Woodchipping in Australia: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Australian timber export sector}}

{{OR}}

[[File:Midway-woodchipping-geelong-australia.jpg|thumb|280px|Woodchipping plant at the [[Port of Geelong]], Australia]]

'''Woodchipping''' is an [[Australia]]n [[forestry]] production method. Timber is converted to [[woodchips]] and sold, primarily, for [[Making_paper#Papermaking|paper manufacture]]. Forestry practices such as [[short rotation coppice]] are the usual methods adopted, in most other parts of the world, for the production of woodchips.

'''Woodchipping''' is the act and industry of chipping wood for pulp. Timber is converted to [[woodchips]] and sold, primarily, for [[Making paper#Papermaking|paper manufacture]]. In Australia, woodchips are produced by [[clearcutting]] or [[thinning]] of native forests or plantations. In other parts of the world, forestry practices such as [[short rotation coppice]] are the usual methods adopted.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

Uses of wood chips includes the manufacture of [[particle board]] (or '[[Chipboard|chip board]]') and other [[engineered wood]]s, [[mulch]], [[Wood fuel|fuel]], and [[ballast]] in [[bulk carrier]] ships.

Uses of wood chips includes the manufacture of [[particle board]] (or '[[Chipboard|"chip board]]'") and other [[engineered wood]]s, [[mulch]], and [[Wood fuel|fuel]], and [[ballast]] in [[bulk carrier]] ships.

== Sources and process==

{{Main article|Forestry}}

The primary source of wood chips in [[Australia]] has been the extensive ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' hardwood forests found throughout the country. During the late 1960s and 70s the high demand for paper and the relatively low cost and availability of the native forests made woodchipping a viable proposition. The [[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories|State Parliaments]] of the day released forrested land and provided infrastructure for the industries.

== Sources and process==

The woodchips are converted into a fibre which is made into a low grade of paper, usually by the [[Kraft process]], for use as [[newsprint]] or toilet paper. Most processing and value adding takes place outside of Australia.

{{See also|Forestry in Australia}}

<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daffa.gov.au/rfa/publications/deferred/wood-paper/why |title=Why Australia needs a Wood and Paper Industry Strategy |accessdate=2007-03-13 |author=Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry |authorlink=Australian Government |coauthors= |date=Last Updated: 19 Jan 2007-01-13 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=DAFF |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=It will also help cut Australia s bill for imports of wood and paper products. Imports of these products currently exceed our exports by $2 billion a year.

Historically, the primary sources of wood chips in Australia have been the extensive ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' hardwood forests found throughout temperate areas of the country. In more recent times, a significant proportion comes from managed hardwood and softwood plantations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Indigenous Owned And Managed Forests - Forest & Wood Products Australia |url=https://fwpa.com.au/report/indigenous-owned-and-managed-forests/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=FWPA |language=en-AU |isbn=978-1-922718-46-4}}</ref>

}}</ref>

The Australian economy benefits directly from a low cost and high volume export commodity.

<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abareonlineshop.com/product.asp?prodid=13284 |title=Australian Forest and Wood Product Statistics.(March/June quarters 2005) |accessdate=2007-03-13 |author=Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= ISSN: 1446-0167 |year= 2005|month=November |format= PDF|work= |publisher=abareconomics |pages=66 |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=1999 - 2003-04 ($m); 'Logs category' Hardwood sawlogs 249.2 250.0 244.1 259.2 249.2: Softwood sawlogs b 404.2 467.1 591.0 608.5 578.3 : Cypress sawlogs 18.7 22.2 22.5 22.9 22.8 : Plywood and veneer logs 34.5 37.9 34.8 44.8 39.2 : '''Wood panels pulplogs 55.2 56.8 44.7 57.8 51.7 : Export woodchip hardwood pulplogs 300.4 328.2 291.9 349.0 338.0 : Export woodchip softwood pulplogs 62.0 81.8 52.0 50.3 64.8 : Paper pulplogs 106.3 97.4 88.0 120.8 138.3''' (''emphasis added'')

}}</ref>

During the late 1960s and 1970s, the high demand for paper and the relatively low cost and availability of the native forests made the establishment of a woodchipping industry a viable proposition. Conversely, the establishment of a woodchipping industry made it economically feasible to clearfell areas of mixed or substandard forest that could not otherwise have been felled. [[Clearfelling]] is a controversial forest practice in Australia, and opponents argue that the woodchipping industry is culpable for its continuation.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

== Usage ==

{{Main article|Paper}}

Wood chips, as a by-product of the [[timber industry]], have been used in many ways for centuries, for example as a material for the production of wallpaper or as a disposable floor covering in butchers shop or drinking houses.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_cuisine] [[Wood pulp]] is the primary market for the woodchipping industry in Austalia.

Woodchips are converted into a fibre that can be made into various grades of paper or [[rayon]] for the textile industry. Most processing and value adding takes place outside of Australia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daffa.gov.au/rfa/publications/deferred/wood-paper/why |title=Why Australia needs a Wood and Paper Industry Strategy |accessdate=2007-03-13 |author=Dept. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry |authorlink=Australian Government |coauthors= |date=Last Updated: 19 Jan 2007-01-13 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=DAFF |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=It will also help cut Australia 's bill for imports of wood and paper products. Imports of these products currently exceed our exports by $2 billion a year. |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921092202/http://www.daffa.gov.au/rfa/publications/deferred/wood-paper/why|archivedate=2007-09-21}}</ref>

The practice, known as woodchipping, was to make use of the entire plant in the production of wood chips. This was then converted into paper for news print and other low-grade requirements. An energy intensive process, it also involved the use of bleaches and other toxic chemicals. This stage of the process, known as [[Kraft pulping]], was primarily performed in [[Japan]] and elsewhere. High demand for paper products saw purpose built [[bulk carrier]]s increase the export of woodchips from Australia to Japan.

The Australian economy benefits directly from a low-cost and high-volume export commodity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abareonlineshop.com/product.asp?prodid=13284 |title=Australian Forest and Wood Product Statistics.(March/June March–June quarters 2005) |accessdate=2007-03-13 |author=Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics |authorlinkissn= |coauthors= 1449-1850|date=15 ISSN: 1446-0167 |year=November 2005|month=November |format= PDF|work= |publisher=abareconomics |pages=66 |language= |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060506105609/http://abareonlineshop.com/PdfFiles/pc13284.pdf|archivedate= 2006-05-06|quote=1999 - 2003-04 ($m); 'Logs category' Hardwood sawlogs 249.2 250.0 244.1 259.2 249.2: Softwood sawlogs b 404.2 467.1 591.0 608.5 578.3 : Cypress sawlogs 18.7 22.2 22.5 22.9 22.8 : Plywood and veneer logs 34.5 37.9 34.8 44.8 39.2 : '''Wood panels pulplogs 55.2 56.8 44.7 57.8 51.7 : Export woodchip hardwood pulplogs 300.4 328.2 291.9 349.0 338.0 : Export woodchip softwood pulplogs 62.0 81.8 52.0 50.3 64.8 : Paper pulplogs 106.3 97.4 88.0 120.8 138.3''' (''emphasis added'') }}</ref>

== Usage ==

The separation of the chipping stage and the pulping and paper mills required the supply of energy usually sourced from by-products of the process. Additional energy expenditure is found in the [[shipping]] of raw materials and export of the finished product.

{{Main article|Paper}}

Wood chips, as a by-productbyproduct of the [[timber industry]], have been used in many ways for centuries, for example as a material for the production of [[wallpaper]] or as a disposable floor covering in butchers shop or drinking houses.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_cuisine] [[Wood pulp]] is the primary market for the woodchipping industry in AustaliaAustralia.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

The practice, known as woodchipping, was to make use of most of the entirewoody plantmaterial in thea productiontree ofto produce wood chips. This was then converted into paper, hardwood pulp is mainly used for newsprinting printpaper and othersoftwood pulp is added for good quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/content/education/pulp_and_paper.asp|title=Forest Products Commission low-grade requirementsEducation - Products from Trees - developing the sustainable use of the States plantation and native forest resources in Western Australia|publisher=fpc.wa.gov.au|accessdate=2008-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720025954/http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/content/education/pulp_and_paper.asp|archivedate=2008-07-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> An energy -intensive process, it also involved the use of bleaches[[bleach]]es and other toxic chemicals. This stage of the process, known as [[Kraft pulping]], was primarily performed in [[Japan]] and elsewhere. High demand for paper products sawhad purpose -built [[bulk carrier]]s increase the export of woodchips from Australia to Japan.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

== Criticism ==

The separation of the chipping stage and the pulping and paper mills required the supply of energy usually sourced from by-productsbyproducts of the process. Additional energy expenditure is found in the [[shipping]] of raw materials and export of the finished product.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In the late 1970s and 80s, woodchipping of forests was brought into question and became the source of public debate in Australia. Environmental groups addressed, or were formed, to raise awareness. Protest campaigns and direct acts of [[civil disobedience]] were also undertaken.

== Criticism and environmental opposition ==

The introduction of the wood chip industry to [[Western Australia]] in the 1960s initially attracted less opposition than it did in the [[Eastern states of Australia|eastern states]]. At first it was seen as an opportunity for the economic development of the south west; it was not until the 1970s that an environmental movement against it began to emerge{{according to whom|date=May 2018}}. The volatility of the issue became apparent in 1976 when two activists carried out the [[Bunbury woodchip bombing]], a failed attempt to disable woodchip exporting facilities for 18 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/59881e91-c618-4520-8228-af2a47d9ca4d/1/O%27Donnell_2015_02Thesis.pdf|title=Responses in Policy and Practice to Radical Environmental Protest Targeting Key Parts of the Civil Infrastructure in Australia and the United Kingdom|last=Chapman|first=Ron|date=September 2015|website=Murdoch University|pages=121–126|type=Thesis}}</ref> Following decades of campaigning by environmental groups and others commercial forestry within native forests, including for woodchipping, was ended in Western Australia and eastern Victoria in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardinge |first=Alice |last2=Beckerling |first2=Jess |date=2024-01-16 |title=Campaigns to End Logging in Australia (Commons Conversations Podcasts) |url=https://commonslibrary.org/campaigns-to-end-logging-in-australia-commons-conversations-podcasts/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

[[ImageFile:Woodchips for export in New South Wales.jpeg|thumb|Woodchips, [[Eden, New South Wales]]]]

==See also==

* [[Category:ConservationLand clearing in Australia]]

[[Image:Woodchips for export in New South Wales.jpeg|thumb|Woodchips, [[Eden, New South Wales]]]]

* [[ClearfellingLogging]]

* [[LoggingWoodchipper]]

===Woodchip mill companies and locations===

* [[Eden, New South Wales]]

* [[North Shore, Victoria]]

*[[Gunns]]

* [[Longreach, Tasmania]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forico.com.au/long-reach-mill|title=Long Reach Mill - Forico|website=forico.com.au}}</ref>

*[[W.A. Chip & Pulp Co]]

* [[Wesley ValeBell pulpBay, millTasmania]]

* [[Hampshire, Tasmania]]

* [[Gunns]]

* [[W.A. Chip & Pulp Co]]

* [[Wesley Vale pulp mill]]

===Woodchip critics and opponents===

* [[Australian Greens]]
* [[Australian Conservation Foundation]]

* [[Campaign to Save Native Forests]]

* [[Conservation Council of Western Australia]]

* [[Great Walk Networking]]

* [[Liberals for Forests]]

* [[South West Forests Defence Foundation]]

* [[Western Australian Forests Alliance]]

==External linksNotes ==

* {{cite web |url=http://www.abareonlineshop.com/product.asp?prodid=13284 |title=Australian Forest and Wood Product Statistics.(March/June March–June quarters 2005) |accessdate=2007-03-13 |author=Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics |authorlink=Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics |coauthorsissn=1449-1850 |date=15 ISSN: 1446-0167 |year=November 2005|month=November |format= PDF|workpublisher=abareconomics |publisherarchiveurl=abareconomicshttps://web.archive.org/web/20060506105609/http://abareonlineshop.com/PdfFiles/pc13284.pdf |pagesarchivedate=502006-5105-06 |languagepages=50–51 |quote= Total woodchips; ''Quantity 2002-03, 03-04, 04-05''- China: 67.6 0.0 69.6 0.0 '''Japan kt 4 790.0 4 653.7 4 997.3''' Other kt 579.5 610.2 531.4 '''Total kt 5 437.1 5 263.9 5 598.3''' (''emphasis added'')<br /> Quarters 2004-05 a Pulpwood logs are included in the table exports of roundwood. b Broadleaved woodchip volumes were confidential from February 2000 to May 2000. From 1 June 2000, ABS have applied selected country and state restrictions to broadleaved woodchip exports. From February 2003 all state details are confidential. c Bone dry tonnes. na Not available. Sources: ABS, International Trade, Australia, cat. no. 5465.0, Canberra; ABARE. }}

* [http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/chip-history.rtf History of woodchipping]

* {{cite web |url=http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/forests/victoria/royalty2/ |title= Implications of Selling Native Forests for 9 Cents a Tonne |accessdate=2007-03-14 |author=The Wilderness Society |authorlink=The Wilderness Society |coauthors= (Australia)|date= 2001-01-25|year= |month= |format= |work= Home > Campaigns > Forests > Tasmanian Forests|publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061008053351/http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/forests/victoria/royalty2/|archivedate= 2006-10-08|quote= The Wilderness Society has revealed today that Forestry Tasmania is planning to clearfell and woodchip areas of pure rainforest in north-west Tasmania and then convert the cleared areas to plantations.|url-status=dead}}

* [http://shoalhaven.net.au/nbt78/wchip.html New Bush Telegraph report]

* {{cite web |url=http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~jock/otways/forfact/fffpubop.htm |title= Woodchipping to Japan - Joint Environment Group Commissioned Public Opinion |accessdate=2007-03-14 |author=Open Mind Research Group on behalf of their client Environment Victoria|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1994-12-4 |year= |month= |format=04 |work= Forest Fact File|publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= Newspoll - December 1994 - To the Question "Next a question about native forests. Do you personally approve or disapprove of trees from Australian's native forests being fell and exported as woodchips to Japan? 80.3% of Australians disapproved, 11.7% approved, 8.0% undecided.}}

* [http://www.nafi.com.au/files/library/Gunns_%20IIS_%20submission_250906.pdf Gunns Mill pro- argument from NAFI]

* {{cite web |url= http://www.daff.gov.au/ministers/tuckey/releases/00/00_66tu.html |title=Tuckey writes to Tasmania Together committee over woodchipping - Media release |accessdate=2007-03-14 |author=Wilson "Ironbar" Tuckey MP |authorlink=Wilson Tuckey |coauthors= |date=2000-09-28 |year= |month= |format= |work=Media Releases The Hon Wilson Tuckey MP Former Minister for Forestry and Conservation |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917024552/http://www.daff.gov.au/ministers/tuckey/releases/00/00_66tu.html |archivedate=2006-09-17 |quote= Mr Tuckey was responding to reports in the Launceston Examiner suggesting the phasing out of woodchipping in Tasmania. Press reports in the United States are quoting well known green activists as saying that the US fires, including forest and property destruction, are the result of past forest management policies that prevented harvesting. This has created 'cadaverous' forests overpopulated with sick, dead and skinny trees — the perfect fuel for a wildfire. |url-status=dead}}

* {{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/dargavel.htm| title = Review of John Dargavel, Fashioning Australia's forests, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995. | accessdate = 2007-04-04| author = Warwick Frost|authorlink = | coauthors = |date = Published: 1997-03-03| format = htm| work = The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History| publisher = School of Humanities, James Cook University.| pages = | issn = 1321-5752| language = | quote = The export of woodchips from Australian native forests over the last few decades has been one of Australia's greatest economic and environmental disasters. Heavily subsidised and poorly managed, wood chipping has continued despite the trend amongst Australia's policy makers towards the rhetoric of [[economic rationalism]]. Even though only those with a vested interest could argue for wood chipping on economic grounds, it has managed to gain the strong support of both Labour and Liberal/National Parties. Yet despite these contradictions and the enormous passion the wood chipping debate generates, historians have tended to ignore this issue. John Dargavel's excellent history of Australian forestry goes a long way to filling this gap. ''Dr Warwick Frost lectures in the School of Economics, La Trobe University.''}}</div>

==References==

== Notes & Reference ==

{{Reflist}}

<div class="references-small">

<references/>

* {{cite web |url=http://www.abareonlineshop.com/product.asp?prodid=13284 |title=Australian Forest and Wood Product Statistics.(March/June quarters 2005) |accessdate=2007-03-13 |author=Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics |authorlink=Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics |coauthors= |date= ISSN: 1446-0167 |year= 2005|month=November |format= PDF|work= |publisher=abareconomics |pages=50-51 |language= |quote= Total woodchips; ''Quantity 2002-03, 03-04, 04-05''- China: 67.6 0.0 69.6 0.0 '''Japan kt 4 790.0 4 653.7 4 997.3''' Other kt 579.5 610.2 531.4 '''Total kt 5 437.1 5 263.9 5 598.3''' (''emphasis added'')<br/> Quarters 2004-05 a Pulpwood logs are included in the table exports of roundwood. b Broadleaved woodchip volumes were confidential from February 2000 to May 2000. From 1 June 2000, ABS have applied selected country and state restrictions to broadleaved woodchip exports. From February 2003 all state details are confidential. c Bone dry tonnes. na Not available. Sources: ABS, International Trade, Australia, cat. no. 5465.0, Canberra; ABARE.

}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/forests/victoria/royalty2/ |title= Implications of Selling Native Forests for 9 Cents a Tonne |accessdate=2007-03-14 |author=The Wilderness Society |authorlink= Wilderness Society |coauthors= |date= 2001-01-25|year= |month= |format= |work= Home > Campaigns > Forests > Tasmanian Forests|publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= The Wilderness Society has revealed today that Forestry Tasmania is planning to clearfell and woodchip areas of pure rainforest in north-west Tasmania and then convert the cleared areas to plantations.

}}

*{{cite web |url=http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~jock/otways/forfact/fffpubop.htm |title= Woodchipping to Japan - Joint Environment Group Commissioned Public Opinion |accessdate=2007-03-14 |author=Open Mind Research Group on behalf of their client Environment Victoria|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1994-12-4 |year= |month= |format= |work= Forest Fact File|publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= Newspoll - December 1994 - To the Question "Next a question about native forests. Do you personally approve or disapprove of trees from Australian's native forests being fell and exported as woodchips to Japan? 80.3% of Australians disapproved, 11.7% approved, 8.0% undecided.

}}

*{{cite web |url= http://www.daff.gov.au/ministers/tuckey/releases/00/00_66tu.html|title=Tuckey writes to Tasmania Together committee over woodchipping - Media release|accessdate=2007-03-14 |author=Wilson "Ironbar" Tuckey MP |authorlink=Wilson Tuckey |coauthors= |date=2000-09-28 |year= |month= |format= |work=Media Releases The Hon Wilson Tuckey MP Former Minister for Forestry and Conservation |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= Mr Tuckey was responding to reports in the Launceston Examiner suggesting the phasing out of woodchipping in Tasmania. Press reports in the United States are quoting well known green activists as saying that the US fires, including forest and property destruction, are the result of past forest management policies that prevented harvesting. This has created 'cadaverous' forests overpopulated with sick, dead and skinny trees — the perfect fuel for a wildfire.}}

*{{cite web| url = http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/dargavel.htm| title = Review of John Dargavel, Fashioning Australia's forests, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995. | accessdate = 2007-04-04| author = Warwick Frost|authorlink = | coauthors = |date = Published: 1997-03-03| format = htm| work = The Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History| publisher = School of Humanities, James Cook University.| pages = | issn = 1321-5752| language = | quote = The export of woodchips from Australian native forests over the last few decades has been one of Australia's greatest economic and environmental disasters. Heavily subsidised and poorly managed, wood chipping has continued despite the trend amongst Australia's policy makers towards the rhetoric of economic rationalism. Even though only those with a vested interest could argue for wood chipping on economic grounds, it has managed to gain the strong support of both Labour and Liberal/National Parties. Yet despite these contradictions and the enormous passion the wood chipping debate generates, historians have tended to ignore this issue. John Dargavel's excellent history of Australian forestry goes a long way to filling this gap. ''Dr Warwick Frost lectures in the School of Economics, La Trobe University.''}}</div>

==Further reading==

Line 69 ⟶ 66:

* Mcdonald, Jan (1975) ''The Australian woodchip industry : a bibliography'' Canberra : Subject Reference Section, Parliamentary Library Legislative Service, 1975 "This bibliography has been compiled in connection with the inquiry into the Australian woodchip industry by the Senate Select Committee on Social Environment"

* Routley, R. and V. (1973) ''The Fight for the Forests: The Takeover of Australian Forests for Pines, Wood Chips and Intensive Forestry'', Research School of Social Sciences, ANU, Canberra.

* Tamaki, Mitsuzo. (1999) ''Green business alliance : The case of a Japanese/Australian joint [[forest plantation]] project''. Asia Pacific journal of economics & business, Dec. 1999, p. &nbsp;76-96

* Thompson, Herb and Tracy, Julie.(1995) ''Woodchipping in Western Australia : timber workers vs. conservationists''. Perth, W.A. : Murdoch University. {{ISBN 0869054538|0-86905-453-8}}. Working paper (Murdoch University. Dept. of Economics) ; no. 135..

* Walter, Terry (1976) “Some Cost-benefit Aspects of Wood-Chipping in Western Australia”, Economic Activity, 56- 65.

==External links==

[[Category:Environmental threats]]

* [http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/chip-history.rtf History of woodchipping]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906224715/http://www.shoalhaven.net.au/nbt78/wchip.html New Bush Telegraph report]

* [http://www.nafi.com.au/files/library/Gunns_%20IIS_%20submission_250906.pdf Gunns Mill pro- argument from NAFI]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101126222752/http://www.chipstop.forests.org.au:80/ Chipstop] - lobby group

[[Category:Environmental threatsissues with forests]]

[[Category:History of Western Australia]]

[[Category:LoggingEnvironmental issues in Australia]]

[[Category:EnvironmentTimber ofindustry in Western Australia]]

[[Category:Conservation in Australia]]