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{{short description|Writing system which does not represent all sounds of a language}}
A '''defective script''' is a [[writing system]] that does not represent all the [[phoneme|phonemic]] distinctions of a language.<ref name="Sampson">{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Geoffrey|year=1985|title=Writing Systems|url=https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof|url-access=registration|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4}}</ref>{{rp|36–38}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|year=1996|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-21481-6}}</ref>{{rp|118}} This means that the concept is always relative to a given language. Taking the [[Latin alphabet]] used in [[Italian orthography]] as an example, the [[Italian language]] has seven [[vowel]]s, but the alphabet has only five vowel [[letter (alphabet)|letter]]s to represent them; in general, the difference between the phonemes [[Vowel#Height|close]] {{IPA|/e, o/}} and [[Vowel#Height|open]] {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} is simply ignored, though stress marks, if used, may distinguish them. Among the Italian [[consonant]]s, both {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} are written {{angbr|{{lang|it|s}}}}, and both {{IPA|/t͡s/}} and {{IPA|/d͡z/}} are written {{angbr|{{lang|it|z}}}}; [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] and [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] are also not reliably distinguished.<ref>{{cite book|last=Danesi|first=Marcel|year=1996|title=Italian the Easy way|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|url=https://archive.org/details/italianeasyway00dane_0|url-access=registration|isbn=9780812091465}}</ref>▼
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==Ancient examples of defective script==
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===Latin script===
Some otherwise [[phonemic orthography|phonemic orthographies]] based on the [[Latin script]] are slightly defective:{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
* [[Malay alphabet|Malay]] (incl. [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] where /e/ and /ə/ are written as <e>).
* [[Italian alphabet|Italian]] does not distinguish open-mid and close-mid vowels in stressed syllables; /s/ and /z/; /ts/ and /dz/.
* [[Maltese alphabet|Maltese]] and [[Welsh orthography|Welsh]] do not distinguish most vowel length.
* [[Kazakh alphabets|Kazakh
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] and [[Serbo-Croatian#Writing systems|Serbo-Croatian]] do not distinguish [[pitch accent|tone and vowel length]] (also additional vowels for Lithuanian).
* [[Latvian language|Latvian]] does not distinguish tone and some of its vowels.
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