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#REDIRECT [[Fonterra]]
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{{Short description|Brand name of a strain of microorganism}}
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== Overview ==
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[[File:Bifidobacterium_animalis_lactis_HN019.png|thumb|330x330px|Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 under the microscope]]
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[[Bifidobacterium animalis]] lactis HN019, commercially known as Probio DR10™, is a [[probiotic]] strain developed by the [[Fonterra]] Research Development Centre (FRDC).<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Gopal |first1=Pramod |last2=Dekker |first2=James |last3=Prasad |first3=Jaya |last4=Pillidge |first4=Christopher |last5=Delabre |first5=Marie-Laure |last6=Collett |first6=Michael |date=2005 |title=Development and commercialisation of Fonterra's probiotic strains |journal=Australian Journal of Dairy Technology |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=173–182 |id={{INIST|17047956}} {{ProQuest|199361400}}}}</ref>
The origin of Probio DR10™ in the 1990s<ref name=":4" /> marked a notable development in the field of [[Probiotic|probiotics]]. This era saw an increased focus on the role of [[Probiotic|probiotics]] in human health, especially regarding [[gut health]] and [[immune function]]. DR10™, isolated from [[yogurt]]—a common source of probiotics—demonstrates its natural adaptability to the [[human digestive system]]. The strain was initially isolated from yogurt, a traditional and common source of probiotics. The selection of DR10™ from yogurt not only signifies its natural occurrence but also underscores its inherent compatibility with the human gut environment. This origin is fundamental in the context of probiotics, as it suggests a natural symbiosis between the [[bacteria]] and the human digestive system.
A significant advancement in the understanding of DR10™ came with the publication of its complete [[genomic sequence]] in 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Ibarra |first1=Alvin |last2=Latreille-Barbier |first2=Mathilde |last3=Donazzolo |first3=Yves |last4=Pelletier |first4=Xavier |last5=Ouwehand |first5=Arthur C. |date=2018-05-04 |title=Effects of 28-day Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 supplementation on colonic transit time and gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with functional constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and dose-ranging trial |journal=Gut Microbes |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=236–251 |doi=10.1080/19490976.2017.1412908 |issn=1949-0976 |pmc=6219592 |pmid=29227175}}</ref> This detailed genetic information has been essential in ensuring quality control, safety, and purity of the strain, which is critical in the probiotic industry where efficacy and safety are paramount. The adaptability of Probio DR10™ is evidenced by its incorporation into a range of products across the [[food and beverage]], [[dietary supplement]], and [[pharmaceutical industries]].<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Jing |last2=Laitila |first2=Arja |last3=Ouwehand |first3=Arthur C. |date=14 December 2021 |title=Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 Effects on Gut Health: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.790561 |pmc=8712437 |pmid=34970580 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This reflects the strain's stability and ability<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Araujo |first1=Lisa Danielly Curcino |last2=Furlaneto |first2=Flávia Aparecida Chaves |last3=da Silva |first3=Léa Assed Bezerra |last4=Kapila |first4=Yvonne L. |date=19 August 2022 |title=Use of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 in Oral Diseases |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=23 |issue=16 |pages=9334 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169334 |pmc=9409207 |pmid=36012597 |doi-access=free}}</ref> to retain its beneficial properties in various product forms.
The distinction of Probio DR10™ lies in the [[scientific research]] and clinical trials that support its beneficial impact on gut health and [[Immune system|immune support]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Jing |last2=Laitila |first2=Arja |last3=Ouwehand |first3=Arthur C. |date=2021-12-14 |title=Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 Effects on Gut Health: A Review |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2021.790561 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-861X |pmc=8712437 |pmid=34970580}}</ref>
== Genomic Insights and Research ==
The scientific milestone in the journey of DR10™ was the publication of its complete genomic sequence in 2018.<ref name=":5" /> This development was significant for several reasons:
=== Quality Control and Safety ===
The comprehensive genomic information of Bifidobacterium animalis lactis HN019, known as Probio DR10™, plays a crucial role in enhancing quality control and ensuring the safety of this probiotic strain. This aspect is particularly vital in the field of probiotics, where the efficacy and safety of the product are directly linked to the precise identity and purity of the strain used.
# '''Precise Strain Identification''': The availability of complete genomic data allows for precise identification of the DR10™ strain. This is critical to ensure that the probiotic used in various products is indeed the specific strain that has been researched and shown to have health benefits. Accurate identification prevents the inadvertent substitution with other, potentially less effective or unsafe strains.
# '''Ensuring Genetic Consistency''': The genetic blueprint of DR10™ serves as a reference for maintaining genetic consistency in every batch of the probiotic produced. This consistency is key to ensuring that the probiotic effects remain stable over time and across different product batches.
# '''Monitoring for Genetic Drift or Mutation''': Over time, microorganisms can undergo genetic changes or mutations. Regular monitoring of the DR10™ strain against its original genomic sequence helps in detecting any such changes. This is important for maintaining the integrity and efficacy of the probiotic strain.
# '''Safety Assurance''': The genomic sequence of DR10™ allows researchers and manufacturers to screen for the presence of any harmful genes, such as those that might confer antibiotic resistance or pathogenicity. This step is essential for ensuring that the strain is safe for consumption and does not pose any health risks to consumers.
# '''Contamination Control''': With a clear genetic profile, it becomes easier to test for and control contamination. This includes avoiding cross-contamination with other bacterial strains during production and ensuring that the final probiotic product is free from unwanted microbial contaminants.
# '''Regulatory Compliance''': Detailed genetic information supports compliance with regulatory requirements. Many health authorities require comprehensive data on probiotic strains to ensure their safety and efficacy. Having this information readily available facilitates the process of getting regulatory approvals for DR10™-containing products.
== Benefits of Probio DR10'''''™''''' ==
Studies on the strain indicate positive effects on various aspects of the digestive system.<ref name=":3" /> These include:
===Immune system support===
Probio DR10'''''™''''' demonstrated extensive immune-stimulating effects in animal models as well as healthy adult and elderly clinical studies. In a randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted with children aged 1 to 3 years, it was found that the incidence of high fever and severe acute lower respiratory infections was reduced by 5% and 35% respectively, in children who received the strain along with a prebiotic, in comparison to those who were administered a placebo.<ref name="Sazawal e12164">{{cite journal |last1=Sazawal |first1=Sunil |last2=Dhingra |first2=Usha |last3=Hiremath |first3=Girish |last4=Sarkar |first4=Archana |last5=Dhingra |first5=Pratibha |last6=Dutta |first6=Arup |last7=Verma |first7=Priti |last8=Menon |first8=Venugopal P. |last9=Black |first9=Robert E. |title=Prebiotic and Probiotic Fortified Milk in Prevention of Morbidities among Children: Community-Based, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial |journal=PLOS ONE |date=13 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12164 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012164 |doi-access=free |pmc=2921405 |pmid=20730056 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...512164S }}</ref>
===Modulation of intestinal microbiota===
Probio DR10'''''™''''' may increase the population of beneficial gut microflora of ''Bifidobacterium'' and ''Lactobacillus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gopal |first1=Pramod K |last2=Prasad |first2=Jaya |last3=Gill |first3=Harsharnjit S |title=Effects of the consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 (DR10TM) and galacto-oligosaccharides on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in human subjects |journal=Nutrition Research |date=October 2003 |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1313–1328 |doi=10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00134-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=M. |last2=Prasad |first2=J. |last3=Gill |first3=H. |last4=Stevenson |first4=L. |last5=Gopal |first5=P. |title=Impact of consumption of different levels of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on the intestinal microflora of elderly human subjects |journal=The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging |date=2007 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |id={{INIST|18554996}} {{ProQuest|222242470}} |pmid=17315077 }}</ref><ref name=":3" />
The strain has also been shown to help maintain a healthy/normal gut microbiota against the ageing process by competing with and excluding harmful pathogens, operating at both taxonomical and functional levels.<ref name=":3" />
===Maintenance of intestinal barrier functions===
Probio DR10'''''™''''' helps maintain the integrity of the gut epithelium, which is a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the intestine.<ref name=":3" /> It also helps regulate the host immune defence against pathogens.<ref name=":3" />
A 2010 study also found that combining the strain with an [[oligosaccharide]] prebiotics results in a decrease in the incidence of dysentery.<ref name="Sazawal e12164"/>
===Regulation of gut motility and improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms===
Probio DR10'''''™''''' has demonstrated a positive effect on individuals suffering from constipation.<ref name=":3" /> A New Zealand study involving 100 adults with functional gastrointestinal symptoms showed that the supplementation of the strain for 2 weeks alleviated constipation by reducing the gut transit time.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Waller |first1=Philip A |last2=Gopal |first2=Pramod K. |last3=Leyer |first3=Gregory J |last4=Ouwehand |first4=Arthur C. |last5=Reifer |first5=Cheryl |last6=Stewart |first6=Morgan E. |last7=Miller |first7=Larry E. |title=Dose-response effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on whole gut transit time and functional gastrointestinal symptoms in adults |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology |date=September 2011 |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=1057–1064 |doi=10.3109/00365521.2011.584895 |pmc=3171707 |pmid=21663486 }}</ref>
Reductions in the frequency of other functional gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting, regurgitation, abdominal pain, nausea, gurgling, irregular bowel movements, diarrhoea and flatulence were also observed in the same study.<ref name=":1" />
Probio DR10'''''™''''' may potentially divert colon fermentation towards the production of non-gaseous end products.<ref name=":3" /> This characteristic of the strain may support tolerance for the fermentation of oligosaccharides within the body, which aligns with clinical findings that it reduces the occurrence of flatulence.<ref name=":3" />
===Support for digestion===
The fermentation of Probio DR10'''''™''''' produces lactate and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, indicating their potential involvement in the digestion of dietary elements, without distinguishing between their source, whether it be carbohydrates or proteins.<ref name=":3" />
== Mechanism of action ==
Probio DR10'''''™''''' demonstrates an excellent ability to adhere to [[epithelial cells]], a strong capacity to endure and survive in a low pH environment, resistance to bile salts as well as the ability to modulate the immune response.<ref name=":0" />
Studies indicate that this strain acts on intercellular junctions, especially tight junctions.<ref name=":0" /> Tight junctions are situated in the most apical part of the cell and consist of two key proteins, claudin and occludin.<ref name=":0" /> These proteins play a crucial role in establishing the epithelial barrier, which acts as a safeguard against the entry of macromolecules, including lipids and proteins.<ref name=":0" />
These junctions are vital for controlling the permeability of the epithelium.<ref name=":0" /> Any changes in their function can lead to increased inflammation, and subsequently, the development of diseases.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turck |first1=Dominique |last2=Castenmiller |first2=Jacqueline |last3=De Henauw |first3=Stefaan |last4=Hirsch-Ernst |first4=Karen Ildico |last5=Kearney |first5=John |last6=Knutsen |first6=Helle Katrine |last7=Maciuk |first7=Alexandre |last8=Mangelsdorf |first8=Inge |last9=McArdle |first9=Harry J |last10=Naska |first10=Androniki |last11=Pelaez |first11=Carmen |last12=Pentieva |first12=Kristina |last13=Thies |first13=Frank |last14=Tsabouri |first14=Sophia |last15=Vinceti |first15=Marco |last16=s Bresson |first16=Jean-Loui |last17=Siani |first17=Alfonso |title=Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 contributes to increasing lactose digestion: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 |journal=EFSA Journal |date=July 2020 |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=e06198 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6198 |pmc=7388145 |pmid=32742434 }}</ref>
== Safety ==
The presence of ''Bifidobacterium animalis'' subsp. ''lactis'' in human food has been documented since 1980, but it was likely part of human diets before that.<ref name=":3" />
The China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) has also approved the use of ''B. lactis'' in food for the general and paediatric population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment |url=http://www.cfsa.net.cn:8033/UpLoadFiles/news/upload/2021/2021-10/23c78b5e-5a92-43a5-927b-ef15ada6bda9.pdf }}</ref>
A 2018 study found that the strain is well-tolerated in adults and did not induce changes in physical activity, food intake, or body weight.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibarra |first1=Alvin |last2=Latreille-Barbier |first2=Mathilde |last3=Donazzolo |first3=Yves |last4=Pelletier |first4=Xavier |last5=Ouwehand |first5=Arthur C. |title=Effects of 28-day Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 supplementation on colonic transit time and gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with functional constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and dose-ranging trial |journal=Gut Microbes |date=4 May 2018 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=236–251 |doi=10.1080/19490976.2017.1412908 |pmc=6219592 |pmid=29227175 }}</ref> It also has an established safety data in pregnant and lactating women as shown in studies.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis lactis HN019 (DR10^(TM)), inulin, and micronutrient fortified milk on faecal DR10^(TM), immune markers, and maternal micronutrients among Indonesian pregnant women |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=31 December 2016 |volume=25 |issue=S1 |doi=10.6133/apjcn.122016.s2 |pmid=28027638 |author1=Noroyono Wibowo |author2=Saptawati Bardosono |author3=Rima Irwinda |pages=S102–S110 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=S. L. |last2=Wickens |first2=K. |last3=Westcott |first3=L. |last4=Jung |first4=W. |last5=Currie |first5=H. |last6=Black |first6=P. N. |last7=Stanley |first7=T. V. |last8=Mitchell |first8=E. A. |last9=Fitzharris |first9=P. |last10=Siebers |first10=R. |last11=Wu |first11=L. |last12=Crane |first12=J. |title=Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Bifidobacterium lactis probiotics in pregnancy increases cord blood interferon-γ and breast milk transforming growth factor-β and immunoglobin A detection |journal=Clinical & Experimental Allergy |date=October 2008 |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1606–1614 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03061.x |pmid=18631345 |s2cid=9492069 }}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Probiotic foods]]
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