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=== Problematic Integration Theory and Pregnancy ===
Ashley Archiopoli applies Problematic Integration Theory in her research to examine how [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] women have been able to cope and build resilience during the [[COVID-19]] pandemic. Through a qualitative analysis of interviews with pregnant women, Archiopoli found that these women used strategies including reframing, using support systems, and engaging in [[self-care]] to manage the impact of the pandemic on their pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Archiopoli |first=Ashley |title=Coping and Resilience: Reframing What It Means to Have a Good Pregnancy During COVID-19 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-77344-1_17 |journal=Risk, Systems & Resilience |series=Risk, Systems and Decisions |year=2021 |pages=279–291 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-77344-1_17 |isbn=978-3-030-77343-4 |s2cid=238960089 |via=Springer|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Kami A. Kosenko uses Problematic Integration Theory to explore the various ways that individuals experience [[infertility]] and the impact this has on their sense of identity and belonging. She examines the various forms of integration that can be experienced in the context of infertility – including positive, negative and ambivalent – and the various factors which shape the integration process, such as the couple relationship, social environment, the medical system, and the individual's own beliefs and values. She argues that infertility can be a source of disruption to an individual's sense of identity, and that focusing on the integration process and the various factors which influence it can help individuals better manage their experience of infertility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosenko |first=Kami A. |title=Foci and Forms of Problematic Integration in the Context of Infertility |url=https://academic.oup.com/ct/article-abstract/31/4/613/5846217?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=International Communication Association |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=613–632 |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref>
Beth Sundstrom uses Problematic Integration Theory to analyze how pregnancy ambivalence and contraceptive effectiveness can be integrated in contraceptive decision-making. Understanding how these PI factors interact with each other can help provide more effective contraceptive counseling and improve contraceptive outcomes. (Sundstrom et al., 2017)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sundstrom |first=Beth |title=Integrating Pregnancy Ambivalence and Effectiveness in Contraceptive Choice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10410236.2016.1172294 |journal=Health Communication |year=2017 |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=820–827 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2016.1172294 |pmid=27420543 |s2cid=4631001 |via=Taylor & Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
=== Problematic Integration Theory and Chronic Illness ===
PI has been used within the realm of [[Health Communication]] studies in order to assess methods of educating, and communicating with, patients facing a variety chronic or life-threatening conditions. In 2003, Babrow received the prestigious Woolbert Award for scholarship of exceptional originality and influence from the National Communication Association [http://www.natcom.org/nca/Template2.asp?sid=9] for his work with PI.
Maria G. Checton's findings indicate that a patient and their partner mutually influence each other in the management of [[Chronic condition|chronic illness]], and that communication and [[Sympathy|emotional support]] are vital components of successful management. Furthermore, participants identified the need for [[Health professional|medical professionals]] to acknowledge the partner's role and provide support to both the patient and their partner. This highlights the importance of integrating the patient and their partner in the management of chronic illness, which is what problematic integration theory aims to do.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Checton |first=Maria G. |title= Patients' and partners' perspectives of chronic illness and its management
Jennifer E. Ohs uses Problematic integration theory to understand how [[Family|family members]] come to a shared understanding of an [[End-of-life care|end-of-life decision]], how they experience challenges in the process, and how they respond to those challenges. Communication, [[negotiation]], and [[understanding]] between family members may require outside help such as professional counseling or spiritual guidance to facilitate the process. Successful integration of perspectives is essential for families to reach a decision about end-of-life care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohs |first=Jennifer E. |title=Problematic Integration and Family Communication about Decisions at the End of Life |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15267431.2017.1348947 |journal=Journal of Family Communication |year=2017 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1080/15267431.2017.1348947 |s2cid=148645921 |via=Taylor & Francis Online|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Elisia L. Cohen applies PI to her research to understand the complexities of the experience of [[African-American women|African American women]] to are treated for [[cancer]]. In her research, Cohen found that African American women often confront a double stigma when dealing with cancer and must negotiate their identity in order to claim cancer as their own. This process of naming and claiming cancer has been found to be an important part of the healing process for African American women, as it allows them to take [[ownership]] of their experience and create a sense of agency. Through this study, Cohen provides an important insight into the complexities of cancer and the role of identity in the healing process.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Elisia L. |title=Naming and Claiming Cancer among African American Women: An Application of Problematic Integration Theory |journal=Journal of Applied Communication Research |year=2009 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=397–417 |doi=10.1080/00909880903233176 |pmid=20160969 |pmc=2760846 }}</ref>
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