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{{Short description|Art forms
{{redirect|Visual Arts|the video game publisher|Visual Arts (company)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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[[File:Vincent van Gogh - The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise, View from the Chevet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Vincent van Gogh painting ''The Church at Auvers'' from 1890 gray church against blue sky|''[[The Church at Auvers]]'', an [[oil painting]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1890)]]
The '''visual arts''' are [[
Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes [[fine art]]
[[File:Ankh isis nefertari.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=drawing of Nefertari with Isis|[[Nefertari]] with Isis]]▼
The increasing tendency to privilege painting,
==Education and training==
{{main|Visual arts education}}
Training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the [[apprentice]] and workshop systems. In Europe, the [[Renaissance]] movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the [[academy]] system for training artists, and today most of the people who are pursuing a career in the arts train in [[art school]]s at [[Tertiary education|tertiary]] levels. Visual arts have now become an elective subject in most education systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ulger|first=Kani|date=2016-03-01|title=The creative training in the visual arts education|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187118711530033X|journal=Thinking Skills and Creativity|language=en|volume=19|pages=73–87|doi=10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.007|issn=1871-1871|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adrone|first=Gumisiriza|title=School of industrial art and design|url=https://www.academia.edu/35097884|access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220002740/https://www.academia.edu/35097884|url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[East Asia]], arts education for nonprofessional artists typically focused on brushwork; [[calligraphy]] was numbered among the [[Six Arts]] of gentlemen in the Chinese [[Zhou dynasty]], and calligraphy and [[Chinese painting]] were numbered among the [[four arts]] of [[
Leading country in the development of the arts in [[Latin America]], in 1875 created the National Society of the Stimulus of the Arts, founded by painters [[Eduardo Schiaffino]], [[Eduardo Sívori]], and other artists. Their guild was rechartered as the National Academy of Fine Arts in 1905 and, in 1923, on the initiative of painter and academic [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]], as a department in the [[University of Buenos Aires]], the Superior Art School of the Nation. Currently, the leading educational organization for the arts in the country is the [[Universidad Nacional de las Artes|UNA Universidad Nacional de las Artes]].<ref>Institutional Transformation IUNA – Law 24.521, Ministry of Justice & Education, Argentina (text in Spanish) / http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/40779/norma.htm</ref>
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==Drawing==
{{Main|Drawing}}
[[File:Female Warrior -14 "Extinction".jpg|thumb|upright=.9|alt=A detailed drawing of a female warrior titled 'Extinction' by Christiaan Tonnis, created in 1981 with graphite and colored pencils, measuring 13.6 x 18.5 inches. Belongs to Kunstverein Familie Montez since December 2010.|[[Christiaan Tonnis]] - Female Warrior #14 'Extinction', pencil and colored pencil on paper, 1981]]
Drawing and painting go back tens of thousands of years.<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cave art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/cave-art|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref>
[[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]] includes [[figurative art]] beginning at least 40,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's Oldest Known Figurative Paintings Discovered in Borneo Cave|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/worlds-oldest-known-figurative-paintings-discovered-borneo-cave-180970747/|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> [[Non-figurative]] [[cave painting]]s consisting of hand stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older.<ref name="auto"/> Paleolithic [[Cave painting|cave representations]] of animals are found in areas such as [[Lascaux|Lascaux, France]], [[Cave of Altamira|Altamira, Spain]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lascaux|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lascaux|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros, Sulawesi]] in Asia,<ref>{{cite news|agency=Reuters|title=World's oldest cave painting in Indonesia shows a pig and people|url=https://www.reuters.com/science/worlds-oldest-cave-painting-indonesia-shows-pig-people-2024-07-03/|newspaper=Reuters|date=2024-07-03|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> and [[Gabarnmung]], Australia.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nawarla Gabarnmang|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nawarla-Gabarnmang|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref>
In [[Art of ancient Egypt|ancient Egypt]], ink drawings on [[papyrus]], often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Egyptian art|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-art|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> Drawings on [[pottery of ancient Greece|Greek vases]], initially geometric, later developed into the human form with [[black-figure pottery]] during the
With [[history of paper|paper]] becoming more common in Europe by the
==Painting==
{{Main|Painting}}
===History===
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====Origins and early history====
[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb|Lascaux painting]]
▲[[File:Ankh isis nefertari.jpg|thumb
Like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valladas |first=Hélène |title=Direct radiocarbon dating of prehistoric cave paintings by accelerator mass spectrometry |journal=Measurement Science and Technology |date=2003-09-01 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1487–1492 |doi=10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/301}}</ref> The earliest known cave paintings, dating to between 32,000-30,000 years ago, are found in the [[Chauvet Cave|Chauvet]] cave in southern France;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quiles |first1=Anita |last2=Valladas |first2=Hélène |last3=Van der Plicht |first3=Johannes |last4=Delannoy |first4=Jean-Jacques |title=A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2016-04-11 |volume=113 |issue=17 |pages=4670–4675 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1523158113|doi-access=free |pmid=27071106 |pmc=4855545 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.4670Q }}</ref> the celebrated polychrome murals of [[Lascaux]] date to around 17,000–15,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dating the figures at Lascaux |url=https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/lascaux/en/dating-figures-lascaux |publisher=Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication |accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> In shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings depict bison, cattle ([[aurochs]]), horses and deer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hall of Bulls, Lascaux |url=https://smarthistory.org/hall-of-bulls-lascaux/ |publisher=Smarthistory |accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref>
Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple of [[
====The Renaissance====
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====Symbolism, expressionism and cubism====
{{Main|Modern art}}[[Edvard Munch]], a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist [[Manet]]. ''[[The Scream]]'' (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German [[expressionism|expressionist]] movement originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner|Ernst Kirschner]] and [[Erich Heckel]] began to distort reality for an emotional effect.▼
▲[[Edvard Munch]], a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired by the French impressionist [[Manet]]. ''[[The Scream]]'' (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of modern man. Partly as a result of Munch's influence, the German [[expressionism|expressionist]] movement originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century as artists such as [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner|Ernst Kirschner]] and [[Erich Heckel]] began to distort reality for an emotional effect.
In parallel, the style known as [[cubism]] developed in France as artists focused on the volume and space of sharp structures within a composition. [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Georges Braque]] were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had developed into [[surrealism]] with [[Salvador Dalí|Dali]] and [[René Magritte|Magritte]].<ref>[http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htm Modern Art Movements. ''Irish Art Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126093504/http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art-movements.htm |date=26 January 2010 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
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==Printmaking==
{{Main|Printmaking}}
[[File:Ancientchineseinstrumentalists.jpg|thumb
Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an image on a [[Matrix (printing)|matrix]] that is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink
Historically, the major techniques (also called media) involved are [[woodcut]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Woodcut|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/woodcut|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> [[line engraving]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Engraving|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/engraving|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> [[etching]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Etching|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/printmaking/Etching|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> [[lithography]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Lithography|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/lithography|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> and [[screen printing]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Screen printing|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/screen-printing|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> (serigraphy, silk screening)
===European history===
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In China, the art of printmaking developed some 1,100 years ago as illustrations alongside text cut in woodblocks for printing on paper. Initially images were mainly religious but in the [[Song dynasty]], artists began to cut landscapes. During the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644) and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.<ref>[http://www.engraving-review.com/chinese-art-engraving.html Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729021616/http://www.engraving-review.com/chinese-art-engraving.html |date=29 July 2012 }}. Retrieved 23 October 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.chinavista.com/experience/engrave/engrave.html The History of Engraving in China. From ChinaVista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017073732/http://www.chinavista.com/experience/engrave/engrave.html |date=17 October 2018 }}. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</ref>
===Development in Japan, 1603–1867===
{{Main|Woodblock printing in Japan}}
[[File:Red Fuji southern wind clear morning.jpg|thumb|alt=Hokusai color print "Red Fuji southern wind clear morning" from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji| [[Hokusai]]: ''[[Red Fuji]]'' from ''[[Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji]]'' (1830–1832)]]
Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique best known for its use in the [[ukiyo-e]] artistic genre; however, it was also used very widely for printing [[e-hon|illustrated books]] in the same period. Woodblock printing had been used in China for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1867).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese Woodblock Prints|url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/history-of-woodblock-printing-in-japan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723230500/https://study.com/learn/lesson/history-of-woodblock-printing-in-japan.html |archive-date=2023-07-23 |access-date=2023-07-23}}</ref><ref name="surface">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200323171515/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sfj/61/12/61_12_790/_pdf/-char/ja The Past, Present and Future of Printing in Japan.] Izumi Munemura. (2010). The Surface Finishing Society of Japan.</ref> Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs greatly in that water-based inks are used (as opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of vivid color, glazes and color transparency.
After the decline of ''ukiyo-e'' and introduction of modern printing technologies, woodblock printing continued as a method for printing texts as well as for producing art, both within traditional modes such as ''ukiyo-e'' and in a variety of more radical or Western forms that might be construed as [[modern art]]. In the early 20th century, ''[[shin-hanga]]'' that fused the tradition of ''ukiyo-e'' with the techniques of Western paintings became popular, and the works of [[Hasui Kawase]] and [[Hiroshi Yoshida]] gained international popularity.<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/10/02/arts/shin-hanga-bringing-ukiyo-e-back-to-life/ Shin hanga bringing ukiyo-e back to life.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140501/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2009/10/02/arts/shin-hanga-bringing-ukiyo-e-back-to-life/|date=2021-05-02}} The Japan Times.</ref><ref>Junko Nishiyama. (2018)
==Photography==
{{Main|Photography}}
The word comes from the Greek
==Architecture==
{{See also|List of BIM software}}
[[File:Rennes-Place-du-Champ-Jacquet-Statue-Leperdit-Mars-2020.jpg|thumb|Timber-framed houses in Brittany
Architecture is the process and the product of [[planning]], [[design]]ing, and [[construction|constructing]] [[building]]s or any other structures.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Architecture|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/architecture|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as [[cultural symbol]]s and works of art.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Architecture – Symbols of function|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture/Symbols-of-function|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=History of architecture|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/architecture/History-of-architecture|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref>
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is ''[[De architectura]]'', by the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]] in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:▼
▲The earliest surviving written work on
# [[Durability]] – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
# Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
# Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vitruvius's Principles|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/|publisher=LacusCurtius|accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref>
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available [[building material]]s and attendant skills).<ref>{{cite
==Filmmaking==
{{Main| Filmmaking}}
Filmmaking is the process of making a [[Film|motion
==Computer art==
{{Main|Computer art}}
{{See also|Digital art}}
[[File:Wiki.picture by drawing machine 1.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|[[Desmond Paul Henry]], Picture by Drawing Machine 1, c. 1960]]
Visual artists are no longer limited to traditional visual [[List of art media|arts media]]. Computers have been used
'''Computer art''' is any in which computers played a role in production or display. Such art can be an image, sound, [[computer animation|animation]], [[video]], [[CD-ROM]], [[DVD]], [[video game]], [[website]], [[algorithm]], [[performance]] or gallery installation.▼
▲'''Computer art''' is any in which computers
Many traditional disciplines now integrate [[Digital data|digital]] technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and [[new media]] works created using computers, have been blurred. For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with [[algorithmic art]] and other digital techniques. As a result, defining computer art by its end product can be difficult. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to appear in art museum exhibits, though it has yet to prove its legitimacy as a form unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary art more as a tool, rather than a form as with painting. On the other hand, there are computer-based artworks which belong to a new [[conceptual art|conceptual]] and [[postdigital]] strand, assuming the same technologies, and their social impact, as an object of inquiry.▼
▲Many traditional disciplines now integrate [[Digital data|digital]] technologies, so the lines between traditional works of art and [[new media]] works created using computers
Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between [[illustrator]]s, [[photographer]]s, [[Image editing|photo editors]], [[3D modeling|3-D modelers]], and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. [[Photographer]]s may become [[digital art]]ists. Illustrators may become [[animator]]s. Handicraft may be [[computer-aided]] or use [[computer-generated imagery]] as a template. Computer [[clip art]] usage has also made the clear distinction between visual arts and [[page layout]] less obvious due to the easy access and editing of clip art in the process of [[pagination|paginating]] a document, especially to the unskilled observer.▼
▲Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between [[illustrator]]s, [[photographer]]s, [[Image editing|photo editors]], [[3D modeling|3-D modelers]], and handicraft artists.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Multimedia artist |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/multimedia-artist |accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled image developers. [[Photographer]]s may become [[digital art]]ists.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Digital photographer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/photography/Digital-photography |accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> Illustrators may become [[animator]]s. Handicraft may be [[computer-aided]] or use [[computer-generated imagery]] as a template.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Computer-generated imagery |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-generated-imagery |accessdate=2025-05-02}}</ref> Computer [[clip art]] usage has
==Plastic arts==
{{main|Plastic arts}}
'''Plastic arts''' is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by moulding or modeling such as [[sculpture]] or [[
Materials that can be carved or shaped, such as stone
===Sculpture===
{{main|Sculpture}}
Sculpture is [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] [[Work of art|artwork]] created by shaping or combining hard or [[plastic]] material, sound, or text and or light, commonly [[Stone sculpture|stone]] (either [[Rock (geology)|rock]] or [[marble]]), [[clay]], [[metal]], [[glass]], or [[wood]]. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or [[
The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the [[Aurignacian culture]], which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the [[Upper Paleolithic]]. As well as producing some of the earliest known [[cave art]], the people of this culture developed finely
Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the [[plastic arts]]. The majority of [[public art]] is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a [[garden]] setting may be referred to as a [[sculpture garden]]. Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing technology in the 20th century and the popularity of [[conceptual art]] over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to [[Art fabrication|art fabricators]] to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the artist creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of materials like cement, metal and plastic, that they would not be able to create by hand. Sculptures can also be made with [[3-d printing]] technology.
==US copyright definition of visual art==
In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more restrictive definition of "visual art".<ref name=copyright>{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 |title=Copyright Law of the United States of America – Chapter 1 (101. Definitions) |publisher=.gov |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225173213/https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#101 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<blockquote>
A "work of visual art" is —
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<br /> (iii) any portion or part of any item described in clause (i) or (ii);
<br />(B) any [[Work for hire|work made for hire]]; or
<br />(C) any work not subject to copyright protection under this title.<ref name=copyright/>
</blockquote>
==See also==
{{Main|Outline of the visual arts}}
{{div col|colwidth=
* [[Art materials]]
* [[Asemic writing]]
* [[Collage]]
* [[Conservation and restoration of cultural property]]
* [[Crowdsourcing
* [[Décollage]]
* [[Environmental art]]
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* [[Graffiti]]
* [[History of art]]
* [[Installation art]]
* [[Interactive art]]
* [[Landscape
* [[Mathematics and art]]
* [[Mixed media]]
* [[Portrait painting
* [[Process art]]
* [[Recording medium]]
* [[Sketch (drawing)]]
* [[Sound art]]
* [[Theosophy and visual arts]]
* [[Vexillography]]
* [[Video art]]
* [[Visual impairment in art]]
* [[Visual poetry]]
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{{Branches of the visual arts |expanded}}
{{Art world}}
{{World topic|Visual art of|noredlinks=yes}}
{{Humanities}}
▲{{Portal bar|The arts|Visual arts}}
{{Authority control}}
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