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{{Short description|
{{About|the Indonesian island|the programming language|Java (programming language)|other uses|Java (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox island
| name
| native_name
| image_name
| image_caption
| map_image
| ___location
| coordinates
| archipelago
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[[Greater Sunda Islands]]
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| elevation_m = 3678
| country = [[Indonesia]]
| country_admin_divisions_title = Provinces
| country_admin_divisions = {{flag|Banten}}<br>{{flag|Jakarta}}<br />{{flag|West Java}}<br />{{flag|Central Java}}<br />{{flag|Special Region of Yogyakarta}}<br />{{flag|East Java}}
| country_largest_city = {{Flag|Jakarta}} (pop.10,684,948)
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| population_as_of = mid 2024
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| ethnic_groups = [[Betawi people|Betawi]], [[Cirebonese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]] (inc. [[Tenggerese people|Tenggerese]], [[Osing people|Osing]], [[Banyumasan people|Banyumasan]]), [[Kangeanese people|Kangeanese]], [[Madurese people|Madurese]] (inc. [[Bawean people|Bawean]]), [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] (inc. [[Baduy people|Baduy]], [[Bantenese people|Bantenese]]), etc.
| timezone1 = WIB
| utc_offset1 = +7
}}
{{Contains special characters|Sundanese|compact=yes}}
'''Java'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|'|dZ|a:|v|@|,_|'|dZ|æ|v|@}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Java|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> {{
Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial [[Dutch East Indies]]. Java was also the center of the [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian struggle for independence]] during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight [[UNESCO]] world heritage sites are located in Java: [[Ujung Kulon National Park]], [[Borobudur Temple]], [[Prambanan Temple]], and [[Sangiran Early Man Site]].
Four main languages are spoken on the island: [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]], and [[Betawi language|Betawi]]. [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] are the most spoken.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naim |first1=Akhsan |last2=Syaputra |first2=Hendry |year=2011 |title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/05/23/55eca38b7fe0830834605b35/kewarganegaraan-suku-bangsa-agama-dan-bahasa-sehari-hari-penduduk-indonesia.html |___location=Jakarta |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |isbn=9789790644175 |language=id |page=47}}</ref> The ethnic groups native to the island are the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] in the central and eastern parts and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] in the western parts. The [[Madurese people|Madurese]] in the [[Eastern salient of Java]] are migrants from [[Madura Island]] (which is part of [[East Java]] Province in administrative terms), while the [[Betawi people|Betawi]] in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various [[ethnic groups in Indonesia]]. Most residents are bilingual, speaking [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While the majority of the people of Java are [[Muslims|Muslim]], Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stockdale |first1=John Joseph |url={{GBurl|id=YJxt2i2HbjEC|q=java island}} |title=Island of Java |last2=Bastin |first2=John |date=2004-03-15 |publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited |isbn=978-962-8734-23-8 |language=en}}</ref>
Java is divided into four administrative provinces: [[Banten]], [[West Java]], [[Central Java]], and [[East Java]], and two special regions, [[Jakarta]] and [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]].
==Etymology==
{{See also|Zabag kingdom|Al-Wakwak|Jawi (disambiguation){{!}}Jawi}}
The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named after the [[Foxtail millet|''jáwa-wut'']] plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.<ref>Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 2.</ref> There are other possible sources: the word ''jaú'' and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3">Raffles, Thomas E.: ''[[The History of Java (1817 book)|History of Java]]''. Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 3.</ref> And, in [[Sanskrit]] ''yava'' means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.<ref name="Raffles, Thomas E. 1965. Page 3"/> "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in [[India]]'s earliest epic, the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sugriva]], the chief of [[Rama]]'s army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite book |url={{GBurl|id=9ic4BjWFmNIC|p=465}} |title=History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), 1/e |date=January 30, 2010 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9788120749108 |via=Google Books}}</ref> It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] text ''[[Manimekalai]]'' by [[Chithalai Chathanar]] which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.<ref>Hindu culture in ancient India by Sekharipuram Vaidyanatha Viswanatha, p. 177.</ref><ref>Tamil Literature by M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, p. 46.</ref><ref>The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago by V. Kanakasabhai, p. 11.</ref> Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from a [[Proto-Austronesian]] root word, meaning "home".<ref>Hatley, R., Schiller, J., Lucas, A., Martin-Schiller, B., (1984). "Mapping cultural regions of Java" in: Other Javas away from the kraton. pp. 1–32.</ref> The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' composed around 150 CE in the [[Roman Empire]]. ''Iabadiu'' is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java<ref name ="AncientGeo">{{cite book |title=History of Ancient Geography |author=J. Oliver Thomson |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781107689923 |url={{GBurl|id=GpP0wKQ1lksC}} |pages=316–317}}</ref> and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa).
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==Geography==
{{See also|Volcanoes of Java}}
[[File:
Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the west and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north, and [[Christmas Island]] is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the [[Java Sea]] to the north, the [[Sunda Strait]] to the west, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and [[Bali Strait]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geography.name/java/|title=Java|publisher=geography.name|access-date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627082947/https://geography.name/java/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Madura Strait]] in the east.<ref name="worldatlas">{{
Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains
Java's mountains and highlands split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for [[Paddy field|wet-rice]] cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p15">{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 |edition=2 |publisher=MacMillan |year=1990 |___location=London |page=15 |isbn=978-0-333-57690-8}}</ref> Java was the first place where [[Coffee production in Indonesia|Indonesian coffee]] was grown, starting in 1699. Today, [[coffea arabica]] is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations.<ref>{{
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De weg van Buitenzorg naar de Preanger Regentschappen TMnr 3728-429c.jpg|thumb|[[Parahyangan]] highland near {{lang|nl|Buitenzorg}} (now [[
The area of Java is about {{Convert|
The average temperature ranges from {{Convert|22|C|F}} to {{Convert|29|C|F}}; average humidity is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging {{Convert|34|C|F}} during the day in the [[dry season]]. The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate, Weather, and Temperature of Java Indonesia |url=http://www.javaindonesia.org/general/climate-weather-temperature-java-indonesia/|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903193044/http://www.javaindonesia.org/general/climate-weather-temperature-java-indonesia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[wet season]] begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February.<ref>{{
West Java is wetter than [[East Java]], and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The [[Parahyangan]] highlands of West Java receive over {{Convert|4000|mm|in}} annually, while the north coast of East Java receives {{Convert|900|mm|in}} annually.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
==Natural environment==
[[File:Cymbidium dayanum Orchi 04.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Cymbidium dayanum]]'' - typical orchid in Java
Java is an island with a large amount of biodiversity. The [[natural environment]] of Java is [[tropical rainforest]], with ecosystems ranging from coastal [[mangrove]] forest on the north coast, rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast, and low-lying [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical forest]] to high altitude rainforest on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to a dry [[savanna]] environment in the east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
[[File:Java-1934 -2.jpg|thumb|Male [[Javan rhinoceros|Javan rhino]] shot in 1934 in West Java. Today only small numbers of Javan rhino survive in [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]]; it is the world's rarest rhino.]]Javan wildlife originally supported a rich biodiversity, where numbers of [[Endemism|endemic]] species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the [[Javan rhinoceros]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=11 |title=Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) |publisher=EDGE Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108202706/http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Banteng|Javan banteng]], [[Javan warty pig
Since ancient times, people have opened the rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created [[Paddy field|rice paddy]] and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used to have [[Javan tiger]]s and [[Javan elephant]]s, but both have been rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect the remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]], [[Mount Halimun Salak National Park|Mount Halimun-Salak]], [[Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park|Gede Pangrango]], [[Baluran National Park|Baluran]], [[Meru Betiri National Park|Meru Betiri]], [[Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park|Bromo Tengger Semeru]] and [[Alas Purwo National Park|Alas Purwo]].
==History==
=== ''Homo erectus'' presence ===
[[File:Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg|thumb|The [[syntype]] fossils of Java Man (''H. e. erectus''), at [[Naturalis]], [[Leiden]]]]
[[File:Ngandong 14. Homo erectus.jpg|thumb|Cast of Skull XI at the [[Hall of Human Origins]], Washington, D.C.]]
Fossilised remains of ''[[Homo erectus]]'', popularly known as the "[[Java Man]]", dating back 1.3 million<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Matsu’ura |first1=Shuji |last2=Kondo |first2=Megumi |last3=Danhara |first3=Toru |last4=Sakata |first4=Sheik |last5=Iwano |first5=Hideki |last6=Hirata |first6=Takafumi |last7=Kurniawan |first7=Iwan |last8=Setiyabudi |first8=Erik |last9=Takeshita |first9=Yoshihiro |last10=Hyodo |first10=Masayuki |last11=Kitaba |first11=Ikuko |last12=Sudo Masafumi |last13=Danhara |first13=Yugo |last14=Aziz |first14=Fachroel |date=2020 |title=Age control of the first appearance datum for Javanese Homo erectus in the Sangiran area |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6474 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1126/science.aau8556 |pmid=31919224 |bibcode=2020Sci...367..210M |s2cid=210131393|doi-access=free }}</ref> years were found along the banks of the [[Solo River|Bengawan Solo River]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pope |title=Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=17 |pages=43–77 |year=1988 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355 |first1=G. G.}}
cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T. |author2=Soeriaatmadja, R. E. |author3=Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |___location=Hong Kong |pages=309–312}}; {{cite journal |last=Pope |first=G. |title=Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=80 |issue=16 |pages=4,988–4992 |date=15 August 1983 |doi=10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988 |pmid=6410399 |pmc=384173 |bibcode=1983PNAS...80.4988P|doi-access=free}}
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cited in {{cite book |last=Whitten |first=T |author2=Soeriaatmadja, R. E. |author3=Suraya A. A. |title=The Ecology of Java and Bali |publisher=Periplus Editions Ltd |year=1996 |___location=Hong Kong |page=309}}</ref>
''H. erectus'' arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first African exodus.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi=10.1111/ggi.12224| pmid=25327904| pmc=4285791| title=Geriatric issues from the standpoint of human evolution| journal=Geriatrics & Gerontology International| volume=14| issue=4| pages=731–34| year=2014| last1=Matsubayashi| first1=Kozo}}</ref> There is evidence that the Java population of ''H. erectus'' lived in an ever-wet forest habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a [[savannah]], but was likely regularly inundated ("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass ([[Poaceae]]), [[fern]]s, ''[[Ficus]]'', and ''[[Indigofera]]'', which are typical of lowland rainforest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=Thomas |last2=de Vos |first2=John |last3=Huffman |first3=O. Frank |year=2014| title=The Oldest Gibbon Fossil (Hylobatidae) from Insular Southeast Asia: Evidence from Trinil, (East Java, Indonesia), Lower/Middle Pleistocene |journal=[[PLOS ONE|PLoS ONE]]|volume=9|issue=6|at=e99531|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0099531|pmid=24914951 |pmc=4051846 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...999531I |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[Solo Man|''H. e. soloensis'']] was the last population of a long occupation history of the island of Java by ''H. erectus'', beginning 1.51 to 0.93 million years ago at the Sangiran site, continuing 540 to 430 thousand years ago at the Trinil site, and finally 117 to 108 thousand years ago at Ngandong.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaim |first1=Yahdi |last2=Ciochon |first2=Russell L. |last3=Polanski |first3=Joshua M. |last4=Grine |first4=Frederick E. |last5=Bettis |first5=E. Arthur |last6=Rizal |first6=Yan |last7=Franciscus |first7=Robert G. |last8=Larick |first8=Roy R. |last9=Heizler |first9=Matthew |last10=Aswan |first10=null |last11=Eaves |first11=K. Lindsay |last12=Marsh |first12=Hannah E. |title=New 1.5 million-year-old Homo erectus maxilla from Sangiran (Central Java, Indonesia) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=2011 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=363–376 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.04.009 |issn=1095-8606 |pmid=21783226|bibcode=2011JHumE..61..363Z }}</ref> If the date is correct for Solo Man, then they would represent a terminal population of ''H. erectus'' which sheltered in the last open-habitat refuges of East Asia before the rainforest takeover. Before the immigration of modern humans, Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia was also home to ''[[Homo floresiensis|H. floresiensis]]'' endemic to the island of [[Flores]], Indonesia, and ''[[Homo luzonensis|H. luzonensis]]'' endemic to the island of [[Luzon]], the Philippines. Genetic analysis of present-day Southeast Asian populations indicates the widespread dispersal of the [[Denisovans]] (a species currently recognisable only by their genetic signature) across Southeast Asia, whereupon they interbred with immigrating modern humans 45.7 and 29.8 thousand years ago.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} A 2021 genomic study indicates that, aside from the Denisovans, modern humans never interbred with any of these endemic human species, unless the offspring were [[hybrid incompatibility|unviable]] or the hybrid lineages have since died out.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
Judging by the sheer number of specimens deposited at Ngandong at the same time, there may have been a sizeable population of ''H. e soloensis'' before the volcanic eruption which resulted in their interment, but population is difficult to approximate with certainty. This site is quite far from the north coast of Java Island, and it is not always easy to determine the position of the coastline in prehistoric times because of significant geographical changes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizal |first1=Yan |last2=Westaway |first2=Kira E. |last3=Zaim |first3=Yahdi |last4=van den Bergh |first4=Gerrit D. |last5=Bettis |first5=E. Arthur |last6=Morwood |first6=Michael J. |last7=Huffman |first7=O. Frank |last8=Grün |first8=Rainer |last9=Joannes-Boyau |first9=Renaud |last10=Bailey |first10=Richard M. |last11=Sidarto |last12=Westaway |first12=Michael C. |last13=Kurniawan |first13=Iwan |last14=Moore |first14=Mark W. |last15=Storey |first15=Michael |date=18 December 2019 |title=Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1863-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=577 |issue=7790 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2 |pmid=31853068 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The southern coastline and estuary of the Bengawan Solo River at that time may have been different from what it is today, due to geological factors such as sedimentation, erosion, and changes in sea level over time. Currently, the estuary of the Bengawan Solo is in the Java Sea, but in prehistoric times, the river flow and estuary ___location may have changed. Geological and paleogeographic studies are often used to understand these changes.
=== After the arrival of modern humans ===
[[File:Sumbing, Java.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Sumbing]] surrounded by rice fields. Java's volcanic topography and rich agricultural lands are the fundamental factors in its history.]]
The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed the development of wet-field rice cultivation, which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), pp. 16–17.</ref> Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided the main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the [[Brantas River|Brantas river]] and Solo river could provide long-distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms. A system of roads, permanent bridges, and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could the wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population was difficult.<ref name="RICKLEFS_p15" />
{{multiple image
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The emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the arrival of [[Aji Saka]] in 78 AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization on Java, the story received several objections and rebuttals from other historical sources. Valmiki's [[Ramayana]], made around 500 BC, records that Java already had a governmental organization long before the story:<blockquote>"Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms, gold and silver islands, rich in gold mines, and there is Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the sky with its peak."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastropajitno |first=Warsito |title=Rekonstruksi Sedjarah Indonesia. Zaman Hindu, Yavadvipa, Srivijaya, Sailendra |date=1958 |publisher=PT. Pertjetakan Republik Indonesia |___location=Yogyakarta}}</ref>{{Rp|page=6}}</blockquote>
The Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] called the island
According to Chinese record ''[[History of Ming|Míng Shǐ]]'', the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years before the story of Aji Saka began.<ref>Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876). "[https://archive.org/details/notes-on-the-malay-archipelago/page/n7/mode/2up?q= Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources]". Batavia: W. Bruining.</ref>{{Rp|page=39}}
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[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg|thumb|The 9th century [[Borobudur]] Buddhist [[stupa]] in Central Java]]
The [[Tarumanagara|Taruma]]
Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of [[Kediri Kingdom|Kediri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was established by [[Raden Wijaya|Wijaya]],<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|201}} and by the end of the reign of [[Hayam Wuruk]] (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, [[Gajah Mada]], led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|234}} Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|coming of Islam to Indonesia]], Majapahit went into decline.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|241}}
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{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Sultanate of Cirebon|Cirebon]], and [[Banten Sultanate|Banten]] were ascendant. The [[Mataram Sultanate]] became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.
Java’s Islamic tradition is known for its tolerance and harmony among faiths. Local religious organizations actively promote peace and inclusivity, reflecting broader values of coexistence in Indonesian society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319050724/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-date=2025-03-19 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=ecommons.cornell.edu |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Page001 img001.png|thumb|"The Champion" (Sang Agul-agul). Sketch of a Javanese soldier leader by Swiss painter J. Schiess (1799–1844), from J.J.X. Pfyffer's 1829 "Sketches from Java," Plate VI. Photo: Leiden Univ. Library. Sources and related content]]
===Colonial periods===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM
Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with [[Luso-Sundanese padrão|a treaty]] between the Sunda kingdom and the [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese in Malacca]]. After its failure, the [[Portuguese colonialism in the East Indies|Portuguese presence]] was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands.
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Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like [[Banda Islands|Banda]], rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence.<ref>{{cite book |last=St. John |first=Horace Stebbing Roscoe |title=The Indian Archipelago: its history and present state, Volume 1 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |year=1853 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog/page/n183 137] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchipela02johngoog}}</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic wars]] in Europe, the [[Netherlands]] fell to [[France]], as did its colony in the [[East Indies]]. During the short-lived [[Herman Willem Daendels|Daendels]] administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the [[Great Post Road]] was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from [[Anyer]] in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ekspedisi Anjer-Panaroekan, Laporan Jurnalistik Kompas |publisher=Pnerbit Buku Kompas, PT Kompas Media Nusantara, Jakarta Indonesia |date=November 2008 |pages=1–2 |isbn=978-979-709-391-4}}</ref> In 1811, Java was [[Invasion of Java (1811)|captured by the British]], becoming a possession of the [[British Empire]], and Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of [[John Fendall Jr.|John Fendall]], Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=James |title=The Coins And Tokens of the Possessions And Colonies of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame |year=1889<!-- |___location=Quaritch, Bernard--> |___location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/coinstokensofpos1889jame/page/213 213] |publisher=Bernard Quaritch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hannigan |first=Tim |title=Raffles and the British invasion of Java |publisher=Singapore: Monsoon Books Pte Ltd. |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4358-85-9 |edition=4th |pages=229}}</ref>
In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301673/Java |title=Java (island, Indonesia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=31 January 2019}}</ref> In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as [[cassava]] and [[maize]] that could sustain populations that could not afford rice.<ref>Taylor (2003), p. 253.</ref> Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the [[Cultivation System]] to which couples responded by having more children in the hope of increasing their
[[File:The Allied Occupation of Java, 1945 SE4857.jpg|thumb|Japanese prepare to discuss surrender terms with British-allied forces in Java, 1945.]]
Line 147 ⟶ 159:
</div>
|}
Java is divided into four [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]] and two special regions:
* [[Banten]], capital: [[Serang]]
* [[Jakarta|Special Capital Region of Jakarta]], capital: [[Central Jakarta]] (''de facto'')
* [[West Java]], capital: [[Bandung]]
* [[Central Java]], capital: [[Semarang]]
* [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]], capital: [[Yogyakarta]]
* [[East Java]], capital: [[Surabaya]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Province or Special Region
! Map
! Capital
! Area<br />km<sup>2</sup>
! Area<br />%
! Population<br />[[census]]<br />2000<ref name="citypop">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Indonesia-MU.html |title=Indonesia (Urban City Population): Provinces & Cities – Statistics & Maps on City Population |publisher=
! Population<br />census<br />2010<ref>Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref>
! Population<br />census<br />2020<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>
! Population<br />estimate<br />mid
! Population<br />density<br />mid
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of Banten.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[Banten]]
| [[File:Indonesia Banten ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Serang]]
| style="text-align:right;"|9,
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|8,098,277
| style="text-align:right;"|10,632,166
| style="text-align:right;"|11,904,562
| style="text-align:right;"|12,
| style="text-align:right;"|1,
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jakarta.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[Special Region of Jakarta]]
| [[File:Indonesia Jakarta ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Central Jakarta]] (''de facto'')
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|0.50
| style="text-align:right;"|8,361,079
| style="text-align:right;"|9,607,787
| style="text-align:right;"|10,562,088
| style="text-align:right;"|10,
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of West Java.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[West Java]]
| [[File:Indonesia West Java ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Bandung]]
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|27.
| style="text-align:right;"|35,724,093
| style="text-align:right;"|43,053,732
| style="text-align:right;"|48,274,160
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|1,
|-
| ''Western Java <br>(3 areas above)''
|
|
| style="text-align:right;"|''
| style="text-align:right;"|''35.49''
| style="text-align:right;"|''52,183,449''
| style="text-align:right;"|''63,293,685''
| style="text-align:right;"|''70,740,810''
| style="text-align:right;"|''
| style="text-align:right;"|''1,
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[Central Java]]
| [[File:Indonesia Central Java ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Semarang]]
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|25.
| style="text-align:right;"|31,223,258
| style="text-align:right;"|32,382,657
| style="text-align:right;"|36,516,035
| style="text-align:right;"|37,
| style="text-align:right;"|1,
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of Yogyakarta.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[Yogyakarta Special Region
| [[File:Indonesia Yogyakarta ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Yogyakarta]]
| style="text-align:right;"|3,
| style="text-align:right;"|2.
| style="text-align:right;"|3,121,045
| style="text-align:right;"|3,457,491
| style="text-align:right;"|3,668,719
| style="text-align:right;"|3,
| style="text-align:right;"|1,
|-
| ''Central Java Region<br>(2 areas above)''
|
|
| style="text-align:right;"|''
| style="text-align:right;"|''28.29''
| style="text-align:right;"|''34,344,303''
| style="text-align:right;"|''35,840,148''
| style="text-align:right;"|''40,184,754''
| style="text-align:right;"|''
| style="text-align:right;"|''1,
|-
| [[File:Coat of arms of East Java.svg|center|65x65px]]<br />[[East Java]]<br />(Include Madura Islands)
| [[File:Indonesia East Java ___location.svg|150px]]
| [[Surabaya]]
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|34,765,993
| style="text-align:right;"|37,476,757
| style="text-align:right;"|40,665,696
| style="text-align:right;"|41,
| style="text-align:right;"|
|-
|
:Java Island <sup>(1)</sup>
|
| –
| style="text-align:right;" |127,190.32
| style="text-align:right;" |95.92
| style="text-align:right;" |118,063,445
| style="text-align:right;" |132,987,827
| style="text-align:right;" |147,586,696
| style="text-align:right;" |152,771,143
| style="text-align:right;" |1,201
|-
|
:[[Madura]] Island <sup>(2)</sup> of East Java
|
| –
| style="text-align:right;" |5,408.45
| style="text-align:right;" |4.08
| style="text-align:right;" |3,230,300
| style="text-align:right;" |3,622,763
| style="text-align:right;" |4,004,564
| style="text-align:right;" |4,156,661
| style="text-align:right;" |769
|-
| Region Administered as ''Java''
|
| [[Jakarta]]
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|100%
| style="text-align:right;"|121,293,745
| style="text-align:right;"|136,610,590
| style="text-align:right;"|151,591,260
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|1,
|}
<sup>(1)
<br>(2) Other offshore islands are included in this figure, but are comparatively very small in population and area; they include [[Nusa Barong]] (84.73 km<sup>2</sup>), [[Bawean]] (197.42 km<sup>2</sup>), [[Karimunjawa]] (78 km<sup>2</sup>), [[Nusa Kambangan]] (121 km<sup>2</sup>), [[Panaitan]] (170 km<sup>2</sup>), and the [[Thousand Islands Regency|Thousand Islands]] (8.7 km<sup>2</sup>) – with a combined population of roughly 150,000 (of whom 85,320 are on Bawean, 28,809 are on the Thousand Islands, 16,200 on Nusa Barong and 10,800 on Karimunjawa).</sup>
<sup>
==Demographics==
===Demographic profile===
[[File:Jakarta.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jakarta]], the capital of [[Indonesia]] ]]
{{Historical populations
|1961 | 63059575
|1971 | 76086320
|1980 | 91269528
|1990 | 107581306
|2000 | 121352608
|2010 | 136610590
|2015 | 145013583
|2020 | 151591262
|2024 | 156927804
|source=<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025 (and earlier editions)</ref>
|footnote=Refers to the administrative region (including Madura).
}}
Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during the Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]. Java houses the majority of Indonesia's urban population. Currently, 65% of the island is urbanized. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average.<ref>[http://www.bkkbn.go.id/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasional.aspx Usia Kawin Pertama Rata-Rata Wanita Menurut Provinsi: Sensus Penduduk Tahun 1990, 2000 dan 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629055719/http://www.bkkbn.go.id/kependudukan/Pages/DataSensus/Sensus_Penduduk/Pola_Perkawinan/Rata_Usia_Kawin_Pertama/Nasional.aspx |date=2015-06-29 }}. Retrieved 16 August 2015.</ref> The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/03/30/central-java-strives-alleviate-poverty.html |author=Agus Maryono |title=Central Java strives to alleviate poverty |work=The Jakarta Post |date=30 March 2009 |access-date=16 August 2015 |archive-date= 8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908234750/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/03/30/central-java-strives-alleviate-poverty.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving the island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding [[Jakarta]] and [[Bandung]], which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
===Population growth===
[[File:Population density map of Java and Madura by subdistrict (kelurahan) (2022).svg|thumb|left|upright=2|Population density of Java and Madura by subdistrict as of 2022, with major urban areas shown]]
Java is the [[List of islands by population|most populous major island in the world]] and is home to 55% of Indonesia's population, with a combined population of 156.9 million according to the official estimates as at mid 2024 (including Madura's 4.16 million).<ref name=JKTPOS>{{cite news |title=Population growth 'good for Papua' |date=23 August 2010 |access-date=30 August 2010 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/23/population-growth-%E2%80%98good-papua%E2%80%99.html |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |archive-date=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824053746/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/23/population-growth-%E2%80%98good-papua%E2%80%99.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> At nearly 1,183.5 people per km<sup>2</sup> in 2024, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on a par with [[Bangladesh]]. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant [[Mount Merapi#2006 eruption|volcanic eruption]]s during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413004319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia |date=2021-04-13 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.
The western third of the island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of roughly 1,563 per square kilometre and accounts for most of the population growth of Java.<ref name="JKTPOS"/> It is home to three metropolitan areas, [[Greater Jakarta]] (with outlying areas of Greater [[Serang]] and Greater [[Sukabumi]]), [[Bandung Metropolitan Area|Greater Bandung]], and Greater [[Cirebon]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}
From the 1970s to the fall of the [[Suharto]] regime in 1998, the Indonesian government ran [[transmigration program]]s aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived [[settler]]s. Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively decline.
Line 314 ⟶ 342:
===Ethnicity and culture===
{{See also|Culture of Indonesia|Music of Java|Music of Sunda}}
[[File:
[[File:SambaSunda Quintett in Cologne (0244).jpg|thumb|[[SambaSunda]] music performance, featuring traditional [[Sundanese music]] instruments]]
[[File:Ramayana Java.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lakshmana]], [[Rama]] and [[Sita|Shinta]] in [[Ramayana]] ballet at [[Prambanan]], Java]]
Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]. A third group is the [[Madurese people|Madurese]], who inhabit the island of [[Madura Island|Madura]] off the northeast coast of Java
The Javanese prose text [[Tantu Pagelaran]] ({{circa|15th century}}) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
Four major cultural areas exist on the island:
# The heartland of the Javanese people in the central part of Java with [[Yogyakarta]] as its cultural center;
# the [[Pasisir]] region (from {{Langx|jv|ꦥꦱꦶꦱꦶꦂ|4=shore, coast}}) on the northern coast, home to the first Muslim sultanate in Indonesia;
# the [[Sundanese people|Sunda]] lands ([[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ}}, ''Tatar'' ''Sunda'') in the western part of Java with [[Parahyangan]] as their heartland;
# the [[eastern salient of Java]], also known as [[Banyuwangi|Blambangan]], consisting of the [[Blambangan Peninsula|Blambangan Peninsual]] east of the Tengger Massif.
Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java.<ref name="Periplus58" />
The ''kejawen of Javanese'' culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as the island's most refined and exemplary.<ref name="Periplus58" /> The territory from [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]] in the west through to [[Blitar]] in the east encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land.''<ref name="Periplus58" />''
In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the [[Banyumas Regency|Banyumasan]] region, a cultural mingling occurred
Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region,<ref>See Wallace Stevens's poem "[[Tea (poem)|Tea]]" for an appreciative allusion to Javanese culture.</ref> and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include ''[[Ken Arok]] and [[Ken Dedes]]'', the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. [[Pramoedya Ananta Toer]] is a famous contemporary Indonesian author
===Languages===
[[File:Java languages.JPG|thumb
The three major languages spoken on Java are [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] and [[Madurese language|Madurese]]. Other languages spoken include [[Betawi language|Betawi]] (a [[Malay language|Malay]] dialect local to the Jakarta region), [[Osing language|Osing]], [[Banyumasan language|Banyumasan]], and [[Tenggerese people|Tenggerese]] (closely related to Javanese), [[Baduy language|Baduy]] and [[Bantenese language|Bantenese]] (closely related to Sundanese), [[Kangean language|Kangean]]ese (closely related to Madurese), and [[Balinese language|Balinese]].<ref>[http://www.cityandsuburbancleaners.com.au/Languages-of-Indonesia.pdf Languages of Java and Bali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214336/http://www.cityandsuburbancleaners.com.au/Languages-of-Indonesia.pdf |date=2017-02-16 }}. Other sources may list some of these as dialects rather than languages.</ref> The vast majority of the population also speaks [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], often as a second language.<ref>{{
===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Java (
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 96.
|color1 =
|label2 = [[
|value2 = 2.
|color2 = DarkBlue
|label3 = [[Roman
|value3 = 1.
|color3 = Purple
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Hinduism]]
|value5 = 0.11
|color5 = DarkOrange
|label6 = [[
|value6 = 0.
|color6 =
|label7 =
|value7 = 0.
|color7 =
}}
[[South Asia|Indian]] influences came first with [[Shaivism]] and [[Buddhism]] penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.<ref name="kroef1961">{{cite journal |first=Justus M. |last=van der Kroef |title=New Religious Sects in Java |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=30 |issue=2 |year=1961 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.2307/3024260 |jstor=3024260}}</ref> One [[Conduit (spiritualism)|conduit]] for this were the [[asceticism|ascetic]]s, called ''resi'', who taught mystical practices. A ''resi'' lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, [[Brahmin]] clerics and ''pudjangga'' (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked [[Hinduism|Hindu]] cosmology to their political needs.<ref name="kroef1961"/> Small [[Hindu]] enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large [[Hindu]] population along the eastern coast nearest [[Bali]], especially around the town of [[Banyuwangi]].{{cn|date=December 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Religions !! Total
|-
| [[Islam]] || style="text-align:right;"|151,001,350
|-
| [[Protestantism]] || style="text-align:right;"|3,551,176
|-
| [[Roman Catholicism]] || style="text-align:right;"|1,677,824
|-
| [[Buddhism]] || style="text-align:right;"|755,560
|-
| [[Hinduism]] || style="text-align:right;"|168,055
|-
| [[Aliran Kepercayaan]] || style="text-align:right;"|21,855
|-
| [[Confucianism]] || style="text-align:right;"|20,303
|-
| '''Overall''' || style="text-align:right;"|'''157,196,123'''
|}<ref name="RELIGION"/>
The coming of [[Islam]], strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. More than 98 percent of the [[Muslims]] in Java are [[Sunni|Sunnis]] with very minority being [[Shia]] and [[Ahmadis]] (respectively 1% and 0.2%), on a broad continuum between ''[[abangan]]'' (more syncretic) and ''[[santri]]'' (more orthodox). Muslim scholars (''[[Kyai]]'') became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal [[Clergy|priesthood]], but the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch colonial government]] established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese ''[[pesantren]]'' (Islamic schools), the ''Kyai'' perpetuated the tradition of the ''resi''. Students around him provided his needs, even [[peasant]]s around the school.<ref name="kroef1961"/>
<gallery class="center" mode="packed">
Line 370 ⟶ 427:
</gallery>
Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around ''kyais'', possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic [[Folklore|lore]], [[belief]] and practice.<ref name="kroef1961"/> The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the [[supernatural]]. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted [[schism (religion)|schism]]. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught [[mysticism]] and those who sought
There are also [[Christians|Christian]] communities, mostly in the larger cities,
A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in [[Yogyakarta]] reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in [[Central Java]], 22 in [[West Java]] and six in [[East Java]].<ref name="kroef1961"/> These include [[Javanese beliefs|Kejawen]], [[Javanese beliefs|Sumarah]], [[Subud]], etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.<ref name="Beatty">Beatty, Andrew, ''Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account'', Cambridge University Press 1999, {{ISBN|0-521-62473-8}}</ref> [[Sunda Wiwitan]] is a traditional [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] religion, its adherents still exist in several villages.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dcTAQAAMAAJ&q=sunda+wiwitan+religion |title=Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine |date=2006 |publisher=Arsa Raya Perdana |language=en}}</ref>
Line 378 ⟶ 435:
==Economy==
[[File:KerbauJawa.jpg|left|thumb|[[Water buffalo]] ploughing [[Paddy field|rice fields]] near [[Salatiga]], in [[Central Java]]]]
Initially the economy of Java relied heavily on [[rice]] agriculture. Ancient kingdoms such as the [[
The VOC set their foothold on [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the 17th century and was succeeded by the [[Dutch East Indies]] in the 19th century. During these colonial times, the Dutch introduced the cultivation of commercial plants in Java, such as [[sugarcane]], [[rubber]], [[coffee]], [[tea]], and [[quinine]]. In the 19th and early 20th century, Javanese coffee gained global popularity. Thus, the name "Java" today has become a synonym for coffee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/why-is-coffee-called-a-cup-of-joe#:~:text=When+it+comes+to+the,to+be+known+as+java|title=Why Is Coffee Called "A Cup of Joe"?|website=Wonderopolis|date=16 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.littlecoffeeplace.com/why-is-coffee-called-java |title=Why is Coffee Called Java? Colloquial Coffee Synonyms |last=Demri |date=December 12, 2017 |website=www.littlecoffeeplace.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://coffeechronicler.com/why-is-coffee-called-java/ |title=Why is Coffee Called Java? | Coffee Facts & History |date=July 30, 2021 |website=The Coffee Chronicler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://driftaway.coffee/coffee-called-java/ |title=Why is Coffee Called Java? |date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>[[File:KCIC CIT400AF.jpg|thumb|[[High-speed rail in Indonesia|Whoosh]] high-speed train passing through [[Bekasi]] city]]
Java has been Indonesia's most developed island since the Dutch East Indies era and continues to be so today in the modern Republic of Indonesia. The road transportation networks that have existed since ancient times were connected and perfected with the construction of [[Great Post Road|Java Great Post Road]] by [[Daendels]] in the early 19th century. It became the backbone of Java's road infrastructure and laid the base of [[North Coast Road (Java)|Java North Coast Road]] ({{
[[File:Java Transportation Network.svg|thumb|Java transport network]]Based on the statistical data by the year of 2021 released by [[Statistics Indonesia]] (''Badan Pusat Statistik''), Java alone contributes around 60% of Indonesia's GDP or equivalent to US$686 billion (int$2.0 trillion, PPP).<ref name="bps">{{Cite book |title=PDRB Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Pengeluaran (Juta Rupiah), 2021 |author=Badan Pusat Statistik|author-link=Statistics Indonesia |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |year=2022 |___location=Jakarta |url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/171/534/1/-seri-2010-1-pdrb-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-pengeluaran.html}}</ref>
==See also==
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