MathML: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Format for expressing mathematical formulae}}

{{Self referencefor|For a guide on using MathML and math tags on Wikipedia, see [[|Help:Displaying a formula]].|selfref=y}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

{{Infobox technology standard

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}}

| base_standards = [[XML]]

| related_standards = [[OpenMath]], [[OpenDocument]], [[Office Open XML]], {{abbr|[[OMDoc]]|Open Mathematical Documents}}

| abbreviation = MathML

}}

'''Mathematical Markup Language''' ('''MathML''') is a pair of [[mathematical markup language]]s, an application of [[XML]] for describing [[mathematics|mathematical]] notations and capturing both its structure and content, and is one of a number of [[mathematical markup languages]]. Its aim is to natively integrate mathematical formulae into [[World Wide Web]] pages and other documents. It is part of [[HTML5]] and standardised by [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/IEC since 2015.<ref name="iso-iec-standard"/>

== History ==

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| url = https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTMLPlus/htmlplus_45.html

| date = 1993-11-08

}}</ref> MathML 1 was released as a W3C recommendation in April 1998 as the first [[XML]] language to be recommended by the [[W3C]]. Version 1.01 of the format was released in July 1999 and version 2.0 appeared in February 2001. Implementations of the specification appeared in [[Amaya (web editor)|Amaya 1.1]], [[Mozilla Firefox|Mozilla 1.0]] and [[Opera 9.5]].<ref>{{cite web

| title = Mozilla 1.0 Released!

| url = http://www.mozillazine.org/articles/article2278.html

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}}</ref> Also in 2015, the MathML Association was founded to support the adoption of the MathML standard.<ref>{{citation

| url = http://mathml-association.org/about.html

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002150927/http://mathml-association.org/about.html

| title = Mondial Association for Tools Handling MathML

| url-status = usurped

| archive-date = 2 October 2015

| title = Mondial Association for Tools Handling MathML

| access-date = 2016-06-20

| author1 = Deyan Ginev

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=== MathML Core ===

In August 2021, a new specification called ''MathML Core'' was published, described as the “core"core subset of Mathematical Markup Language, or MathML, that is suitable for browser implementation.”"<ref>{{cite web

| title = MathML Core

| url = https://www.w3.org/TR/2022/WD-mathml-core-20220504/#abstract

| date = 2022-05-04

| access-date = 2023-03-03

}}</ref> MathML Core set itself apart from MathML 3.0 by including detailed rendering rules and integration with [[CSS]], automated browser support testing resources, and focusing on a fundamental subset of MathML. An implementation was added to Chromium at the beginning of 2023.<ref name="igalia-chrome-109">{{cite web

| url = https://www.igalia.com/2023/01/10/Igalia-Brings-MathML-Back-to-Chromium.html

| title = Igalia Brings MathML Back to Chromium

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}}</ref>

Thus, the expression <math forcemathmode=mathml>a x^2+b x+c</math> requires two layout elements: one to create the overall horizontal row and one for the superscripted exponent. However, the individual tokens also have to be identified as identifiers ({{code|lang=XML|<mi>}}), operators ({{code|lang=XML|<mo>}}), or numbers ({{code|lang=XML|<mn>}}). Adding the token markup, the full form ends up as

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">

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== Other standards ==

The [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard [[OpenDocument]] (ODF) natively supports MathML for mathematical content. OpenDocument is the default file format in office suites like [[LibreOffice]] and [[Collabora Online]], the MathML content is stored in the ODF files (e.g., .odt, .ods, .odp). Microsoft Office does not support MathML in its default office suite XML document format. Instead, it defines a different XML math syntax derived from older [[Microsoft Office]] products.

Another standard called [[OpenMath]] that has been more specifically designed (largely by the same people who devised Content MathML) for storing formulae semantically can be used to complement MathML. OpenMath data can be embedded in MathML using the {{code|lang=XML|1=<annotation-xml encoding="OpenMath">}} element. OpenMath ''content dictionaries'' can be used to define the meaning of {{code|lang=XML|<csymbol>}} elements. The following would define ''P''₁(''x'') to be the first [[Legendre polynomial]]:

<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">

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The [[OMDoc]] format has been created for markup of larger mathematical structures than formulae, from statements like definitions, theorems, proofs, and examples, to complete theories and even entire text books. Formulae in OMDoc documents can either be written in Content MathML or in OpenMath; for presentation, they are converted to Presentation MathML.

The [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard [[Office Open XML]] (OOXML) defines a different XML math syntax, derived from [[Microsoft Office]] products. However, it is partially compatible<ref>{{cite web

| url = https://dpcarlisle.blogspot.com/2007/04/xhtml-and-mathml-from-office-20007.html

| title = XHTML and MathML from Office 2007

| first = David | last = Carlisle

| publisher = [[Blogspot]]

| publication-date = 2007-04-10

| access-date = 2007-09-20

}}</ref> through [[XSL Transformations]].

== See also ==

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* [[KaTeX]]{{snd}}JavaScript library that converts LaTeX to MathML

* [[MathJax]]{{snd}}JavaScript library that converts LaTeX to MathML

* [[OpenDocument]] The ISO/IEC standard used by applications like [[LibreOffice]] and [[Collabora Online]] natively support MathML for mathematical content

== References ==

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{{W3C Standards}}

{{Web browsers}}

{{ISO standards}}

{{Authority control}}