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{{Short description|
{{External links|date=December 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
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| programme = y
| purpose = Earth monitoring
| status = Ongoing
| manager =
| duration = 2014 - Present
}}
'''Copernicus''' is the [[Earth observation]] component of the [[European Union Space Programme]], managed by the [[European Commission]] and implemented in partnership with the [[Member state of the European Union|EU
The programme aims at achieving a global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity
Since 2021, Copernicus is a component of the [[European Union Space Programme|EU Space Programme]], which aims to bolster the EU Space policy in the fields of Earth Observation, Satellite Navigation, Connectivity, Space Research and Innovation and supports investments in critical infrastructure and disruptive technologies.
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Copernicus builds upon three components:
* The space component (observation satellites and associated [[ground segment]] with missions observing land, atmospheric and oceanographic parameters). This comprises two types of satellite missions, ESA's
* In-situ measurements (ground-based and airborne data-gathering networks providing information on oceans, continental surface and atmosphere);
* Services developed and managed by Copernicus and offered to its users and public in general.
It was named after the scientist and observer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]](1473 –1543). Copernicus' theory of the heliocentric universe made a pioneering contribution to modern science.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Copernicus {{!}} Copernicus|url=https://www.copernicus.eu/en/about-copernicus|access-date=2021-01-13|website=www.copernicus.eu}}</ref>
Its costs during 1998 to 2020 are estimated at €6.7 billion with around €4.3 billion spent in the period 2014 to 2020 and shared between the EU (67%) and ESA (33%) with benefits of the data to the EU economy estimated at €30 billion through 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-251_en.htm|title=ESA, Earth observation: first Copernicus satellite Sentinel 1A|publisher=European Commission|date=3 April 2014|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> ESA as a main partner has performed much of the design and oversees and co-funds the development of [[Sentinel (satellite)|Sentinel missions]] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with each Sentinel mission consisting of at least 2 satellites and some, such as Sentinel 1, 2 and 3, consisting of 4 satellites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/32707-earth-observation-satellite-and-einstein-challenging-physics-experiment-launch-into-space.html|title=Earth-Observation Satellite and Einstein-Challenging Physics Experiment Launch Into Space|publisher=Space.com|date=26 April 2016|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> They will also provide the instruments for [[Meteosat Third Generation]] and [[MetOp-SG]] weather satellites of [[EUMETSAT]] where ESA and EUMETSAT will also coordinate the delivery of data from upwards of 30 satellites that form the contributing satellite missions to Copernicus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copernicus.eu/main/satellites|title=Earth Observation Satellites |publisher=Copernicus.eu|date=3 April 2014|access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Italy and Mediterranean ESA391025.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|
== History ==
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*'''November 2020''': launch of Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich to enable the provision of high-precision and timely observations of the topography of the global ocean
*'''January 2021''': the regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme entered into force establishing a budget of €5,421 billion under the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) corresponding to the period 2021-2027.
*'''January 2023''': [[Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem]], the new data access, processing and visualization gateway of the Copernicus Programme is launched. Compared to the earlier Copernicus Open Science Hub, this portal now provides new API-s for data access and download (OData, STAC, openEO, Sentinel Hub), a web browser-based visualization and analysis interface ([https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu Copernicus Browser]), on-board coding interfaces ([https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/analyse/jupyterlab JupyterLab], [https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/analyse/openeo openEO]) and on-board cloud processing capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ecosystem |first=Copernicus Data Space |date=2024-03-23 |title=Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem {{!}} Europe's eyes on Earth |url=https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=dataspace.copernicus.eu |language=en}}</ref>
== Earth Observation missions ==
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ESA is currently developing seven missions under the Sentinel programme (Sentinel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5P, 5, 6). The Sentinel missions include radar and super-spectral imaging for land, ocean and atmospheric monitoring. Each Sentinel mission is based on a constellation of two satellites to fulfill and revisit the coverage requirements for each mission, providing robust datasets for all Copernicus services.
The Sentinel missions
* [[Sentinel-1]] provides all-weather, day and night radar imaging for land and ocean services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-1 |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-1 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref> Both satellites launched aboard [[Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre|Soyuz]] rockets from [[Guiana Space Centre|Centre Spatial Guyanais]].
** [[Sentinel-1A]] satellite was successfully launched on 3 April 2014
** [[Sentinel-1B]] satellite was successfully launched on 25 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1B_liftoff_delayed_another_24_hours|title=Sentinel-1B liftoff delayed another 24 hours|publisher=[[ESA]]|date=23 April 2016|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> Mission declared as ended 3 August 2022.
** [[Sentinel-1C]] satellite was launched on 5 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Double win for Europe: Sentinel-1C and Vega-C take to the skies |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Double_win_for_Europe_Sentinel-1C_and_Vega-C_take_to_the_skies |website=www.esa.int |access-date=6 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sentinel-2]] provides high-resolution optical imaging for land services (e.g. imagery of vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways and coastal areas).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-2 |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-2 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref> Sentinel-2 will also provide information for emergency services.
** [[Sentinel-2A]], successfully launched on 23 June 2015.<ref name="prelaunch-2A">{{cite news|url=
** [[Sentinel-2B]]
** [[Sentinel-2C]] launched on 5 September 2024 (UTC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sentinel-2C joins the Copernicus family in orbit |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2/Sentinel-2C_joins_the_Copernicus_family_in_orbit |website=www.esa.int |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sentinel-3]] provides ocean and global land monitoring services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-3 |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-3 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref> Both satellites were launched by a [[Eurockot Launch Services|Eurockot]] [[Rokot]] vehicle from the [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 2014|title=Sentinel-3 stacks up|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3_stacks_up|access-date=17 August 2014|publisher=ESA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sentinel-3A on its way|url=http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3A_on_its_way|website=esa.int}}</ref>
** [[Sentinel-3A]] satellite was launched on 16 February 2016.
** [[Sentinel-3B]] satellite followed on 25 April 2018.
* [[Sentinel-4]], Europe’s first hyperspectral sounding mission in [[Geostationary Earth Orbit|GEO]], will provide data for atmospheric composition monitoring as a payload upon
* [[Sentinel-5 Precursor]], launched 13 October 2017 by a Eurockot Rokot vehicle from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-5P |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-5p |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref> The primary purpose of this mission is to reduce the data gap (especially [[SCIAMACHY]] atmospheric observations) between the loss of [[Envisat]] in 2012, and the launch of Sentinel-5 in 2021.<ref name="ESAsentinels">{{cite web|title=ESA Sentinels-4, -5 and -5P|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinels_-4_-5_and_-5P|access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sentinel-5]] will also provide data for atmospheric composition monitoring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-5 |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-5 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref> It
* [[Sentinel-6]] is intended to provide continuity in high precision [[Radar altimeter|altimetry]] sea level measurements following the [[Jason-3]] satellite.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copernicus: Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich |url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-6-michael-freilich |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.eoportal.org |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich|Sentinel-6A]], was launched in November 2020 by a [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 9]] vehicle from [[Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4|Vandenberg SLC-4E]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Clark |first=Stephen|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/29/photos-falcon-9-launches-and-lands-at-vandenberg-air-force-base/|title=Photos: Falcon 9 launches and lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base |publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
**
In preparation for the second-generation of Copernicus (Copernicus 2.0), six High Priority Candidate "expansion" missions are currently being studied by ESA to address EU Policy and gaps in Copernicus user needs, and to increase the current capabilities of the Copernicus Space Component:
* [[Sentinel-7]]: Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions monitoring (CO2M)<ref name="thales-sentinels">{{cite press release|url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-proposals-copernicus-project-selected-european|title=Thales Alenia Space proposals for the Copernicus project selected by European Space Agency|publisher=Thales Group|date=2 July 2020|access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
* [[Sentinel-8]]: High
* [[Sentinel-9]]: Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL)
* [[Sentinel-10]]: Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME)
* [[Sentinel-11]]: Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR)
* [[Sentinel-12]]: Radar Observing System for Europe
=== Contributing missions ===
Before the Sentinel missions provide data to Copernicus, numerous existing or planned space missions provide or will provide data useful to the provision of Copernicus services. These missions are often referred to as "''
* '''[[European Remote-Sensing Satellite|ERS]]''': the European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-1 (1991–2000) was ESA's first Earth observation satellite. ERS-2 (1995–2011) provided data related to ocean surface temperature, winds at sea and atmospheric ozone.
* '''[[Envisat]]''' (
* '''[[Living Planet Programme|Earth Explorers]]''': ESA's Earth Explorers are smaller research missions dedicated to specific aspects of
** [[Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity|SMOS]] (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched on 2 November 2009.
** [[CryoSat-2]] (the measurement of the thickness of floating ice), launched on 8 April 2010.
* '''[[Meteosat|MSG]]''': the Meteosat Second Generation is a joint project between ESA and EUMETSAT.
* '''[[MetOp]]''': MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbiting satellite dedicated to operational meteorology. MetOp is a series of three satellites launched sequentially over 12 years from October 2006 to November 2018. The series provides data for both operational meteorology and climate studies until at least 2027.
* French '''[[SPOT (satellite)|SPOT]]''': SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) consists of a series of earth observation satellites providing high-resolution images of the Earth. SPOT-4 and SPOT-5 include sensors called VEGETATION able to monitor continental ecosystems.
* German '''[[TerraSAR-X]]''': TerraSAR-X is an Earth observation satellite providing high quality topographic information. TerraSAR-X data has a wide range of applications (e.g. land use / land cover mapping, topographic mapping, forest monitoring, emergency response monitoring, and [[environmental monitoring]]).
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* [[Planet Labs]], a commercial satellite imagery provider whose goal is to image the entirety of the planet daily to monitor changes and pinpoint trends.
* [[OroraTech]], a Germany-based commercial earth observation provider focussed on wildfire situational awareness, is delivering its [[FOREST-2]] thermal-infrared data (MWIR, 2x LWIR).<ref>[https://spacewatch.global/2023/06/ororatech-signs-contract-to-deliver-data-to-the-eu/ ''OroraTech Signs contract to deliver data to the EU''] SpaceWatch Global. 20 June 2023, retrieved 25 June 2023</ref>
* [[Prométhée Earth Intelligence]], a French Earth Observation satellite operator that will provide hyperspectral and multispectral images with its planned Japetus constellation of 20 satellites.<ref>[https://satelliteobservation.net/2023/08/23/tour-of-french-new-space-2023-promethee/ ''Tour of French New Space 2023: Promethee''] SatelliteObservation.net. 23 August 2023, retrieved 10 April 2024</ref>
Data provided by non-European satellite missions (e.g. [[Landsat program|Landsat]], [[Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite|GOSAT]], [[Radarsat-2]]) can also be used by Copernicus.
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==''In-Situ'' Coordination==
GMES In-Situ Coordination (GISC) was a FP7 funded initiative, lasted for three years (January 2010 – December 2012) and was coordinated by the [[European Environment Agency]] (EEA). Since 2014 EEA has been responsible for Copernicus In-Situ coordination under the Contribution Agreement between the EU (represented by the European Commission) and the EEA, signed 1 December 2014.
''[[In situ]]'' data are all data from sources other than Earth observation satellites. Consequently, all ground-based, air-borne, and ship/buoy-based observations and measurements that are needed to implement and operate the Copernicus services are part of the in-situ component. In-situ data are indispensable; they are assimilated into forecasting models, provide calibration and validation of space-based information, and contribute to analysis or filling gaps not available from space sources.
GISC was undertaken with reference to other initiatives, such as [[List of European Union directives#Information technology|INSPIRE]] (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System) as well as existing coordination and data exchange networks. The coordinated access to data retains the capacity to link directly data providers and the service providers because it is based on the principles of SEIS and INSPIRE. The implementation of INSPIRE is embedded in the synergies and meta-data standards that were used in GISC. Data and information aims to be managed as close as possible to its source in order to achieve a distributed system, by involving countries and existing capacities that maintain and operate the required observation infrastructure.
== Services component==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091030085742/http://gmes-atmosphere.eu/ '''MACC'''] started on 1 June 2009. The project continued and refined the products developed in the projects [https://web.archive.org/web/20090429095113/http://gems.ecmwf.int/ GEMS] and [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100604181907/http://www.gse-promote.org/ PROMOTE]. A second phase (MACC II) lasted until July 2014 allowing the now operational Copernicus atmospheric monitoring service (CAMS, see above).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826161936/http://www.gmes-gmosaic.eu/ '''GMOSAIC'''] started on 1 January 2009. Together with the LIMES project [https://web.archive.org/web/20100124033856/http://www.fp6-limes.eu/ Wayback Machine] (co-funded by the European Commission under FP6), [[GMOSAIC]] specifically dealt with the Security ___domain of Copernicus addressing topics such as Support to Intelligence and Early Warning and Support to Crisis Management Operations.
== Interaction ==
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== Other relevant initiatives ==
Other initiatives will also facilitate the development and functioning of Copernicus services:
* [[List of European Union directives#Information technology|INSPIRE]]: this initiative aims at building a European spatial data infrastructure beyond national boundaries.
* Urban Atlas: Compiled from thousands of satellite photographs, the Urban Atlas provides detailed and cost-effective digital mapping, ensuring that city planners have the most up-to-date and accurate data available on land use and land cover. The Urban Atlas will enable urban planners to better assess risks and opportunities, ranging from the threat of flooding and the impact of climate change, to identifying new infrastructure and public transport needs. All cities in the EU will be covered by the Urban Atlas by 2011.
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seis/ SEIS]: The Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) is a collaborative initiative of the European Commission and the European Environment Agency (EEA) to establish together with the Member States an integrated and shared EU-wide environmental information system.
* [[Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility]], the [[European Space Agency]] initiative for [[interoperability]] of [[Earth observation satellite]] payload data ground segments.
Copernicus is one of three related initiatives that are the subject of the GIGAS (''[[GEOSS]], [[List of European Union directives#Information technology|INSPIRE]] and [[GMES]] an Action in Support'') harmonization and analysis project <ref name="Comparative analysis">[http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=39475 GIGAS Methodology for comparative analysis of information and data management systems], OGC 10-028r1, A. Biancalana, P.G. Marchetti, P. Smits, 2010</ref> under the auspices of the [[European Union|EU]] [[7th Framework Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegigasforum.eu/project/project.html|title=The GIGAS Project |website=thegigasforum.eu|access-date=2009-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814160825/http://www.thegigasforum.eu/project/project.html|archive-date=2009-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Third country participation ==
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'''Enlargement'''
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}:
|url=https://www.ft.com/content/87093b77-5a94-41b1-b943-9a89ac71118b|access-date=6 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicholson |first=Craig |date=2024-10-18 |title=Return of UK bolsters EU Earth-observation satellite programme |url=https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-infrastructure-2024-10-return-of-uk-bolsters-eu-earth-observation-satellite-programme/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Research Professional News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[CNES]]
* [[commons:Category:
* [[European Space Technology Platform]]
* [[French space program]]
* [[Mission Science Division]]
* [https://www.dlr.de/en German Aerospace Centre]
* [[German space programme]]
== References ==
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* [http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus ESA Copernicus web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140410222729/http://www.copernicus.eu/pages-principales/library/policy-documents/ Copernicus reference documents]
* [https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/ Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090528235125/http://www.gmes-network-of-users.eu/ GNU (GMES Network of Users)]
* [http://www.earthobservations.org GEO (Group on Earth Observation)]
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