Tayap language: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

| name = Tayap

| nativename = ''{{lang|gpn|Tayap mer}}''

| states = [[Papua New Guinea]]

| region = [[Gapun]] village, [[Marienberg Rural LLG]], [[East Sepik|East Sepik Province]]

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| ref = e18

| familycolor = Papuan

|fam1 = [[Torricelli languages|Torricelli]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221005221941/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/torricelli-range-sepik-coast/sepik-coast/taiap Taiap] New Guinea World.</ref> or language isolate

| fam1=[[Unclassified language|Unclassified]], [[language isolate]] or [[Torricelli languages|Torricelli]]<ref name=ngw/>

| fam2 = Sepik Coast

|fam3 = Tayap–Marienberg

| iso3 = gpn

| glotto = taia1239

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| pushpin_map = Papua New Guinea

}}

{{GeoGroup}}

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

'''Tayap''' (also spelled '''Taiap'''; called '''Gapun''' in earlier literature, after the name of the village in which it is spoken) is an [[endangered language|endangered]] Papuan language spoken by fewer than 50 people in [[Gapun]] village of [[Marienberg Rural LLG]] in [[East Sepik Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]] ({{coord|-4.028746|144.50304|name=Gapun|type:city_region:PG}}, located just to the south of the [[Sepik River]] mouth near the coast).<ref name="Ethnologue22-PNG">{{Cite web |date=2019 |editor-last=Eberhard |editor-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |title=Papua New Guinea Languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG/languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603020858/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG/languages |archive-date=2019-06-03 |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |publisher=[[SIL International]] |___location=Dallas |edition=22nd}}</ref><ref name="UN-PNG">{{Cite web |last=United Nations in Papua New Guinea |date=2018 |title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605192333/https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup |archive-date=2019-06-05 |access-date=2019-06-07 |website=Humanitarian Data Exchange |version=1.31.9}}</ref> It is being replaced by the national language and [[lingua franca]] [[Tok Pisin]].

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Up to 2018, [[Gapun]] was the only village where Tayap is spoken, although some speakers of the language also lived in neighboring villages such as Wongan and Watam, having moved there because of marriage or as a result of conflicts over land or sorcery in Gapun. However, in 2018, Gapun village was burned down and abandoned due to violence among households. The former residents fled to the nearby villages of Wongan ({{coord|-3.999326|144.532123|type:city_region:PG|name=Wongan}}), Watam ({{coord|-3.906592|144.545246|type:city_region:PG|name=Watam}}), and Boroi.{{sfnp|Kulick|Terrill|2019|p=16}}

As a result of colonial activity,{{sfnp|Kulick|2019|pp=182–188}} Gapun villagers subconsciously associate Tok Pisin with Christianity, modernity and masculinity, and they associate Tayap with paganism, "backwardness" , disruptive femininity and childish stubbornness. As a result, Tayap is being increasingly, but neither consciously nor deliberately, replaced by [[Tok Pisin]],<ref name="harvp|Kulick|1992">{{harvp|Kulick|1992}}</ref> even though the villagers all express positive sentiments towards it and insist that they want their children to speak the language.{{sfnmp|Kulick|2019|1pp=182–188|2a1=Kulick|2a2=Terrill|2y=2019|2pp=1–3}} Villagers express bewilderment towards the fact that their children no longer actively speak Tayap, and believe that they have, out of stubbornness, decided to reject Tayap entirely, and that they have chosen to speak Tok Pisin instead.{{sfnp|Kulick|2019|pp=182–188}}

Unlike the neighboring patrilineal [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|Lower Sepik-Ramu]] speakers, Tayap speakers are matrilineal.<ref name="harvp|Kulick|1992" /> Tayap is typologically very different from the neighboring Lower Sepik-Ramu languages.

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==Classification==

Tayap is not related to the neighboring Lower Sepik languages, though a relationship to the more distant [[Torricelli languages|Torricelli]] family has been proposed by Usher (2020).<ref name="ngw">[https://sitesnewguineaworld.googlelinguistik.com/site/newguineaworlduzh.ch/families/torricelli-range-sepik-coast/sepik-coast/taiap New Guinea World – Taiap]</ref>

In the 1970s Australian linguist [[Donald Laycock]] classified Tayap (which he called "[[Gapun]]") as a sub-phylum of the Sepik-Ramu language phylum, on the basis of Georg Höltker's 1938 word list and a few verb paradigms that Laycock gathered from two speakers.<ref>{{harvp|Laycock|1973}}</ref>

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|-

! {{small|prenasal}}

| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} <mb>⟨mb⟩

| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} <nd>⟨nd⟩

|{{IPA link|ⁿdʒ}} <nj>⟨nj⟩

|

| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} <ŋg>⟨ŋg⟩

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]

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|

|

| {{IPA link|j}} <y>⟨y⟩

|

|}

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|-

! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]

| {{IPA link|ɛ}} <e>⟨e⟩

| {{IPA link|ɵ}}~{{IPA link|ø}} <ɨ>⟨ɨ⟩

| {{IPA link|ɔ}} <o>⟨o⟩

|-

! [[Back vowel|Back]]

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==Pronouns==

Tayap free pronouns in absolutive case, and object suffixes in the realis, are:{{sfnp|Kulick|Terrill|2019}}

:{| {{table}}

|+Free pronouns

! !! sg !! pl

|-

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|-

! 3m

| ŋɨ || rowspan=2|ŋgɨ

|-

! 3f

| ŋgu || ŋgɨ

|}

:{| {{table}}

|+Object suffixes

! !! sg !! du !! pl

|-

! 1

| -i || rowspan=2 colspan=2| -mɨ

|-

! 2

| -u

|-

! 3m

| -ŋgɨ || rowspan=2| -mɨ || rowspan=2| -mbɨ

|-

! 3f

| -ku

|}

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===Gender===

Like many languages of the [[Sepik]]-[[Ramu]] basin (particularly the [[Sepik languages]]), Tayap has masculine and feminine genders.

There are two genders, masculine and feminine, marked not on the noun itself but on [[deictic]]s, the ergative marker, suppletive verbal stems and verbal affixesobject suffixes. The unmarked, generic form of all nouns, including animate nouns, even humans, is feminine: however, a male referent may be masculine. Another criterion is size and shape: long, thin and large referents tend to be masculine; short, stocky and small referents tend to be feminine. This type of gender-assignment system is typical of the Sepik region. Gender is only ever marked in the singular, never in the dual or plural.

==Lexicon==