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[[File:Velvet D'Amour.jpg|thumb|[[Velvet D'Amour]], model for [[John Galliano]], then muse of [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]], at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]].]]
A '''plus-size model''' is an individual size 12 and above who is engaged primarily in [[Model (person)|modeling]] [[plus-size clothing]]. Plus-size clothing worn by plus-size models is typically catering for and marketed to either
Synonymous and interchangeable with plus-size model is "full-figured model",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2013/05/ashley-stewart-and-plus-model-magazine-launch-nationwide-search-for-full-figured-models/ |title=Ashley Stewart and Plus Model Magazine Launch Nationwide Search for Full-figured Models |work=PlusModel |date=2014-05-13 |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012740/http://www.plus-model-mag.com/2013/05/ashley-stewart-and-plus-model-magazine-launch-nationwide-search-for-full-figured-models/ |archive-date=29 March 2016 }}</ref> "extended-sizes model", "over-weight model", "fat model" and "outsize model". Previously, the term "large size model" was also frequently used.<ref name=Schiro1979>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uAJcAAAAIBAJ&pg=4103,1631931&dq=large-size-model&hl=en |title=Large Size Fashion Models in Demand |author=Schiro, Anne Marie |date=7 June 1979 |work=Times-Union |agency=New York Times News Service |access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sizeaplus>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=T0cuAAAAIBAJ&pg=7093,5771059&dq=large-size-model&hl=en |title=Size is a plus for head of model agency |date=18 May 1986 |work=Tuscaloosa News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref>
==Plus-size industry ==
Fashion designers are starting to look more closely at the earning potential from plus-size clothing, and have used plus-size models for their advertising campaigns and catwalks. [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]] and [[John Galliano]] both used plus-size models<ref>Crystal Renn (Jean Paul Gaultier), Johanna Dray (John Galliano)</ref> in their Spring 2006 showings in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crystal Shines On |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2010/07/14/crystal-renn-for-jean-paul-gaultier |author=Deeks, Sarah |date=14 July 2010 |work=Vogue |___location=UK |access-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> Gaultier also used plus-size models Marquita Pring and [[Crystal Renn]] in his Spring 2011 [[Ready-to-Wear]] show.<ref name="Model Call: Marquita Pring">{{cite web |url=http://www.wwd.com/eye/fashion/model-call-marquita-pring-5007890 |title=Model Call: Marqsuita Pring |work=Women's Wear Daily |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=
Why Did Ultrathin Models Make a Comeback at Fashion Week?|work=The New York Times|date=11 March 2023|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/11/fashion/why-did-ultrathin-models-make-a-comeback-at-fashion-week.html}}</ref>
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In 1979 ''[[Big Beautiful Woman]]'' magazine (more commonly known via the acronym ''BBW'') began publication and was one of the first publications in the US catering specifically to plus-size clothing consumers.<ref name=":0" /> It ceased publication in 1995, but the "BBW" brand was sold onwards.<ref name="BBW Magazine, Past and Present">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbwmagazine.com/pastandpresent_3.htm |title=BBW Magazine, Past and Present |publisher=BBW Magazine |access-date=31 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127090055/http://www.bbwmagazine.com/pastandpresent_3.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 }}</ref> Although it continued in print via several editor-and-publisher combinations it continued to falter, finally ceasing print publication after 23 years with the April/May 2003 issue.<ref name="BBW Magazine, Past and Present"/> BBW is now an online community surrounding archived material from the magazine.<ref name="BBW Magazine, Past and Present"/>
In Spring 1981, Lane Bryant began publishing ''It's Me'' magazine. Along with ''Big Beautiful Woman'', ''It's Me'' was one of the few print magazines for plus-size women.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=x34hAAAAIBAJ&pg=7001,2046588&dq=it%27s-me+magazine&hl=en |title=New magazine favors larger woman |author=Cannon, Carl |date=11 April 1982 |work=Tri City Herald |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> In 1982, the magazine was sold to Happy Hands Publishing Company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/15/business/advertising-it-s-me-magazine-sold-to-texas-company.html |title=
In addition to magazines, books dedicated to plus size (aka "full figured") fashion and lifestyles began to be released from major publishers in the 1980s. Some of these include: ''Making It Big'' (1980),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=DuCoffe |first1=Jean |title=Making It Big: A Guide to Health, Success and Beauty For the Woman Size 16 and Over |last2=Cohen |first2=Sherry Suib |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1980 |isbn=0-671-25097-3 |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref> ''The Big Beauty Book'' (1982),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harper |first1=Ann |title=The Big Beauty Book: Glamour for the Fuller-Figured Woman |last2=Lewis |first2=Glenn |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |year=1982 |isbn=0-03-060561-X |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref> ''The Lane Bryant Fashion Math Make-Over'' (1987)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lulow |first1=Kalia |title=The Lane Bryant Fashion Math Make-Over |last2=Geddie |first2=Wanda |publisher=Dell |year=1987 |isbn=0-440-14597-X |___location=New York, NY, U.S.A. |type=Paperback}}</ref> and ''Sizing Up'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Head |first=Sandy Summers |title=Sizing Up: Fashion, Fitness and Self-Esteem for Full Figured Women |publisher=Fireside |year=1989 |isbn=0-671-67572-9 |___location=New York, NY, USA |language=English}}</ref>
Spiegel catalog launched their For You from Spiegel plus-size collection in 1989 with [[Linda Arroz]] as their official consultant and spokesmodel.<ref>{{cite news |url=
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mode Magazine Premiere Issue Cover.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Mode Magazine (premiere issue, 1997)]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Cover of Grace Woman Magazine.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Grace magazine from 2003]] -->
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sample Cover of Figure Magazine-February 2006.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Figure Magazine from 2006]] -->
In 1995, Lane Bryant began a transformation of the brand which included large-scale fashion showings and celebrity endorsement. [[Queen Latifah]], [[Mia Tyler]], [[Camryn Manheim]], [[Anna Nicole Smith]] and [[Chris Noth]] have appeared in advertising and/or events on behalf of the brand. Lane Bryant held a large-scale lingerie fashion show<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYPvdZIxWCo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/QYPvdZIxWCo |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live |title=Lane Bryant runway show 2000 - Part 1 |last=Neidenburg |date=19 November 2009 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to launch the "Cacique Intimates" lingerie collection on 1 February 2000. The 2003 final large-scale catwalk show<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2u773_mia-tyler-walks-the-runway-for-lane_people |title=Mia Tyler walks the runway for Lane Bryant Spring 2003 - vidéo Dailymotion |date=26 August 2007}}</ref> featured [[Roseanne Barr]] as Matron of Ceremonies in a cabaret setting complete with [[Moulin Rouge]]-style singers and dancers.
Lane Bryant was acquired by [[Charming Shoppes]] for $335 million in August 2001. In 2003 a cost-reduction plan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digital50.com/news/items/PR/2005/03/16/NYW041/charming-shoppes-reports-preliminary-unaudited-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091835/http://www.digital50.com/news/items/PR/2005/03/16/NYW041/charming-shoppes-reports-preliminary-unaudited-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |title=Charming Shoppes Reports Preliminary, Unaudited Fourth Quarter and Full Year Results |work=Digital50}}</ref> was announced to improve the company's pre-tax position by $45 million. Shortly afterwards, the annual Lane Bryant fashion show ceased production.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mode-Magazine Premiere-Issue-Spring-1997.jpeg|thumb|Mode Magazine Premiere Issue as it appeared at checkout counters and newsstands circa 1997]] -->
With strong cooperation from Wilhelmina 10/20, Curves and Ford 12+ agencies, ''[[MODE (magazine)|MODE]]'' magazine, was launched in the spring of 1997.<ref name="Herman, Valli">{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=U3UzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5446,6750896&dq=givenchy+plus-size&hl=en |title=Fashion Mode |date=19 May 1998 |author=Herman, Valli |work=The Spokesman-Review |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> No other fashion magazine specifically targeted the plus-size consumer with a ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''-like fashion philosophy.<ref name="Herman, Valli"/> MO''D''E's editorial practice of providing models' names, sometimes attached to quotes on self-esteem to make them more approachable, greatly aided the popularity of the models and gave them a form of celebrity.<ref name=Mogel>{{cite book |last1=Mogel |first1=Leonard |title=The Magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbGsXKFRhh0C&q=lewinter+mode&pg=PA106 |access-date=27 December 2012 |edition=4th |year=1998 |publisher=GATF Press |___location=Sewickly, Pennsylvania |isbn=0-88362-223-8 |pages=106–107}}</ref> The magazine also received industry acclaim, being named the best new magazine launch by [[Ad Week]] and [[Advertising Age]] in 1997.<ref name="Herman, Valli"/> MO''D''E ran model search competitions in conjunction with the Wilhelmina modeling agency, drawing entries from thousands of hopefuls from the US and Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plusmodelmag.com/General/plus-model-magazine-article-detail.asp?article-id=910380941 |title=Interview With Cover Model Jordan Tesfay |author=Jones, Maddy |date=1 May 2010 |publisher=Plus Model Magazine |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515092730/http://www.plusmodelmag.com/General/plus-model-magazine-article-detail.asp?article-id=910380941 |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref>
Occurring shortly before the time of ''MODE''{{'}}s closure was the failure of several designers' ventures into the plus-size market. [[Versace]] (''GV Versatile Couture''), [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]] (''Carisma''), and others ceased producing the clothing which ''MODE'' relied upon, leaving an unfortunate deficit in the fashion department wardrobes and advertising revenue coffers of MO''D''E magazine and its successors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b_gaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4323,948065&dq=lewit+winter+mode&hl=en |title=Full-figured women get their fashion desserts a la Mode |author=Gottschalk, Mary |date=7 March 1997 |work=The Daily News |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Its circulation was approximately 600,000 at the time of its demise<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedom.com/company/archive_122801.html |title=Freedom Communications, Inc. - Company News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912081804/http://www.freedom.com/company/archive_122801.html |archive-date=12 September 2012}}</ref> in late 2001.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Grace Woman Magazine-Sept-Oct-2003.jpg|thumb]] -->
''Grace Magazine'' was launched on 14 May 2002 by MO''D''E magazine's last executive editor, Ceslie Armstrong, and many of the ex-MO''D''E staff as an independent quarterly publication and website under a similar concept.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelwriters.com/articles/view.asp?articleID=167 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204150402/http://www.travelwriters.com/articles/view.asp?articleID=167 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title=Former Mode Editor to Try Again |author=Aaaronson, Trevor |date=7 May 2002 |work=travelwriters.com |publisher=Marco Polo Publications, Inc. |access-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Even though the initial 400,000 print run sold out quickly and advertising revenue appeared high, the independent status and limited funding prohibited the ability to grow to fill the newsstand and subscription orders. Critics,{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} however, believed that ''Grace'' featured far less stylish fashion content than its predecessor and unwisely pursued an editorial emphasis on weight-related health issues. ''Grace Magazine'' ceased operation due to lack of funding in November 2003, after publishing 10 issues.
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Figure Magazine-JanFeb-2006.jpg|thumb|Sample cover of Figure magazine as it appeared for retail sale in 2006]] -->
Charming Shoppes' custom [[advertorial]] magazine, ''Figure'', was launched in 2002 and was revamped during 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magazine.org/content/Files/figure072606.pdf |title=The New Shape of ''Figure'' Magazine: Fashion Magazine for Plus-Size Women Re-launches |work=magazine.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321192812/http://www.magazine.org/content/Files/figure072606.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}</ref> Although it featured only Charming Shoppes' own products and related lifestyle articles, it remained the only fashion and lifestyle print magazine specifically targeted for plus-size consumers until its announced closure after the publication of the March/April 2009 issue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.figuremagazine.com/ |title=Figuremagazine.com |website=www.figuremagazine.com}}</ref>
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=== Specialty model agency divisions ===
Cheryl Hughes founded Hughes models, the UK's first plus-size agency in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/plussize-models-still-rare-on-ny-and-london-catwalks-2080929.html |title='Plus-size' models still rare on NY and London catwalks |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The Independent |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Allison Bramwell Bewley, a former straight size and plus-size model founded Excel Models in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/CURVE+IS+ALL+AROUND%3B+Big+is+beautiful+as+size-14+Alice+wins+Cosmo...-a0172377556 |title=
===Specialty media and other ventures in Europe===
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Fashion editor Rivkie Baum launched SLiNK, a fashion and lifestyle magazine for full-figured women in 2011.<ref name=Driscoll>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/12/10/slink-plus-size-fashion-magazine_n_2271412.html |title=Plus-Size Fashion Magazine SLiNK Features Models Sizes 8-16 on Cover |author=Driscoll, Brogan |work=HuffPost |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> SLiNK is one of the few magazines focused on plus size women to photograph models with a Vogue-like aesthetic.<ref name=Driscoll/> The magazine began publishing in print for its fifth issue in March 2012.<ref name=gorkana>{{cite web |url=http://gorkana.com/news/consumer/little-black-book/gorkana-meetsrivkie-baum/ |title=Gorkana Meets...Rivkie Baum |date=18 April 2012 |work=gorkana.com |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> The magazine was also the first to feature a plus size model in a 3D editorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artslondonnews.com/2012/11/21/design-graduates-create-3-d-magazine-cover/ |title=Design grads create 3D magazine cover |author=Okafor, Chinedu |date=21 November 2012 |work=Arts London News |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> SLiNK was also one of the few magazines to feature plus-size and smaller sized models on a magazine cover.<ref name=Driscoll/>
European versions of Vogue and Elle have featured plus size models in many editorials, often photographed by top photographers. In 1997, British Vogue published an editorial with Sara Morrison photographed by [[Nick Knight (photographer)|Nick Knight]].<ref name="Spencer, Mimi">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2006/aug/06/healthandwellbeing.features |title=The shape we're in |author=Spencer, Mimi |date=5 August 2006 |work=The Observer |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> Vogue Italia featured plus size models on the cover of three issues. Sophie Dahl appeared on two covers in 2000(February and April).<ref name="fashionmodeldirectory.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Sophie_Dahl/ |title=Sophie Dahl |work=fashionmodeldirectory.com |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Sophie Dahl">{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/sdahl/sophiedahl/ |title=Sophie Dahl |work=New York |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> In June 2011, [[Candice Huffine]], [[Robyn Lawley]], and [[Tara Lynn]] appeared on the magazine's cover.<ref name=huffpovogueitalia2011cover/> The main editorial of the issue featured those three models plus Marquita Pring.<ref name=huffpovogueitalia2011cover/> Robyn Lawley also appeared in another editorial in that issue. Elle France has featured Tara Lynn on two covers in April 2010 and April 2012, and Robyn Lawley on their April 2011 cover. The April 2010 issue also included a 20-page spread with Lynn. Elle Italia has featured [[Crystal Renn]] on its April 2008 cover. Elle Belgium featured Deborah Dauchot on its May 2012 cover.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deborah Dauchot for Belgian Elle Magazine |url=http://madisonplus.com/style-file/deborah-dauchot-for-belgian-elle-magazine/ |work=madisonplus.com |access-date=2 January 2014 |date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In November 2013, Tara Lynn appeared on the cover of Elle Spain. In December 2013, Iris Monroe Baker appeared on the cover of Elle Netherlands.<ref name="Toeps">{{cite web |last=Toeps |title=
Other magazines that have featured plus size models on their covers include ''Amica, Avantgarde, Biba, D Reppublicca della Donna, i-D'', and ''S Moda''. In addition, magazines such as ''Bon, Diva e Donna, Gioia, Glamour UK, Glass, Grazia, Numéro, Paradis, Ponystep'', and ''Yo Dona'' have featured plus size models in editorials.
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Consumer-based criticism regarding the lower sizes of plus-size models was for a long time commonplace and wide-spread. While the reputed 'average' dress size of an American woman is size 14, the majority of models represented as plus-size were between a US size 6-12; therefore, the models did not reflect the average consumer size.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123604722 |title=Fashion Week's Latest Trend? Plus-Size Models |publisher=NPR News |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref> However, over the past ten years, larger plus-size models have appeared, particularly on social media, and Tess Holliday (US size 22, UK size 26) was featured on the September 2018 cover of Cosmopolitan.
Like other models, plus-size models use food tricks to temporarily alter their size long enough to meet client demands, such as eating salty food to go up in size or eating cotton balls dipped in juice to shrink for a shoot.<ref name="Sauers, Jenna">{{cite web |url=http://jezebel.com/5824896/plus+size-models-wear-body-padding-to-please-certain-clients-and-other-modeling-non+secrets |title=Plus-Size Models Wear Body Padding To Please Certain Clients, And Other Modeling Non-Secrets |author=Sauers, Jenna |date=26 July 2001 |work=Jezebel |access-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> Agents have suggested plastic surgery to some models.<ref>{{cite news |url=
German fashion designer [[Karl Lagerfeld]] and other fashion designers have deferred on the use of plus-size models through a lack of interest in the consumers associated with the term plus-size. Lagerfeld in particular has been vocal on the matter of his preferred clientele: "What I designed was fashion for slender and slim people" and received criticism for demanding that mass retailer [[H&M]] not produce their collaboration designs to size 16.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/designer-says-plussize-models-are-a-joke-2001677.html |title=Designer Says Plus-Size Models Are 'a Joke' |work=The Independent |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London |first=Harriet |last=Walker}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015003542/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/no-one-wants-to-see-curvy-women-german-designer-1801469.html |archive-date=15 October 2009 |title='No One Wants to See Curvy Women': German designer Karl Lagerfeld |work=The Independent |date=12 October 2009 |access-date=16 October 2010 |___location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2004/11/18/lagerfelds-high-street-split |title=Lagerfeld's High Street Split |work=Vogue UK |date=18 November 2004 |author=unattributed}}</ref>
In the past, the industry was criticized for lacking racial diversity.<ref name="Richardson, Lisa">{{cite news |url=
In February 2015, Australian model [[Stefania Ferrario]] and television presenter [[Ajay Rochester]] began a campaign to end the use of the term "plus-size" to describe models who are above a [[US standard clothing size#Women.27s sizes|US dress size 4]] by the modelling industry. Ferrario posted a picture with the caption "I am a model FULL STOP" with the [[hashtag]] "#droptheplus" which gained coverage in the media and was heavily discussed, with mixed, but mostly positive reactions, on social media and within the fashion industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |title=Fox News article on Stefania Ferrario and #droptheplus campaign |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221191143/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2015/03/23/should-modeling-industry-get-rid-term-plus-size/ |archive-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/72225-droptheplus-campaign-by-stefania-ferrario-and-ajay-rochester-ignites-social-media-but-is-it-invalidating |title=Bustle article on #droptheplus |magazine=Bustle |access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref>
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==External links==
* {{Commons category
{{DEFAULTSORT:model, Plus-size}}
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