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{{short description|Educational programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{International Baccalaureate}}
The '''International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme''' ('''IBDP''') is a two-year [[Curriculum|educational programme]] primarily aimed at 16-to-19-year-olds in 140 countries around the world. The programme provides an internationally accepted qualification for entry into higher education and is recognized by many universities worldwide. It was developed in the early-to-mid-1960s in [[Geneva
Administered by the [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), the IBDP is taught in schools in over 140 countries, in one of
Generally, the IBDP has been well-received. It has been commended for introducing interdisciplinary thinking to students. In the United Kingdom, ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper claims that the IBDP is "more academically challenging and broader than three or four [[
==History and background==
In 1945, the "Conference of Internationally-minded Schools" asked the [[International School of Geneva]] (Ecolint) to create an international schools programme.<ref name="Peterson p. 17">Peterson p. 17</ref><ref>Fox p. 5</ref> When he became director of Ecolint's English division, [[Desmond Cole-Baker]] began to develop the idea, and in 1962, his colleague Robert Leach organized a conference in Geneva, at which the term "International Baccalaureate" was first mentioned.<ref name="Peterson p. 17"/><ref>Hill, 2007 p. 19</ref> An American social studies teacher, Leach organized the conference—with a $2500 grant from [[UNESCO]]—which was attended by observers from European schools and [[UNESCO]]. Writing about the genesis of the International Baccalaureate in ''Schools Across Frontiers'', [[Alec Peterson]] credits Leach as "the original promoter of the International Baccalaureate."<ref>Peterson p. 18</ref> At the end of the conference,
[[File:Ecolintchateau.jpg|thumb|right|Château at [[Ecolint]] where [[International Baccalaureate|IB]] was developed.]]
By 1964, international educators such as [[Alec Peterson]] (director of the Department of Education at [[Oxford University]]), [[Harlan Hanson]] (director of the [[
The Ford Foundation grant, secured in 1966, funded Peterson's study at Oxford University, which focused on three issues: a comparative analysis of "secondary educational programmes in European countries...in cooperation with the Council of Europe"; university expectations for secondary students intending to enter university; and a "statistical comparison of IB pilot examination results with...national school leaving examinations such as [[
In 1968, the IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva for the development and maintenance of the IBDP. Alec Peterson became IBO's first director general, and in 1968, twelve schools in twelve countries participated in the IBDP, including
The first six years of the IB Diploma Programme, with a limited number of students, are referred to as the "experimental period".<ref>Peterson pp. 61–98</ref> Each school was to be inspected by ISES or IBO and had to be approved by their government.<ref>Peterson, p. 31</ref> The experimental period ended in 1975, and in that year, the International Baccalaureate North America (IBNA) was established as a separate entity, allowing the funding for implementation of the IBDP to remain in the country rather than being sent to Geneva.<ref>Peterson, p. 141</ref> The first official guide to the programme containing its syllabus and official assessment information was published in 1970 and included the theory of knowledge course. The extended essay was introduced in 1978, but [[Creativity, action, service|creativity, action, service (CAS)]], although mentioned in guides beforehand, was not specifically identified in the guide until 1989.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref>Hill pp. 27 et. seq.</ref>
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==Core requirements and subject groups==
=== Core requirements ===
To be awarded an IB diploma, candidates must fulfill three core requirements, in addition to passing their subject examinations:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/ |title=Diploma Programme curriculum, core requirements |access-date=7 June 2010 |publisher=[[International Baccalaureate]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615185026/http://ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/ |archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref>
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*[[Creativity, activity, service]] (CAS). CAS aims to provide students with opportunities for personal growth, self-reflection, intellectual, physical and creative challenges, and awareness of themselves as responsible members of their communities<ref name="CASguide">Creativity, action, service Guide for students graduating in 2010 and thereafter, Published March 2008 International Baccalaureate</ref> through participation in social or community work (service), athletics or other physical activities (activity), and creative activities (creativity). The guideline for the minimum amount of CAS activity over the two-year programme is approximately 3–4 hours per week, though "hour counting" is not encouraged. Previously, there was a requirement that 150 CAS hours be completed, but this was abolished in 2010. However, some schools still require these hours.<ref name="CASguide" />
Students who pursue the IB diploma must take six subjects: one each from Groups 1–5,<ref name="Schools p. 9"/> and either one from Group 6 or a permitted substitute from one of the other groups, as described below.<ref name="Schools p. 11">[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 11.</ref> Three or four subjects must be taken at Higher level (HL) and the rest at Standard level (SL).<ref name="Schools p. 9"/> The IB recommends a minimum of 240 hours of instructional time for HL courses and 150 hours for SL courses.<ref name="Schools p. 9"/>
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*[[IB Group 1 subjects|Group 1: Studies in language and literature]]. Taken at either SL or HL, this is generally the student's native [[language]], with over 80 languages available.<ref name="Schools p. 10">[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 10.</ref> As of courses starting in summer 2011, there are two options for Language A (previously A1): Literature, which is very similar to the old course, and Language and Literature, a slightly more challenging adaptation of the former Group 2 Language A2 subjects, which have been withdrawn. The interdisciplinary subject [[IB Group 1 subjects#Literature and performance|literature and performance]] can also be taken at SL.
*[[IB Group 2 subjects|Group 2: Language acquisition]]. An additional language, taken at the following levels: [[IB Group 2 subjects#Language B SL and HL|Language B (SL or HL)]], or [[IB Group 2 subjects#Language ab initio SL|Language ab initio (SL only)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 2, Second Language|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=3 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722210036/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> Language B courses are meant for students with some prior experience in the language, while Language ab initio is meant to be taken by pupils who are complete beginners, with almost no experience. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-28 |title=Diploma language acquisition |url=https://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/language-acquisition/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref> Latin and Classical Greek are also offered and may be taken at SL or HL.<ref name="Schools p. 10"/> Following the replacement of the Language A2 option with the Group 1 Language and Literature offering for courses starting in summer 2011, the Language B syllabus was changed: the coursework is now more rigorous, and at HL, there is the compulsory study of two works of literature (although this is for comprehension rather than analysis and is only assessed through coursework). In addition, B SL students can study one of the texts as a replacement for the optional topics. Students may choose to take an additional Group 1 course in place of a Group 2 course.<ref>>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibo.org/about-the-ib/what-it-means-to-be-an-ib-student/recognizing-student-achievement/about-assessment/dp-passing-criteria/|title=
DP passing criteria|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref>
*[[IB Group
*[[IB Group 4 subjects|Group 4: Experimental sciences]]. Five courses are offered at both SL and HL: [[IB Group 4 subjects#Chemistry|chemistry]], [[IB Group 4 subjects#Biology|biology]], [[IB Group 4 subjects#Physics|physics]], [[Design and Technology#International Baccalaureate|design technology]] and [[IB Group 4 subjects#Computer science|computer science]]. The course [[IB Group 4 subjects#Sport.2C exercise and health science|Sport, Exercise and Health Science]] is offered at both SL and HL. The interdisciplinary course Nature of Science is offered at SL only, while [[IB Group 4 subjects#Environmental systems and societies|Environmental Systems and Societies]] is offered at SL or HL.
*[[IB Group 5 subjects|Group 5: Mathematics]]. All students hoping to graduate with an IB Diploma must take a math class, with courses available at different levels and with different focus. There are two distinct IB Math courses, both available at standard or higher level: ''Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches,'' with an emphasis on algebraic methods, calculus, and mathematical thinking, and ''Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation'', with an emphasis on modelling and statistics, and with a focus on using technology to solve problems with real-world applications. These curricula were introduced in major changes in 2019 and 2021'','' replacing the previous curricula with a new structure. Under the 2019 course changes, Further Mathematics were dropped entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/university-admission/recognition-of-the-ib-diploma-by-countries-and-universities/latest-curriculum-updates/mathematics-curriculum-changes/|title=Mathematics curriculum changes|website=International Baccalaureate®|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524035047/https://www.ibo.org/university-admission/recognition-of-the-ib-diploma-by-countries-and-universities/latest-curriculum-updates/mathematics-curriculum-changes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Finding the best fit: New DP mathematics courses |url=https://blogs.ibo.org/blog/2019/06/20/mathematics-subject-breakdown/ |website=The IB Community Blog |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003050/https://blogs.ibo.org/blog/2019/06/20/mathematics-subject-breakdown/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brading |first=Gareth |title=Exploring the changes to the DP Mathematics course structure : Secondary: Oxford University Press |url=https://global.oup.com/education/content/secondary/key-issues/new-ib-dp-mathematics-syllabus/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=global.oup.com |language=en}}</ref> Before 2019,
*[[IB Group 6 subjects|Group 6: The arts]]. There are five Courses offered at both SL and HL: [[Dance]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Music SL & HL|Music]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Theater SL and HL|Theatre]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Visual Arts SL & HL|Visual Arts]], and [[IB Group 6 subjects#Film SL and HL|Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 6, The Arts|publisher=ibo.com|access-date=1 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034850/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
Environmental Systems and Societies SL or HL is an interdisciplinary course designed to meet the diploma requirements for groups 3
The IB is developing
==Assessment and awards==
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The nature of the internal assessment (IA) varies by subject. There may be oral presentations (used in languages), practical work (in experimental sciences and performing arts), or written work. Internal assessment accounts for 20 to 50 percent of the mark awarded for each subject and is marked by a teacher in the school. A sample of at least five per subject at each level from a school will also be graded by a moderator appointed by the IB, in a process called external moderation of internal assessment. Based on this moderation, the grades of the whole subject from that school will change.<ref name=assessment/>
Points are awarded from 1 to 7,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=Diploma Programme Grade Descriptors |url=https://www.ibo.org/contentassets/0b0b7a097ca2498ea50a9e41d9e1d1cf/dp-grade-descriptors-en.pdf |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206062409/https://ibo.org/contentassets/0b0b7a097ca2498ea50a9e41d9e1d1cf/dp-grade-descriptors-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with 7 being
Candidates who successfully complete all the requirements of the IB Diploma Programme and one or more of the following combinations are eligible to receive a bilingual diploma: two [[IB Group 1 subjects|Group 1]] subjects (of different languages), a Group 3 or 4 subject taken in a language other than the candidate's Group 1 language, or an Extended Essay in a Group 3 or Group 4 subject written in a language other than the candidate's Group 1 language.<ref>{{cite web |title=A guide to the IBDP for universities and colleges: How to interpret IB grades and transcripts |url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/guide/slidef.cfm |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721162419/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/guide/slidef.cfm |archive-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IB transcripts are issued to indicate completion of diploma courses and exams for non-diploma candidate students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: IB Diploma Programme |url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/diploma_faq.cfm |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901161703/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/diploma_faq.cfm |archive-date=1 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Where standard assessment conditions could put a student with special educational needs at a disadvantage, special arrangements may be allowed. The ''Candidates with Special Assessment Needs ''publication contains information regarding procedures and arrangements for students with special needs.<ref>[http://www.ibo.org/programmes/pd/special/documents/dpspecialassessment.pdf Candidates with Special Assessment Needs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125230419/http://ibo.org/programmes/pd/special/documents/dpspecialassessment.pdf |date=25 November 2010 }} International Baccalaureate Organization. March 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-29</ref>
==Application and authorization==
To offer the IB Diploma Programme, an institution must go through an application process, and during that period the teachers are trained in the IB. At the end of the application process, IB conducts an authorisation visit.<ref name=IBNAfees>{{cite web|title=North America Diploma Programme Application Process and Fees For schools seeking to start implementation in the Fall Term of 2011 and later|url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf|publisher=International Baccalaureate North America|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616002011/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once a school is authorized to offer the programme, an annual fee ensures ongoing support from the IB, legal authorization to display the IB logo, and access to the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC) and the IB Information System (IBIS).<ref name=IBNAfees/> The OCC provides information, resources, and support for IB teachers and coordinators. IBIS is a database employed by IB coordinators.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual School Fees |url=http://www.ibo.org/become/fees/assessmentfees/ |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615164110/http://ibo.org/become/fees/assessmentfees/ |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other IB fees also include student registration and individual diploma subject examination fees.<ref name=IBNAfees/>
==University recognition==
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|+
|Australia
|Although every university in Australia accepts the IB diploma, entry criteria differ from university to university. Some universities accept students on their IB point count, whereas others require the points to be converted. In all states and territories, this is based on the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) converted by their relevant state admission agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vtac.edu.au/pdf/ib_notional_atar.pdf|title=VTAC Notional ATAR Conversion Table|access-date=19 March 2015|archive-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301042624/http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/ib_notional_atar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Austria
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|-
|China
|The People's Republic of China does not formally accept the IB diploma for university qualification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-schools.org/hong-kong/index.htm|title=International Schools in Hong Kong|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-date=21 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421162319/http://www.english-schools.org/hong-kong/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Finland
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|Germany
|Has set certain conditions for the IB diploma to be accepted. Students must have either Group 1 or 2 (or both) at HL; mathematics Standard Level minimum; and at least one science or mathematics course at Higher Level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Germany¤t_country=DE|title=Recognition of IB diploma for admission to universities and colleges: Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626055058/http://www.ibo.org/country/universities_rec.cfm?country_code=Germany¤t_country=DE|archive-date=26 June 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> German International Baccalaureate students in some schools are able to earn a "bilingual diploma" that gains them access to German universities; half of the classes in this programme are held in German.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.is-hr.de/index.php?id=ib-diploma-programme|title=International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at ISHR|access-date=1 October 2009|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045236/http://www.is-hr.de/index.php?id=ib-diploma-programme|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|Hong Kong
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|India
|The [[Association of Indian Universities]] recognizes the IBDP as an entry qualification to all universities, provided that the applicants include a document from the IB
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|Italy
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|Sweden
|IB diploma grades can be converted to a Swedish grade equivalent. After the conversion the IB diploma is treated the same as grades from the Swedish education system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uhr.se/syv/hogskola-med-utlandska-meriter/internationell-baccalaureate-ib/meritvardering/|title=Meritvärdering|website=UHR.se|language=sv|access-date=2019-02-21|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224022/https://www.uhr.se/syv/hogskola-med-utlandska-meriter/internationell-baccalaureate-ib/meritvardering/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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|Turkey
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|United Kingdom
|[[UCAS]] publishes a university entrance tariff table that converts IB and other qualifications into standardised "tariff points",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/tarifftables/|title=UCAS – Tariff tables|publisher=[[UCAS|The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS)]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011002346/http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/tarifftables/|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=1 October 2009}}</ref> but these are not binding,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/how|title=UCAS – How does the Tariff work?|publisher=[[UCAS|The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS)]]|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-date=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925072614/http://www.ucas.com/students/ucas_tariff/how|url-status=live}}</ref> so institutions are free to set minimum entry requirements for IB candidates that are not the same as those for [[GCE Advanced Level|A level]] candidates. Most universities in the UK require IB students to take more courses than A-level students—requiring, for instance, four As and two Bs from an IB student, whereas an A-level student will only need an ABB—because each subject taken as a part of the IB gives a less broad coverage of a similar subject taken at A-level.
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|United States
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==Reception==
The IBDP was described as "a rigorous, off-the-shelf curriculum recognized by universities around the world" on 10 December 2006, edition of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine, in an article titled "How to bring our schools out of the 20th century".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568480-3,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214153158/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568480-3,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2006|title=How to bring our schools out of the 20th Century|magazine=Time|access-date=16 July 2009|last=Wallis|first=Claudia|date=10 December 2006}}</ref> It was also featured in the summer 2002 edition of ''American Educator,'' where Robert Rothman described it as "a good example of an effective, instructionally sound, exam-based system".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/testworthteaching.html |title=A test worth teaching to |work=American Educator |last=Rothman |first=Robert |date=Summer 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904031506/http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/testworthteaching.html |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Howard Gardner]], a professor of educational psychology at [[Harvard University]], said that the IBDP curriculum is "less parochial than most American efforts" and helps students "think critically, synthesize knowledge, reflect on their own thought processes and get their feet wet in interdisciplinary thinking".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/diploma-for-the-top-of-the-top-international-baccalaureate-gains-favor-in-region.html?pagewanted=all |last=Gross |first=Jane |date=21 June 2003 |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Diploma for the 'Top of the Top'; International Baccalaureate Gains Favor in Region |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119060957/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/diploma-for-the-top-of-the-top-international-baccalaureate-gains-favor-in-region.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> An admissions officer at [[Brown University]] has claimed the IBDP garners widespread respect.<ref name="Lewin"/>
In the United Kingdom, the IBDP is "regarded as more academically challenging but broader than three or four [[
In the United States, criticism of the IBDP has centered on the vague claim that it is anti-American, according to parents anonymously quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'', who objected to the program's funding from [[UNESCO]] in its early years. The base cost is considered to be higher than other programs.<ref name="Lewin">{{cite news |title=International Program Catches on in US Schools |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 July 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/03/education/03baccalaureate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1 |access-date=5 July 2010 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040307/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/03/education/03baccalaureate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the school board in [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho|Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA]], voted to eliminate all IB programmes in the district because of low participation and high costs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/aug/06/ib-program-booted-coeur-dalene-school-district/ |title=IB program booted from Coeur d'Alene School District |first=Scott |last=Maben |work=The Spokesman Review |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810154247/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/aug/06/ib-program-booted-coeur-dalene-school-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!-- Parents in Incline Village, Nevada, defeated the implementation of IB in its schools after an 18 month battle. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tahoebonanza.com/article/20110330/NEWS/110339992/1061&ParentProfile=1050/|title=: International Baccalaureate will no longer be pursued in Incline Village|first=Matthew|last=Renda|work=North Lake Tahoe Bonanza|date=30 March 2011}} </ref> -->
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*[http://www.ibo.org/diploma The Diploma Programme] the IB's official website
*[https://tychr.com/a-guide-to-ib-diploma-programme/ A Guide To IB Diploma Program] TYCHR
{{Good article}}
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