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{{Short description|Small terrier dog breed}}
{{Pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Jack Russell Terrier
| image = Jack Russell Terrier 1.jpg
| image_alt = a small white dog with chestnut patches over both eyes and on the body
|
|
|
| image_caption2 =
|
| stock =
| country = United Kingdom
| distribution =
| height = {{right|ideal: {{cvt|25|–|30|cm|round=0.5|abbr=on}}{{r|fci2|tkc}}}}
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| weight = {{right|{{cvt|5|–|6|kg|0|abbr=on}}{{r|fci2}}}}
| maleweight =
| femaleweight =
| coat = smooth, rough or broken
| colour = predominantly white, with patches of tan or black
| litter_size =
| life_span =
| kc_name = [[The Kennel Club]]
| kc_std = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/terrier/jack-russell-terrier/
| kc2_name =
| kc2_std =
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/345g03-en.pdf
| notrecognised =
| extinct =
| note =
}}
The '''
It derives from dogs bred and used for [[fox-hunting]] in [[North Devon]] in the early nineteenth century by a country [[parson]], [[Jack Russell (priest)|Jack Russell]] – for whom the breed is named – and has similar origins to the modern [[Fox Terrier]]. Though closely similar, it is a distinct and different breed from the [[Parson Russell Terrier]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-26 |title=Jack Russell terrier and a Parson Russell - can you tell the difference? |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/gundogs/gundog-breeds/jack-russell-terrier-parson-russell-91302 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Shooting UK |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202133801/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/gundogs/gundog-breeds/jack-russell-terrier-parson-russell-91302 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Jack Russells are an energetic breed that rely on a high level of exercise and stimulation. It has gone through several changes over the years, corresponding to different use and breed standards set by kennel clubs. Recognition by kennel clubs for the Jack Russell breed has been opposed by the breed's parent societies – which resulted in the breeding and recognition of the ''Parson Russell'' terrier. Jack Russells have appeared many times in film, television, and print – with several historical dogs of note.
== History ==
=== Sporting parson ===
[[image:Trump Scan.jpg|thumb|alt="A black and white drawing of a white dog with black markings on the face. The image is in profile with the dog facing left."|A drawing of Trump, the dog purchased by the Rev. [[Jack Russell (priest)|John Russell]].]]
The small white fox-working terriers were first bred by the [[Jack Russell (priest)|Reverend John "Jack" Russell]], a [[parson]] and [[hunting]] enthusiast born in 1795,<ref name="Anna Katherine">{{cite book|last=Nicholas|first=Anna Katherine|title=Jack Russell Terriers|year=1995|publisher=TFH Publications|___location=Neptune City, NJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/jackrussellterri00nich/page/4 4]|isbn=0-7938-2379-X|quote=Parson Jack was born in 1795. His father was a noted sportsman... also a clergyman. ...patterned his own life after the senior Russell's footsteps|url=https://archive.org/details/jackrussellterri00nich/page/4}}</ref> and they can trace their origin to the now extinct [[English white terrier]].<ref name="jane" /> Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog,<ref name="jrgbhist">{{cite web|url=http://jrtcgb.webs.com/clubinfo.htm|title=Breed History & Club History|publisher=Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain|access-date=17 March 2010|archive-date=12 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812013752/http://jrtcgb.webs.com/clubinfo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and so in 1819 during his last year of university at [[Exeter College, Oxford]],<ref name="parsonclubhist"/> he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a local milkman<ref>"A Field Guide to the English Clergy' Butler-Gallie, F p90: London, Oneworld Publications, 2018 {{ISBN|9781786074416}}</ref> in the nearby small [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Elsfield]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=Europe: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1 January 1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/343 343]|isbn=978-0-19-820171-7|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0|url-access=registration|quote=jack russell.|access-date=24 March 2010}}</ref> or [[Marston, Oxford|Marston]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/leisureold/pasttimes/1146438.from_the_civil_war_to_jack_russell_breed/ |title=From the civil war to Jack Russell breed by Chris Koenig, ''Oxford Times'' 25 January 2007 |access-date=3 April 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116031320/https://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/leisureold/pasttimes/1146438.from_the_civil_war_to_jack_russell_breed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Trump epitomised his ideal [[Fox Terrier]],<ref name="co6">[[#coile2000|Coile (2000)]]: p. 6</ref> which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows.<ref name="jane">{{cite web|url=http://janedogs.com/fox-terriers-and-jack-russells//|title=Fox Terriers and Jack Russells|publisher=Jane Dogs|access-date=7 October 2010|archive-date=3 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234419/http://www.janedogs.com/fox-terriers-and-jack-russells/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail."<ref name="co3">[[#coile2000|Coile (2000)]]: p. 3</ref> Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote: "Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams".<ref name="parsonclubhist">{{cite web|url=http://www.parsonrussellterrierclub.co.uk/history.html |title=An introduction to the Parson Russell Terrier |publisher=Parson Russell Terrier Club UK |access-date=15 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505044647/http://www.parsonrussellterrierclub.co.uk/history.html |archive-date= 5 May 2011 }}</ref> She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground.<ref name="northamerican">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Steve|title=The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen|publisher=Willow Creek Press|date=September 2002|page=229|isbn=978-1-57223-501-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4FnXfnoc-IC&q=jack+russell+terrier&pg=PA229|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212043733/https://books.google.com/books?id=d4FnXfnoc-IC&q=jack+russell+terrier&pg=PA229|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.<ref name="prtjrthist">{{cite web|url=http://www.prt-jrt.com/articles/HistoryOfTheJRT.html|title=History of the Jack Russell Terrier|last=McKinney|first=Liz|publisher=Parson Russell Terrier / Jack Russell Terrier.com|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715124846/http://www.prt-jrt.com/articles/HistoryOfTheJRT.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox, without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood.<ref name="prtjrthist"/> This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for those qualities, and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today can be proved to be descendants from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period. However, documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found. Several records remain of documented breeding by John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration, and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century, the Fox Terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained, and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type has descended.<ref name="parsonclubhist"/>
Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox Terrier of this period, including the [[Brazilian Terrier]], [[Japanese Terrier]], [[Miniature Fox Terrier]], [[Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz]], [[Rat Terrier]], and [[Tenterfield Terrier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/types_of_terriers.html |title=Different Types of Terrier: Smooth Fox Terrier |publisher=JackRussell.co.uk |access-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401235849/http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/types_of_terriers.html |archive-date= 1 April 2010 }}</ref>
=== After John Russell ===
[[image:Carlisle Tack.jpg|thumb|Carlisle Tack, a Fox terrier born in 1884, who was owned by John Russell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumbreckjackrussells.com/OriginHistory.html|title=Origin & History|publisher=Cumbreck Jack Russells|access-date=2 April 2010|archive-date=21 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221073519/http://www.cumbreckjackrussells.com/OriginHistory.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in [[Chislehurst]] with the surname of East, and another in [[Cornwall]] named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show [[Fox Terrier]] and were usually less than {{convert|15|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name="jrgbhist" />
Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he founded the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote [[badger]] digging rather than fox hunting, and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of [[Oare, Somerset|Oare]], and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs, as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers.<ref name="parsonclubhist" /> By the turn of the 20th century, Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.<ref name="remfox">{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Rawdon B.|title=A History and Description, with Reminiscences, of the Fox Terrier|publisher=Horace Cox, London|year=1902|page=153|isbn=9781103296620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvwd4L445fAC&q=russell&pg=PP12|access-date=29 March 2010|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212043733/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zvwd4L445fAC&q=russell&pg=PP12|url-status=live}}</ref>
The club was later renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club.<ref name="parsonclubhist"/> Badger digging required a different type of dog than fox hunting, and it is likely that [[Bull Terrier]] stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name.<ref name="jrgbhist" /> Heinemann was invited to judge classes for [[working terrier]]s at [[Crufts]] with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but [[Charles Cruft (showman)|Charles Cruft]] dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before [[World War II]].<ref name="jrgbhist" /><ref name="parsonclubhist" />
=== Post-World War II ===
Following [[World War II]], the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
The [[Jack Russell Terrier Club of America]] (JRTCA) was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in [[Dog show|conformation show]]s. An open registry was maintained, with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells, rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain, given the open registry.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 1970s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at {{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}. While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with other breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK [[Kennel club]].<ref name="co9">[[#coile2000|Coile(2000)]]: p. 9</ref> In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier.<ref name="co10">[[#coile2000|Coile(2000)]]: p. 10</ref> Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the [[Parson Russell Terrier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jack-parsonrussell.com/it/parson.html|title=FCI-Standard N°339 / 28. 11. 2003 / GB Parson Russell Terrier|publisher=Montefiore|access-date=27 March 2010|archive-date=14 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914234935/http://www.jack-parsonrussell.com/it/parson.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
In the late 1990s, the [[American Kennel Club]] explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell Terrier.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association formed and petitioned the AKC; the breed's admission was granted in 2001. Under the AKC-recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard, and the name of the AKC-recognised Jack Russell Terrier was changed to Parson Russell Terrier,{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
The [[Australian National Kennel Council]] (ANKC) and the [[New Zealand Kennel Club]] (NZCK) are some of national kennel associations that register both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br245.html |title=Jack Russell Terrier |publisher=New Zealand Kennel Club |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110003625/http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br245.html |archive-date=10 January 2010 }}{{indent|3}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br261.html |title=Parson Russell Terrier |publisher=New Zealand Kennel Club |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327164803/http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br261.html |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}{{indent|3}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ankc.org.au/Breeds.aspx?gid=2 |title=Breeds – Group 2 (Terriers) Page 1 |publisher=Australian National Kennel Council |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415055313/http://www.ankc.org.au/Breeds.aspx?gid=2 |archive-date=15 April 2010 }}{{indent|3}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ankc.org.au/Breed_Details.aspx?bid=66 |title=Parson Russell Terrier |date=2 July 2009 |publisher=Australian National Kennel Council |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706124403/http://www.ankc.org.au/Breed_Details.aspx?bid=66 |archive-date= 6 July 2011 }}</ref> however, the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/parsons_and_jacks.html |title=The differences between Parson Jack Russell Terriers and Jack Russell Terriers |publisher=Jack-Russell-Terrier.co.uk |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401213312/http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/parsons_and_jacks.html |archive-date= 1 April 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier.<ref name="austop">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankc.org.au/media/scripts/doc_download.aspx?did=438 |title=ANKC: National Animal Registration Analysis |work=Australian National Kennel Club |access-date=5 April 2010 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kannyeparsons.co.uk/kannyehistory.htm |title=About Us |publisher=Kannye Parson Russell Terrier |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330224505/http://www.kannyeparsons.co.uk/kannyehistory.htm |archive-date=30 March 2010 }}</ref> the Tenterfield terrier,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/1998/archives/26/roadtests/dog_breeds/tenterfield_terrier |title=Tenterfield Terrier |publisher=Burkes Backyard |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113232939/http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/1998/archives/26/roadtests/dog_breeds/tenterfield_terrier |archive-date=13 January 2010 }}</ref> and the [[Rat Terrier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://terrierlover.com/2007/09/rat-terrier-the-farming-dog/#more-39|title=Roosevelt's Rat Terrier|date=2 September 2007|publisher=TerrierLover.com|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223044200/http://terrierlover.com/2007/09/rat-terrier-the-farming-dog/#more-39|archive-date=23 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the [[Brazilian Terrier]], [[Japanese Terrier]], [[Miniature Fox Terrier]], [[Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz]], [[Rat Terrier]], and [[Tenterfield Terrier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/types_of_terriers.html |title=Different Types of Terrier |publisher=Jack-Russell-Terrier.co.uk |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401235849/http://www.jack-russell-terrier.co.uk/breed/types_of_terriers.html |archive-date= 1 April 2010 }}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
image:Jack Russell Terrier in Park.jpg|A Jack Russell terrier wearing a [[dog harness]]
Image:Jack Russell Terrier exits den pipe.jpg|A working Jack Russell terrier exits a den pipe
File:Jack Russell Terrier Eddi Jumping.JPG|Jack Russell Terriers playing with a ball
File:Dog on a Stick (2483492371).jpg|A Jack Russell Terrier brings a stick
</gallery>
==
[[image:JackRussells.jpg|thumb|alt="Three mostly white terriers with different markings stand up over a log"|Jack Russell terriers come in a variety of coat types, and with a range of markings]]
[[File:Broken Coated Jack Russell Terrier.jpg|thumb|An example of a broken coated Jack Russell terrier]]
Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago.<ref name="co11">[[#coile2000|Coile (2000)]]: p. 11</ref> They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring {{convert|10|-|15|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} at the [[withers]],<ref name="BreedStandard" /> and weigh {{convert|14|-|18|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in colouration (more than 51%) with black and/or brown and/or tan markings,<ref name="BreedStandard">{{cite web|url=http://www.therealjackrussell.com/jrtca/standard.php|title=JRTCA Breed Standard|work=therealjackrussell.com|publisher=Jack Russell Terrier Club of America|access-date=2009-06-02|archive-date=19 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519033559/http://www.therealjackrussell.com/jrtca/standard.php|url-status=live}}</ref> they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog.<ref>{{cite book|last=Romaine Brown|first=Catherine|title=Jack Russell Terrier: Your Happy Healthy Pet|publisher=Howell Book House|date=27 March 2006|page=18|isbn=978-0-471-74837-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7pJJIwLS3QC&q=jack+russell+broken+coat&pg=PA18|access-date=15 March 2010|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212043852/https://books.google.com/books?id=m7pJJIwLS3QC&q=jack+russell+broken+coat&pg=PA18|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Rough Coated Jack Russell Terrier.JPG|thumb|An example of a rough-coated Jack Russell terrier]]
The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately {{cvt|5|in|cm|-1|order=flip}} in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert.<ref name="BreedStandard"/> The [[red fox]] is the traditional [[Game (hunting)|quarry]] of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world, they average from {{convert|13|-|17|lb|kg|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} in weight and have an average chest size of {{convert|12|-|14|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} at the widest part.<ref name="Working Dog">{{cite web|url=http://therealjackrussell.com/breed/working.php|title=WORKING DOG|work=therealjackrussell.com|publisher=Jack Russell Terrier Club of America|access-date=2009-06-02|archive-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522200817/http://www.therealjackrussell.com/breed/working.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Differences from related breeds ===
[[image:05052881 PRT braun rau.jpg|thumb|The Parson Russell terrier (pictured) shares a common ancestry with the Jack Russell terrier.]]
The Jack Russell terrier and [[Parson Russell Terrier]] breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences – the most notable being the range of acceptable heights.<ref name="ricesmall">{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Dan|title=Small Dog Breeds|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|date=17 November 2005|page=140|isbn=978-0-7641-2095-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYS0rHP4AUIC&q=jack+russell+parson+diffences&pg=RA2-PT46|access-date=15 March 2010|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212043838/https://books.google.com/books?id=iYS0rHP4AUIC&q=jack+russell+parson+diffences&pg=RA2-PT46|url-status=live}}</ref> Other differences in the Parson Russell can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The height of a Parson Russell at the [[withers]] according to the breed standard is {{convert|12|-|14|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}} which places it within the range of the [[Jack Russell Terrier Club of America]]'s standard size for a Jack Russell of {{convert|10|-|15|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}. However, the Parson Russell is a [[Dog show|conformation show]] standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.<ref name="breedcompare">{{cite web|url=http://www.therealjackrussell.com/breed/difference.php|title=Breed Comparison|publisher=Jack Russell Terrier Club of America|access-date=17 March 2010|archive-date=1 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301173945/http://www.therealjackrussell.com/breed/difference.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Russell Terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartc.org/History.htm |title=A Brief History of the American Russell Terrier Club |publisher=American Russell Terrier Club |access-date=17 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220233717/http://www.theartc.org/History.htm |archive-date=20 February 2010 }}</ref> Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of {{convert|8|-|12|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejrtca.org/standard.html|title=EJRTCA Breed Standard|publisher=English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance, Inc.|access-date=17 March 2010|archive-date=30 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430081336/http://www.ejrtca.org/standard.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartc.org/AKCBreedStandard.htm |title=AKC Russell Terrier Breed Standard |publisher=American Russell Terrier Club |access-date=17 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327185403/http://www.theartc.org/AKCBreedStandard.htm |archive-date=27 March 2010 }}</ref> Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier,{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the United States, {{convert|10|-|15|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jrtcgb.webs.com/breedstandard.htm|title=Breed Standard|publisher=Jack Russell Terrier Club of Great Britain|access-date=17 March 2010|archive-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819034947/http://jrtcgb.webs.com/breedstandard.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Compared to the Parson Russell Terrier, the Russell Terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson Russell's points should be of equal distance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jrtrohmregister.com/11.htm |title=The Body & Tail |publisher=American Russell Terrier Club |access-date=17 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329130155/http://jrtrohmregister.com/11.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 }}</ref> The [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/345g03-en.pdf|title=Jack Russell Terrier|date=9 August 2004|publisher=Fédération Cynologique Internationale|access-date=26 March 2010|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508203341/http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/345g03-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that, "I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under {{cvt|12|in|cm}} worker, if it was available, over a {{cvt|14|in|cm}} one."<ref name="chapman">{{cite book| last = Chapman| first = Eddie| title = The Working Jack Russell Terrier| publisher = Dorset Press| year = 1994}}</ref>
== Temperament ==
[[File:Jack Russell catching ball.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Jack Russell terriers have a high energy level.]]
Jack Russells are first and foremost a [[working terrier]].<ref name="Working Terrier">{{cite web|url=http://www.therealjackrussell.com/breed/index.php|title=The Jack Russell Terrier: A Working Dog|work=therealjackrussell.com|publisher=Jack Russell Terrier Club of America|access-date=2009-09-11|archive-date=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830234725/http://www.therealjackrussell.com/breed/index.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally bred to bolt foxes from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, otter, and red and grey fox.<ref name="thinking">{{cite web|url=http://www.working-dog.com/needto.htm |title=So You're Thinking About Getting a Jack Russell Terrier |publisher=Working-Dog.com |access-date=27 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206015918/http://www.working-dog.com/needto.htm |archive-date=6 February 2010 }}</ref> The working Jack Russell terrier is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs.<ref name="northamerican"/> It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves, leading to the semi-affectionate nickname among suburban pet dogs of "Jack Russell Terrorist".{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as [[flyball]] or [[dog agility|agility]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pavia|first=Audrey|title=What About Jack Russell Terriers: The Joys and Realities of Living with a JRT|publisher=Howell Book House|date=21 November 2003|series=What About?|page=7|isbn=978-0-7645-4089-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rA2waE0sYQwC&q=jack+russell|access-date=24 March 2010|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212043738/https://books.google.com/books?id=rA2waE0sYQwC&q=jack+russell|url-status=live}}</ref> Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners,<ref name="thinking"/> as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized.<ref name="northamerican"/> Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for apartments unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
== Health ==
[[File:Gizmo the Jack Russell.jpg|thumb|upright|Jack Russell running]]
[[image:JackRussellJump wb.jpg|thumb|upright|Trump, 2002 USDAA National/World Agility Champion – 12" division]]
Due to their use in hunting, in the US the Jack Russell is prone to contracting skunk [[toxic shock syndrome]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Steve|title=The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen|publisher=Willow Creek Press|date=September 2002|pages=229 & 229|chapter=Jack Russell Terrier|isbn=978-1-57223-501-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4FnXfnoc-IC&q=russell+terrier&pg=PA229|access-date=24 March 2010|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212043823/https://books.google.com/books?id=d4FnXfnoc-IC&q=russell+terrier&pg=PA229|url-status=live}}</ref>
A 2022 study of life expectancy of dogs in the UK using veterinary data found the Jack Russell Terrier to have an average life expectancy of 12 years and 9 months, higher than any other breed in the study including crossbreeds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Teng | first1=Kendy Tzu-yun | last2=Brodbelt | first2=Dave C. | last3=Pegram | first3=Camilla | last4=Church | first4=David B. | last5=O’Neill | first5=Dan G. | title=Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=12 | issue=1 | date=2022-04-28 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 | page=6415| pmid=35484374 | pmc=9050668 | bibcode=2022NatSR..12.6415T }}</ref> A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.3 years compared to 12 years for crossbreeds and 12.7 years for purebreds overall.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 | bibcode=2024NatSR..14..531M }}</ref> A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Roccaro | first=Mariana | last2=Salini | first2=Romolo | last3=Pietra | first3=Marco | last4=Sgorbini | first4=Micaela | last5=Gori | first5=Eleonora | last6=Dondi | first6=Maurizio | last7=Crisi | first7=Paolo E. | last8=Conte | first8=Annamaria | last9=Dalla Villa | first9=Paolo | last10=Podaliri | first10=Michele | last11=Ciaramella | first11=Paolo | last12=Di Palma | first12=Cristina | last13=Passantino | first13=Annamaria | last14=Porciello | first14=Francesco | last15=Gianella | first15=Paola | last16=Guglielmini | first16=Carlo | last17=Alborali | first17=Giovanni L. | last18=Rota Nodari | first18=Sara | last19=Sabatelli | first19=Sonia | last20=Peli | first20=Angelo | title=Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy | journal=Preventive Veterinary Medicine | volume=225 | date=2024 | doi=10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155 | page=106155| doi-access=free | hdl=11585/961937 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
===Dermatological===
[[Black hair follicular dysplasia]] is a rare type of follicular dysplasia where only the black hairs of a bicolour or tricolour dog will be affected. Jack Russell Terriers are known to be a breed that may acquire the condition although it is seen in several breeds and in [[mongrel]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Von Bomhard | first1=Wolf | last2=Mauldin | first2=Elizabeth A. | last3=Schmutz | first3=Sheila M. | last4=Leeb | first4=Tosso | last5=Casal | first5=Margret L. | title=Black hair follicular dysplasia in Large Münsterländer dogs: clinical, histological and ultrastructural features | journal=Veterinary Dermatology | publisher=Wiley | volume=17 | issue=3 | date=2006-05-04 | issn=0959-4493 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00517.x | pages=182–188| pmid=16674733 | pmc=3330242 }}</ref>
A type of [[ichthyosis]] that can be distinguished both clinically and histopathologically has been identified in separate Jack Russell Terrier families. This ichthyosis is also more severe than other forms. A mutation in the [[TGM1]] gene has been found to be the cause.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Credille | first1=K.M. | last2=Minor | first2=J.S. | last3=Barnhart | first3=K.F. | last4=Lee | first4=E. | last5=Cox | first5=M.L. | last6=Tucker | first6=K.A. | last7=Diegel | first7=K.L. | last8=Venta | first8=P.J. | last9=Hohl | first9=D. | last10=Huber | first10=M. | last11=Dunstan | first11=R.W. | title=Transglutaminase 1-deficient recessive lamellar ichthyosis associated with a LINE-1 insertion in Jack Russell terrier dogs | journal=British Journal of Dermatology | volume=161 | issue=2 | date=2009 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09161.x | pages=265–272| pmid=19438474 }}</ref>
=== Eye disorders ===
[[Primary lens luxation]] is an inherited condition that often occurs in Jack Russell Terriers as well as other breeds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sargan | first1=David R. | last2=Withers | first2=David | last3=Pettitt | first3=Louise | last4=Squire | first4=Michael | last5=Gould | first5=David J. | last6=Mellersh | first6=Cathryn S. | title=Mapping the Mutation Causing Lens Luxation in Several Terrier Breeds | journal=Journal of Heredity | volume=98 | issue=5 | date=2007-07-01 | issn=1465-7333 | doi=10.1093/jhered/esm029 | pages=534–538| pmid=17573382 }}</ref> A study identified a mutation in the [[ADAMTS17]] gene as being responsible for the condition.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Farias | first1=Fabiana H. G. | last2=Johnson | first2=Gary S. | last3=Taylor | first3=Jeremy F. | last4=Giuliano | first4=Elizabeth | last5=Katz | first5=Martin L. | last6=Sanders | first6=Douglas N. | last7=Schnabel | first7=Robert D. | last8=McKay | first8=Stephanie D. | last9=Khan | first9=Shahnawaz | last10=Gharahkhani | first10=Puya | last11=O'Leary | first11=Caroline A. | last12=Pettitt | first12=Louise | last13=Forman | first13=Oliver P. | last14=Boursnell | first14=Mike | last15=McLaughlin | first15=Bryan | last16=Ahonen | first16=Saija | last17=Lohi | first17=Hannes | last18=Hernandez-Merino | first18=Elena | last19=Gould | first19=David J. | last20=Sargan | first20=David R. | last21=Mellersh | first21=Cathryn | title=An ADAMTS17 Splice Donor Site Mutation in Dogs with Primary Lens Luxation | journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume=51 | issue=9 | date=2010-09-01 | issn=1552-5783 | doi=10.1167/iovs.09-5142 | page=4716| pmid=20375329 }}</ref>
=== Haematology ===
[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] (SCID) is a [[genetic disorder]] that is related to a defective antibody response. An [[autosomal recessive]] form of SCID has been reported in the Jack Russell Terrier. The condition usually results in death from an infection during the first few months. The allele responsible for the condition is found in less than 1.1% of Jack Russell Terriers and a DNA test exists for the condition.<ref>{{cite book | title=Schalm's Veterinary Hematology | publisher=Wiley | date=2022-04-22 | isbn=978-1-119-50050-6 | doi=10.1002/9781119500537 | page=440 | editor-last1=Brooks | editor-last2=Harr | editor-last3=Seelig | editor-last4=Wardrop | editor-last5=Weiss | editor-first1=Marjory B. | editor-first2=Kendal E. | editor-first3=Davis M. | editor-first4=K. Jane | editor-first5=Douglas J. }}</ref>
=== Musculoskeletal ===
[[Patellar luxation]], also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the [[kneecap]] slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include [[arthritis]] or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery. Some are prone to dislocation of the kneecaps, inherited eye diseases, deafness and Legg Perthes—a disease of the hip joints of small dog breeds. Prone to mast cell tumors. [[Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome]], also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the [[femur]] in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in [[human]]s.<ref name="leggliver">{{cite web|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/HumanAnatomy/phd/research/perthes/perthpd.html |title=Perthes' Disease of the Hip |last=Dangerfield |first=Peter H. |publisher=The University of Liverpool |access-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531191236/http://www.liv.ac.uk/HumanAnatomy/phd/research/perthes/perthpd.html |archive-date=31 May 2009 }}</ref> In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hillsidepets.com/index.php/pet-care-pages/82-jack-russell-terrier-specific-wellness-program |title=Jack Russell Terrier – Specific Wellness Program |publisher=Hillside Animal Hospital |access-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711165914/http://www.hillsidepets.com/index.php/pet-care-pages/82-jack-russell-terrier-specific-wellness-program |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the [[Border Terrier|Border terrier]], [[Lakeland Terrier|Lakeland terrier]], and [[Wheaten Terrier|Wheaten terrier]].<ref name="leggliver"/>
===Neurological===
An inherited form of [[ataxia]] has been recognised within the Jack Russell Terrier for more than 50 years. [[Myokymia]] and [[seizure]]s are often seen alongside the condition. A 2014 study identified the [[KCNJ10]] gene as being responsible for the [[spinocerebellar]] ataxia accompanied by myokymia and/or seizures in the breed. This condition also affects the closely related [[Parson Russell Terrier]] and [[Russell Terrier]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gilliam | first1=D. | last2=O'Brien | first2=D.P. | last3=Coates | first3=J.R. | last4=Johnson | first4=G.S. | last5=Johnson | first5=G.C. | last6=Mhlanga-Mutangadura | first6=T. | last7=Hansen | first7=L. | last8=Taylor | first8=J.F. | last9=Schnabel | first9=R.D. | title=A Homozygous KCNJ10 Mutation in Jack Russell Terriers and Related Breeds with Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia, Seizures, or Both | journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume=28 | issue=3 | date=2014 | issn=0891-6640 | pmid=24708069 | pmc=4238845 | doi=10.1111/jvim.12355 | pages=871–877}}</ref>
A UK study found the Jack Russell Terrier to be predisposed to [[steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis]]. The breed was 6.91 times more likely to contract the disease than other breeds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Rose | first1=J.H. | last2=Kwiatkowska | first2=M. | last3=Henderson | first3=E.R. | last4=Granger | first4=N. | last5=Murray | first5=J.K. | last6=Harcourt-Brown | first6=T.R. | title=The Impact of Demographic, Social, and Environmental Factors on the Development of Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis ( SRMA ) in the United Kingdom | journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume=28 | issue=4 | date=2014 | issn=0891-6640 | pmid=24773082 | pmc=4857946 | doi=10.1111/jvim.12360 | pages=1199–1202}}</ref>
== Well-known Jack Russell terriers ==
[[image:His Master's Voice.jpg|thumb|left|''[[His Master's Voice]]'' (1898) by [[Francis Barraud]]]]
[[Nipper]] was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/440596.stm|title=HMV seeks budding Nipper|date=8 September 1999|publisher=BBC News|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604212807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/440596.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the inspiration for the painting ''Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph'', later renamed ''His Master's Voice''. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including [[The Gramophone Company]], [[EMI]], the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]], and [[RCA]]. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for the entertainment retailer, [[HMV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erikoest.dk/nipper.htm|title=The History of Nipper and His Master's Voice|publisher=erikoest.dk|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=12 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012234003/http://www.erikoest.dk/nipper.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
A Jack Russell named [[Bothie (dog)|Bothie]] made history in 1982 as part of the [[Transglobe Expedition]]. Owned by explorers [[Ranulph Fiennes|Ranulph]] and [[Ginny Fiennes]], he became the first dog to travel to both the [[North Pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transglobe-expedition.org/page/the-arctic |title=Part 3: The Arctic: May 1981 – August 1982 |publisher=Transglobe Expedition.org |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203192813/http://www.transglobe-expedition.org/page/the-arctic |archive-date= 3 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transglobe-expedition.org/page/the-antarctic |title=Part 2: The Antarctic: January 1980 – April 1981 |publisher=Transglobe Expedition.org |access-date=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102050128/http://www.transglobe-expedition.org/page/the-antarctic |archive-date= 2 January 2010 }}</ref> This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from [[Antarctica]] by the [[Antarctic Treaty]] nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native [[Pinniped|seal]] population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13017742.500-redundant-huskies-sent-packing-from-antarctica-.html|title=Redundant huskies sent packing from Antarctica|last=Macklin|first=Debbie|date=22 June 1991|publisher=New Scientist|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=12 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112111023/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13017742.500-redundant-huskies-sent-packing-from-antarctica-.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ranulph Fiennes and [[Charles R. Burton|Charles Burton]] actually made the trip to the north pole by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]], along with Bothie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dewintonvet.com/famous-dogs/|title=Famous Dogs|last=Hadzima|first=Eva|date=12 September 2016|publisher=dewintonvet.com|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812065032/https://dewintonvet.com/famous-dogs/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named [[George (dog)|George]] saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two [[pit bull]]s. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away, but he was killed by the pit bulls. He was posthumously awarded the [[PDSA Gold Medal]] in 2009, the animal equivalent of the [[George Cross]]. A statue has been erected in [[Manaia, Taranaki|Manaia]], New Zealand, in his memory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Dog-Bravery-Jack-Russell-George-Awarded-PDSA-Gold-Medal-For-Saving-Children-From-Pit-Bull-Terriers/Article/200902215220504 |title=Hero Dog Dies Fighting Pit Bulls |date=11 February 2009 |work=[[Sky News]] |access-date=2 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214211821/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Dog-Bravery-Jack-Russell-George-Awarded-PDSA-Gold-Medal-For-Saving-Children-From-Pit-Bull-Terriers/Article/200902215220504 |archive-date=14 February 2009 }}</ref> A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a [[Purple Heart]] award he had received for service in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/1107891|title=Medals for brave jack russell terrier|date=8 May 2007|work=tvnz.co.nz|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|access-date=2 June 2009|archive-date=28 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028185902/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/1107891|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2019, [[Boris Johnson]] and his partner [[Carrie Symonds]] took a Jack Russell cross from an animal rescue charity in Wales.<ref name=BBC>{{citation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49548946 |publisher=BBC |title=Boris Johnson's new rescue puppy moves into Downing Street |date=2 September 2019 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216162536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49548946 |url-status=live }}</ref> The dog's name is [[Dilyn]] and he became a famous [[Dogs at polling stations|dog at a polling station]] in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|general election]].<ref name=Met>{{citation |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/12/boris-johnson-joins-dogs-polling-stations-trend-taking-dilyn-11771984/ |title=Boris Johnson joins dogs at polling stations trend by taking Dilyn with him |author=Jen Mills |date=12 December 2019 |newspaper=Metro |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213155312/https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/12/boris-johnson-joins-dogs-polling-stations-trend-taking-dilyn-11771984/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Times2>{{citation |newspaper=The Times |title=World wakes to one man and his dog |page=11 |date=14 December 2019 |author1=Will Pavia |author2=Charles Bremner}}</ref>
During the ongoing [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a 2-year old Jack Russell named [[Patron (dog)|Patron]] has been working with the [[State Emergency Service of Ukraine]] to sniff out Russian explosives. As of April 20, 2022, the Ukrainian Government announced that he had located nearly 90 explosives.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=2022-04-20 |title=Meet Patron, a bomb-sniffing Jack Russell terrier who has become a Ukrainian hero |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/20/1093729899/meet-patron-a-bomb-sniffing-jack-russell-terrier-who-has-become-a-ukrainian-hero |access-date=2022-04-21 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421005032/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/20/1093729899/meet-patron-a-bomb-sniffing-jack-russell-terrier-who-has-become-a-ukrainian-hero |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== On screen and in literature ===
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In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef [[Rick Stein]]'s terrier [[Chalky (dog)|Chalky]], who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/33333-rick-steins-dog-chalky-dies|title=Rick Stein's dog Chalky dies|date=16 January 2007|publisher=Metro.co.uk|access-date=18 March 2010|archive-date=6 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106162532/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/33333-rick-steins-dog-chalky-dies|url-status=live}}</ref> Chalky had his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two [[real ale]]s – ''Chalky's Bite'' and ''Chalky's Bark'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharpsbrewery.co.uk/our-beers/chalkys-bite/ |title=Chalky's Bite |publisher=Sharp's Brewery |access-date=14 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223040727/http://www.sharpsbrewery.co.uk/our-beers/chalkys-bite/ |archive-date=23 February 2010 }}</ref> which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sharpsbrewery.co.uk/news/?id=81|title=Chalky's Bark wins Gold at Quality Drink Awards 2009|publisher=Sharp's Brewery|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417064044/http://www.sharpsbrewery.co.uk/news/?id=81|archive-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chalky was given a [[BBC]] obituary when he died in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6268025.stm|title=Celebrity chef Stein's dog dies|date=16 January 2007|work=news.bbc.co.uk|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2 June 2009|archive-date=21 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221074146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6268025.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Moose (dog actor)|Moose]] and his son [[Enzo (dog actor)#Enzo|Enzo]] played the role of [[Eddie Crane|Eddie]] on the long-running American TV sitcom ''[[Frasier]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} Eddie belonged to lead character [[Frasier Crane|Frasier]]'s father [[Martin Crane]], and constantly "stole the show" with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other ''Frasier'' character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.imdb.com/name/nm1189150/bio|title=Moose (III) – Biography|work=IMDb|access-date=2 June 2009|archive-date=11 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040111022825/http://us.imdb.com/name/nm1189150/bio|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film ''[[My Dog Skip (film)|My Dog Skip]]''.
[[Soccer (dog)|Soccer]] was a Jack Russell who became the star of the American TV series ''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'', which aired from 1995 to 2001.<ref name="co9"/> In the 2009 movie ''[[Hotel for Dogs (film)|Hotel for Dogs]]'', Friday, one of the main characters, is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor [[Cosmo (dog)|Cosmo]].<ref name="hotel">{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=Hotel for Dogs|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090114/REVIEWS/901149992|work=14 January 2009|publisher=Suntimes.com|access-date=26 September 2010|date=14 January 2009|archive-date=20 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820082419/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090114/REVIEWS/901149992|url-status=live}}</ref> Cosmo went on to appear in the films ''[[Paul Blart: Mall Cop]]'' and ''[[Beginners]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cast and Crew: Cosmo|url=http://focusfeatures.com/beginners/castncrew?member=cosmo|publisher=Beginners Official Site|access-date=9 August 2011|archive-date=18 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518084918/http://focusfeatures.com/beginners/castncrew?member=cosmo|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Uggie]] (2002–2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and in the films ''[[Water for Elephants (film)|Water for Elephants]]'' and ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]'', both in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/dec/22/first-sight-uggie?newsfeed=true|title=First sight: Uggie|first=Cath|last=Clarke|date=22 December 2011|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media]]|access-date=5 March 2011|___location=London|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715105853/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/dec/22/first-sight-uggie?newsfeed=true|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, based on interest following ''The Artist'', the "Consider Uggie" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an [[Academy Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/fetch_artist_B1ABZM5nMNkSay9G37ULxO|title=Uggie, the canine co-star of 'The Artist,' is receiving praise from critics|first=Hailey|last=Eber|date=4 December 2011|work=[[New York Post]]|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126024048/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/fetch_artist_B1ABZM5nMNkSay9G37ULxO|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, Uggie was named [[Nintendo]]'s first-ever spokesdog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120208005519/en/Canine-Superstar-Uggie-Lands-Epic-Role-Nintendo%E2%80%99s|title=Canine Superstar Uggie Lands Epic Role as Nintendo's First-Ever "Spokesdog"|date=8 February 2012|publisher=[[Business Wire]]|access-date=5 March 2012|archive-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211030730/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120208005519/en/Canine-Superstar-Uggie-Lands-Epic-Role-Nintendo%E2%80%99s|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Sykes (dog)|Sykes]] (est. 2001–2019) was a dog actor from Clifton, Oxfordshire, England. He was best known in the UK for his appearance as "Harvey" in [[Thinkbox]]'s three television commercials, and, under his real name in five seasons of ''[[Midsomer Murders]]''. He also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters, as well as in a UK TV movie, several series and miniseries. He retired in 2016 after a long career on the big and small screen. Sykes was also a champion agility competitor.
A clever Jack Russel Terrier, named Jack, played a central role in the 1980s TV adventure series ''[[Tales of the Gold Monkey]]''.
[[K.K. Slider]] is a Jack Russell who is a main character in the ''[[Animal Crossing]]'' video game series developed by [[Nintendo]]. K.K. is a musician who performs to the townsfolk. He has appeared in every ''Animal Crossing'' game to date since the original ''[[Animal Crossing (video game)|Animal Crossing]]'' game in 2001 to ''[[Animal Crossing: New Horizons]]'' in 2020.
Max, the main protagonist in [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]'s ''[[The Secret Life of Pets]]'' franchise is a Jack Russell Terrier living with his adopted brother Duke, a large [[Newfoundland dog|Newfoundland]] mix, and owners Katie, Chuck, and Liam.
<gallery widths="175px" heights="200px">
File:Jack Russell Puppy Eddi.JPG|A smooth-coated Jack Russell terrier puppy
</gallery>
== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|45em|refs=
<ref name=fci2>[http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/345g03-en.pdf FCI-Standard N° 345: Jack Russell Terrier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508203341/http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/345g03-en.pdf |date=8 May 2016 }}. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed June 2023.</ref>
<ref name=tkc>[https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/terrier/jack-russell-terrier/ Jack Russell Terrier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605104418/https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/terrier/jack-russell-terrier/ |date=5 June 2023 }}. London: The Kennel Club. Accessed June 2023.</ref>
}}
== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Coile|first=D. Caroline|title=Jack Russell Terrier Handbook, The|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|date=1 August 2000|series=Barron's Pet Handbooks|isbn=978-0-7641-1411-3|ref=coile2000}}
{{refend}}
{{Terriers}}
{{English dogs}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Dog breeds originating in England]]
[[Category:FCI breeds]]
[[Category:Terriers]]
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