N'Ko script: Difference between revisions

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{{distinguish|N'Ko language}}

{{Infobox writing system

|name = Nko, N'Ko

|native_name = ߒߞߏ

|type = [[Alphabet]]

|time = 1949–present

|languages = [[N'Ko language|N'KoNko]], [[Manding languages]] ([[Mandingo language|Mandingo]], [[Maninka language|Maninka]],<br />[[Bambara language|Bambara]], [[Dyula language|Dyula]])

|creator = [[Solomana Kante|Solomana Kanté]]

|unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U07C0.pdf U+07C0–U+07FF]

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}}

'''Nko''' (ߒߞߏ), also spelled '''N'Ko''' (,<ref>{{Langcite book|author1=Moussa Koulako Bala Doumbouya|author2=Baba Mamadi Diané|author3=Solo Farabado Cissé|author4=Djibrila Diané|author5=Abdoulaye Sow|author6=Séré Moussa Doumbouya|author7=Daouda Bangoura|author8=Fodé Moriba Bayo|author9=Ibrahima Sory 2. Condé|author10=Kalo Mory Diané|author11=Chris Piech|author12=Christopher Manning|title=Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Machine Translation (WMT), December 6–7, 2023|chapter=Machine Translation for Nko: Tools, Corpora and Baseline Results|pages=312–343|year=2023|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|url=https://www2.statmt.org/wmt23/pdf/2023.wmt-nqo1.34.pdf|ߒߞߏquote=Also spelled N’Ko, but speakers prefer the name Nko.}})</ref> is an [[alphabetic script]] devised by [[Solomana Kante|Solomana Kanté]] in 1949, as a modern [[writing system]] for the [[Manding languages]] of West Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nqo|title=N'ko|date=2019|editor-last=Eberhard|editor-first=David|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary|website=Ethnoloque|access-date=June 12, 2019|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oyler|first=Dianne|date=Spring 2002|title=Re-Inventing Oral Tradition: The Modern Epic of Souleymane Kanté|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=33|issue=1|pages=75–93 |doi=10.1353/ral.2002.0034|jstor=3820930|s2cid=162339606|oclc=57936283}}</ref> The term ''N'KoNko'', which means ''I say'' in all Manding languages, is also used for the [[N'Ko language|Manding literary standard]] written in the N'KoNko script.

The script has a few similarities to the [[Arabic script]], notably its direction ([[right-to-left]]) and the letters that are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both [[Tone (linguistics)|tone]] and [[vowel]]s. N'KoNko tones are marked as [[diacritic]]s, in a similar manner to the marking of some vowels in Arabic.

==History==

[[File:Grave of Kanté Soulemane, inventeur de l'alphabet N'Ko.jpg|thumb|Grave of Solomana Kanté. The French at the bottom reads "Inventor“Inventor of the N'Ko alphabet"alphabet”.]]

Kanté created N’Ko in response to erroneous beliefs that no indigenous African writing system existed, as well as to provide a better way to write Manding languages, which had for centuries been written predominantly in [[Ajami script|Ajami]] script, which was not perfectly suited to the [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] unique to Mandé and common to other [[West African languages]]. An anecdote popular with N'Ko proponents is that Kanté was particularly challenged to create the distinct system when, while in [[Bouake]], he found a book by [[Kamel Mrowa]] who dismissed African languages as “like those of the birds, impossible to transcribe”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oyler|first=Dianne White|date=2001|title=A Cultural Revolution in Africa: Literacy in the Republic of Guinea since Independence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3097555|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=34|issue=3 |pages=585–600|doi=10.2307/3097555|jstor=3097555|issn=0361-7882|url-access=subscription}}</ref> despite said Ajami history.<ref name="Donaldson">{{Cite journal|last=Donaldson|first=Coleman|date=2020|title=The Role of Islam, Ajami writings, and educational reform in Sulemaana Kantè's N'ko|journal=African Studies Review|volume=63|issue=3|language=en|pages=462–486|doi=10.1017/asr.2019.59|issn=0002-0206|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kanté then devised N’Ko while he was in [[Bingerville]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] and later brought it to his native [[Kankan]], [[Guinea]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The N'ko Alphabet as a Vehicle of Indigenist Historiography |first=Dianne White |last=Oyler |journal=History in Africa |volume=24 |date=January 1997 |pages=239–256 |doi=10.2307/3172028|jstor=3172028 }}</ref>

KantéN’Ko createdbegan to be used in many educational books, and the script is believed to have been finalized<ref>{{cite book|last=Oyler|first=Dianne White|title=The History of N'Koko and its Role in responseMande toTransnational erroneousIdentity: beliefsWords thatas noWeapons|date=November indigenous2005|publisher=Africana AfricanHomestead writingLegacy systemPublishers|isbn=978-0-9653308-7-9|page=1}}</ref> on April existed14, as1949 well– a date now celebrated as toN’Ko provideAlphabet aDay.<ref>•&nbsp;{{cite betterweb way|url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1899 to|title=N'Ko writeAlphabet MandingDay languages,|website=Any whichDay hadGuide for|quote=N'Ko centuriesAlphabet beenDay writtenis predominantlycelebrated on April 14 in [[Ajamisome script|Ajami]]West scriptAfrican countries, whichwhere wasthe notManding perfectlylanguages suitedare tospoken. It marks the tonesanniversary uniqueof tothe Mandédate andthe commonalphabet is believed to manyhave Westbeen Africanfinalized.}}<br languages/>•&nbsp;{{cite web |first=Tapiwanashe S. A|last=Garikayi widely|title=Afrikan toldFonts: storyThe amongN'Ko Alphabet |url=https://www.nan.xyz/txt/designing-afrikan-fonts/ |website=nan.xyz|quote=N'Ko proponentsstarted isto thatbe Kantéutilized wasin particularlynumerous challengedinstructive tobooks createwhen athe distinctscript systemis whenbelieved he,to inhave [[Bouake]],been stumbledfinalized uponon aApril book14, by1949 a(presently [[KamelN'Ko Mrowa|LebaneseAlphabet author]]Day)....}}</ref> whoKanté dismissivelyinitially equatedused Africanthe languagessystem "liketo thosetranscribe ofreligious, thescientific, birdsand philosophical literature, impossibleand toeven transcribe"a dictionary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Oyler |first=Dianne White |date=2001 |title=A Cultural Revolution in Africa: Literacy in the Republic of Guinea since Independence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3097555 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=585–600 |doi=10.2307/3097555 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=3097555|issnurl-access=0361-7882subscription }}</ref> despiteThese saidtexts Ajamiwere history.<refthen name="Donaldson">{{Citedistributed journal|last=Donaldson|first=Coleman|date=2020|title=Theas Rolegifts ofacross Islam,the AjamiManding-speaking writings,parts andof educationalWest reform in Sulemaana Kantè's N'ko|journal=African Studies Review|volume=63|issue=3|language=en|pages=462–486|doi=10Africa.1017/asr.2019.59|issn=0002-0206|doi-access=free}}</ref> KantéThe devisedscript N'Koreceived asits hefirst was indedicated [[Bingervilletypewriter]], from [[CôteEastern d'IvoireEurope]] andas later[[Guinea]] broughthad ties to Kanté's natal region ofthe [[KankanSoviet Union]], [[Guinea]]in the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{cite journalCite magazine|titlelast=The N'ko Alphabet as a Vehicle of Indigenist Historiography Rosenberg|first=Dianne White Tina|lastdate=Oyler9 December 2011|journaltitle=HistoryEveryone inSpeaks AfricaText Message|volumeurl=24 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/everyone-speaks-text-message.html?|datemagazine=JanuaryThe 1997New |pages=239–256York Times Magazine|doipage=10.2307/317202820}}</ref>

TheThis introduction of the script led to a movement promoting N’Ko literacy in N'Ko among Mandé speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N'KoN’Ko literacy was thus instrumental in shaping the Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and it has also strengthened the Manding identity in other parts ofwider West Africa.<ref>Oyler, Dianne White (1994) ''Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism''. Toronto: African Studies Association.</ref>

N'Ko began to be used in many educational books when the script is believed to have been finalized<ref>{{cite book|last=Oyler|first=Dianne White|title=The History of N'ko and its Role in Mande Transnational Identity: Words as Weapons|date=November 2005|publisher=Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers|isbn=978-0-9653308-7-9|page=1}}</ref> on April 14, 1949 (now N'Ko Alphabet Day);<ref>•&nbsp;{{cite web |url=https://anydayguide.com/calendar/1899 |title=N'Ko Alphabet Day |website=Any Day Guide |quote=N'Ko Alphabet Day is celebrated on April 14 in some West African countries, where the Manding languages are spoken. It marks the anniversary of the date the alphabet is believed to have been finalized.}}<br>•&nbsp;{{cite web |first=Tapiwanashe S. |last=Garikayi |title=Afrikan Fonts: The N'Ko Alphabet |url=https://www.nan.xyz/txt/designing-afrikan-fonts/ |website=nan.xyz|quote=N'Ko started to be utilized in numerous instructive books when the script is believed to have been finalized on April 14, 1949 (presently N'Ko Alphabet Day)....}}</ref> Kanté had transcribed from religious to scientific and philosophical literature, even a dictionary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Oyler |first=Dianne White |date=2001 |title=A Cultural Revolution in Africa: Literacy in the Republic of Guinea since Independence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3097555 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=585–600 |doi=10.2307/3097555 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=3097555}}</ref> These materials were given as gifts into other Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. The script received its first specially made typewriter from Eastern Europe back when Guinea had ties with the Soviet Union in the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|last=Rosenberg|first=Tina|date=9 December 2011|title=Everyone Speaks Text Message|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/everyone-speaks-text-message.html?|magazine=The New York Times Magazine|page=20}}</ref>

On June 27, 2024, the [[N'Ko language|N’Ko literary standard]] was added to [[Google Translate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.google/products/translate/google-translate-new-languages-2024/ |title=110 new languages are coming to Google Translate |date=27 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/translate/answer/15139004?visit_id=638550958236798747-1807070892&p=TranslateNewLanguages2024&rd=1 |title=What's new in Google Translate: More than 100 new languages |access-date=2024-06-27 }}</ref>

The introduction of the script led to a movement promoting literacy in N'Ko among Mandé speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N'Ko literacy was instrumental in shaping the Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and it has also strengthened the Manding identity in other parts of West Africa.<ref>Oyler, Dianne White (1994) ''Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism''. Toronto: African Studies Association.</ref>

==Current use==

[[File:Online N'ko classroom via WhatsApp (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Smartphone]] with a N'KoNko class via [[WhatsApp]]]]

{{Anchor|Literary language}}As of 2005, it was used mainly in [[Guinea]] and the [[Ivory Coast]] (respectively by [[Maninka language|Maninka]] and [[Dyula language|Dyula]] speakers), with an active user community in [[Mali]] (by [[Bambara language|Bambara]] speakers). Publications include a translation of the [[Quran]], a variety of textbooks on subjects such as [[physics]] and [[geography]], poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through N'koNko literacy promotion associations, N'koNko has also been introduced more recently into formal education through private primary schools in Upper Guinea.<ref>{{Cite journalsfn|last=Wyrod|first=Christopher|date=January 2008|title=A social orthography of identity: the N'ko literacy movement in West Africa|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|volume=2008|issue=192|doi=10.1515/ijsl.2008.033|s2cid=143142019|issn=0165-2516}}</ref> It has been classed as the most successful of the West African scripts.<ref>Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In {{cite book|last1=Fishman|first1=Joshua|author-link1=Joshua Fishman|last2=Garcia|first2=Ofelia|author-link2=Ofelia García (educator)|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983799-1}}</ref>

N'KoNko literature generally uses a [[literary language]] register, termed ''kangbe'' (literally, 'clear language'), that is seen as a potential [[compromise dialect]] across [[Manding languages|Mandé languages]].<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |title=N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction] |access-date=2006-11-29 |archive-date=2021-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124342/http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is ''tɔgɔ'' and in Maninka it is ''tɔɔ''. N'KoNko has only one written word for 'name', but individuals read and pronounce the word in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a [[koiné language]] blending elements of the principal [[Manding languages]], which are [[mutually intelligible]], but has a very strong Maninka influence.

There has also been documented use of N'KoNko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] and [[Fon language|Fon]] languages of [[Benin]] and southwestern [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Agelogbagan Agbovi |title=Gànhúmehàn Vodún - Living Sacred Text (completely in Fongbe and N'ko) |url=http://www.restorationhealing.com/ganhumehan-vodun-book |website=Kilombo Restoration & Healing |publisher=Kilombo Restoration and Healing |language=en |access-date=2017-07-19 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128041832/http://www.restorationhealing.com/ganhumehan-vodun-book |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Letters==

The N'KoNko script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another.

===Vowels===

Line 42 ⟶ 43:

! {{IPA|ɔ}} || {{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|a}}

|-

| {{script|Nko|[[ߐ]]}} || {{script|Nko|[[ߏ]]}} || {{script|Nko|ߎ}} || {{script|Nko|ߍ}} || {{script|Nko|ߌ}} || {{script|Nko|ߋ}} || {{script|Nko|ߊ}}

|-

| [[File:NKo Aw.svg]] || [[File:NKo O.svg]] || [[File:NKo Uh.svg]] || [[File:NKo Eh.svg]] || [[File:NKo E.svg]] || [[File:NKo A.svg]] || [[File:NKo Ah.svg]]

Line 50 ⟶ 51:

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"

|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"

! {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}

|-

| {{script|Nko|ߙ}} || {{script|Nko|ߕ}} || {{script|Nko|ߘ}} || {{script|Nko|ߗ}} || {{script|Nko|ߖ}} || {{script|Nko|ߔ}} || {{script|Nko|ߓ}}

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| [[File:NKo R.svg]] || [[File:NKo T.svg]] || [[File:NKo D.svg]] || [[File:NKo Ch.svg]] || [[File:NKo J.svg]] || [[File:NKo P.svg]] || [[File:NKo B.svg]]

|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"

! {{IPA|m}} || g͡b{{IPA|ɡ͡b}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|rr}}

|-

| {{script|Nko|ߡ}} || {{script|Nko|ߜ}} || {{script|Nko|ߟ}} || {{script|Nko|ߞ}} || {{script|Nko|ߝ}} || {{script|Nko|ߛ}} || {{script|Nko|ߚ}}

Line 62 ⟶ 63:

| [[File:NKo M.svg]] || [[File:NKo Gb.svg]] || [[File:NKo L.svg]] || [[File:NKo K.svg]] || [[File:NKo F.svg]] || [[File:NKo S.svg]] || [[File:NKo Rr.svg]]

|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"

! {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|h}} || || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|w}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɲ}}

|-

| {{script|Nko|ߒ}} || {{script|Nko|ߤ}} || || {{script|Nko|ߦ}} || {{script|Nko|ߥ}} || {{script|Nko|ߣ}} || {{script|Nko|ߢ}}

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===Tones===

N'KoNko uses 7seven [[diacritic]]al marks to denote [[tone (linguistics)|tonality]] and [[vowel length]]. Together with plain vowels, N'KoNko distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels. One dot below a vowel marks that vowel as nasal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 19 – Unicode 16.0.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-19/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.unicode.org |quote=When applied to a vowel, U+07F2 NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK indicates the nasalization of that vowel. }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;"

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===Non-native sounds and letters===

N'KoNko also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with diacritics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doumbouya |first=Mamady |date=2012 |title=Illustrated English/N'Ko Alphabet: An introduction to N'Ko for English Speakers |url=http://cormand.huma-num.fr/maninkabiblio/ouvrages/dunbuya-angile_nko.pdf |___location=Philadelphia, PA, USA |publisher=N'Ko Institute of America |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/nko-alphabet-west-african-script/ |title=N'Ko Alphabet: a West African Script |last=Sogoba |first=Mia |date=June 1, 2018 |website=Cultures of West Africa |access-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106041611/https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/nko-alphabet-west-african-script/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords.

[[Two dots (diacritic)|Two dots]] above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French [[close front rounded vowel{{IPAslink|/y/]]}} sound, or e-two-dots for the French [[Mid central vowel{{IPAslink|/ə/]]}}.

Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Mandé, such as gb-dot for /g/{{IPAslink|ɡ}}; gb-line for /{{IPAslink|ɣ/}}; gb-two-dots for [[Voiceless labial–velar stop{{IPAslink|/k͡p/]]}}; f-dot for /{{IPAslink|v/}}; rr-dot for [[Voiced postalveolar fricative{{IPAslink|/ʁ/]]}}; etc.

== Numerals ==

N'KoNko numerals use [[positional notation]]. Unlike both [[Western Arabic numerals|Western]] and [[Eastern Arabic numerals]], digits decrease in significance from right to left.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2012/3553 | title=Numerical Notation in Africa | journal=Afrikanistik Online | date=27 December 2012 | volume=2012 | issue=9 | last1=Andrij | first1=Rovenchak }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"

|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"

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| [[File:NKO DIGIT ZERO.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT ONE.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT TWO.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT THREE.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT FOUR.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT FIVE.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT SIX.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT SEVEN.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT EIGHT.svg|20px]] || [[File:NKO DIGIT NINE.svg|20px]]

|}

==Punctuation==

* ⸜...⸝ bracket paraphrased text, approximately equivalent to italics in Latin script.

* «...» bracket quoted text.

* {{angbr|߸‎}} comma

* {{angbr|߹‎}} exclamation mark

* {{angbr|߷}} paragraph mark; marks the end of a section of text

* {{angbr|ߴ‎}} apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a high tone)

* {{angbr|ߵ‎}} apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a low tone)

A low hyphen is used for compound words and the ASCII hyphen {{angbr|-}} is used for splitting words at line breaks. There is no distinct computer character for the low hyphen; Unicode recommends using the [[non-breaking hyphen]] for that purpose.

Arabic punctuation marks used in Nko text include:

* {{angbr|،}} comma (may occur in the same text as {{angbr|߸‎}})

* {{angbr|؛}} semicolon

* {{angbr|؟}} question mark

* {{angbr|﴾...﴿}} ornate parentheses (graphic form may differ from Arabic)

==Digitization==

With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use the N'KoNko script on computers. From the 1990s onwards, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A [[DOS]] word processor named Koma Kuda was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from [[Cairo University]].<ref>Personal note from the LISA/Cairo conference, in Dec. 2005, Don Osborn</ref> However the lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development.

===Wikipedia===

There is also a [[:nqo:ߓߏ߬ߟߏ߲߬ߘߊ|N’koNko version of Wikipedia]] in existence since 26 November 2019, it contains {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|nqo|N}} articles, with {{NUMBEROF|EDITS|nqo|N}} edits and {{NUMBEROF|USERS|nqo|N}} users.<ref>[[:nqo:ߞߙߍߞߙߍߣߍ߲:Statistics]]</ref>

==Unicode==

{{Further|NKo (Unicode block)}}

The Nko script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. Additional characters were added in 2018. While the script is spelled "N’Ko" in the relevant chapter of Unicode, the alias for the script is "Nko"<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO 15924 Code Lists: Codes for the representation of names of scripts|url=https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/iso15924-codes.html}}</ref> and the Unicode block name is "NKo" (because the apostrophe is not allowed in block names).<ref>{{cite book|author=Unicode, Inc.|chapter=Africa|title=The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0|year=2024|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-19/#G56584|quote=Although the traditional name of the N’Ko language and script includes an apostrophe, apostrophes are disallowed in Unicode character and block names. Because of this, the formal block name is “NKo” and the script portion of the Unicode character names is “{{Smallcaps all|nko}}”.}}</ref>

The N'Ko script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0. Additional characters were added in 2018.

[[UNESCO]]'s Programme Initiative B@bel supported preparing a proposal to encode N'KoNko in [[Unicode]]. In 2004, the proposal, presented by three professors of N'KoNko (Baba Mamadi Diané, Mamady Doumbouya, and Karamo Kaba Jammeh) working with [[Michael Everson]], was approved for balloting by the ISO working group WG2. In 2006, N'KoNko was approved for Unicode 5.0. The Unicode block for N'KoNko is U+07C0–U+07FF:

{{Unicode chart NKo}}

Line 132 ⟶ 150:

=== General sources ===

* {{cite web |last=Condé |first=Ibrahima Sory 2 |date=2008-09-17 |lang=fr |title=Soulemana Kanté entre Linguistique et Grammaire : Le cas de la langue littéraire utilisée dans les textes en N'Ko |trans-title=Solomana Kante between Linguistics and Grammar: The case of the literary language used in texts in N'Ko |url=http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/konde.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120210054/http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/konde.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-20}}

* {{cite journal |last=Conrad |first=David C. |date=2001 |title=Reconstructing Oral Tradition: Souleymane Kanté's Approach to Writing Mande History |journal=Mande Studies |volume=3 |pages=147–200|doi=10.2979/mnd.2001.a873349 }}

* {{cite journal |last=Dalby |first=David |date=1969 |title=Further indigenous scripts of West Africa: [[Mandin]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]] and [[Fula language|Fula]] alphabets and [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] 'Holy' writing |journal=African Language Studies |volume=10 |pages=161–181}}

* {{cite web |url=http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/davydov.pdf |last=Davydov |first=Artem |title=On Souleymane Kanté's 'Nko Grammar' |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023153/http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/davydov.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04}}

* {{Citation |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364 |last=Donaldson |first=Coleman |date=2017 |title=Clear Language: Script, Register and the N'ko Movement of Mandé-Speaking West Africa. |others=Doctoral Dissertation |___location=Philadelphia, PA |institution=University of Pennsylvania}}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1086/702554|title=Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa|year=2019|last1=Donaldson|first1=Coleman|journal=Signs and Society|volume=7|issue=2|pages=156–185|s2cid=181625415}}

* {{cite book |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_grad_pubs/2/ |last=Donaldson |first=Coleman |date=2017 |chapter=Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Mandé |title=Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery |editor1=Pia Lane |editor2=James Costa |editor3=Haley De Korne |pages=175–199 |others=Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism |issue=2 |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge}}

* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/asr.2019.59|title=The Role of Islam, Ajami writings, and educational reform in Sulemaana Kantè's N'ko|year=2020|last1=Donaldson|first1=Coleman|journal=African Studies Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=462–486|doi-access=free}}

* {{cite web |author-link1=Michael Everson |last1=Everson |first1=Michael |author2=Mamady Doumbouya |author3=Baba Mamadi Diané |author4=Karamo Jammeh |date=2004 |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2765.pdf |title=Proposal to add the N'Ko script to the BMP of the UCS}}

* {{cite book |last=Oyler |first=Dianne White |date=1994 |title=Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism |___location=Toronto |publisher=African Studies Association}}

* {{Citation |last=Oyler |first=Dianne |date=1995 |title=For "All Those Who Say N'ko": N'ko Literacy and Mande Cultural Nationalism in the Republic of Guinea |others=Unpublished PhD dissertation |institution=University of Florida}}

* {{cite journal |last=Oyler |first=Dianne White |date=1997 |title=The N’koN'ko Alphabet as a Vehicle of Indigenist Historiography |journal=History in Africa |volume=24 |pages=239–256 |doi=10.2307/3172028 |JSTORjstor=3172028 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172028 |url-access=registration}}

* {{cite journal |last=Rovenchak |first=Andrij |date=2015 |title=Quantitative Studies in the Corpus of Nko Periodicals |journal=Recent Contributions to Quantitative Linguistics |editor1=Arjuna Tuzzi |editor2=Martina Benešová |editor3=Ján Macutek |pages=125–138 |___location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110420296-012 |isbn=978-3-11-041987-0 }}

* {{cite book |last=Singler |first=John Victor |date=1996 |chapter=Scripts of West Africa |editor-last1=Daniels |editor-first1=Peter T. |editor-last2=Bright |editor-first2=William |title=The World's Writing Systems |___location=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc. |pages=593–598}}

* {{cite journal |author-link=Valentin Vydrin |last=Vydrine |first=Valentin F |date=2001 |language=fr |title=Souleymane Kanté, un philosophe-innovateur traditionnaliste maninka vu à travers ses écrits en nko |trans-title=Solomana Kante, a Maninka traditionalist philosopher-innovator seen through his writings in N'Ko |journal=Mande Studies |volume=3 |pages=99–131|doi=10.2979/mnd.2001.a873361 }}

* {{Citation |last=Wyrod |first=Christopher |date=2003 |title=The light on the horizon: N'Ko literacy and formal schooling in Guinea |others=MA thesis |institution=George Washington University}}

* {{cite journal |last=Wyrod |first=Christopher |date=2008 |title=A social orthography of identity: the N'Ko literacy movement in West Africa |journal=[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]] |volumeissue=192 |pages=27–44}}

* {{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117031918/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17488%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=B@bel and Script Encoding Initiative Supporting Linguistic Diversity in Cyberspace |date=2004-12-11 |website=[[UNESCO]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117031918/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17488%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2004-11-17 }}

* {{cite encyclopedia|date=2000 |title=Bambara |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bambara |quote=The Bambara, like other West African peoples, use the distinctive N'ko alphabet, which reads from right to left.}}

* {{cite web |title=N'Ko Alphabet |website=N'Ko Institute of America |url=http://nkoinstitute.com/nko-alphabet |access-date=2023-04-10}}

==External links==

Line 163 ⟶ 180:

*[https://www.ankataa.com/ An Ka Taa]: "Learn '''Manding'''—commonly referred to as Bambara, Dioula, Malinké or Mandingo!"

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130516204859/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Manding Information about Manding languages]

*[http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html An introduction to N'Ko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124342/http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |date=2021-06-10 }}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070625154007/http://www.panafril10n.org/panafrloc/Casa-NKO.pdf "Casablanca Statement"] (on localization of ICT) translated & written in N'Ko

*[http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Nko PanAfriL10n page on N'Ko]