing
}}
| signature = Magellan Signature.svg
}}
'''Ferdinand Magellan'''{{efn|English pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|g|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|GHEL|ən}}<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|JEL|ən}};<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> {{langx|pt|Fernão de Magalhães}}, {{IPA|pt-PT|fɨɾˈnɐ̃w̃ dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃j̃ʃ|pron|small=no}}; {{langx|es|Fernando de Magallanes}}, {{IPA|es|feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes|pron|small=no}} {{IPA|es-419|- maɣaˈʝanes|label=or|small=no}}.}} ({{circa|1480}} – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the [[Magellan expedition|1519–22 Spanish expedition]] to the [[East Indies]]. During this expedition, he also discovered the [[Strait of Magellan]], allowing his fleet to pass from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]] and perform the first European navigation to Asia [[Transpacific crossing|via the Pacific]]. Magellan [[Battle of Mactan|was killed in battle]] in the Philippines and his crew, commanded by the Spanish [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], completed the return trip to [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] in 1522 achieving the first circumnavigation of Earth in history.
Born around 1480 into a family of minor [[Portuguese nobility]], Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in the service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] refused to support Magellan's plan to reach the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], or Spice Islands, by sailing westwards around the American continent. Magellan then proposed the same plan to King [[Charles I of Spain]], who approved it. In [[Seville]], he married, fathered two children, and organized the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kinsella|first=Pat|title=Dire Straits: the story of Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage of discovery|work=BBC History Magazine|date=27 April 2021|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/ferdinand-magellan-fatal-voyage-discovery-first-circumnavigation-globe-story-facts-timeline/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> In 1518, for his allegiance to the [[Hispanic Monarchy (political entity)|Hispanic monarchy]], Magellan was appointed an admiral of the Spanish fleet and given command of the expedition—the five-ship "Armada of Molucca." He was also made a Commander of the [[Order of Santiago]], one of the highest military ranks of the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>Castro, Xavier de (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010). ''Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta et autres témoignages'' (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". {{ISBN|978-2915540574}}</ref>
Granted special powers and privileges by the king, he led the Armada from [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]] southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and south to [[Patagonia]]. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the Strait of Magellan into the [[South Seas|Mar del Sur]], which Magellan renamed the ''Mar Pacifico'', or Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09526b.htm|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|title=Ferdinand Magellan|via=[[NewAdvent.org]]|date=1 October 1910 |access-date=31 October 2010|last=Hartig|first=Otto|volume=9|___location=New York|publisher=[[Robert Appleton Company]]}}</ref> The expedition landed at [[Guam]] after an arduous crossing of the Pacific, and then reached the [[Philippine islands|Philippines]]. There, on 27 April 1521, Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]] by being shot in the neck with a poison arrow. Under the command of Captain [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], the expedition finally reached the Spice Islands. The fleet's two remaining ships then split ways, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach [[New Spain]] by sailing east across the Pacific. [[Victoria (ship)|The other]], commanded by Elcano, sailed west across the Indian Ocean and north along the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally returning to Spain in September 1522 and achieving the first complete circuit of the globe.
While in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]'s service, Magellan had already reached the [[Malay Archipelago]] in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now traveling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Miller|title=Voyages: To the New World and Beyond|page=30|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|edition=1st|year=2011|isbn=978-0-295-99115-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7H7tgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm|title=Circumnavigations of the Globe to 1800 |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023160813/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014|first=Steve|last=Dutch|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Green Bay]]|date=21 May 1997}}</ref>
==Early life and travels==
[[File:Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fernão_Magalhães.jpg|thumb|left|House in [[Sabrosa]], Portugal. In the region, there is a belief that Magellan was born there.{{sfn|Fugas|2022}}]]
Magellan was born in northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], possibly around 1480.{{sfn|Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam|2015}}{{refn|group=note|1=The exact birth ___location is disputed. Possible locations include [[Porto]], [[Sabrosa]], [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] and [[Ponte da Barca]].{{sfn|Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|2019}}{{sfn|Simões|2019}}|name=birth_location}} His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=17}} and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita.<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Ferdinand Magellan|last=Hartig|first=Otto}}</ref> Magellan's siblings included Diogo de Sousa and Isabel Magellan.{{sfn|Ocampo|2019}} He was brought up as a [[page (servant)|page]] of [[Eleanor of Viseu|Queen Eleanor]], consort of [[John II of Portugal|King John II]]. In 1495 he entered the service of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]], John's successor.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Magellan, Ferdinand|volume= 17 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 302–304}}</ref>
In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in [[Seventh Portuguese India Armada|the fleet of 22 ships]] sent to host [[Francisco de Almeida]] as the first viceroy of [[Portuguese India]]. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in [[Goa]], [[Cochin]] and [[Quilon]]. He participated in several battles, including the [[battle of Cannanore]] in 1506, where he was wounded, and the [[Battle of Diu]] in 1509.<ref>James A. Patrick, ''Renaissance and Reformation'', p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7614-7650-4}}</ref>
[[File:Fernão de Magalhães - Padrão dos Descobrimentos.png|thumb|right|upright|Effigy of Ferdinand Magellan in the [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos|Monument of the Discoveries]], in [[Lisbon]], Portugal]]
He later sailed under [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] in the first Portuguese embassy to [[Malacca]], with [[Francisco Serrão]], his friend and possibly cousin.<ref>William J. Bernstein, ''A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World'', pp. 183–185, Grove Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-8021-4416-0}}</ref> In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy and ended in a retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.<ref>Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-6006-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Joyner|1992|pp=42–43}}
In 1511, under the new governor [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Magellan and Serrão participated in the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquest of Malacca]]. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder. In the company of a Malay he had [[indentured servant|indentured]] and baptized, [[Enrique of Malacca]], he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.{{sfn|Joyner|1992|p=50}} Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "[[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]" in the [[Moluccas]], where he remained. He married a woman from [[Ambon Island|Amboina]] and became a military advisor to the Sultan of [[Ternate]], [[Bayan Sirrullah]]. His letters to Magellan later proved decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.<ref>Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-6006-4}}</ref><ref>R.A. Donkin, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B4IFMnssyqgC "Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans"], p. 29, Volume 248 of ''Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society,'' Diane Publishing, 2003 {{ISBN|0-87169-248-1}}</ref>
After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. In mid-1513 he was sent to fight against the Moroccan stronghold of [[Azemmour]] and there, in August, he sustained a leg wound resulting in a permanent limp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan|title=Ferdinand Magellan | Biography, Voyage, Map, Accomplishments, Route, Discoveries, Death, & Facts | Britannica|date=24 July 2024|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> He was accused of trading illegally with the [[Moors]]. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later in 1515, he was offered employment as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517, after a quarrel with Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests to lead an expedition to reach the Spice Islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, thus avoiding the need to sail around the tip of Africa<ref>{{Citation|author=Mervyn D. Kaufman|title=Ferdinand Magellan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC|date=2004|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-2487-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC&pg=PA13 13]}}</ref>), he left for Spain. In [[Seville]] he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.{{CN|date=May 2024}} They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes<ref>{{Harvnb|Noronha|1921}}.</ref> and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in [[Seville]] around 1521.
Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent [[portolan charts|charts]], investigating, in partnership with [[cosmographer]] [[Rui Faleiro]], a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]].
==Voyage of circumnavigation==
{{main|Magellan expedition}}
===Background and preparations===
[[File:Detail from a map of Ortelius - Magellan's ship Victoria.png|thumb|''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]'', the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by [[Ortelius]], 1590.]]
After having his proposed expeditions to the [[Spice Islands]]{{mdash}}the [[Moluccas]] beside [[New Guinea]]{{mdash}}repeatedly rejected by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]], Magellan proposed his project to [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]], the young [[king of Spain|king]] of [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] (later [[Holy Roman Empire|emperor]] Charles{{nbsp}}V of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) and became one of his subjects and navigators. Under the terms of the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], Portugal was to control the eastern routes to Asia that went around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in Africa. Magellan instead proposed to seek a southwestern passage around South America to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat never before accomplished. [[Laurence Bergreen|Bergreen]] further states that Magellan claimed to Charles that his Malaccan or Sumatran slave Enrique had been a native of the [[Spice Islands]] and used Enrique and letters from [[Francisco Serrão|Serrão]] to "prove" that the islands were so far east that they would fall within the Spanish sphere of influence if the world were truly to be divided in half.{{sfnp|Bergreen|2003|pp=30–33}} (The details of the eastern division implicit in the Tordesillas treaty would later be formalized in the 1529 [[Treaty of Zaragoza]].)
King Manuel saw all of this as an insult and did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan's properties be vandalized as it was the coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town, and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though it failed to capture him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Galván|first=Javier|title=That small superpower where Magellan was born|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=7 September 2020|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/370193/that-small-superpower-where-magellan-was-born/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>
Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins,<ref name="Levinson2001">{{Citation|first=Nancy Smiler|last=Levinson|title=Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PbBzjBuW8IC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-98773-5|page=39}}</ref> though the numbers may vary downward among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all regions of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tomás Mazón|last=Serrano|date=2020|title=T. Elcano, Journey to History|url=https://en.rutaelcano.com/tripulacion|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612114859/https://en.rutaelcano.com/tripulacion|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=61}}
===Voyage===
[[File:Voyages of Magellan.png|thumb|480px|alt=Map showing Magellan's voyages|Magellan's voyages; the double line represents Magellan's trip from Portugal to the Moluccas. The single line traces his long, continuous voyage from Spain to the Philippines.]]
The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In late November, they made landfall at [[Cabo de Santo Agostinho]], near present day [[Recife]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=94}} The [[Tupi people|Tupi]] natives, having already engaged with Portuguese and French loggers, were familiar with Europeans, and the encounter was cordial.{{sfn|Fernández-Armesto|2022|p=142}} In December, they arrived at [[Guanabara Bay]], the ___location of present-day [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Magellan and the crew stayed onshore for two weeks, replenishing their provisions and peacefully interacting with the locals. Despite the pleasantries, the first fatal casualty of the expedition occurred. Two months earlier, during the Atlantic crossing, a member of the crew, Antonio Salomon, was caught raping a cabin boy. Tried and found guilty, he was [[garroted]] two months later on the shore of Guanabara Bay.<ref>Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref> From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of [[Río de la Plata]]), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of [[Puerto San Julián|Saint Julian]], and remained there for five months. Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains [[Juan de Cartagena]], [[Gaspar de Quesada]] and [[Luis de Mendoza (explorer)|Luis de Mendoza]]. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but were later freed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferdinand Magellan – Allegiance to Spain|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Magellan and his crew meeting the Bruni (Bruneian) Sultan.gif|thumb|262x262px|Ferdinand Magellan and his crew meeting the Bruneian Sultan.]]
During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the ''Santiago'', was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the [[Strait of Magellan]], which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the ''San Antonio'', deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=145}} In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=215}} Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved [[quince]].
On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of [[Guam]] and were met by native [[Chamorro people]] who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a [[ship's boat]]. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.<ref>{{cite book|last=George Bryan Souza|first=Jeffrey S. Turley|title=The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-East and East Asia|date=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-29273-4|pages=303|oclc=932684337}}</ref> Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=224–231}}
On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of [[Samar]] ("Zamal") in the eastern [[Philippine Islands]]. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of [[Homonhon]] ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their sick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of [[Suluan]] ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.<ref name=Nowell/>
After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the [[Visayan Islands]]. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of [[Limasawa]] ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small [[bangka (boat)|outrigger boat]] ("boloto"). After talking with the crew of the boat via [[Enrique of Malacca]] (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from [[Sumatra]]), they were met by the two large [[balangay]] warships ("balanghai") of [[Rajah Kulambo]] ("Colambu") of [[Kingdom of Butuan|Butuan]], and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, [[Rajah Siawi]] ("Siaui") of [[Surigao (province)|Surigao]] ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their guest and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern [[Mindanao]]. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great amount of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the [[first Mass in the Philippines]], planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] ("Zubu"), because it was the largest. They set off for [[Cebu]], accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.<ref name=Nowell>{{cite book|last=Nowell|first=C.E.|year=1962|title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World|chapter=Antonio Pigafetta's account|___location=Evanston, IL|publisher=Northwestern University Press|oclc=347382|hdl=2027/mdp.39015008001532}}</ref>{{rp|141–150}}
Magellan met with the King of Cebu, [[Rajah Humabon]], who asked them for tribute as a trade, thinking they were traders [[bartering]] with them. Magellan and his men insisted that they did not need to pay tribute as they were sent by the king of Spain, "the most powerful king in the world", and that they were willing to give peace to them if they wanted peace and war if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to ask for any more tribute and welcomed them instead to the Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo). To mark the arrival of Christianity in the Far East, Magellan then planted a [[Magellan's Cross|Cross]] on the shorelines of the kingdom. Magellan set about converting the locals, including the king and his wife, Queen Humamay, to Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the king and queen of Spain. After her baptism, the queen asked the Spaniards for the image of the [[Child Jesus]] ([[Santo Niño de Cebú|Santo Niño]]), which she was drawn to, and begged them for the image in contrition, amidst her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Child Jesus, along with an image of the [[Virgin Mary]], and a bust of Christ to the queen as a gesture of goodwill for accepting the new faith. The king then had a [[Blood Compact]] with Magellan in order to cement the allegiance of the Spaniards and the Cebuanos. The king then told the Spaniards to go to the island of [[Mactan]] to kill his enemy [[Lapulapu]].
[[File:Magellan's Cross full.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Magellan's Cross Pavilion|Magellan's Cross]] in present-day [[Cebu]]]]
[[File:Original Image of the Santo Niño de Cebu.jpg|thumb|240px|The original image of Santo Niño de Cebú, an image of the Child Jesus given by Magellan to the [[Cebuanos]], now enshrined at the [[Basilica Minore del Santo Niño]].]]
The Spaniards went to the island of Mactan just as Rajah Humabon had told them to. However, they did not initially come by force and wanted to Christianize them. Unlike the people of Cebu who accepted the new religion readily, the King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the [[Battle of Mactan|ensuing battle]], the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his men.
Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders [[João Serrão|Juan Serrano]] and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Spanish soldiers on a banquet ruse on the night after the battle for being easily defeated by Lapulapu and the people of Mactan and failing to kill Lapulapu) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the ''Victoria'', was seaworthy. The ''Victoria'', captained by [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=209}}
==Death==
{{see|Battle of Mactan}}
After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=271}} However, [[Lapulapu]], the leader of Mactan,<ref>{{cite news|author=ABS-CBN News|title=It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero's name|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/19/its-lapulapu-govt-committee-weighs-in-on-correct-spelling-of-filipino-heros-name|access-date=22 November 2019|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|publisher=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]]|date=1 May 2019}}</ref> resisted conversion.<ref>{{cite book|last=David|first=Hawthorne|title=Ferdinand Magellan|publisher=[[Doubleday & Company, Inc.]]|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Battle of Mactan Marks Start of Organized Filipino Resistance Vs. Foreign Aggression|url=http://kumustanews.tripod.com/index_files/page0006.htm|access-date=9 April 2009}}</ref> In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism|access-date=22 November 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=13 November 2019|ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mojarro|first=Jorge|title=[Opinion] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified|url=https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified|access-date=22 November 2019|work=[[Rappler]]|publisher=Rappler Inc.|date=10 November 2019}}</ref> Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spear (''[[bangkaw]]'', which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened [[rattan]]), and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.<ref name=Robertson>{{cite book|title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|year=1906|url=https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea01piga/page/n9|edition=1906}} tr. James Alexander Robertson</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Monteclar|first1=Arthur Paul|title=Cebuano Weapons Used During the Battle of Mactan|url=https://sugbo.ph/2021/weapons-battle-of-mactan/|website=Sugbo.ph|date=25 May 2021 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
[[Antonio Pigafetta]] and [[Ginés de Mafra]] provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:
{{blockquote|When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries... The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.|author=Antonio Pigafetta<ref name=Robertson />{{rp|173–177}}|title=|source=}}
{{blockquote|Nothing of Magellan's body survived; that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them, but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a war trophy. Since his wife and child died in Seville before any member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from the earth.|author=Ginés de Mafra<ref>{{cite book|last=Manchester|first=William|title=A World Lit Only by Fire|date=1992|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|isbn=0-316-54531-7|title-link=A World Lit Only by Fire|pages=281–282}}</ref>{{dubious|date=May 2025|reason=This quote here is a close paraphrase of a quote from Manchester's book, which doesn't cite de Mafra.}}}}
==Reputation following circumnavigation==
[[File:Map of America by Sebastian Munster.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A 1561 map of America showing Magellan's name for the Pacific, ''Mare pacificum'', and the [[Strait of Magellan]], labelled ''Frenum Magaliani'']]
In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=406}}{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=210}} In Portugal, some regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain.<ref>A negative evaluation of Magellan by a contemporary Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, ''Crónica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel'', edited by Texeira de Carvalho e Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), IV, 83–84, who considered Magellan "a disgruntled man who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel".</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Torodash|title=Magellan Historiography|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|date=1971|volume=51|number=2|pages=313–335|doi=10.1215/00182168-51.2.313|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.
The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the ''San Antonio'', led by [[Estêvão Gomes]], which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=299}} The ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of [[Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca|Archbishop Fonseca]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=305}}
The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the ''Victoria'' in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to [[Valladolid]], inviting him to bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=399–402}}
One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including [[John III of Portugal]], [[Francis I of France]], and [[Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam]]. After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'') around 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=403–405}} In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta [[eulogizes]] the captain-general:
<blockquote>Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=215}}</blockquote>
==Legacy==
[[File:EstatuaFMagalhaes.JPG|thumb|right|Monument to Magellan in [[Lisbon]]]]
Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skills and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the [[Age of Discovery]]",{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=414}} and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken".{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=2}} Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, beginning with the [[Loaísa expedition]] in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=412}} The next expedition to complete a circumnavigation, led by [[Francis Drake]], was not until 58 years after the return of the ''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]'', in 1580.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=413}}
Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the ''Sea of Magellan'', in his honor, until the 18th century)<ref>Camino, Mercedes Maroto. ''Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567–1606)'', p. 76. 2005.</ref> and lends his name to the [[Strait of Magellan]]. His name has also since been applied to a [[list of things named after Ferdinand Magellan|variety of other entities]], including the [[Magellanic Clouds]] (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), [[Project Magellan]] (a [[Cold War]]-era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's [[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan spacecraft]].
===Quincentenary===
Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has. Since Magellan was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, although Spain wanted to recognize the role of Elcano and the funding of the Spanish King in the expedition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=500th Anniversary Of The First Circumnavigation |url=https://www.northsails.com/en-us/blogs/north-sails-blog/500th-anniversary-of-the-first-circumnavigation-north-sails |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=North Sails |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a joint application to [[UNESCO]] to honour the circumnavigation route.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Who First Circled the Globe? Not Magellan, Spain Wants You to Know|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/spain-portugal-magellan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 September 2019}}</ref>
Commemorations of the circumnavigation included:
*An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the [[General Archive of the Indies]] in [[Seville]] by the [[King Felipe VI of Spain|King]] and [[Queen Letizia of Spain|Queen]] of Spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the [[San Telmo Museoa|San Telmo Museum]] in [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]] in 2020.<ref name="Moncloa">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title=King and Queen of Spain open commemorative exhibition on first circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2019/20190912exhibition-vcent.aspx |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=La Moncloa}}</ref>
*An exhibition entitled ''Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano'' opened at the library of the [[Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation]] in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecid.es/EN/Paginas/Sala%20de%20Prensa/Agenda/2019/2019_05/31_magallanes.aspx|title=Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022122842/http://www.aecid.es/EN/Paginas/Sala%2520de%2520Prensa/Agenda/2019/2019_05/31_magallanes.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|Spain|Philippines|South America|Biography}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan]]
* [[Age of
* [[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]
* [[History of the Philippines]]
* [[
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Spanish Empire]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation|title=The Cambridge World History: The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 1: Foundations |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|editor-last1=Bentley|editor-first1=Jerry H.|volume=6|year=2015|chapter=Introduction (Debates and differences)|editor-last2=Wiesner-Hanks|editor-first2=Merry E.|editor-last3=Subrahmanyam|editor-first3=Sanjay|isbn=9781316297919 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZtrCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22+&pg=PT33|ref = {{harvid|Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam|2015}}}}
* {{citation|last=Bergreen|first=Laurence |author-link= Laurence Bergreen|title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe|publisher=William Morrow|year=2003|isbn=978-0-06-093638-9 |url-access= registration|url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg}}
* {{cite book|title=Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world|last=Cameron|first=Ian|date=1974|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=029776568X|___location=London|oclc=842695}}
* {{cite book| last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe|date=2022|title= Straits: Beyond the Myth of Magellan|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}
* {{citation|last=Joyner|first=Tim|title=Magellan|publisher=International Marine Publishing|___location=Camden, Me.|date=1992|isbn=978-0-07-033128-0}}
* {{citation|last=Noronha|first=Dom José Manoel de|title=Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães|editor=Imprensa da Universidade|url=http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php?&id=1383&|publisher=Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa|___location=Coimbra|date=1921|language=pt|mode=cs1|postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020324/http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php |archive-date=7 March 2010}}
{{refend}}
'''Online sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|agency=Fugas|date=19 December 2022|title=Sabrosa inaugura percurso pedestre dedicado a Fernão de Magalhães |url=https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221170024/https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024|archive-date=21 December 2022|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|ref = {{harvid|Fugas|2022}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/122391/magellans-last-will-and-testament|title=Magellan's last will and testament|date=5 July 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]]|publisher=INQUIRER.net|access-date=5 July 2019}}
* {{citation|last=Simões|first=Pedro Olavo|url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/|title=Fernão de Magalhães: Acasos e desgraças da primeira volta ao mundo|date=20 September 2019<!--date obtained from a google search of the original url-->|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[Jornal de Notícias]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630195342/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/|archive-date=30 June 2023|language=pt-pt}}
* {{citation|url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/ |title=A viagem de circum-navegação de Fernão de Magalhães|date=4 September 2019<!--date from page source-->|access-date=30 June 2023|website=Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023131/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/|archive-date=31 March 2023|language=pt-pt|ref = {{harvid|Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|2019}}}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
'''Primary sources'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio |author-link= Antonio Pigafetta|title=Magellan's Voyage around the World|publisher=Arthur A. Clark|date=1906}} (orig. ''[https://archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08)
* Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis {{ISBN|978-1-906421-00-7}}
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542
* {{citation |editor-last=Nowell |editor-first=Charles E.|title=Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts|publisher=NU Press|___location=Evanston|date=1962}}
* <cite id=CITEREFStanley1874>''[https://archive.today/20120709201107/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by [[Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley|Lord Stanley of Alderley]], London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage</cite>
{{refend}}
'''Secondary sources'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Magellan, Ferdinand |volume= 17 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 302–304 }}
* {{citation|last=Guillemard|first=Francis Henry Hill|title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521|publisher=G. Philip|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |access-date=8 April 2009}}
* {{citation|last=Hildebrand|first=Arthur Sturges|title=Magellan|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Co|___location=New York|date=1924|isbn=978-1-4179-1413-5}}
* {{citation|last=Nunn|first=George E.|title=The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography|date=1932}}
* {{citation|last=Parr|first=Charles M.|title=So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan|publisher=Crowell|___location=New York|date=1953|isbn=978-0-8371-8521-7}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H. |author-link= J. H. Parry|title=The Discovery of South America|journal=The Geographical Journal |publisher=Taplinger|___location=New York|date=1979|volume=145 |issue=3 |page=493 |doi=10.2307/633244 |jstor=633244 |bibcode=1979GeogJ.145..493S }}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H.|title=The Discovery of the Sea|publisher=University of California Press|___location=Berkeley|date=1981|isbn=978-0-520-04236-0}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H.|title=The Spanish Seaborne Empire|publisher=Knopf|___location=New York|date=1970|isbn=978-0-520-07140-7}}
* {{citation|last=Pérez-Mallaína|first=Pablo E.|translator=Carla Rahn Phillips|title=Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|___location=Baltimore, MD|date=1998|isbn=978-0-8018-5746-1}}
* {{citation|last=Roditi|first=Edouard|title=Magellan of the Pacific|publisher=Faber & Faber|___location=London|date=1972|isbn=978-0-571-08945-1}}
* {{citation|last=Schurz|first=William L.|date=May 1922|title=The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=181–194|doi=10.2307/2506024|postscript=.|jstor=2506024}}
* {{citation|last=Salonia|first=Matteo|title=Encompassing the Earth: Magellan's Voyage from Its Political Context to Its Expansion of Knowledge|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|pages=543–560|doi=10.1177/08438714221123468|date=2022|volume=34|issue=4|s2cid=252451072 |doi-access= free}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Thatcher |editor-first= Oliver J.|title=The Library of Original Sources|volume=V|chapter=Magellan's Voyage Round the World|publisher=University Research Extension|date=1907|pages=41–57 |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433067371306?urlappend=%3Bseq=57|hdl=2027/nyp.33433067371306 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{citation|last=Wilford|first=John Noble |author-link= John Noble Wilford|title=The Mapmakers|publisher=Knopf|___location=New York|date=2000|isbn=978-0-375-70850-3|url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121209013847/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 December 2012}}
* {{citation|last=Zweig|first=Stefan |author-link=Stefan Zweig|title=Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan|publisher=Read Books|date=1938|edition=2007 reprint|isbn=978-1-4067-6006-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&q=cannanore%201506&pg=PA1}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ferdinand Magellan}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan Ferdinand Magellan] on history.com
*[https://www.pbs.org/video/magellans-crossing-kvkexi/ PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing]
* [http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/magellan/ Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines] from History House
* [http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulantesmagallanes.htm Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano]
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049979/Ferdinand-Magellan Ferdinand Magellan] – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/italica/Cronologia/secolo16/Magellan/mag_intr.html Ferdinand Magellan (Bibliotheca Augustana)]
{{Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation}}
{{Portuguese explorers|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magellan, Ferdinand}}
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[[Category:Explorers of Chile]]
[[Category:Magellan expedition]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
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[[Category:Portuguese explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Portuguese military personnel killed in action]]
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