Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Wikipedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|parent=WikiProject Dinosaurs}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Tab header}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Navigation}}
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__NOTOC__
The aim of this [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] is to set out broad suggestions about how we organise articles about [[bird]]s and related topics. In general, these are only suggestions, and you shouldn't feel obliged to follow them.
This [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] aims to help organise our rapidly growing collection of articles about birds. Included in its scope are articles for all known species, genera, families, and orders of birds (both [[extant taxon|extant]] and [[extinction|extinct]]), as well as articles relating to bird anatomy, physiology, evolution, behaviours, diseases and parasites. Also included are articles relating to the study ([[ornithology]]) and the keeping ([[aviculture]]) of birds, articles on ornithological organisations, biographies of notable ornithologists and their works, and lists of birds found in various human-defined areas (i.e. countries, states/provinces, counties, etc.).
;Related projects
This WikiProject is an offshoot of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life|WikiProject Tree of Life]].
:[[Wikipedia:WikiProject
::[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life|WikiProject Tree of Life]]
:::
::::([[Wikipedia:WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles|WikiProject Amphibians and Reptiles]] and then
:::::[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Dinosaurs|WikiProject Dinosaurs]] if you're a cladist, but not the case for now)
::::::'''WikiProject Birds'''
:::::::'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Domestic pigeon task force|Domestic pigeon task force]]''' (defunct)
:::::::'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Poultry task force|Poultry task force]]''' (inactive)
Related projects include:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture|WikiProject Agriculture]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment|WikiProject Environment]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology|WikiProject Ecology]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecoregions|WikiProject Ecoregions]]
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Section header|Article alerts}}
<div style="float:right;margin-left:1em;width:300px;">
<h3>Hot articles</h3>{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Hot articles}}</div>
{{/Article alerts}}
===Spoken articles===
The list of [[Wikipedia:Spoken articles|spoken articles]] concerning WikiProject Birds is found [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/List of spoken articles|here]].
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Birds/Section header|Guidelines for layout of bird articles}}
Feel free to request assistance with references at the [[Wikipedia:RX|reference request desk]] and any bird-related assistance on the talk page.
==={{anchor|Naming|NAMING}}Bird names and article titles===
{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Animals, plants, and other organisms|Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)}}
In general, use the formal [[common name]] for article titles.
* [[Peregrine falcon]] not ''Falco peregrinus''
* [[Wandering albatross]] not ''Diomedea exulans''
* [[Splendid fairywren]] not ''Malurus splendens''
Sometimes exceptions need to be made; some individual creatures (usually newly discovered ones) do not yet have a formal common name and some groups are known only by their [[scientific name]].
Ornithology publications usually capitalise the vernacular name of a species to differentiate it from more general terms.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |publisher=Lynx Edicions |date=1998 |editor1-first=Josep |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor2-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Elliott |editor3-first=Jordi |editor3-last=Sargatal |___location=Barcelona |page=25}}</ref> Following discussions, it has been decided that capitals will be used on Wikipedia only for parts of the name that are proper names, consistent with practice in more general-audience publications.<ref name="MOS">See guideline at [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Animals, plants, and other organisms]] ([[MOS:LIFE]]). The topic of capitals has been discussed numerous times and discussions may be found in the archives. (Examples: [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds/archive 10#Capitalization debate at main WP:MOS|10-1]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds/archive 7#Capitalization conventions|7-1]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds/archive 7#Capitalisation|7-2]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds/archive 2#Capitalisation of alternative names|2-1]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds/archive 2#Upper case bird names|2-2]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Birds/archive 2#Capitalisation of alternative names|2–3]]). In 2014, a request for comments [[Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 156#Bird common name decapitalisation|settled]] that lower case will be used, as is consistent with other taxa.</ref>
In publications that capitalise, the phrase "in Australia there are many Common Starlings" clearly indicates a large number of ''Sturnus vulgaris'', while the phrase "in Australia there are many common starlings" could indicate several different types of starling being common. Clearer formulation must be used in a non-capitalising publication like Wikipedia: e.g., "in Australia the common starling is numerous", vs. "in Australia many types of starling are common". Add binomial names in round brackets (parentheses) to reduce any ambiguity if necessary.
The [[International Ornithological Congress]] (IOC), which has tried to [https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/english-names/principles/ standardise] the [[Birds of the World: Recommended English Names|English-language vernacular names]] of birds, uses capitalised names. The IOC names have been used in the vast majority of Wikipedia articles (including their titles), [[MOS:LIFE|in lower case]] except where parts of the name refer to a proper noun (e.g. [[New Zealand scaup]]). Wikipedia bird article titles may diverge from the IOC list when the [[WP:COMMONNAME|most common name in reliable sources]] is different from the IOC name.<ref>This might involve a discussion to determine the most appropriate name.</ref> A non-IOC name might also be used in article text in a non-ornithological context, e.g. the animal-related folklore of a traditional culture; or in a specific ornithological context, such as the nomenclature of an organisation other than IOC.
<table border="1" cellspacing="1" align="right" cellpadding="4">
<tr><th bgcolor="#aadddd">
<tr><td>[[White-necked raven]]</td><td>'''[[White-necked Raven]]'''<br />'''[[White-Necked Raven]]'''</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Black-faced cuckoo-shrike]]</td><td>'''[[
<tr><td>
</table>
When creating a new article for a species, make sure the title is correctly capitalised and create a [[Wikipedia:redirect|redirect]] from the capitalised IOC name. For example, name the article [[Bald eagle]] (and write "bald eagle" in the text) but create a redirect to it from [[Bald Eagle]]. See the table at right for more examples. You should also create redirects for any names regularly used for distinctive subspecies. For example, redirects for [[pale-bellied brent goose]], [[light-bellied brent goose]], [[black brant]], and [[dark-bellied brent goose]] all point to our [[brant (goose)]] article. In this case, redirect links should also be made for the full scientific names of those subspecies as well.
Per [[WT:WikiProject Biology/Archive 4#Consensus|this discussion]] and as amended in [[WT:WikiProject_Biology#RfC_on_boldfacing_of_scientific_names_in_articles_about_organisms|this discussion]], the consensus style to write the combination of common name plus scientific name in the lead is bolded common name followed by bolded italicised scientific name in parentheses:
{{block indent|1=The '''house sparrow''' ('''''Passer domesticus''''') is a passerine bird ...}}
'''Summary of naming guidelines
* The common name of a particular species is not capitalised, except where proper names appear (e.g. common blackbird, metallic starling, emu, ostrich, New Zealand scaup).
* The name of a group of species is not capitalised (e.g. birds, thrush family, kingfishers, turtle doves, marsh harriers).
* Alternative common names should be mentioned where appropriate; with bold type in the opening line of the article if they are in wide use, elsewhere in the article (with or without the bold type) if they are less-used. This is usually a matter for individual judgement.
'''Summary of naming guidelines – scientific names'''
* Orders, families and other taxa above genus level are written with an initial capital and in roman (not italic) text: birds belong to the class Aves; ducks are members of the family Anatidae and the order Anseriformes.
* The names of genera are always italicised and capitalised: ''Turdus'', ''Falco'', ''Anas''.
* Species epithets are never capitalised, always italicised, and always preceded by either the genus name or
* The placements in families and genera as well as the boundaries of the species are themselves not always unambiguous or without debate. Although the IOC list is usually up-to-date, new species and large-scale phylogenetic studies may sometimes suggest alternate placements (both binomial combinations as well as higher level classification). These alternate positions are best included with citations with the taxonomic history, older combinations and rationale explained with citations in the article.
===Regional lists===
It is recommended for the sake of consistency that regional lists are named as '''List of birds of {{var|[Region]}}''' rather than '''List of {{var|[Region-adjective]}} birds'''.
===Article sections===
Most of the bird species articles have a common structure which include various combinations of the following:
* '''Taxonomy and systematics''' ''(including subspecies, relation to related species, history of naming, alternate names, and evolution)''
* '''Description''' ''(often including details on immature plumage, moult, vocalisations, identification, and similar species)''
* '''Distribution and habitat'''
* '''Behaviour and ecology'''
** '''Breeding'''
** '''Food and feeding'''
** '''Threats''' or '''Survival'''
* '''In culture''' or '''Relationship to humans'''
* '''Status'''
Additional sections may be included to cover aspects that are particularly interesting or well studied in that species.
===Taxoboxes===
{{Speciesbox
| name = Barn swallow
| image = Landsvale.jpg
| image_caption = ''H. r. rustica''
| genus = Hirundo
| species = rustica
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = Hirundo rustica.png
| range_map_caption = Range of ''H. rustica''
{{leftlegend|#E0CF01|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#007D1D|Resident year-round|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0080FF|Non-breeding range|outline=gray}}
}}
In general, bird articles should have [[Wikipedia:Automated taxobox system|taxoboxes]] (taxonomy [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]]). This is something we have inherited from the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life|WikiProject Tree of Life]]. There are many examples there to look at.
See [[Wikipedia:Automated taxobox system]] for the full details on constructing a taxobox.
There are several example bird taxoboxes, suitable for cut-and-paste insertion into entries:
* [[/family taxobox example with picture]]
* [[/genus taxobox example]]
* [[/species taxobox example]]
* [[/species taxobox with subspecies example]]
=== Adding images ===
Images in bird articles should be added with care and captioned carefully. If the taxobox is empty - consider adding one that shows the full bird, preferably facing into the text. If the species is sexually dimorphic, you may consider adding a second image to the taxobox, or distribute the other images in the text carefully. Do not add images to the lead section. If a bird article is well-illustrated, examine the quality of the images before adding your own, and do not add an image just because you took the picture. If the species has multiple subspecies with distinctive plumage variations, make a note of the features in the caption and the general region (not to the accuracy of a delivery address - accurate locations and dates should be included in the image metadata on Wikimedia Commons). Photos of live birds are preferred in an article's taxobox, but artwork or photos of stuffed specimens can be used if the first are unavailable or of inadequate quality
Illustrate specific behaviours or plumages in the appropriate ___location. If absolutely necessary, add a gallery towards the end of the article to accommodate multiple images, there is no need to explicitly add a section called "Gallery". The captions ideally need to add value to the text, calling attention to specifics mentioned in the article where possible. If the text flow is being disrupted or if the images are flowing into the reference section, it probably means that there are more images than needed for the article, consider researching and improving the article with more text. Remember that people can always visit the images in the appropriate Commons categories or gallery pages which should linked using the appropriate template at the end of the article.
===Distribution maps===
A good way to show a bird's area of occurrence is to add a distribution map; see the above example on how. Species with tiny areas of occurrence should get larger maps which are displayed thumbnailed.
As for colors, the following are generally accepted as literature standard, for example by the ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'':
*{{Legend2|Yellow| Breeding visitor|border=1px solid #aaa}}
*{{Legend2|Blue| Non-breeding visitor|border=1px solid #aaa}}
*{{Legend2|Green| Resident|border=1px solid #aaa}}
*{{Legend2|Red| Introduced range|border=1px solid #aaa}}
For species that do not migrate, a single color can be used as in the example<!-- which incidentally does not agree very well with Madge/Burns, "Crows & Jays"-->. At-sea range of birds like [[albatross]]es is usually marked in darker or lighter blue. Small islands can be marked with a larger dot and/or shown magnified in inserts. Migration flyways are often indicated with arrows. Areas of irruptive occurrence- more regular and plentiful than casual vagrancy, such as in [[crossbill]] species–can be indicated by colored stippling.
It is good to use basic, [[web-safe]] colors. If using nonstandard coloration (e.g. [[Arctic tern]] or [[silvery pigeon]]), it is important to annotate them. Former ranges of extinct birds can be indicated in dark grey ([[Handbook of Birds of the World|HBW]] standard) or red (many other), the former is probably preferable due to unambiguity.
The "HBW standard" colors have one major advantage: they can also, due to differences in brightness, be distinguished by almost all people with some sort of [[color blindness]].
==Linking to definitions in [[Glossary of bird terms]]==
The headlined glossary article (Wikipedia's only featured glossary) contains definitions for many terms that may be useful to link to in bird articles. (Nevertheless, please be mindful of [[Wikipedia:Overlinking]].) Links to definitions in the glossary may be added in other articles and pages using Template:Birdgloss – <kbd>{{tl|Birdgloss}}</kbd> – in the form <kbd><nowiki>{{Birdgloss|term}}</nowiki></kbd>. This will work for exact terms or phrases defined in the glossary, or those [[Help:Link#What is an "anchor"?|anchored]] to a definition. If a term you wish to link is not already defined or anchored in the glossary, you can ''[[WP:PIPE|pipe]]'' a link to a definition, in the form: <kbd><nowiki>{{Birdgloss|actual term|display term}}</nowiki></kbd>. See the [[Template:Birdgloss|template's documentation]] for more information.
==Linking bird calls and songs==
{{Birdsong|url = http://www.xeno-canto.org/explore?query=Dacelo|species = the Kookaburra|song1 = Cucaburra.ogg|caption song1 = Call of the Kookaburra}}
[[Bird vocalisation]]s can be linked in articles using the template <kbd>{{tl|Birdsong}}</kbd>. It provides an attractive link wrapper to recordings of songs and calls listed for that species at [[Xeno-canto|xeno-canto.org]] – which we use as very few Wikimedia Commons audio files exist. However, where they do, up to four of them can be added to the template, which allows them to be played directly in the article. An example use of the template appears at right, linking to the extraordinary call of the [[Kookaburra]]. See the template's documentation for its syntax and how to modify its parameters, including how to change the default image to any one you specify.
== Other infoboxes ==
*{{Tl|Infobox book}}
*{{Tl|Infobox journal}}
*{{Tl|Infobox park}} – for nature reserves
== Taxonbar ==
*{{Tl|Taxonbar}} – see [[Template:Taxonbar/doc|Documentation]].
== Barnstar ==
*{{tl|Barn Owl Barnstar}} - To use this template, add <code><nowiki>{{subst:Barn Owl Barnstar|1=Put your message here. ~~~~}}</nowiki></code> to the talk page of the user to whom you wish to award it.
==WPBIRDS invitation==
*{{tl|WPBIRDS Invite}} - To invite a user to this project, add <code><nowiki>{{subst:WPBIRDS Invite|~~~~}}</nowiki></code> to the talk page of the user that you wish to invite. You can also use <code><nowiki>{{subst:WPBIRDS Invite|article=article name|~~~~}}</nowiki></code>, replacing <code>article name</code> with the name of the article.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:WikiProject Birds| ]]
[[Category:WikiProject Animals|Birds]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments|
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