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Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America – including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) was set up in [[Orkney]] in 2003, and developed a tidal test site in the [[Fall of Warness]], to the west of the island of [[Eday]]. The site opened in 2006, and EMEC was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream devices, and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.<ref name=":21">{{Cite report |url=https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/environmental_statement_1.pdf |title=EMEC Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site Section 36 Application Environmental Statement |last=The European Marine Energy Centre |date=December 2014}}</ref>
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
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* The 300 kW [[Marine Current Turbines]] (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of [[Lynmouth]], Devon, England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-04 |title=Technology Review: Tidal Power Comes to Market |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |archive-date=4 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804110058/https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* In 2004, the world's first tidal-stream turbine was connected to an electricity grid, the 300 kW Hammerfest Strøm HS300, located in the waters of [[Kvalsundet]], Finnmark, Norway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://www.andritz.com/resource/blob/31444/cf15d27bc23fd59db125229506ec87c7/hy-hammerfest-data.pdf |title=Renewable energy from tidal currents |last=ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest
* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the [[Fall of Warness]], [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Verdant Power installed six 35 kW turbines in New York's [[East River]], supplying power to two local businesses, claimed as the world's first tidal array.<ref name="nytimes20120912" />
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the world's first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |access-date=8 September 2016 |work=
* A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EMEC |title=Consents |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/services/provision-of-wave-and-tidal-testing/consents/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=European Marine Energy Centre |language=en}}</ref>
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array to date.<ref name=":10" />
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=== Andritz Hydro Hammerfest ===
'''Hammerfest Strøm AS''' was a Norwegian developer of tidal stream turbines, based in [[Hammerfest (town)|Hammerfest]]. In 2010, Austrian hydropower company [[Andritz AG]] bought one third of the shares.<ref>{{Cite web
In November 2003, Hammerfest Strøm installed their '''HS300''' turbine in [[Kvalsundet]], Norway.<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kvalsundet tidevannskraftverk |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Norsk nettleksikon |___location=Oslo |url=http://snl.no/Kvalsundet_tidevannskraftverk |last=Askheim |first=Svein |editor-last=Godal |editor-first=Anne Marit |editor-link=Anne Marit Godal |language=Norwegian |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref> This 300 kW prototype was a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine. It sat on a monopile foundation in 50 m deep water. In 2003, the project was reported to have cost US$11m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-09-22 |title=Norway tries underwater 'windmills' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3087374 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> The HS300 turbine was connected to the grid in
A more powerful 1MW device was then tested at EMEC from 2012. The '''HS1000''' was also a 20 m diameter three-bladed horizontal-axis turbine, installed at the Fall of Warness test site in December 2011.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-26 |title=Giant tidal device set for tests off Orkney |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-16327617 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2012_low%20res_FINAL.pdf |title=Renewables 2012 Global Status Report |last=((REN21)) |date=June 2012 |page=46 |access-date=2023-12-20}}</ref>
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=== BigMoon Power ===
'''BigMoon Power'''
=== Flumill ===
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=== General Electric ===
In 2015, [[General Electric|GE]] acquired the energy assets from [[Alstom]] which included the business originally developed by [[Development of tidal stream generators#Tidal Generation Ltd|Tidal Generation Ltd]].<ref name=":39" />
In 2024, [[GE Vernova]] signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[Development of tidal stream generators#Proteus Marine Renewables|Proteus Marine Renewables]] to supply electrical systems for their tidal turbines.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=4 November 2024 |title=GE Vernova signs tidal turbine MoU |url=https://renews.biz/96823/ge-vernova-signs-tidal-turbine-mou/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
=== HydroQuest ===▼
▲=== HydroQuest ===
In 2013, HydroQuest installed a turbine in the [[Oyapock]] river in [[French Guiana]], powering the 200 inhabitants of the [[Camopi]] village.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallard |first1=Kathleen |last2=Garbuio |first2=Lauric |last3=Debusschere |first3=Vincent |date=2020-01-01 |title=Towards sustainable business model and sustainable design of a hydro generator system dedicated to isolated communities |url=https://hal.science/hal-03051966/file/S2212827120300986.pdf |journal=Procedia CIRP |series=27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering Conference (LCE2020) |volume=90 |pages=251–255 |doi=10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.004 |issn=2212-8271}}</ref> The also company tested a 40 kW '''HydroQuest 1.40''' in the [[Loire]] river in [[Orléans]] in late 2014, connecting it to the French electricity grid in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaneva |first=Mariyana |date=2015-10-12 |title=HydroQuest connects river current turbine to French grid |url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/hydroquest-connects-river-current-turbine-to-french-grid-496908/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Renewables Now}}</ref>▼
{{Main|HydroQuest}}
▲
A 1 MW '''OceanQuest''' tidal turbine was tested at [[Paimpol–Bréhat tidal farm|Paimpol–Bréhat]] between April 2019 and December 2021.
In collaboration with
=== LHD New Energy Corporation ===
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=== Magallanes Renovables ===
{{Main|Magallanes Renovables}}
'''Magallanes Renovables, S.L'''. is a Spanish developer of floating tidal energy devices, set up in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables: Unlocking energy from tidal power |url=https://www.magallanesrenovables.com/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Magallanes Renovables |language=en-US}}</ref> They have tested a grid-connected 1.5 MW '''ATIR''' device at EMEC since 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/project-sites/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref> having previously tested a small scale device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] nursery test site in Shapinsay Sound, although this was not grid-connected.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Marthinsen |first=Stig |title=Magallanes reinstall ATIR tidal turbine at EMEC, Interreg VB North Sea Region Programme |url=https://northsearegion.eu/periscope/news/magallanes-reinstall-atir-tidal-turbine-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=northsearegion.eu |language=}}</ref> Magallanes Thas been awarded [[Contracts for Difference (UK electricity market support)|Contracts for Difference]] (CfD) to supply subsidised electricity to the GB [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]], at [[Morlais]] and at EMEC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 4: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-4-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Contracts for Difference (CfD) Allocation Round 5: results |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/contracts-for-difference-cfd-allocation-round-5-results |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
=== Marine Current Turbines ===
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=== Orbital Marine Power ===
{{
'''Orbital Marine Power Ltd''' is an [[Orkney]]-based developer of floating tidal stream turbines that have twin rotors either side of a long tubular hull. Their third-generation turbine, the 2 MW
=== Proteus Marine Renewables ===
In October 2022, '''Proteus Marine Renewables''' (PMR) was formed through a [[management buyout]] of the Advanced Tidal Engineering and Services division of SIMEC Atlantis Energy, now [[SAE Renewables]]. SAE remain a minority shareholder in Proteus, and Proteus will continue to support the [[MeyGen]] tidal farm.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-10-21 |title=SIMEC Atlantis management buyout creates Proteus Marine Renewables tidal outfit |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/simec-atlantis-management-buyout-creates-proteus-marine-renewables-tidal-outfit/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The company is based at Bath & Bristol Science Park, [[Bristol]], England.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affordable renewable energy |url=https://proteusmr.com/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=proteusmr.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
Proteus is a majority shareholder in {{Lang|fr|Normandie Hydroliennes}}'','' which is planning to deploy a 12 MW pilot tidal farm at [[Raz Blanchard]] in 2025. The NH1 project will consist of four PMR AR3000 turbines, each rated at 3 MW.<ref name=":40" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-10-04 |title=Proteus Marine Rewables' tidal energy system on track to slash costs, EIB confirms |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/proteus-marine-rewables-tidal-energy-system-on-track-to-slash-costs-eib-confirms/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
In August 2024, PMR started building an AR1100 turbine to be deployed in the Naru Strait to power the [[Gotō Islands]] in Japan. This is an upgrade of the AR500 turbine with added pitch and yaw mechanisms, and uprated to 1.1 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maksumic |first=Zerina |date=2024-08-01 |title=Proteus Marine Renewables starts assembling upgraded tidal turbine in Japan (Gallery) |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/proteus-marine-renewables-starts-assembling-upgraded-tidal-turbine-in-japan-gallery/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The AR500 was previously tested in the Naru Strait from February 2021 to December 2023.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":41" /> The AR1100 was installed in February 2025, using local vessels.<ref name=":43">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Proteus installs 1.1MW tidal turbine in Japan |url=https://renews.biz/98770/proteus-installs-11mw-tidal-turbine-in-japan/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
In November 2024, Proteus signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with [[SKF]] to supply the rotating equipment and [[GE Vernova]] to supply electrical systems for their tidal turbines.<ref name=":42" />
=== Pulse Tidal ===
'''Pulse Tidal Ltd''' was an English tidal stream developer, formed in 2007 after 10 years of development. They developed a fully-submerged oscillating hydrofoil device, designed to work in shallow water, with horizontal blades that moved up and down in the passing current. A 100 kW, prototype was installed in 2009 at [[Port of Immingham|Immingham Dock]], in the [[Humber|Humber estuary]], which could generate up to 150 kW for a nearby chemicals plant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sad news for Pulse Tidal {{!}} Reuters Events {{!}} Renewables |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/renewables/tidal-today/sad-news-pulse-tidal |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.reutersevents.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News: Pulse Tidal sinks into liquidation |url=https://www.rothbiz.co.uk/2014/04/news-4061-pulse-tidal-sinks-into.html |access-date=2024-10-06}}</ref>
The company was awarded €8m in European funding to develop the first commercial prototype, expected to be rated at 1.2 MW, and deployed at [[Lynmouth]], Devon, where Pulse Tidal had been awarded a seabed lease from the [[Crown Estate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Pulse Tidal secures lease agreement to deploy 1.2MW power system in UK |url=https://www.powerinfotoday.com/tidal-energy/pulse-tidal-secures-lease-agreement-to-deploy-12mw-power-system-in-uk/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Power Info Today |language=}}</ref> The company was also developing plans for the [[Kyle Rhea]] Narrows between the mainland of Scotland and [[Isle of Skye|Skye]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-26 |title=Tidal power device for Skye a 'world-first' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10153669 |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Pulse Tidal was liquidated in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2014 |title=Sad news for Pulse Tidal |url=https://analysis.newenergyupdate.com/tidal-today/sad-news-pulse-tidal |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=Analysis.newenergyupdate.com |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
=== Sabella ===
[[File:Hydrolienne Sabella D10 (2).JPG|alt=Looking up at the Sabella D10 turbine from ground level. At the top of the image are 6 large blades around a bulbous hub, all painted bright blue. The cylindrical nacelle behind is supported on a pile with tubular steel bracing forming a tripod. The Nacelle and foundation are painted bright blue.|thumb|Sabella D10 turbine]]▼
{{Main|Sabella (company)}}'''Sabella
The '''D03''' was a 30 kW horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor 3 m in diameter, hence the name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D03 |url=https://www.sabella.bzh/en/our-projects/d03/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Sabella |language=en-GB}}</ref> It was tested in the [[Odet]] estuary in 2008, but not grid connected. The turbine weighed 7 tonnes, and sat on a gravity base in around 25 m deep water.
▲[[File:Hydrolienne Sabella D10 (2).JPG|alt=Looking up at the Sabella D10 turbine from ground level. At the top of the image are 6 large blades around a bulbous hub, all painted bright blue. The cylindrical nacelle behind is supported on a pile with tubular steel bracing forming a tripod. The Nacelle and foundation are painted bright blue.|thumb|Sabella D10 turbine]]
The larger 1 MW '''D10''' turbine was then developed, and tested in the [[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in [[Ushant]] on 5 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-03-23 |title=Hackers rendered 1-MW Sabella D10 tidal turbine inoperable in France |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/hackers-rendered-1-mw-sabella-d10-tidal-turbine-inoperable-in-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The device was periodically removed for maintenance, for example in April 2019 after having been re-deployed in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Sabella tidal device undergoes maintenance |url=https://renews.biz/52642/sabella-tidal-device-undergoes-maintenance/ |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> It was redeployed for a third test campaign in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-05-04 |title=Sabella reinstalls D10 tidal turbine for third test campaign offshore France |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabella-reinstalls-d10-tidal-turbine-for-third-test-campaign-offshore-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> and in September 2023, it was reported the turbine was supplying around 25% of the electricity used on Ushant Island.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-10-10 |title=Sabella's D10 tidal turbine breaks power production record |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabellas-d10-tidal-turbine-breaks-power-production-record/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>▼
▲The larger 1 MW '''D10''' turbine was then developed, and tested in the [[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in [[Ushant]] on 5 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-03-23 |title=Hackers rendered 1-MW Sabella D10 tidal turbine inoperable in France |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/hackers-rendered-1-mw-sabella-d10-tidal-turbine-inoperable-in-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
=== SIMEC Atlantis Energy ===
{{See also|
'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (now just SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at [[MeyGen]]. They also built a smaller 500 kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to Japan and installed off [[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]], part of the [[Gotō Islands]]. It reportedly generated 10 MWh in the first 10 days of operation in early 2021.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=2021-02-15 |title=A tidal turbine built in Scotland is now producing power in Japan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/15/a-tidal-turbine-built-in-scotland-is-now-producing-power-in-japan.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
=== Sustainable Marine Energy ===
'''Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd''' (SME) was a developer of floating tidal stream turbines, founded in 2012 but went into administration in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-08-10 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy sinks into administration |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-energy-sinks-into-administration/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally based in London, it moved to [[East Cowes]], Isle of Wight in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrass |first=Christopher |date=2013-05-31 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy opens new HQ on the Isle of Wight |url=https://onthewight.com/sustainable-marine-energy/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Isle of Wight News from OnTheWight |language=en-GB}}</ref> The company then moved its operational base to [[Kirkwall]] in Orkney in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-03 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy raises £4.5m investment for tidal array in Orkney |url=https://www.newpower.info/2016/05/sustainable-marine-energy-raises-4-5m-investment-for-tidal-array-in-orkney/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=New Power |language=en-US}}</ref> By 2017, the head office had been relocated to ''La Belle Esperance'', a barge moored on The Shore, [[Leith]], Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Contact Sustainable Marine |url=http://sustainablemarine.com/contact |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703095315/http://sustainablemarine.com/contact |archive-date=2017-07-03 |access-date=2024-02-04
Their first platform, '''PLAT-O''', was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50 kW [[Schottel (company)|Schottel]] SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in [[The Solent]], before being tested at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=SME wets Plato head |url=https://renews.biz/42313/sme-wets-plato-head/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
[[File:2022-07-27 PLAT-I in-stream tidal energy platform - Westport, NS CAN.jpg|thumb|SME PLAT-I 6.4 horizontal, in-stream, floating tidal energy generator at Grand Passage site in Nova Scotia, Canada.]]
The floating '''PLAT-I''' '''4.63''' was developed for community-scale deployments in inshore waters. It had four 6.3 m diameter turbines mounted on a floating boat-like structure. It was first tested at the [[Falls of Lora]], western Scotland in November 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Marine Energy's Inshore Platform PLAT-I Powers Up |url=https://www.schottel.de/medien-events/presseinfos/press-detail/sustainable-marine-energys-inshore-platform-plat-i-powers-up |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.schottel.de |language=en}}</ref> before being shipped to Canada and tested at Grand Passage, [[Nova Scotia]] in 2018.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=Sustainable Marine Floats Out 'Next-Gen' Tidal Energy Platform in Canada |url=https://www.oedigital.com/news/485009-sustainable-marine-floats-out-next-gen-tidal-energy-platform-in-canada |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Engineer Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
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An upgraded '''PLAT-I''' '''6.4''', with six 4 m diameter rotors, totaling 420 kW, was built by A.F. Theriault & Son Ltd. in Meteghan, Nova Scotia in 2021.<ref name=":16" /> The turbine was tested at FORCE in the Grand Passage, delivering the first floating tidal power to the Canadian grid in April 2022.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-04-12 |title=Sustainable Marine delivers first 'grid-compliant' floating tidal power system in Canada |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-delivers-first-grid-compliant-floating-tidal-power-system-in-canada/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
SME developed the '''Pempa’q project''' at FORCE which was to comprise an array of the PLAT-I turbines, with up to 9 MW installed.<ref>{{Cite web
In October 2022, the company split out its anchoring solutions as '''Swift Anchors''', with the aim to focus on different technologies including [[Floating wind turbine|Floating offshore wind]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sustainable Marine sells Swift Anchors to SCHOTTEL |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/business-briefs/company-news/article/14284424/sustainable-marine-sells-swift-anchors-to-schottel |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore}}</ref>
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TGL tested a 500 kW turbine at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] from September 2010 as part of the Deep-Gen III project.<ref name=":04" /> This was the first turbine installed at EMEC that was eligible for [[Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)|Renewables Obligation Certificates]].<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |last=Shead |first=Sam |date=2011-10-27 |title=Prototype tidal turbine delivers 100MWh to Scottish grid |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/prototype-tidal-turbine-delivers-100mwh-to-scottish-grid/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref> By September 2012, it had generated over 250 MWh of electricity which was supplied to the local grid.
An upgraded 1 MW Deep-Gen IV turbine was developed while part of Rolls-Royce within the ''Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal'' (ReDAPT) project, partly funded by the [[Energy Technologies Institute]].<ref name=":110" /> The turbine rotor was 18 m in diameter, mounted on a 22 m long nacelle, with a mass of under 150 t.<ref>{{Cite web
In 2014, a 1.4 MW turbine was proposed, again with an 18 m diameter rotor. It was marketed as the Oceade™ 18 – 1.4 MW, but was never built.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visser |first=Anne |date=2014-10-01 |title=Alstom Presents 1.4MW Tidal Turbine |url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2014/10/01/alstom-presents-1-4mw-tidal-turbine/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Offshore Wind |language=en-US}}</ref>
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=== Tocardo ===
'''Tocardo BV''' is a Dutch tidal stream turbine developer, jointly owned by QED Naval and Hydrowing as of January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web
A prototype T1 turbine was tested in the sluice of the [[Afsluitdijk]] (Closure Dyke) in the Netherlands in 2008. This was 2.8 m in diameter and rated at 45 kW.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/document/oes-annual-report-2008/ |title=2008 Annual Report |date=February 2009 |publisher=International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) |page=98}}</ref> In early 2015, a further three Tocardo T1 turbines were installed, each rated at 100 kW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Tidal power plants are put to the test in the Netherlands {{!}} Engineer Live |url=https://www.engineerlive.com/node/18486 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.engineerlive.com}}</ref>
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The 110 kW HyTide 110–5.3 turbine was tested in southern [[South Korea]], near [[Jindo (island)|Jindo island]] in 2010, a 1/3rd scale prototype. This had a 5.33 m diameter rotor, 22 m<sup>2</sup> swept area. The turbine was designed to be simple, with a direct-drive generator (without gearbox) and no yaw or blade pitch adjustment. It also had no dynamic seals, thus the generator was cooled by seawater. The turbine was prototype certified by [[Germanischer Lloyd]].<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Arlitt |first1=Raphael |last2=Argyriadis |first2=K |date=2010-10-06 |title=Development and Certification of the Voith Hydro HyTide® 110 Tidal turbine |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/documents/17094-icoe2010-r.arlitt.pdf/ |conference=3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy, 6 October, Bilbao}}</ref>
A full-scale 1 MW horizontal-axis turbine was then tested at EMEC between 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal clients / Voith Hydro |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/voith-hydro/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |language=}}</ref> The HyTide 1000 had a 13 m diameter rotor (133 m<sup>2</sup> swept area), and weighed around 200 tonnes. It was installed by ''SLA Offshore'' in September 2013, from the [[Dynamic positioning|DP II]] vessel ''MV Lone''.<ref>{{Cite web
Voith also acquired the 250 kW [[Islay LIMPET]] [[wave power]] station in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-05-24 |title=Buyout saves wave power company |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4575583.stm |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Zhejiang University ===
'''Zhejiang University''' has installed three tidal stream turbines to the north of Zhairuoshan Island ({{coord|29|57|27.03|N|122|4|57.31|E|}}), in the [[Zhoushan]] archipelago.<ref>{{Cite web
== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
{{See also|List of tidal power stations}}
Over the years, many different tidal stream turbines have been deployed and tested at sea, and have delivered power to the local electricity grid. A non-exhaustive list is given in the table below, along with other notable devices. As most of these were development and test versions, they were removed for periods of time for maintenance or upgrades. {{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
Line 204 ⟶ 221:
|0.3
|{{flag|Norway}}
|[[Kvalsundet]]
|{{coord|70|30|40.32|N|23|56|38.4|E|}}
|2004-01
Line 234 ⟶ 251:
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Afsluitdijk]] sluice
|{{
|2008
|
Line 289 ⟶ 306:
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|[[Afsluitdijk]] sluice
|{{
|2015-02
|
Line 297 ⟶ 314:
|0.1
|[[Texel]], Wadden Sea
|{{
|2015
|
Line 413 ⟶ 430:
|Operational
{{NoteTag|Off-site from 2020 to 2001 to 2021–04|name=MagallanesOffsite}}
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Díaz-Dorado |first1=Eloy |last2=Carrillo |first2=Camilo |last3=Cidras |first3=Jose |last4=Román |first4=David |last5=Grande |first5=Javier |date=2021-01-21 |title=Performance evaluation and modelling of the Atir marine current turbine |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=821–838 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12071 |issn=1752-1416 |doi-access=free|hdl=11093/3139 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Magallanes tidal unit reinstalled at EMEC |url=https://renews.biz/68108/magallanes-tidal-unit-reinstalled-at-emec/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />▼
|-
|HydroQuest, OceanQuest
Line 422 ⟶ 439:
|2019-04
|2020-12
|<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=Ajdin |first=Adis |date=2020-05-05 |title=HydroQuest marks OceanQuest milestone |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hydroquest-marks-oceanquest-milestone/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":32" />
|-
|Verdant Power, Gen5 ×3
Line 450 ⟶ 467:
|{{Coord|32|50|N|128|54|E}}
|2021-02
|2023-12 {{NoteTag|Turbine
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":41">{{Cite web
|-
|Orbital, [[Orbital O2|O2]]
Line 481 ⟶ 498:
|Operational
|<ref name=":22" />
|-
|Proteus Marine Renewables, AR1100
|1.1
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|[[Naru Island (Japan)|Naru Island]]
|{{Coord|32|50|N|128|54|E}}
|2025-02
|Operational
|}
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== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Ocean energy}}
[[Category:Tidal power]]
| |||