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{{Short description|City in Alberta, Canada}}
{{other uses|Calgary (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Calgary
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| settlement_type
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
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| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Calgary|Skyline]] of [[Downtown Calgary]]
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| caption5 = [[Southern Alberta Institute of Technology|SAIT Heritage Hall]]
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| image_flag = Flag of Calgary (1983).svg
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| image_blank_emblem = City of Calgary Logo.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| shield_link = Coat of arms of Calgary
| nicknames = The Stampede City, Cowtown, {{lang|bla|Mohkínstsis}}, {{lang|sto|Wîchîspa Oyade}}, {{lang|srs|Guts’ists’i}} <small>[[List of city nicknames in Canada#Alberta|more]]...</small><ref>{{cite news |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/calgary/Alberta+best+film+feted+Rosies/6613055/story.html |title=Alberta's best in TV, film feted at Rosies |author=Eric Volmers |newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]] |publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] |date=May 13, 2012 |access-date=January 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617170236/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/calgary/Alberta%2Bbest%2Bfilm%2Bfeted%2BRosies/6613055/story.html |archive-date=June 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/Alberta+plenty+swing/1768383/story.html | title=Alberta's got plenty of swing | author=Curtis Stock | newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]] | publisher=[[Postmedia Network]] | date=July 7, 2009 | access-date=January 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103200055/http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Alberta+plenty+swing/1768383/story.html | archive-date=January 3, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| motto = ''Onward''
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Canada##Location within Alberta
| pushpin_relief = yes
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Calgary|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption = Interactive map of Calgary
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord||type:city(1300000)_region:CA-AB|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Canada
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of Canada|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of census divisions of Alberta|Census division]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of municipal districts in Alberta|Municipal districts]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Alberta]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Calgary Metropolitan Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Division No. 6, Alberta|6]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Rocky View County]] and [[Foothills County]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1875
| established_title1 = Incorporated<ref name=AMACityProfiles>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/basicReport/CITY.PDF|publisher=[[Alberta Municipal Affairs]]|title=Location and History Profile: City of Calgary|page=15|date=June 17, 2016|access-date=June 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325212924/http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/cfml/MunicipalProfiles/basicReport/CITY.PDF|archive-date=March 25, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| established_date1 =
| established_title2 = • [[List of towns in Alberta|Town]]
| established_date2 = November 7, 1884
| established_title3 = • [[List of cities in Alberta|City]]
| established_date3 = January 1, 1894
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| governing_body = [[Calgary City Council]]
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Calgary|Mayor]]
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| leader_name2 = David Duckworth<ref name=CalgaryCityManager>{{cite web|url=https://www.calgary.ca/ca/city-manager/city-managers-biography.html/|title=City Manager's Biography|publisher=City of Calgary|date=August 30, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222439/https://www.calgary.ca/ca/city-manager/city-managers-biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 1045
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| area_footnotes = (2021)<ref name=2021census/>
| area_land_km2
| area_urban_km2 = 621.72
| area_metro_km2 = 5098.68
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021census/><ref name=2021censusPC>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810001101 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada and population centres | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name=2021censusCMA />
| population_note =
| population_total = 1306784 <!-- 2021 StatCan census population only per [[WP:CANPOP]]; do not replace with latest municipal census population count; this municipal census population count can go in the population_blank1_title and population_blank1 parameters further below and can be noted in the article body (so long as it doesn't replace the 2021 StatCan census population in the body). -->(3rd)
| population_density_km2 = 1592.4
| population_urban = 1305550 ([[List of the largest population centres in Canada|4th]])
| population_density_urban_km2 = 2099.9
| population_metro = 1481806 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|5th]])
| population_density_metro_km2 = 290.6
| population_demonym = Calgarian
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| utc_offset_DST = −06:00
| postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas|FSAs]]
| postal_code = [[List of T postal codes of Canada|T1Y, T2A - T3S]]
| area_codes = [[Area code 403|403]], [[Area codes 587, 825, and 368|587, 825, 368]]
| blank_name = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map
| blank_info = 082O01
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| blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]] (Calgary {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]102.66 billion (2020)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 | title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) | date=December 6, 2023 }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Calgary {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2 = CA$79,885 (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/assets/WhyCalgary_Our-Economy-in-Depth-2022-06.pdf |title=Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |date=June 2022 |access-date=December 6, 2022}}</ref>
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'''Calgary''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l||g|ə|r|i}}<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Calgary}}</ref>) is a city in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Alberta]]. As of 2021, the city proper had a population of 1,306,784 and a [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] population of 1,481,806 making it the [[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|third-largest]] city and [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|fifth-largest]] metropolitan area in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calgary |url= https://regionaldashboard.alberta.ca/region/calgary/#/ |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=Alberta.ca |language=en-CA}}</ref>
Calgary is at the confluence of the [[Bow River]] and the [[Elbow River]] in the southwest of the province, in the transitional area between the [[Rocky Mountain Foothills]] and the [[Canadian Prairies]], about {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} east of the front ranges of the [[Canadian Rockies]], roughly {{convert|299|km|abbr=on}} south of the provincial capital of [[Edmonton]] and approximately {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} north of the [[Canada–United States border]]. The city anchors the south end of the [[Statistics Canada]]-defined urban area, the [[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm | title=Calgary-Edmonton Corridor | publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=January 6, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223191204/http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm | archive-date=February 23, 2007 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Calgary's economy includes activity in many sectors: energy; financial services; film and television; [[Transportation in Calgary|transportation]] and logistics; technology; manufacturing; aerospace; health and wellness; retail; and tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/industries|title=Calgary Industries|work=Calgary Economic Development|access-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218210338/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/industries|archive-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Calgary Metropolitan Region is home to Canada's second-largest number of corporate head offices among the country's 800 largest corporations.<ref name=CanadaWest>{{cite web | url=http://cwf.ca/pdf-docs/publications/StateWest2010_Full_Publication.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714171448/http://cwf.ca/pdf-docs/publications/StateWest2010_Full_Publication.pdf | archive-date=July 14, 2011 | title=State of the West 2010: Western Canadian Demographic and Economic Trends | publisher=[[Canada West Foundation]] | type=PDF | pages=65 & 102 | year=2010 | access-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Calgary had the largest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city.<ref name=TheCalgaryadvantage>{{cite web | url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/dmsdocument/22 | title=Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth | publisher=Calgary Economic Development | type=PDF | pages=61 | year=2018 | access-date=February 15, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204517/https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/dmsdocument/22 | archive-date=February 16, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Calgary was ranked alongside [[Zürich]] as the third [[Most livable cities|most livable city]] in the world, ranking first in Canada and in North America.<ref name="EIU2022">{{Cite web |title=The Global Liveability Index 2022 |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/liveability-index-2022.pdf |access-date=June 23, 2022 |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]}}</ref> In 1988, it became the first Canadian city to host the [[1988 Olympic Winter Games|Olympic Winter Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2024 |title=Calgary 1988 |url=https://olympic.ca/games/1988-calgary/ |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=Team Canada - Official Olympic Team Website}}</ref>
== Origin of name ==
Calgary was named after [[Calgary Castle]] (in Scottish Gaelic, {{lang|gd|Caisteal Chalgairidh}}) on the [[Isle of Mull]] in [[Scotland]].<ref name=ABplacenames>{{cite book | title=Alberta Place Names: The Fascinating People & Stories Behind the Naming of Alberta | first1=Larry |last1=Donovan |first2=Tom |last2=Monto | publisher=Dragon Hill Publishing Ltd. | page=34 | year=2006}}</ref> Colonel [[James Macleod]], the Commissioner of the [[North-West Mounted Police]], had been a frequent summer guest there. In 1876, shortly after returning to [[Canada]], he suggested its name for what became [[Fort Calgary]].
The [[Treaty 7|Indigenous peoples of Southern Alberta]] refer to the Calgary area as "elbow", in reference to the sharp bend made by the [[Bow River]] and the [[Elbow River]]. In some cases, the area was named after the [[Phragmites|reeds]] that grew along the riverbanks, reeds that had been used to fashion [[Bow and arrow|bows]]. In the [[Blackfoot language]] (Siksiká) the area is known as {{lang|bla|Mohkínstsis akápiyoyis}}, meaning "elbow many houses", reflecting its strong settler presence. The shorter form of the [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfoot]] name, {{lang|bla|Mohkínstsis}}, simply meaning "elbow",<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahvVAgAAQBAJ&q=Wincheesh-pah&pg=PT47|title=2001 Indian Place Names of the West - Part 1|last=Fromhold|first=Joachim|publisher=Lulu|year=2001|isbn=9780557438365|___location=Calgary|pages=CCC}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKQXBAAAQBAJ&q=mokinstsis&pg=PA24|title=2001 Indian Place Names of the West, Part 2: Listings by Nation|last=Fromhold|first=Joachim|publisher=Lulu|year=2001|isbn=9781300389118|___location=Calgary|pages=24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-names-elbow-1.3345967|title=7 names for Calgary before it became Calgary|date=December 3, 2015|publisher=CBC News|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116010102/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-names-elbow-1.3345967|archive-date=November 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> is the popular [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] term for the Calgary area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thewalrus.ca/how-naheed-nenshis-tense-re-election-forces-us-to-confront-canadian-racism/|title=How Naheed Nenshi's Tense Re-election Forces Us to Confront Canadian Racism|last=Klaszus|first=Jeremy|date=October 18, 2017|work=The Walrus|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035532/https://thewalrus.ca/how-naheed-nenshis-tense-re-election-forces-us-to-confront-canadian-racism/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nenshi|first=Naheed|title=FINA: Standing Committee on Finance ● Number 114 ● 1st Session ● 42nd Parliament. Evidence|date=October 6, 2017|url=http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/FINA/Evidence/EV9151061/FINAEV114-E.PDF|journal=Standing Committee on Finance|volume=114|pages=8|quote=We all know that until the Fort McMurray wildfires last year, the flooding in southern Alberta in 2013 was the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history. While we have done great work in the four years since, within the city of Calgary we continue to need assistance in upstream flood mitigation. Calgary is a city that is built at the confluence of two rivers in a place the Blackfoot called Moh-Kins-Tsis, the elbow. We can't move the city. We can't make room for the river. This is where the rivers are. As a result, it is incredibly important that we do the engineering work on the upstream mitigation.|via=ourcommons.ca|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040132/http://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/FINA/Evidence/EV9151061/FINAEV114-E.PDF|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eskerfoundation.com/visit/|title=Visit Esker Foundation|date=November 20, 2017|publisher=Esker Foundation|quote=It is important to acknowledge and reflect upon the fact that Esker Foundation is located on the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations. We are also situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River; the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is Mohkinstsis, which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122023824/http://eskerfoundation.com/visit|archive-date=November 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Nakoda or [[Stoney language]], the area is known as {{lang|sto|Wîchîspa Oyade}} or {{lang|sto|Wenchi Ispase}}, both meaning "elbow".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In the [[Cree language]], the area is known as {{lang|cr-Latn|otôskwanihk}} ({{lang|cr-Cans|ᐅᑑᐢᑿᓂᕽ}}) meaning "at the elbow"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolvegrey |first1=Arok |title=Cree: Words |year=2001 |publisher=University of Regina Press |___location=Regina, Saskatchewan |isbn=978-0889771277}}</ref> or {{lang|cr-Latn|otôskwunee}} meaning "elbow". In the [[Tsuutʼina language]] (Sarcee), the area is known as {{lang|srs|Guts’ists’i}} (older orthography, {{lang|srs|Kootsisáw}}) meaning "elbow".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In [[Kutenai language]], the city is referred to as {{lang|kut|ʔaknuqtapȼik’}}.<ref>[https://www.ktunaxa.org/wp-content/uploads/Traditional_Territory_Av2_02.png Ktunaxa Nation Official Website - Territory Map]</ref> In the [[Slavey language]], the area is known as {{lang|den|Klincho-tinay-indihay}} meaning "many horse town", referring to the [[Calgary Stampede]]<ref name=":0"/> and the city's settler heritage.<ref name=":1" />
There have been several attempts to revive the Indigenous names of Calgary. In response to the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]], local [[#Post-secondary|post-secondary institutions]] adopted "official acknowledgements" of Indigenous territory using the Blackfoot name of the city, {{lang|bla|Mohkínstsis}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Wilkes|first1=Rima|last2=Duong|first2=Aaron|last3=Kesler|first3=Linc|last4=Ramos|first4=Howard|date=February 21, 2017|title=Canadian University Acknowledgment of Indigenous Lands, Treaties, and Peoples|journal=Canadian Review of Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=89–102|doi=10.1111/cars.12140|pmid=28220681 | issn = 1755-6171}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.caut.ca/content/guide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory|title=Guide to Acknowledging First Peoples & Traditional Territory|date=November 19, 2017|website=Canadian Association of University Teachers|access-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110054647/https://www.caut.ca/content/guide-acknowledging-first-peoples-traditional-territory|archive-date=November 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/nativecentre/files/nativecentre/september-2017-acknowledgement-of-traditional-indigenous-territories.pdf|title=University of Calgary Recommended Acknowledgements of Traditional Indigenous Territories|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=University of Calgary|quote=Welcome to the University of Calgary. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the traditional territories of the Blackfoot and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations, including Chiniki, Bearspaw, and Wesley First Nation. I would also like to note that the University of Calgary is situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and that the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is "Mohkinstsis" which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bowvalleycollege.ca/about/governance/treaty-7-territory-acknowledgement|title=Treaty 7 Territory Acknowledgement|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=Bow Valley College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035141/https://bowvalleycollege.ca/about/governance/treaty-7-territory-acknowledgement|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead|quote=We are located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikani, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis' which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Metis Nation of Alberta, Region 3.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/IniskimCentre/|title=Oki (Welcome) to the Iniskim Centre|date=November 19, 2017|publisher=Mount Royal University|quote=Mount Royal University is located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River. The traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis', which we now call the city of Calgary. The city of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation.|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031748/http://www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/IniskimCentre/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the [[Nakoda people|Stoney Nakoda]] sent an application to the Government of Alberta, to rename Calgary as {{lang|sto|Wichispa Oyade}} meaning "elbow town";<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941|title=What's in a name? For Alberta First Nations seeking heritage recognition, plenty|date=November 13, 2017|publisher=CBC News|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115113436/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-calgary-first-nations-stoney-nakoda-canmore-place-names-1.4399941|archive-date=November 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> however, this was challenged by the [[Piikani Nation|Piikani Blackfoot]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/piikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales|title=Piikani Blackfoot dispute Stoney Nakoda push on name changes for Calgary, other locales|last=Kaufmann|first=Bill|date=November 17, 2017|work=The Calgary Herald|access-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120092726/http://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/piikani-blackfoot-dispute-stoney-nakoda-push-on-name-changes-for-calgary-other-locales|archive-date=November 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
==
{{For timeline}}
=== Early history ===
The Calgary area was inhabited by pre-[[Clovis culture|Clovis]] people whose presence traces back at least 11,000 years.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html | title= Archaeology Timeline of Alberta | publisher= University of Calgary | access-date= May 10, 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120329150036/http://people.ucalgary.ca/~walde/testtime.html | archive-date= March 29, 2012 | url-status= live }}</ref> The area has been inhabited by multiple [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy; [[Siksika Nation|Siksika]], [[Kainai Nation|Kainai]], [[Piegan Blackfeet|Piikani]]), îyârhe [[Assiniboine|Nakoda]], [[Tsuutʼina Nation|Tsuutʼina]] peoples and [[Métis]] Nation, Region 3.
In 1787, [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], a 17-year-old [[cartographer]] with the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC), spent the winter with a band of [[Piikani Nation]] encamped along the Bow River. He was also a [[fur trade]]r and surveyor and the first recorded European to visit the area. [[John Glenn (Alberta)|John Glenn]] was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220124/http://tprc.alberta.ca/parks/fishcreek/glenns.asp|archive-date=September 27, 2007| title=The Glenns|publisher=Alberta Tourism Parks, Recreation and Culture| access-date=August 24, 2007}}</ref> In spring 1875, three priests{{snd}} Lacombe, Remus, and Scollen{{snd}} built a small log cabin on the banks of the Elbow River.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=7}}
[[
In the fall of 1875, the site became a post of the [[North-West Mounted Police]] (NWMP) (now the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]], and Inspector [[Éphrem-A. Brisebois]] led fifty Mounties as part of F Troop north from [[Fort Macleod]] to establish the site.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=7}} The [[I. G. Baker Company]] of [[Fort Benton, Montana]], was contracted to construct a suitable fort, and after its completion, the Baker company built a log store next to the fort.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=8}} The NWMP fort remained officially nameless until construction was complete, although it had been referred to as ''"The Mouth"'' by people at Fort Macleod.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=10}} At Christmas dinner NWMP Inspector Éphrem-A. Brisebois christened the unnamed Fort ''"Fort Brisebois"'', a decision which caught the ire of his superiors Colonel [[James Macleod]] and Major [[Acheson Irvine]].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=10}} Major Irvine cancelled the order by Brisebois and wrote [[Hewitt Bernard]], the then [[List of deputy ministers of justice (Canada)|Deputy Minister of Justice]] in Ottawa, describing the situation and suggesting the name ''"Calgary"'' put forward by Colonel Macleod. [[Edward Blake]], at the time [[Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada|Minister of Justice]], agreed with the name and in the spring of 1876, Fort Calgary was officially established.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=11}}
In 1877, the First Nations ceded title to the Fort Calgary region through [[Treaty 7]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tesa |first1=Alex |title=Treaty 7 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |access-date=12 February 2025}}</ref>
In 1881 the federal government began to offer leases for cattle ranching in Alberta (up to {{convert|100000|acre|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} for one cent per acre per year) under the ''[[Dominion Lands Act]]'', which became a catalyst for immigration to the settlement. The I. G. Baker Company drove the first herd of cattle to the region in the same year for the [[Cochrane, Alberta|Cochrane]] area by order of Major James Walker.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=9}}
The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (CPR) reached the area in August 1883 and constructed a railway station on the CPR-owned Section 15, neighbouring the townsite across the Elbow River to the east on Section 14. The difficulty in crossing the river and the CPR's efforts to persuade residents resulted in the core of the Calgary townsite moving onto Section 15, with the fate of the old townsite sealed when the post office was anonymously moved across the icy Elbow River during the night.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=10}} The CPR subdivided Section 15 and began selling lots surrounding the station, $450 for corner lots and $350 for all others; and pioneer Felix McHugh constructed the first private building on the site.{{sfn|McGinnis|1975|p=10}} Earlier in the decade it was not expected that the railway would pass near Calgary; instead, the preferred route put forward by people concerned with the young nation's defence was passing near Edmonton and through the [[Yellowhead Pass]]. However, in 1881 CPR changed the plans preferring the direct route through the prairies by way of [[Kicking Horse Pass]].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=30}} Along with the CPR, August 1883 brought Calgary the first edition of the ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' published on the 31st under the title ''The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate and General Advertiser'' by teacher Andrew M. Armour and printer Thomas B. Braden, a weekly newspaper with a subscription price of $1 per year.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=36}}
Over a century later, the CPR headquarters moved to Calgary from [[Montreal]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/23/cp-rail-moving-headquarters-from-glass-tower-in-calgary-to-nearby-rail-yard-sources/ | title=CP Rail moving headquarters from glass tower in Calgary to nearby rail yard: union source | newspaper=Financial Post | publisher=Postmedia Network Inc. |first1=Susan |last1=Taylor |first2=Nicole |last2=Mordant | date=November 23, 2012 | access-date=June 15, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530205727/http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/23/cp-rail-moving-headquarters-from-glass-tower-in-calgary-to-nearby-rail-yard-sources/ | archive-date=May 30, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Residents of the now-eight-year-old settlement sought to form a local government of their own. In the first weeks of 1884, [[James Reilly (Canadian politician)|James Reilly]] who was building the Royal Hotel east of the Elbow River circulated 200 [[Flyer (pamphlet)|handbills]] announcing a public meeting on January 7, 1884, at the Methodist Church.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=38}}{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=48}} At the full meeting Reilly advocated for a bridge across the Elbow River and a civic committee to watch over the interests of the public until Calgary could be incorporated. The attendees were enthusiastic about the committee and on the next evening a vote was held to elect the seven members. A total of 24 candidates were nominated, which equalled 10 per cent of Calgary's male population. Major James Walker received 88 votes, the most amongst the candidates, the other six members were Dr. Andrew Henderson, [[George Clift King]], Thomas Swan, George Murdoch, J. D. Moulton, and Captain John Stewart.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=38}} The civic committee met with [[Edgar Dewdney]], [[Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories]], who happened to be in Calgary at the time,{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=48}} to discuss an allowance for a school, an increase from $300 to $1,000 grant for a bridge over the Elbow River, incorporation as a town, and representation for Calgary in the [[Legislative Council of the North-West Territories]].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=39}} The committee was successful in getting an additional $200 for the bridge,{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=39}}
In May, Major Walker, acting on instructions from the NWT Lieutenant-governor, organized a public meeting in the NWMP barracks room on the issue of getting a representative in the NWT Council. Walker wrote the clerk of the Council that he was prepared to produce evidence that Calgary and environs (an area of 1000 square miles) held 1000 residents, the requirement for having a Council member.<ref>Calgary Herald, May 7, 1884</ref>
A [[by-election]] was held on June 28, 1884, where [[James Davidson Geddes]] defeated James Kidd Oswald to become the [[Calgary (N.W.T. electoral district)|Calgary electoral district]] representative on the [[1st Council of the North-West Territories]].{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|pp=57–58}}<ref>{{cite web |title=North-West Territories: Council and Legislative Assembly, 1876-1905 |url=https://www.saskarchives.com/sites/default/files/documents/NWT-Council.pdf |website=saskarchives.com |publisher=Saskatchewan Archives |access-date=November 20, 2020 |pages=1–22 |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101028/http://www.saskarchives.com/web/seld/1-00.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As for education, Calgary moved quickly: the Citizen's Committee raised $125 on February 6, 1884, and the first school opened for twelve children days later on February 18, led by teacher John William Costello.{{sfn|Stamp|1975|p=154}} The private school was not enough for the needs of the town and following a petition by James Walker the ''Calgary Protestant Public School District No. 19'' was formed by the Legislature on March 2, 1885.{{sfn|Stamp|1975|p=157}}
On November 27, 1884, Lieutenant Governor Dewdney proclaimed the [[Municipal corporation|incorporation]] of ''The Town of Calgary''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/northwestterrito1884nort ''The North-West Municipal Ordinance of 1884'': Proclamation, The Town of Calgary] (1884). The North-West Territories Gazette, pp. [https://archive.org/details/northwestterrito1884nort/page/56 56-57].</ref> Shortly after on December 3, Calgarians went to the [[1884 Calgary municipal election|polls to elect]] their first mayor and four councillors. ''The North-West Municipal Ordinance of 1884'' provided [[Suffrage|voting rights]] to any male [[British subject]] over 21 years of age who owned at minimum $300 of property. Each elector was able to cast one vote for the mayor and up to four votes for the councillors ([[plurality block voting]]).<ref name="OrdMunicipal">{{cite book |title=Ordinances of the North-West Territories |publisher=Queens Printer |___location=Regina, Canada |edition=1884 |pages=47–94 |url=https://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/p22007coll9/id/95263 |access-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319224039/https://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/p22007coll9/id/95263 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[George Murdoch]] won the mayoral race in a landslide victory with 202 votes over E. Redpath's 16, while Simon Jackson Hogg, Neville James Lindsay, Joseph Henry Millward, and Simon John Clarke were elected councillors.<ref name="1884CalHerald">{{cite news |title=The Contest. Murdoch was Elected to the Mayor's Chair. |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1884/12/03/4/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=14 |date=December 3, 1884 |page=4}}</ref> The next morning the Council met for the first time at Beaudoin and Clarke's Saloon.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=49}}
Law and order remained top of mind in the frontier town, in early 1884 Jack Campbell was appointed as a constable for the community, and in early 1885 the Town Council passed ''By-law Eleven'' creating the position of Chief Constable and assigning relevant duties, a precursor to the [[Calgary Police Service]]. The first chief constable, John (Jack) S. Ingram, who had previously served as the first police chief in Winnipeg, was empowered to arrest [[Public intoxication|drunken and disorderly]] people, stop all fast riding in town, attend all fires and council meetings.{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=274}}{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=102}} Calgary Town Council was eager to employ constables versus contracting the NWMP for town duty as the police force was seen as a money-making proposition. Constables received half of the fines from liquor cases, meaning Chief Constable Ingram could easily pay his $60 per month salary and the expense of a town jail.{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=102}}
===Turmoil in 1885 and 1886 and the "Sandstone City"===
For the Town of Calgary, 1884 turned out to be a success. However, two dark years lay ahead for the fledgling community. The turmoil started in late 1885, when Councillor Clarke was arrested for threatening a [[Undercover operation|plain-clothes]] Mountie who entered his saloon to conduct a late-night search. When the officer failed to produce a [[search warrant]], Clarke chased him off the premises; however, the Mountie returned with reinforcements and arrested Clarke.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=50}} Clarke found himself before [[Stipendiary Magistrate]] [[Jeremiah Travis]], a proponent of the [[temperance movement]] who was appalled by the open traffic of liquor, gambling and prostitution in Calgary despite [[prohibition]] in the North-West Territories.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=51}} Travis' view was accurate as the Royal Commission of Liquor Traffic of 1892 found liquor was sold openly, both day and night during prohibition.{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=102}} Travis associated Clarke with the troubles he saw in Calgary and found him guilty, and sentenced Clarke to six months with [[hard labour]].{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=51}} Murdoch and the other members of Council were shocked, and a public meeting was held at Boynton's Hall in which a decision was made to send a delegation to Ottawa to seek an overruling of Travis' judgement by the Department of Justice. The community quickly raised $500, and Murdoch and a group of residents headed east.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=51}} The punishment of Clarke did not escape [[Hugh Cayley]] the editor of the ''Calgary Herald'' and [[Court clerk|Clerk]] of the District Court. Cayley published articles critical of Travis and his judgment, in which Travis responded by calling Cayley to court, dismissing him from his position as Clerk, ordering Cayley to apologize and pay a $100 fine.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=52}} Cayley refused to pay the fine, which Travis increased to $500, and on January 5, the day after [[January 1886 Calgary municipal election|the January 1886 Calgary town election]], Cayley was imprisoned by Travis.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=52}}
Murdoch returned to Calgary on December 27, 1885, only a week before the election to find the town in disarray.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=52}} Shortly before the 1886 election, G. E. Marsh brought a charge of corruption against Murdoch and council over irregularities in the voters' list. Travis found Murdoch and the councillors guilty, disqualifying them from running in the 1886 election, barring them from municipal office for two years, and fining Murdoch $100, and the councillors $20. This was despite the fact Murdoch was visiting Eastern Canada while the alleged tampering was occurring.<ref name="TaylorReport">{{cite book |url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/pco-bcp/commissions-ef/taylor1886-eng/taylor1886-eng.pdf |last1=Wardlaw Taylor |first1=Thomas |title=Precis of the Case of Jeremiah Travis (Late Stipendiary Magistrate at Calgary) As Presented By the Report of Mr. Justice Taylor and the Correspondence and Evidence |date=1886 |publisher=Privy Council Office |___location=Ottawa, Ontario |pages=5–6}}</ref> Travis' disqualification did not dissuade Calgary voters, and Murdoch defeated his opponent James Reilly by a significant margin in early January to be re-elected as mayor.<ref name="1886CalHerald">{{cite news |title=Yesterday's Election |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1886/01/06/4/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=18 |date=January 6, 1886 |page=4}}</ref> Travis accepted a petition from Reilly to unseat Murdoch and two of the elected councillors, and declare Reilly the mayor of Calgary.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=53}} Both Murdoch and Reilly claimed to be the lawful mayor of the growingly disorganized Town of Calgary, both holding council meetings and attempting to govern.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=53}} Word of the issues in Calgary reached the Minister of Justice [[John Sparrow David Thompson]] in Ottawa who ordered Justice [[Thomas Wardlaw Taylor]] of [[Winnipeg]] to conduct an inquiry into the ''"Case of Jeremiah Travis"''. The federal government acted before receiving Taylor's report, Jeremiah Travis was suspended, and the government waited for his official tenure to expire, after which he was pensioned off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/travis_jeremiah_14E.html |title=Biography – TRAVIS, JEREMIAH – Volume XIV (1911-1920) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography |website=Biographi.ca |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> Justice Taylor's report, which was released in June 1887, found Travis had exceeded his authority and erred in his judgements.<ref name="TaylorReport"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittelstadt |first1=David |title=Foundations of Justice: Alberta's Historic Courthouses |date=August 2005 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=978-1-55238-345-2 |pages=17–19}}</ref>
The Territorial Council called for a [[November 1886 Calgary municipal election|new municipal election]] to be held in Calgary on November 3, 1886. George Clift King defeated his opponent [[John Lineham]] for the office of Mayor of Calgary.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=49}}<ref name="Nov1886CalHerald">{{cite news |title=The Elections |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1886/11/06/1/ |access-date=March 8, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=43 |date=November 6, 1886 |ref=CgyHerld1 |page=1}}</ref>
[[File:Big fire on 9th Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta.png|thumb|left|Downtown after the [[Calgary Fire of 1886]]]]
Calgary had only a couple days' peace following the November election before the [[Calgary Fire of 1886]] destroyed much of the community's downtown. Part of the slow response to the fire can be attributed to the absence of functioning local government during 1886. As neither George Murdoch or James Reilly was capable of effectively governing the town, the newly ordered [[Fire engine|chemical engine]] for the recently organized [[Calgary Fire Department]] (Calgary Hook, Ladder and Bucket Corps) was held in the CPR's storage yard due to lack of payment. Members of the Calgary Fire Department broke into the CPR storage yard on the day of the fire to retrieve the engine.{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=255}} In total, fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Fire/Pages/History/1800s-the-great-fire.aspx |title=The Great Fire of 1886 |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823135106/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Fire/Pages/History/1800s-the-great-fire.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2013 }}</ref>
The new Town Council sprung into action, drafting a bylaw requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with [[sandstone]], which was readily available nearby in the form of [[Paskapoo Formation|Paskapoo sandstone]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thegauntlet.ca/story/8857 |title=The Sandstone City |date=November 21, 2002 |access-date=March 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813194522/http://thegauntlet.ca/story/8857 |archive-date=August 13, 2011 }}</ref> Following the fire several quarries were opened around the city by prominent local businessmen including Thomas Edworthy, [[Wesley Fletcher Orr]], J. G. McCallum, and William Oliver. Prominent buildings built with sandstone following the fire include [[Knox United Church (Calgary)|Knox Presbyterian Church]] (1887), Imperial Bank Building (1887), [[Calgary City Hall]] (1911), and Calgary Courthouse No. 2 (1914).{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=75}}<ref name="Nov13Herald">{{cite news |title=Fire! Come at Last |url=http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/CWH/1886/11/13/3/ |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=The Calgary Weekly Herald |issue=44 |date=November 13, 1886 |page=3}}</ref>
In February 1887, [[Donald Watson Davis]], who was running the [[I.G. Baker]] store in Calgary, was elected MP for [[Alberta (Provisional District)]]. A former whisky trader in southern Alberta, he had turned his hand to building Fort Macleod and Fort Calgary. The main other contender for the job, [[Frank Oliver (politician)|Frank Oliver]], was a prominent Edmontonian, so Davis's success was a sign that Calgary was surpassing Edmonton, previously the main centre on the western Prairies.<ref>MacGregor, Alberta, p. 121, 124</ref>
===1887 to 1900===
Calgary continued to expand when real estate speculation took hold of Calgary in 1889. Speculators began buying and building west of Centre Street, and Calgary quickly began to sprawl west to the ire of property owners on the east side of town.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=204}} Property owners on both sides of Centre Street sought to bring development to their side of Calgary, lost successfully{{clarify|lost successfully|date=January 2022}} by eastsider James Walker who convinced the Town Council to purchase land on the east side to build a stockyard, guaranteeing meat packing and processing plants would be constructed on the east side.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=208}} By 1892 Calgary had reached present-day [[17 Avenue SW (Calgary)|Seventeenth Avenue]], east to the Elbow River and west to Eighth Street,{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=205}} and the first federal census listed the boom town at 3,876 inhabitants.<ref name=1906census>{{cite book | title=Census of the Northwest Provinces, 1906 | volume=Sessional Paper No. 17a | year=1907 | publisher=[[Government of Canada]] | ___location=Ottawa | page=100 | chapter=Table IX: Population of cities, towns and incorporated villages in 1906 and 1901 as classed in 1906}}</ref> The economic conditions in Calgary began to deteriorate in 1892,{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=219}} as development in the downtown slowed, the streetcar system started in 1889 was put on hold{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=206}} and smaller property owners began to sell.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=77}}
The first step in connecting the [[District of Alberta]] happened in Calgary on July 21, 1890, as [[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Minister of the Interior]] Edgar Dewdney [[Groundbreaking|turned the first sod]] for the [[Calgary and Edmonton Railway]] in front of two thousand residents.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=66}}{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=229}} The railway was completed in August 1891. Although its end-of-steel was on the [[Old Strathcona|south side of the river opposite Edmonton]], it immensely shortened travel time between the two communities. Previously stagecoach passengers and mail could arrive in five days and animal pulled freight anywhere between two and three weeks,{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=67}} the train was able to make the trip in only a few hours.{{sfn|Ward|1975|p=230}}
[[Smallpox]] arrived in Calgary in June 1892 when a Chinese resident was found with the disease, and by August nine people had contracted the disease with three deaths. Calgarians placed the blame for the disease on the local Chinese population, resulting in a riot on August 2, 1892.{{sfn|Dawson|1975|p=128}} Residents descended on the Town's Chinese-owned laundries, smashing windows and attempting to burn the structures to the ground. The local police did not attempt to intervene. Mayor [[Alexander Lucas]] had inexplicably left town during the riot,{{sfn|Dawson|1975|p=132}} and when he returned home he called the NWMP in to patrol Calgary for three weeks to prevent further riots.{{sfn|Dawson|1975|p=130}}{{sfn|Thorner|1975|p=106}}
Finally on January 1, 1894, Calgary was granted a [[Municipal charter|charter]] by the [[2nd North-West Legislative Assembly]], officially titled ''Ordinance 33 of 1894'', the City of Calgary Charter elevated the frontier town to the status of a full-fledged city.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =Calgary Charter |abbr =|year =1893|chapter =33|section =|subsection =|part =|division =|schedule =|link =https://cdm22007.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p22007coll9/id/629544|linkloc =|wikilink =|type =}}</ref> Calgary became the first city in the North-West Territories, receiving its charter a decade before [[Edmonton]] and [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]. The Calgary charter remained in force until it was repealed with the ''Cities Act'' in 1950. The charter came into effect in such a way as to prevent the regularly scheduled municipal election in December 1893, and recognizing the importance of the moment, the entire Town Council resigned to ensure the new city could choose the first [[Calgary City Council]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bly |first1=David |title=City Hall history provides tantalizing tales |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |date=October 9, 2001 |page=B4}}</ref> [[January 1894 Calgary municipal election|Calgary's first municipal election]] as a city saw Wesley Fletcher Orr garner 244 votes, narrowly defeating his opponent [[William Henry Cushing]]'s 220 votes, and Orr was named the first mayor of the City of Calgary.<ref name="Jan1894CgyHerald">{{cite news |url=http://contentdm.ucalgary.ca/digital/collection/p22007coll24/id/12052 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=The Calgary Herald |issue=38 |date=January 16, 1894 |page=4 |title=The Municipal Elections}}</ref>
By late 19th century, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. In 1884, the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in 1913; others that followed were Edmonton, [[Vancouver]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[Saskatoon]], and Winnipeg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.hbc.com/hbc/history/|title=Hudson's Bay Company – Our History|work=hbc.com|access-date=April 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531192023/http://www2.hbc.com/hbc/history/|archive-date=May 31, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/early/|title=HBC Heritage – Early Stores|work=hbcheritage.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927094024/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/early/|archive-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref>
In October 1899 the Village of Rouleauville was incorporated by French Catholic residents south of Calgary's city limits in what is now known as [[Mission, Calgary|Mission]].{{sfn|Foran|1975|pp=205-206}} The town did not remain independent for long, and became the first incorporated municipality to be amalgamated into Calgary eight years later in 1907.
=== Turn of the 20th century ===
The turn of the century brought questions of provincehood the top of mind in Calgary. On September 1, 1905, [[Alberta]] was proclaimed a province with a provisional capital in [[Edmonton]], it would be left up to the Legislature to choose the permanent ___location.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=41}} One of the first decisions of the new Alberta Legislature was the capital, and although [[William Henry Cushing]] advocated strongly for Calgary, the resulting vote saw Edmonton win the capital 16–8.{{sfn|MacEwan|1966|p=44}} Calgarians were disappointed on the city not being named the capital, and focused their attention on the formation of the provincial university. However, the efforts by the community could not sway the government, and the [[University of Alberta]] was founded in the [[City of Strathcona]], Premier Rutherford's home, which was subsequently amalgamated into the City of Edmonton in 1912.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|pp=44-45}} Calgary was not to be left without higher education facilities as the provincial [[Normal School]] opened in the McDougall School building in 1905. In 1910, R. B. Bennett introduced a bill in the Alberta Legislature to incorporate the "Calgary University", however there was significant opposition to two degree-granting institutions in such a small province. A commission was appointed to evaluate the Calgary proposal which found the second university to be unnecessary, however, the commission did recommend the formation of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art in Calgary ([[Southern Alberta Institute of Technology|SAIT]]), which was formed later in 1915.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|pp=129-130}}
[[File:1st Street West, Calgary, Alta.jpg|thumb|right|Postcard of 1st Street West, Calgary, postmarked May 8, 1913]]
Built-up areas of Calgary between 1905 and 1912 were serviced by power and water, the city continued a program of paving and sidewalk laying and with the CPR constructed a series of subways under the tracks to connect the town with streetcars. The first three motor buses hit Calgary streets in 1907, and two years later the [[Calgary municipal railway|municipally owned street railway system]], fit with seven miles of track opened in Calgary. The immediately popular street railway system reached 250,000 passengers per month by 1910.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=212}} The privately owned MacArthur Bridge (precursor to the Centre Street Bridge over the Bow River) opened in 1907 which provided for residential expansion north of the Bow River.{{sfn|Foran|1975|pp=209-210}} The early-1910s saw real estate speculation hit Calgary once again, with property prices rising significantly with growing municipal investment, CPR's decision to construct a car shop at [[Ogden, Calgary|Ogden]] set to employ over 5,000 people, the projected arrival of the [[Grand Trunk Pacific]] and [[Canadian Northern Railway]]s in the city and Calgary's growing reputation as a growing economic hub.{{sfn|Foran|1975|p=213}} The period between 1906 and 1911 was the largest population growth period in the city's history, expanding from 11,967 to 43,704 inhabitants in the five-year period.<ref name=1906census/><ref name=1911census>{{cite book | title=Census of Canada, 1911 | volume=I | year=1912 | publisher=[[Government of Canada]] | ___location=Ottawa | pages=2–39 | chapter=Table I: Area and Population of Canada by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts in 1911 and Population in 1901}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Birth of the province|last=Byfield|first=Ted|publisher=United Western Communications|year=1992|isbn=978-0969571810|___location=Edmonton|page=156}}</ref> Several ambitious projects were started during this period including a new [[Calgary City Hall|City Hall]], the [[Hudson's Bay (department store)|Hudson's Bay Department Store]], the Grain Exchange Building, and the [[Palliser Hotel]], this period also corresponded to the end of the ''"Sandstone City"'' era as steel frames and terracotta facades such as the Burns Building (1913) which were prevalent in other North American cities overtook the unique sandstone character of Calgary.{{sfn|Kalman|1994|p=530}}
===Stampede City===
[[File:Rounding up for the first Calgary Stampede (38085634056).jpg|thumb|left|Rounding up cattle for the first [[Calgary Stampede]] in 1912. The Stampede is one of the world's largest rodeos.]]
The growing City and enthusiastic residents were rewarded in 1908 with the federally funded [[Dominion Exhibition]]. Seeking to take advantage of the opportunity to promote itself, the city spent {{CAD|145,000}} to build six new pavilions and a racetrack.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=29}} It held a lavish parade as well as [[rodeo]], horse racing, and [[trick roping]] competitions as part of the event.<ref name="GuysDream">{{citation |last=Dudley |first=Wendy |title=Guy's Stampede dream |work=Calgary Herald |date=July 3, 1997 |page=SS2}}</ref> The exhibition was a success, drawing 100,000 people to the fairgrounds over seven days despite an economic recession that afflicted the city of 25,000.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=29}} Calgary had previously held a number of Agricultural exhibitions dating back to 1886, and recognizing the city's enthusiasm, [[Guy Weadick]], an American trick roper who participated in the Dominion Exhibition as part of the [[Miller Brothers 101 Ranch]] Real Wild West Show, returned to Calgary in 1912 to host the first [[Calgary Stampede]] in the hopes of establishing an event that more accurately represented the "wild west" than the shows he was a part of.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=30}} He initially failed to sell civic leaders and the Calgary Industrial Exhibition on his plans,<ref name="CHWeadickVision">{{citation |last=Seskus |first=Tony |url=https://calgaryherald.com/homes/stampede/6479984/story.html |title=Guy Weadick's grand vision |work=Calgary Herald |date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618200017/http://www.calgaryherald.com/homes/stampede/6479984/story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> but with the assistance of local livestock agent H. C. McMullen, Weadick convinced businessmen [[Patrick Burns (politician)|Pat Burns]], [[George Lane (politician)|George Lane]], [[Archie McLean (politician)|A. J. McLean]], and [[A. E. Cross]] to put up $100,000 to guarantee funding for the event.<ref name="GuysDream" /> [[File:Program for 1912 Calgary Stampede.jpg|thumb|right|Program for the 1912 Calgary Stampede, featuring the Big Four: Burns, Lane, Cross, and McLean]] The [[Big Four (Calgary)|Big Four]], as they came to be known, viewed the project as a final celebration of their life as cattlemen.<ref>{{Citation |editor-last=Foran |editor-first=Max |year=2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/iconbrandmythcal0000unse |title=Icon, Brand, Myth: The Calgary Stampede |publisher=Athabasca University Press |___location=Athabasca, Alberta |isbn=978-1-897425-05-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/iconbrandmythcal0000unse/page/5 5]}}</ref> The city constructed a rodeo arena on the fairgrounds and over 100,000 people attended the six-day event in September 1912 to watch hundreds of cowboys from Western Canada, the United States, and Mexico compete for $20,000 in prizes.{{sfn|Dixon|Read|2005|p=32}} The event generated $120,000 in revenue and was hailed as a success.<ref name="GuysDream" /> The Calgary Stampede has continued as a civic tradition for over 100 years, marketing itself as the ''"greatest outdoor show on earth"'', with Calgarians sporting western wear for 10 days while attending the annual parade, daily pancake breakfasts.
==
While agriculture and railway activities were the dominant aspects of Calgary's early economy, the [[Turner Valley]] ''Discovery Well'' blew South-West of Calgary on May 14, 1914, marked the beginning of the oil and gas age in Calgary. Archibald Wayne Dingman and Calgary Petroleum Product's discovery was heralded as the ''"biggest oil field in the British Empire"'' at around 19 million cubic metres, and in a three-week period an estimated 500 oil companies sprang into existence.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=145}} Calgarians were enthusiastic to invest in new oil companies, with many losing life savings during the short 1914 boom in hastily formed companies.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=146}} Outbreak of the [[First World War]] further dampened the oil craze as more men and resources left for Europe and agricultural prices for wheat and cattle increased.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=146}} Turner Valley's oil fields would boom again in 1924 and 1936, and by the [[Second World War]] the Turner Valley oilfield was producing more than 95 per cent of the oil in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 1924 Wonder Well in Turner Valley |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/the-1924-wonder-well-in-turner-valley |access-date=November 20, 2020 |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> however the city would wait until 1947 for [[Leduc No. 1]] to definitively shift Calgary to an oil and gas city. While Edmonton would see significant population and economic growth with the Leduc discovery, many corporate offices established in Calgary after Turner Valley refused to relocate north.{{sfn|Stenson|1994|pp=42-43}} Consequently, by 1967, Calgary had more millionaires than any other city in Canada, and per capita, more cars than any city in the world.<ref name="Sarasota20th">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NPYeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DYwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7547,3735181 |title=Alberta oil strike attracts Americans |work=Sarasota Journal |date=April 27, 1967 |access-date=September 30, 2011 |page=28}}</ref>
===Early politics 1910s to 1940s===
Early-20th-century Calgary served as a hotbed for political activity. Historically Calgarians supported the provincial and federal conservative parties, the opposite of the Liberal-friendly City of Edmonton. However, Calgarians were sympathetic to the cause of workers and supported the development of labour organizations. In 1909, the [[United Farmers of Alberta]] (UFA) formed in Edmonton through the merger of two earlier farm organizations as a non-partisan lobbying organization to represent the interests of farmers. The UFA eventually dropped its non-partisan stance when it contested the [[1921 Alberta general election|1921 provincial election]]. It was elected to form the province's first non-Liberal government.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=167}} By that time Calgary was using [[single transferable vote]] (STV), a form of proportional representation, to elect its city councillors. Calgary was the first city in Canada to adopt PR for its city elections. Councillors were elected in one at-large district. Each voter cast just a single vote using a ranked transferable ballot. The UFA government elected in 1921 changed the provincial election law so that Calgary could elect its MLAs through PR as well. Calgary elected its MLAs through PR until 1956 and its councillors through PR until 1971 (although mostly using [[instant-runoff voting]], not STV, in the 1960s).<ref>Grofman, Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta Using STV</ref><ref>Monto, When Canada Had Proportional Representation (2021)</ref>
Calgary endured a six-year recession following the [[World War I|First World War]]. The high unemployment rate from reduced manufacturing demand, compounded with servicemen returning from Europe needing work, created economic and social unrest.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=125}} By 1921, over 2,000 men (representing 11 percent of the male workforce) were officially unemployed.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=130}} Labour organizations began endorsing candidates for Calgary City Council in the late 1910s and were quickly successful in electing sympathetic candidates to office, including Mayor [[Samuel Hunter Adams]] in [[1920 Calgary municipal election|1920]]. As well the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] and its sequel, [[One Big Union (Canada)|the One Big Union]], found much support among Calgary workers.
The city's support of labour and agricultural groups made it a natural ___location for the founding meeting of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (precursor to the [[New Democratic Party]]). The organizational meeting was held in Calgary on July 31, 1932, with attendance exceeding 1,300 people.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=169}} Pat Lenihan was elected to the Calgary City Council in 1939, in part due to the use of Proportional Representation in city elections. He is the only Communist Party member elected to Calgary council. (He is the subject of the book Patrick Lenihan from Irish Rebel to Founder of Canadian Public Sector Unionism, edited by Gilbert Levine (Athabasca University Press).)
In 1922, Civic Government Association formed in opposition to the power of labour groups, endorsing its own competing slate of candidates.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=172}} Labour's influence was short-lived on the City Council, with Labour as a whole failing to receive substantial support after 1924.{{sfn|Bright|1999|p=178}}
[[File:Richard Bedford Bennett.jpg|thumb|right|Richard Bedford Bennett, the eleventh prime minister of Canada, and first prime minister from Calgary.]]
Calgary gained further political prominence when [[R. B. Bennett]]'s Conservative Party won the [[1930 Canadian federal election|1930 federal election]] and formed government and became Canada's [[Prime Minister of Canada|11th prime minister]].{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|p=165}} Bennett arrived in Calgary from [[New Brunswick]] in 1897, was previously the leader of the provincial Conservative Party, advocated for Calgary as the capital of Alberta, and championed the growing city.{{sfn|MacEwan|1975|pp=166-167}} Calgary had to wait another decade to have a sitting premier represent the city, when sitting [[Social Credit Party of Alberta|Social Credit]] Premier [[William Aberhart]] moved from his [[Okotoks-High River]] to [[Calgary (provincial electoral district)|Calgary]] for the [[1940 Alberta general election|1940 provincial election]] after his Okotoks-High River constituents began a [[Recall election|recall]] campaign against him as their local MLA.
===1960s to 1970s===
[[File:Trolleybus next to Hudson's Bay Company store in Calgary in 1971.jpg|thumb|left|From the 1970s onward, the population of Calgary grew significantly, with many high-rises constructed to accommodate the growth.]]
Only a little over a decade after shuttering the municipal tram lines, Calgary City Council began investigating rapid transit. In 1966 a [[heavy rail transit]] proposal was developed, however the estimated costs continued to grow rapidly, and the plan was re-evaluated in 1975. In May 1977, Calgary City Council directed that a detailed design and construction start on the south leg of a [[light rail transit]] system,{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=47}} which opened on May 25, 1981, and dubbed the [[CTrain]].
The [[University of Calgary]] gained autonomy as a degree-granting institution in 1966 with the passage of the ''Universities Act'' by the Alberta Legislature. The campus provided as a [[Peppercorn (legal)|one-dollar lease]] from the City of Calgary in 1957 had previously served as a [[satellite campus]] of the [[University of Alberta]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
===1970s and 1980s: economic boom and bust===
The [[1970s energy crisis]] resulted in significant investment and growth in Calgary. By 1981, 45 percent of the Calgary labour force was made up of management, administrative or clerical staff, above the national average of 35 percent.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=10}} Calgary's population grew with the opportunity the oil boom brought. The 20-year period from 1966 to 1986 saw the population increase from 330,575 to 636,107.<ref name=1966census>{{cite book | title=Census of Canada, 1966 | volume=Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966 | year=1968 | publisher=[[Statistics Canada|Dominion Bureau of Statistics]] | ___location=Ottawa | page=6.50–6.53 | chapter=Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966}}</ref><ref name=1986census>{{cite book | title=Census Canada 1986 | volume=Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta) | year=1987 | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | ___location=Ottawa | page=2.1–2.10 | chapter=Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986 | isbn=978-0-660-53463-3}}</ref> Population growth became a source of pride, the June 1980 ''Calgary Magazine'' exclaimed ''"Welcome to Calgary! Calgary almost specializes in newcomers..."''.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=11}}
High-rise buildings were erected during the economic boom, and more office space opened in Calgary in 1979 than in New York City and Chicago combined.{{sfn|Kalman|1994|p=838}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guimond |first1=Pierre S. |last2=Sinclair |first2=Brian R. |title=Calgary Architecture: The Boom Years, 1972-1982 |date=1984 |publisher=Detselig Enterprises |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=9780920490396}}</ref> The end of the oil boom is associated with the [[National Energy Program]] implemented by Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]]'s government and the [[1980s oil glut|drop in world oil prices]], and the end of the construction boom in Calgary is associated with the completion of the [[Petro-Canada Centre]] in 1984. The two-tower granite Petro-Canada Centre, which some locals called "Red Square" alluding to the city's hostile view of the [[state-owned]] petroleum company, saw the larger 53-storey west tower rise to {{convert|215|m|ft|abbr=on}} and become the largest building in Calgary for 26 years, and a smaller 32-storey east tower rise {{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Kalman|1994|p=838}} The city further expanded the CTrain system, planning began in 1981, and the northeast leg of the system was to be operational in time for the 1988 Olympics.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|pp=50-52}}
The [[1980s oil glut]] caused by falling demand and the National Energy Program marked the end of Calgary's boom. In 1983 Calgary City Council announced service cuts to ease the $16 million deficit, 421 city employees were laid off,{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=43}} unemployment increased from 5 to 11 percent between November 1981 and November 1982, eventually peaking at 14.9 percent in March 1983. The decline was so swift that the city's population decreased for the first time in history from April 1982 to April 1983, and 3,331 homes were [[foreclosed]] by financial institutions in 1983.{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=19}} Low oil prices in the 1980s prevented a full economic recovery until the 1990s.<ref name="DavidsonGismondi2011">{{cite book|author1=Debra J. Davidson|author2=Mike Gismondi|title=Challenging Legitimacy at the Precipice of Energy Calamity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQP-V-0IUsC&pg=PA81|year=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-0287-9|page=81|access-date=February 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203131056/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXQP-V-0IUsC&pg=PA81|archive-date=December 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In May 1980, [[Nelson Skalbania]] announced that the Atlanta Flames hockey club would relocate and become the [[Calgary Flames]]. Skalbania represented a group of Calgary businessmen that included oil magnates [[Harley Hotchkiss]], [[Ralph T. Scurfield]], [[Norman Green]], [[Daryl Seaman]] and [[Byron Seaman]], and former [[Calgary Stampeders]] player [[Norman Kwong]].<ref name="atlflames">{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/atlflames/aflames.html|title=History of the Atlanta Flames|work=Sports E-Cyclopedia|publisher=Tank Productions|access-date=November 27, 2006}}</ref> Atlanta team owner [[Tom Cousins]] sold the team to Skalbania for US$16 million, a record sale price for an [[NHL]] team at the time.<ref name="HockeyChron">{{cite book |last=Duhatschek |first=Eric |title=Hockey Chronicles |year=2001 |publisher=Checkmark Books |___location=New York City |isbn=0-8160-4697-2 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hockeychronicles00tren |pages=40–47}}</ref> The team reached the playoffs each year in its first 10 years in Calgary and won the team's only Stanley Cup in [[1989 Stanley Cup Finals|1989]].
===Olympic legacy===
{{main|1988 Winter Olympics}}
Public concern existed regarding the potential long-term debt implications that had plagued Montreal following the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Olympics]].{{sfn|Reasons|1984|p=46}} The [[Canadian Winter Sport Institute|Calgary Olympic Development Association]] led the bid for Calgary and spent two years building local support for the project, selling memberships to 80,000 of the city's 600,000 residents.<ref name="BidResults">{{citation |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IjVIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GQENAAAAIBAJ&pg=1341,81435 |title=Seoul chosen in easy vote for 1988 Summer Olympics |work=The Record-Journal (Meriden, CT) |date=October 1, 1981 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |page=17}}</ref> It secured {{CAD|270}} million in funding from the federal and provincial governments while civic leaders, including Mayor [[Ralph Klein]], crisscrossed the world attempting to woo [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) delegates.<ref name="CODABestShot">{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |title=Around the world, CODA has given its best shot |work=Calgary Herald |date=September 30, 1981 |page=A19}}</ref> Calgary was one of three finalists, opposed by the Swedish community of [[Falun]] and Italian community of [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]].<ref name="CODABestShot" /> On September 30, 1981, the [[International Olympic Committee]] voted to give Calgary the right to host the [[1988 Olympic Winter Games]], becoming the first Canadian host for the winter games.<ref>{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V3dkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h34NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1453%2C4565 |title=Delighted delegates dance 'victory stomp' |work=Calgary Herald |date=October 1, 1981 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |page=A1}}</ref>
The Games' five primary venues were all purpose-built, however, at significant cost.<ref>{{citation |last=Gerlach |first=Larry |title=The Winter Olympics – From Chamonix to Salt Lake City |publisher=The University of Utah Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-87480-778-6 |page=120}}</ref> The [[Scotiabank Saddledome|Olympic Saddledome]] was the primary venue for ice hockey and figure skating. Located at [[Stampede Park]], the facility was expected to cost $83 million, but cost overruns pushed the facility to nearly $100 million.<ref name="BuildingOlympicLegacy">{{citation |title=Building on the Olympic Legacy |work=Calgary Herald |date=February 9, 2013 |pages=A15–A16}}</ref> The [[Olympic Oval]] was built on the campus of the [[University of Calgary]]. It was the first fully enclosed 400-metre [[speed skating at the Winter Olympics|speed skating]] venue in the world as it was necessary to protect against the possibility of either bitter cold temperatures or ice-melting [[chinook wind]]s.<ref name="SICountdown">{{citation |last=Swift |first=E. M. |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1135969/1/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062608/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1135969/1/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |title=Countdown to the Cowtown hoedown |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=March 9, 1987 |access-date=February 14, 2013}}</ref> Seven world and three Olympic records were broken during the Games, resulting in the facility earning praise as "the fastest ice on Earth".<ref name="BuildingOlympicLegacy" /> [[Canada Olympic Park]] was built on the western outskirts of Calgary and hosted [[Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics|bobsled]], [[Luge at the Winter Olympics|luge]], [[Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics|ski jumping]] and [[Freestyle skiing at the Winter Olympics|freestyle skiing]]. It was the most expensive facility built for the games, costing $200 million.<ref name="BuildingOlympicLegacy" />
Despite [[Canada]] failing to earn a gold medal in the Games, the events proved to be a major economic boom for the city, which had fallen into its worst [[recession]] in 40 years following the collapse of both oil and grain prices in the mid-1980s.<ref name="BoomorBust">{{citation |last=Janofsky |first=Michael |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=571YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VukDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4944,1987693 |title=Winter Olympics: boom or bust |work=The Age (Melbourne), Green Guide |date=February 4, 1988 |access-date=February 23, 2013 |page=8}}</ref><ref name="NYTEnthusiasm">{{citation |last=Burns |first=John F. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/22/sports/the-calgary-olympics-a-year-to-go-enthusiasm-prevails-but-concerns-remain.html |title=A year to go; Enthusiasm prevails, but concerns remain |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 22, 1987 |access-date=March 3, 2013}}</ref> A report prepared for the city in January 1985 estimated the games would create 11,100 [[Man-hour|man-years]] of employment and generate {{CAD|450}}-million in salaries and wages.<ref>{{citation |last=Maychak |first=Matt |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=T18_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=SlMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1037,3104983 |title=Deja vu for Calgary Olympics? |work=Windsor Star |date=April 13, 1985 |access-date=March 3, 2013 |page=E3}}</ref> In its post-Games report, OCO'88 estimated the Olympics created {{CAD|1.4}} billion in economic benefits across Canada during the 1980s, 70 percent within Alberta, as a result of capital spending, increased tourism and new sporting opportunities created by the facilities.<ref name="OCO78">{{citation |author=((OCO'88)) |title=XV Olympic Winter Games: Official Report |publisher=XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee |year=1988 |page=79}}</ref>
===1990s to present===
Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and Alberta was booming until the end of 2009, and the region of nearly 1.1 million people was home to the fastest-growing economy in the country.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.conferenceboard.ca/press/2005/Metro_winter06_Natl.asp| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204049/http://conferenceboard.ca/press/2005/Metro_winter06_Natl.asp| archive-date= October 12, 2007 | title= Western cities enjoy fastest growing economies | author= The Conference Board of Canada| year= 2005 | access-date= March 7, 2007}}</ref> While the [[petroleum industry|oil and gas industry]] comprise an important part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas such as tourism and high-tech manufacturing. Over 3.1 million people now visit the city annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alberta-canada.com/statpub/tourismStatistics/pdf/AB_Calgary04.pdf|title=Tourism in Calgary and Area; Summary of Visitor Numbers and Revenue|author=Alberta Tourism | year= 2004|access-date=January 6, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525080610/http://www.alberta-canada.com/statpub/tourismStatistics/pdf/AB_Calgary04.pdf|archive-date=May 25, 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> for its many festivals and attractions, especially the Calgary Stampede. The nearby mountain resort towns of [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]], [[Lake Louise, Alberta|Lake Louise]], and [[Canmore, Alberta|Canmore]] are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists. Other modern industries include light manufacturing, high-tech, film, e-commerce, transportation, and services.
[[2013 Alberta floods|Widespread flooding]] throughout southern Alberta, including on the Bow and Elbow rivers, forced the evacuation of over 75,000 city residents on June 21, 2013, and left large areas of the city, including downtown, without power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/LIVE+Flood+waters+siege+Calgary+southern+Alberta/8550481/story.html|title=LIVE: Stampede confirms 101st edition will go ahead|work=calgaryherald.com|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103750/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/LIVE+Flood+waters+siege+Calgary+southern+Alberta/8550481/story.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-flooding-claims-at-least-3-lives-1.1325013?cmp=rss|title=Alberta flooding claims at least 3 lives|date=June 22, 2013|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=June 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624103315/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/06/21/alberta-flooding-calgary-canmore-high-water.html?cmp=rss|archive-date=June 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:Calgary by Sentinel-2.jpg|left|thumb|Satellite view of Calgary]]
Calgary is in southern [[Alberta]] and also next to the Rocky Mountains, lying in the transition zone between the [[Rocky Mountain Foothills|Canadian Rockies Foothills]] and the [[Canadian Prairies]]. The city lies within the foothills of the Parkland Natural Region and the Grasslands Natural Region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tpr.alberta.ca/parks/heritageinfocentre/naturalregions/default.aspx |title=Alberta Natural Regions |author=Government of Alberta |access-date=April 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122090712/http://tpr.alberta.ca/parks/heritageinfocentre/naturalregions/default.aspx |archive-date=January 22, 2012 }}</ref> Downtown Calgary is about {{convert|1042.4|m|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]],<ref name="downtown elevation">{{cite web | url=http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Public/Documents/PSSSOP_Handbook_Version_12_Online_Feb_21_2012b.pdf | title=Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town) | publisher=Safety Codes Council | type=PDF | pages=212–215 (PDF pages 226–229) | date=January 2012 | access-date=October 8, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085027/http://www.safetycodes.ab.ca/Public/Documents/PSSSOP_Handbook_Version_12_Online_Feb_21_2012b.pdf | archive-date=October 16, 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the airport is {{convert|3531|ft|abbr=on|0|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._77/page-1.html |title=Calgary International Airport Zoning Regulations |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 4, 2015 |website=Justice Laws Website |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=August 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120646/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._77/page-1.html |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the city covered a land area of {{convert|825.56|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2017-02-08 |title=Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=301&S=3&O=D |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
Two rivers and two creeks run through the city. The [[Bow River]] is the larger, and it flows from the west to the south. The [[Elbow River]] flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River at the historic site of [[Fort Calgary]] near downtown. Nose Creek flows into Calgary from the northwest, then south to join the Bow River several kilometres east of the Elbow-Bow confluence. Fish Creek flows into Calgary from the southwest and converges with the Bow River near [[McKenzie Lake, Calgary|McKenzie Lake]].
The City of Calgary consists of an inner city surrounded by suburban communities of various density.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/CNS/Pages/Research-and-strategy/Community-profiles/Community-Profiles.aspx|title=Community Profiles|date=April 1, 2011|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235957/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/CNS/Pages/Research-and-strategy/Community-profiles/Community-Profiles.aspx|archive-date=March 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is immediately surrounded by two [[List of municipal districts in Alberta|municipal districts]] – [[Foothills County]] to the south and [[Rocky View County]] to the north, west and east. Proximate urban communities beyond the city within the [[Calgary Metropolitan Region]] include: the City of [[Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie]] to the north; the City of [[Chestermere]], the Town of [[Strathmore, Alberta|Strathmore]] and the Hamlet of [[Langdon, Alberta|Langdon]] to the east; the towns of [[Okotoks]] and [[High River]] to the south; and the Town of [[Cochrane, Alberta|Cochrane]] to the northwest.<ref name=2015roadmap>{{cite map | title=Your Official Road Map of Alberta | year=2015 | publisher=[[Travel Alberta]] | edition=2015 | isbn=9781460120767}}</ref> Numerous rural subdivisions are located within the Elbow Valley, [[Springbank, Alberta|Springbank]] and [[Bearspaw, Alberta|Bearspaw]] areas to the west and northwest.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Elbow-Valley-Map.pdf | title=Elbow Valley Area Map | publisher=[[Rocky View County]] | type=[[PDF]] | date=May 2014 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122940/http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Elbow-Valley-Map.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Springbank-Map.pdf | title=Springbank Area Map | publisher=[[Rocky View County]] | type=[[PDF]] | date=May 2014 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104404/http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Springbank-Map.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Bearspaw-Map.pdf | title=Bearspaw Area Map | publisher=[[Rocky View County]] | type=[[PDF]] | date=May 2014 | access-date=March 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114733/http://www.rockyview.ca/Portals/0/Files/CountyServices/Maps/Bearspaw-Map.pdf | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Tsuu T'ina Nation Indian Reserve No. 145]] borders Calgary to the southwest.<ref name=2015roadmap/>
Over the years, the city has made many land annexations to facilitate growth. In the most recent annexation of lands from the surrounding Rocky View County, completed in July 2007, the city annexed [[Shepard, Alberta|Shepard]], a former hamlet, and placed its boundaries adjacent to the Hamlet of [[Balzac, Alberta|Balzac]] and City of Chestermere, and very close to the City of Airdrie.<ref>{{cite web | publisher=City of Calgary | url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Development+and+Building+Approvals+and+Land+Use+Planning+and+Policy/Land+Use+Planning/Current+Studies+and+Ongoing+Activities/Annexation+Information/Annexation+Information.htm | title=Annexation Information | access-date=August 28, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928015330/http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%2BHall/Business%2BUnits/Development%2Band%2BBuilding%2BApprovals%2Band%2BLand%2BUse%2BPlanning%2Band%2BPolicy/Land%2BUse%2BPlanning/Current%2BStudies%2Band%2BOngoing%2BActivities/Annexation%2BInformation/Annexation%2BInformation.htm | archive-date=September 28, 2009 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
{{Wide image|Calgary-2387396 1280 (cropped).jpg|1100px|{{center|View of downtown Calgary}}|dir=rtl}}
===Flora and fauna===
The climate of Calgary allows for numerous plant and animal species to exist within and around the city. The [[Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' [[variety (botany)|var.]] ''glauca'') comes near the eastern limit of its range at Calgary.<ref>''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' var. ''glauca'' [http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=6713&flora_id=1 distribution map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921061129/http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=6713&flora_id=1 |date=September 21, 2011 }} at [[Flora of North America]]</ref> Another [[Pinophyta|conifer]] of widespread distribution found in the Calgary area is the white spruce (''[[Picea glauca]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://calgaryherald.com/life/homes/sunday-december-4-2011-got-spruce-plenty-of-em-thats-fir-sure |title= Sunday, December 4, 2011 - Got Spruce? Plenty of 'em...Thats Fir Sure |date= December 4, 2011 |access-date= June 10, 2020 | work= Calgary Herald. }}</ref> [[Deciduous]] trees that can grow in Calgary include hardy [[bur oak|oak]], [[paper birch|birch]], [[Manitoba maple|maple]], and [[Populus tremuloides|aspen]] variants, with (also hardy) fruit-bearing trees including crabapple, pear, plum, and choke-cherry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=page |first=Information |title=Top Tree Species for Calgary |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/parks/trees/top-species-for-calgary.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> Mammals that can be found in and around Calgary include [[white-tail deer]], [[coyote]]s, [[North American porcupine]]s, [[moose]], bats, rabbits, [[American mink|mink]], weasels, [[American black bear|black bears]], [[raccoon]]s, [[striped skunk|skunk]]s, and [[cougar]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calgary's critters: A hinterland who's who on wildlife in the city |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-mammals-wildlife-1.3258682 |website=CBC |publisher=CBC News |access-date=January 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212446/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-mammals-wildlife-1.3258682 |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Neighbourhoods===
{{Main|List of neighbourhoods in Calgary}}
[[File:Urban living Calgary Alberta. (38816447984).jpg|alt=|thumb|Calgary's [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire]] community, adjacent to downtown and [[Prince's Island Park (Calgary)|Prince's Island Park]]]]
The downtown region of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire]] (including the Festival District), the [[Downtown West End, Calgary|Downtown West End]], the [[Downtown Calgary|Downtown Commercial Core]], [[Chinatown, Calgary|Chinatown]], and the [[Downtown East Village, Calgary|Downtown East Village]] (also part of the [[Beltline, Calgary|Rivers District]]). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts, including the [[Stephen Avenue]] Retail Core, the Entertainment District, the Arts District, and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the Beltline. The area includes a number of communities, such as Connaught, Victoria Crossing, and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the [[Local government|municipal government]] to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/planning/pdf/centre_city/beltline/beltline_plan_one.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624134625/http://www.calgary.ca/DocGallery/BU/planning/pdf/centre_city/beltline/beltline_plan_one.pdf|archive-date=June 24, 2009|title=Beltline—Area Redevelopment Plan|author=City of Calgary|access-date=September 28, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Directly radiating from the downtown core is the first of the inner-city communities. These include [[Crescent Heights, Calgary|Crescent Heights]], [[Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Calgary|Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill]], [[Hillhurst, Calgary|Hillhurst]]/[[Sunnyside, Calgary|Sunnyside]] (including [[Kensington, Calgary|Kensington]] [[List of neighbourhoods in Calgary#Business revitalization zones|BRZ]]), [[Bridgeland, Calgary|Bridgeland]], [[Renfrew, Calgary|Renfrew]], [[Mount Royal, Calgary|Mount Royal]], [[Scarboro, Calgary|Scarboro]], [[Sunalta, Calgary|Sunalta]], [[Mission, Calgary|Mission]], [[Ramsay, Calgary|Ramsay]] and [[Inglewood, Calgary|Inglewood]] and [[Radisson Heights, Calgary|Albert Park/Radisson Heights]] directly to the east. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as [[Rosedale, Calgary|Rosedale]] and [[Mount Pleasant, Calgary|Mount Pleasant]] to the north; [[Bowness, Calgary|Bowness]], [[Parkdale, Calgary|Parkdale]], Shaganappi, Westgate and [[Glendale, Calgary|Glendale]] to the west; [[Parkhill/Stanley Park, Calgary|Park Hill]], [[South Calgary, Calgary|South Calgary]] (including [[Marda Loop, Calgary|Marda Loop]]), [[Bankview, Calgary|Bankview]], [[Altadore, Calgary|Altadore]], and [[Killarney, Calgary|Killarney]] to the south; and [[Forest Lawn, Calgary|Forest Lawn]]/[[International Avenue, Calgary|International Avenue]] to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are suburban communities including [[Evergreen, Calgary|Evergreen]], [[Somerset, Calgary|Somerset]], [[Auburn Bay, Calgary|Auburn Bay]], [[Country Hills, Calgary|Country Hills]], [[Sundance, Calgary|Sundance]], Chaparral, [[Riverbend, Calgary|Riverbend]], and [[McKenzie Towne, Calgary|McKenzie Towne]]. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_766_244_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%20Living/Communities/Community%20Profiles/Community%20Profiles.htm|title=The City of Calgary: Community%20Profiles|date=June 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615053030/http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_766_244_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%20Living/Communities/Community%20Profiles/Community%20Profiles.htm|archive-date=June 15, 2010|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
Several of Calgary's neighbourhoods were initially separate municipalities that were annexed by the city as it grew. These include Bowness, [[Montgomery, Calgary|Montgomery]], Midnapore, Shepard, and Forest Lawn.
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Calgary}}
Calgary experiences a semi-[[monsoon]]al [[Humid continental climate#Cool summer subtype|humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dwb'', [[Trewartha climate classification]] ''Dclo'') within the city, which is unusual due to semi-monsoonal and monsoonal climates not being typical of the area. The city is also closely bordering a [[Semi-arid climate|cold semi-arid]] climate (Koppen climate classification ''BSk'', Trewartha climate classification ''BSlo''), due to its ___location within the [[Palliser's Triangle]] steppe region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather in Calgary: A Guide to the City's Climate and Seasons |url=https://www.movefaster.ca/moving-to-calgary/weather-in-calgary/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.movefaster.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Water |title=Drought Resilience |url=https://www.calgary.ca/water/drought/long-term-resilience.html |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> The city has warm, wet summers and cold, dry, but highly variable winters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Szeto |first=Kit K. |title=Cold Region Atmospheric and Hydrologic Studies. The Mackenzie GEWEX Experience |date=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-73935-7 |editor-last=Woo |editor-first=M. |___location=Berlin, Heidelberg. |pages=61–82 |chapter=Variability of Cold-Season Temperatures in the Mackenzie Basin |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-73936-4_4}}</ref> According to [[Environment Canada]], average daily temperatures in Calgary range from {{convert|16.9|C}} in July to {{convert|-7.6|C}} in January.<ref name="CIA"/> Winters in Calgary are more moderate than in most other parts of Alberta, and are surprisingly mild for the city’s continentality, due to the chinook winds that are prevalent in the city during the winter.
[[File:Dilmaghanian00711.JPG|thumb|Ice skating on the frozen stream in [[Bowness Park, Calgary|Bowness Park]]. Winters in Calgary are cold and dry, with temperatures dropping below {{convert|-20|C}}.]]The highest temperature ever recorded in Calgary was {{convert|36.7|C}} on [[2018 North American heat wave|August 10, 2018]].<ref name="Calgary Int'l CS">{{cite web
| url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2008-12-22%7C2018-08-11&dlyRange=1999-05-01%7C2018-08-10&mlyRange=2000-06-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27211&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&selRowPerPage=25&Line=5&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=11&txtStationName=calgary&timeframe=2&Year=2018
| title = Daily Data Report for August 2018
| work = Canadian Climate Data
| publisher = Environment Canada
| access-date = August 12, 2018
| date = October 31, 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180812181605/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2008-12-22%7C2018-08-11&dlyRange=1999-05-01%7C2018-08-10&mlyRange=2000-06-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=27211&Prov=AB&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2018&selRowPerPage=25&Line=5&searchMethod=contains&Month=8&Day=11&txtStationName=calgary&timeframe=2&Year=2018
| archive-date = August 12, 2018
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-45.0|C}} on February 4, 1893.<ref name="CIA" /> The wettest month is June with an average [[precipitation]] of {{Convert|112.7|mm|in}}, while the driest month is January with an average precipitation of {{Convert|10.0|mm|in}}.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1991-2020 |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=calgary&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=273000000&dispBack=1 |access-date=February 8, 2025 |website=Environment and Climate Change Canada}}</ref> Calgary falls into the [[Natural Resources Canada|NRC]] [[Hardiness zone|Plant Hardiness Zone]] 4a<ref name="Canadian Plant Hardiness Zones2">{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality |url=http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=C |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701010026/http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=22&lang=en&prov=Alberta&val=C |archive-date=July 1, 2016 |access-date=May 22, 2016 |website=Natural Resources Canada |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> and [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Hardiness zone|zone]] 4a,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Canadian Plant Hardiness Map by Zones - Florissa |url=https://florissa.com/canadian-plant-hardiness-map/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> but within recent years falls under USDA zones 4b or 5a, as unlike NRC zones, USDA zones are solely based on low temperature.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Canadian Hardiness Zones are Not the Same as US Hardiness Zones! |url=https://prairiegardens.org/garden-centre/canadian-hardiness-zones-are-not-the-same-as-us-hardiness-zones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112020421/https://prairiegardens.org/garden-centre/canadian-hardiness-zones-are-not-the-same-as-us-hardiness-zones/ |archive-date=Nov 12, 2024 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Prairie Gardens |language=en-US}}</ref> Chinooks make some plant species more difficult to grow in Calgary, as compared with those parts of the Prairie Provinces where the winters are consistently colder, because they can cause wind damage, dehydration and untimely emergence from dormancy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gooseberrygardens.ca/post/gardening-in-calgary-101 |title=Gardening in Calgary 101 |publisher=Gooseberry Gardens |date=October 25, 2023 |access-date=June 10, 2025}}</ref>
{{Calgary weatherbox}}{{Canada Olympic Park weatherbox}}{{Springbank Hill, Calgary weatherbox}}
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Calgary}}
[[File:2021 Calgary Population Pyramid.png|thumb|464x464px|Population Pyramid of Calgary]]
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], the City of Calgary had a population of 1,306,784 living in 502,301 of its 531,062 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1306784-1239220}}|1239220|1}} from its 2016 population of 1,239,220. With a land area of {{cvt|820.62|km2}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1306784|820.62|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000248 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=February 9, 2022}}</ref>
At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Calgary CMA had a population of {{val|1481806|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|563440|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|594513|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1481806-1392609}}|1392609|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|1392609|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|5098.68|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1481806|5098.68|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022}}</ref>
The population of the City of Calgary according to its [[2019 Alberta municipal censuses|2019 municipal census]] is 1,285,711,<ref name=2019census>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.calgary.ca/2019-census-results-released/|title=2019 Census Results Released|publisher=City of Calgary|date=September 3, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2019}}</ref> a change of
{{percentage|{{#expr:1285711-1267344}}|1267344|1}} from its [[2018 Alberta municipal censuses|2018 municipal census]] population of 1,267,344.<ref name=2018MAPL>{{cite web | url=http://www.calgary.ca/CA/city-clerks/Pages/Election-and-information-services/Civic-Census/Civic-Census.aspx | title=Civic Census 2018 | publisher=City of Calgary | access-date=October 20, 2018 | date=March 10, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015230547/http://www.calgary.ca/CA/city-clerks/Pages/Election-and-information-services/Civic-Census/Civic-Census.aspx | archive-date=October 15, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
In the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census of Population]] conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220 living in 466,725 of its 489,650 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:1239220-1096833}}|1096833|1}} from its 2011 population of 1,096,833. With a land area of {{convert|825.56|km2|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|1239220|825.56|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2016.<ref name=2016censusABmunis>{{cite web | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48 | title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta) | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 8, 2017 | access-date=February 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082610/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48 | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref> Calgary was ranked first among the three cities in Canada that saw their population grow by more than 100,000 people between 2011 and 2016. During this time, Calgary saw a population growth of 142,387 people, followed by [[Edmonton]] at 120,345 people and [[Toronto]] at 116,511 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/96b9-2016-Census-Backgrounder-Population-Dwellings.pdf |title=2016 Census: Population and Dwelling Counts |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 9, 2017 |website=toronto.ca |access-date=August 10, 2018 |quote=• Toronto's population grew by 116,511 residents between 2011 and 2016}}</ref>
The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) is the fourth-largest CMA in Canada and the largest in Alberta. It had a population of 1,392,609 in the 2016 Census compared to its 2011 population of 1,214,839. Its five-year population change of 14.6 percent was the highest among all CMAs in Canada between 2011 and 2016. With a land area of {{convert|5107.55|km2|abbr=on}}, the Calgary CMA had a population density of {{Pop density|1392609|5107.55|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2016.<ref name=2016censusCMAs>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100 | title=Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | access-date=October 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923090409/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=100 | archive-date=September 23, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Calgary CMA population, as of July 1, 2017, is 1,488,841.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, Canada – Population at July 1|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710007801&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.30&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1|work=Statistics Canada|date = February 26, 2014|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref>
In 2015, the population within an hour commuting distance of the city was 1,511,755.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profit Guide Directory of Municipalities 2015|url=http://www.profitguide.com/microsite/best-places/2015/ranking/calgary-ab|work=Profit Guide|access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032216/http://www.profitguide.com/microsite/best-places/2015/ranking/calgary-ab|archive-date=November 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
As a consequence of the large number of corporations, as well as the presence of the energy sector in Alberta, Calgary has a median family income of $104,530.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil107a-eng.htm|title=Statistics Canada|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331014547/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil107a-eng.htm|archive-date=March 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]] reported that [[Immigration to Canada|immigrants]] (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 430,640 persons or 33.3% of the total population of Calgary. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were [[Philippines]] (65,430 persons or 15.2%), [[India]] (56,515 persons or 13.1%), [[China]] (36,240 persons or 8.4%), [[United Kingdom]] (20,415 persons or 4.7%), [[Pakistan]] (18,375 persons or 4.3%), Vietnam (15,395 persons or 3.6%), Nigeria (12,450 persons or 2.9%), United States of America (10,890 persons or 2.5%), [[Hong Kong]] (10,775 persons or 2.5%), and [[South Korea]] (8,210 persons or 1.9%).<ref name="2021censusB"/>
=== Ethnicity ===
{{See also|Demographics of Calgary#City of Calgary}}
{{Pie chart
| caption=[[Panethnicity|Pan-ethnic]] breakdown of Calgary from the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 census]]<ref name="2021censusB"/>
| label1 = European{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not makeup part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"}}
| value1 = 55.41
| color1 = white
| label2 = South Asian
| value2 = 10.97
| color2 = #804000
| label3 = Southeast Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
| value3 = 8.56
| color3 = orange
| label4 = East Asian{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}}
| value4 = 8.49
| color4 = yellow
| label5 = African
| value5 = 5.47
| color5 = black
| label6 = Middle Eastern{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
| value6 = 3.55
| color6 = darkgreen
| label7 = [[Indigenous peoples of Canada|Indigenous]]
| value7 = 3.2
| color7 = red
| label8 = Latin American
| value8 = 2.47
| color8 = brown
| label9 = Other{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}}
| value9 = 1.89
| color9 = grey
}}
According to the 2016 Census, 60% of Calgary's population was white or European, 4% were [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]], and 36.2% belonged to a [[visible minority]] group (non-white and non-Indigenous). Among those of European origin, the most frequently reported ethnic backgrounds were [[British Canadians|British]], [[French Canadians|French]], [[German Canadians|German]], [[Irish Canadians|Irish]], and [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]].
Among visible minorities, [[South Asian Canadians|South Asians]] (ethnic backgrounds mainly from India and Pakistan) make up the largest group (9.5%), followed by [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] (6.8%) and [[Filipino Canadians|Filipinos]] (5.5%). 5.4% were of [[Black Canadians|African]] or [[Caribbean Canadians|Caribbean]] origin, 3.5% was of [[West Asian Canadians|West Asian]] or [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]] origin, while 2.6% of the population was of [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]] origin. Of the largest Canadian cities, Calgary ranked fourth in the proportion of visible minorities, behind Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg. 20.7% of the population identified as "[[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]" in ethnic origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/ethnicorigin/pdf/97-562-XIE2006001.pdf|title=National Household Survey – Reference products, 2011|date=May 8, 2013|work=statcan.ca|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325070623/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/ethnicorigin/pdf/97-562-XIE2006001.pdf|archive-date=March 25, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the City of Calgary (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Calgary, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Alberta |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=September 6, 2023 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2016
! colspan="2" |2011
! colspan="2" |2006
! colspan="2" |2001
|-
![[Population|<abbr>Pop.</abbr>]]
!<abbr>%</abbr>
!<abbr>Pop.</abbr>
!<abbr>%</abbr>
!<abbr>Pop.</abbr>
!<abbr>%</abbr>
!<abbr>Pop.</abbr>
!<abbr>%</abbr>
!<abbr>Pop.</abbr>
!<abbr>%</abbr>
|-
|[[
|
|
|744,625
|60.91%
|727,935
|67.26%
|722,595
|73.77%
|688,465
|79.03%
|-
|[[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
|
|
|115,795
|9.47%
|81,180
|7.5%
|56,210
|5.74%
|36,370
|4.17%
|-
|[[
|
|
|89,260
|7.3%
|67,880
|6.27%
|40,325
|4.12%
|28,605
|3.28%
|-
|[[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]
|
|
|103,640
|8.48%
|87,390
|8.07%
|76,565
|7.82%
|59,020
|6.78%
|-
|[[African-Canadian|African]]
|
|
|51,515
|4.21%
|31,870
|2.94%
|20,540
|2.1%
|13,370
|1.53%
|-
|[[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]
|
|
|37,800
|3.09%
|25,215
|2.33%
|17,175
|1.75%
|11,300
|1.3%
|-
|[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
|41,350
|3.2%
|35,195
|2.88%
|28,905
|2.67%
|24,425
|2.49%
|19,765
|2.27%
|-
|[[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
|31,855
|2.47%
|26,265
|2.15%
|19,870
|1.84%
|13,120
|1.34%
|8,525
|0.98%
|-
|Other/[[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]
|24,400
|1.89%
|18,305
|1.5%
|11,990
|1.11%
|8,525
|0.87%
|5,735
|0.66%
|-
!Total responses
!1,291,770
!98.85%
!1,222,405
!98.64%
!1,082,230
!98.67%
!979,485
!99.12%
!871,140
!99.12%
|-
!Total population
!1,306,784
!100%
!1,239,220
!100%
!1,096,833
!100%
!988,193
!100%
!878,866
!100%
|-
| colspan="11" |Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses
|}
=== Religion ===
{{see also|List of places of worship in Calgary}}
According to the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]], religious groups in Calgary included:<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=October 26, 2022 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&SearchText=calgary |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
*[[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] (575,250 persons or 44.5%)
*[[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligion]] (499,375 persons or 38.7%)
*[[Islam in Canada|Islam]] (95,925 persons or 7.4%)
*[[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] (49,465 persons or 3.8%)
*[[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] (33,450 persons or 2.6%)
*[[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] (20,855 persons or 1.6%)
*[[Judaism in Canada|Judaism]] (6,390 persons or 0.5%)
*[[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Spirituality]] (1,370 persons or 0.1%)
*Other (9,695 persons or 0.8%)
== Economy ==
{{See also|Economy of Alberta}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Employment by industry (2001)<ref name="statcan">[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= "Calgary Community Profile"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121211549/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |date=January 21, 2008 }}. Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Released June 27, 2002. Last modified: November 30, 2005. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE</ref>
|-
!Industry !! Calgary !! Alberta
|-
|Agriculture|| 6.1% || 10.9%
|-
|Manufacturing|| 15.8% ||| 15.8%
|-
|Trade|| 15.9% || 15.8%
|-
|Finance|| 6.4% || 5.0%
|-
|Health and education|| 25.1% || 18.8%
|-
|Business services|| 25.1% || 18.8%
|-
|Other services|| 16.5% || 18.7%
|}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Labour force (2016)<ref name="statcan2006">{{cite web |url = http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |publisher = Statistics Canada |title = 2006 Community Profiles Census Subdivision |access-date = January 24, 2012 |date = March 13, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120121054746/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=4806016&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=calgary&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |archive-date = January 21, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
! Rate !! Calgary !! Alberta !! Canada
|-
| Employment || 66.9% || 66.3% || 61.2%
|-
| Unemployment || 10.3% || 9.0% || 6.8%
|-
| Participation || 74.6% || 72.9% || 65.6%
|}
Calgary is recognized as a leader in the [[Petroleum industry in Canada|Canadian oil and gas industry]], and its economy expanded at a significantly higher rate than the overall Canadian economy (43% and 25%, respectively) over the ten-year period from 1999 to 2009.<ref name="calgary.ca">{{Cite web |url=http://www.calgary.ca/_layouts/cocis/DirectDownload.aspx?target=http%3a%2f%2fwww.calgary.ca%2fcfod%2ffinance%2fDocuments%2fCorporate-Economics%2fOther-Reports%2fBriefing-Note-04-Economic-Performance-1999-2009.pdf&noredirect=1&sf=1 |title=Calgary's Economic Performance: 1999-2009 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |date=2010 |work=City of Calgary }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Its high personal and family incomes,<ref name=CanadaWest/><ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com"/> low unemployment and high GDP per capita<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tableaudebordmontreal.com/comparons/activiteeconomique/pibpercapita.en.html?mode=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128073646/http://tableaudebordmontreal.com/comparons/activiteeconomique/pibpercapita.en.html?mode=print|archive-date=November 28, 2010 |title=GDP per capita |publisher=Tableaudebordmontreal.com |access-date= August 29, 2011}}</ref> have all benefited from increased sales and prices due to a resource boom,<ref name="calgary.ca"/> and increasing economic diversification.
Calgary benefits from a relatively strong [[Labour economics|job market]] in Alberta and is part of the [[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]], one of the fastest-growing regions in the country. It is the head office for many major oil and gas-related companies, and many financial service businesses have grown up around them. Small business and self-employment levels also rank amongst the highest in Canada.<ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com/mediakit/calgary-ecomomy |title=Calgary Economy |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |access-date=August 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903024512/http://www.calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com/mediakit/calgary-ecomomy |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Calgary is a distribution and transportation hub<ref name=CRPtransportation>{{cite web | url=http://calgaryregion.ca/crp/invest-overview/Featured-industries/transportation-and-logistics.html | title=Transportation & Logistics | publisher=Calgary Regional Partnership | access-date=March 6, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306113652/http://calgaryregion.ca/crp/invest-overview/Featured-industries/transportation-and-logistics.html | archive-date=March 6, 2014 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> with high retail sales.<ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com"/>
Calgary's economy is decreasingly dominated by the oil and gas industry, although it is still the single largest contributor to the city's GDP. In 2006, Calgary's real GDP (in constant 1997 dollars) was {{CAD|52.386}} billion, of which oil, gas and mining contributed 12%.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/relocateAndExpand/RECalgaryEconomy/gdp.cfm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120030/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/relocate/calgarys-economy/gdp| archive-date= July 22, 2011 | title= Real GDP by Industry: Calgary Economic Region, 2006 | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | access-date= March 12, 2007}}</ref> The larger oil and gas companies are [[BP Canada]], [[Canadian Natural Resources Limited]], [[Cenovus Energy]], [[Encana]], [[Imperial Oil]], [[Suncor Energy]], [[Shell Canada]], [[Husky Energy]], [[TransCanada Corporation|TransCanada]], and [[Nexen Energy|Nexen]], making the city home to 87% of Canada's oil and natural gas producers and 66% of coal producers.<ref name=AlbertaFirst>{{cite web| url= http://www.albertafirst.com/profiles/statspack/20366.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013223651/http://albertafirst.com/profiles/statspack/20366.html| archive-date= October 13, 2007 | title= Calgary | author = Alberta First | year= 2007 | access-date = March 12, 2007}}</ref>
As of November 2016, the city had a labour force of 901,700 (a 74.6% participation rate) and 10.3% unemployment rate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss03k-eng.htm|title=Labour force characteristics, seasonally adjusted, by census metropolitan area (3 month moving average) Calgary (Alta.), Edmonton (Alta.), Kelowna (B.C.)|date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=December 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206020335/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss03k-eng.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss01c-eng.htm|title=Labour force characteristics, seasonally adjusted, by province (monthly) (Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia)|access-date=December 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128175058/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/lfss01c-eng.htm|archive-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/bu/finance/reports/2011/CityOfCalgaryAR2010.pdf]{{Dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>
In 2013, Calgary's four largest industries by employee count were "Trade" (with 112,800 employees), "Professional, Scientific and Technical Services" (100,800 employees), "Health Care and Social Assistance" (89,200 employees), and "Construction" (81,500 employees).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/ar2013/pdf/2014-CED-Annual-Report.pdf |title=Calgary Economic Development 2013 Annual Report |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |access-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022172327/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/ar2013/pdf/2014-CED-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2006, the top three private sector employers in Calgary were [[Shaw Communications]] (7,500 employees), [[Nova Chemicals]] (4,945) and [[Telus Communications|Telus]] (4,517).<ref name=topemployers>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/30697588/TOP-CALGARY-EMPLOYERS |title=Top Calgary Employers |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |date=April 2006 |access-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821082047/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/30697588/TOP-CALGARY-EMPLOYERS |archive-date=August 21, 2013 }}</ref> Companies rounding out the top ten were [[Mark's Work Wearhouse]], the [[Calgary Co-op]], Nexen, Canadian Pacific Railway, CNRL, Shell Canada and [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical Canada]].<ref name=topemployers/> The top public sector employers in 2006 were the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services (22,000), the City of Calgary (12,296) and the Calgary Board of Education (8,000).<ref name=topemployers/> Public sector employers rounding out the top five were the University of Calgary and the Calgary Roman Catholic Separate School Division.<ref name=topemployers/>
In Canada, Calgary has the second-highest concentration of head offices in Canada (behind Toronto), the most head offices per capita, and the highest head office revenue per capita.<ref name=CanadaWest/><ref name="calgaryheralddigitalmedia.com"/> Some large employers with Calgary head offices include [[Safeway Inc.|Canada Safeway Limited]], [[Loblaw Companies|Westfair Foods Ltd.]], Suncor Energy, [[Agrium]], Flint Energy Services Ltd., Shaw Communications, and [[Canadian Pacific Kansas City]].<ref name="large">{{cite web|url=http://albertaventure.com/2010/09/largest-employers-2010/#more-12215 |title=Largest Employers 2010 | Western Business Insight |publisher=Alberta Venture |date=September 1, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707103422/http://albertaventure.com/2010/09/largest-employers-2010/ |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> CPR moved its head office from Montreal in 1996 and Imperial Oil moved from Toronto in 2005. Encana's new 58-floor corporate headquarters, [[The Bow (skyscraper)|the Bow]], became the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/encana-unveils-plans-for-downtown-calgary-office-tower-1.593564|title=EnCana Unveils Plans for Downtown Calgary Office Tower|author=CBC Article |access-date=January 6, 2006 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012165011/http://cbc.ca/money/story/2006/10/12/encana-office.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, the city became the corporate headquarters of the [[TSX Venture Exchange]].
[[WestJet]] is headquartered close to the Calgary International Airport,<ref>[http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/contact/index.shtml Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202015319/http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/contact/index.shtml |date=February 2, 2012 }}. ''[[WestJet]]''. Retrieved January 26, 2011.</ref> and [[Enerjet]] has its headquarters on the airport grounds.<ref>"[http://www.enerjet.ca/customerservice.html Customer Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324030704/http://www.enerjet.ca/customerservice.html |date=March 24, 2010 }}." [[Enerjet]]. Retrieved March 31, 2010.</ref> Prior to their dissolution, [[Canadian Airlines]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000303181624/http://www.cdnair.ca/eng/corp/01corp/index.html Investor & Financial Information]. ''[[Canadian Airlines]]''. March 3, 2000. Retrieved May 20, 2009.</ref> and [[Air Canada]]'s subsidiary [[Zip (airline)|Zip]] were also headquartered near the city's airport.<ref>Pigg, Susan. "[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/421016591.html?dids=421016591:421016591&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22%2C+2003&author=Susan+Pigg&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Zip%2C+WestJet+in+fare+war+that+could+hurt+them+both+%3B+Move+follows+competition+bureau+ruling+Battle+could+intensify+when+Zip+flies+eastward&pqatl=google Zip, WestJet in fare war that could hurt them both; Move follows competition bureau ruling Battle could intensify when Zip flies eastward] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207091041/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/421016591.html?dids=421016591:421016591&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22%2C+2003&author=Susan+Pigg&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Zip%2C+WestJet+in+fare+war+that+could+hurt+them+both+%3B+Move+follows+competition+bureau+ruling+Battle+could+intensify+when+Zip+flies+eastward&pqatl=google |date=February 7, 2013 }}." ''[[Toronto Star]]''. January 22, 2003. Business C01. Retrieved September 30, 2009.</ref> Although its main office is now based in [[Yellowknife]], [[Canadian North]], purchased from Canadian Airlines in September 1998, still maintains operations and charter offices in Calgary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/administration |title=Administration |work=canadiannorth.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823223032/http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/administration |archive-date=August 23, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/charters|title=Charters|work=canadiannorth.com|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823224653/http://www.canadiannorth.com/contact/charters|archive-date=August 23, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
One of Canada's largest [[Accounting network|accounting firms]], [[MNP LLP]], is also headquartered in Calgary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Head Office |url=https://www.mnp.ca/en/offices/head-office |website=MNP LLP |access-date=March 12, 2022}}</ref>
According to a report by Alexi Olcheski of Avison Young published in August 2015, vacancy rates rose to 11.5 percent in the second quarter of 2015 from 8.3 percent in 2014. Oil and gas company office spaces in downtown Calgary are subleasing 40 percent of their overall vacancies.<ref name="FP_12Aug2015">{{cite news | url=http://business.financialpost.com/news/energy/ghost-vacancies-haunt-downtown-calgary-as-oil-patch-layoffs-empty-office-buildings | title='Ghost vacancies' haunt downtown Calgary as oil patch layoffs empty office buildings | work=Financial Post | date=August 12, 2015 | access-date=October 1, 2015 | author=Morgan, Geoffrey | ___location=Calgary | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002102104/http://business.financialpost.com/news/energy/ghost-vacancies-haunt-downtown-calgary-as-oil-patch-layoffs-empty-office-buildings | archive-date=October 2, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[H&R Real Estate Investment Trust]], which owns the 58-storey, 158,000-square-metre [[Bow Tower]], claims the building was fully leased. Tenants such as [[Suncor]] "have been letting staff and contractors go in response to the downturn".<ref name="FP_12Aug2015" />
== Arts and culture ==
Calgary was designated as one of Canada's cultural capitals in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avenuecalgary.com/July-2012/Calgary-2012-Federal-Government-Cancels-Cultural-Capital-Program/ |title=Calgary 2012: Federal Government Cancels Cultural Capital Program - Avenue Calgary - July 2012 |publisher=Avenue Calgary |date=July 6, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412020309/http://www.avenuecalgary.com/July-2012/Calgary-2012-Federal-Government-Cancels-Cultural-Capital-Program/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While many Calgarians continue to live in the city's suburbs, more central neighbourhoods such as Kensington, Inglewood, Forest Lawn, Bridgeland, Marda Loop, the Mission District, and especially the Beltline, have become more popular and density in those areas has increased.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.calgary.ca/ca/city-clerks/pages/election-and-information-services/civic-census/censusresults.aspx |title=Past census results |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=City of Calgary |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530135433/https://www.calgary.ca/CA/city-clerks/Pages/Election-and-Information-Services/Civic-Census/CensusResults.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Stage===
Calgary is the site of the [[Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium]] performing arts, culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other is the [[Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium]] in Edmonton, each being locally known as the "Jube." The 2,538-seat auditorium was opened in 1957<ref name="jubileeauditorium">{{cite web|url=http://www.jubileeauditorium.com/southern/about/who_we_are.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071214/http://www.jubileeauditorium.com/southern/about/who_we_are.asp|archive-date=July 16, 2011|title=Auditoria History|author=Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium|access-date=September 25, 2007}}</ref> and has been host to hundreds of [[musical theatre]], theatrical, stage and local productions. The Calgary Jube is the resident home of the [[Alberta Ballet Company]], the [[Calgary Opera]], and the annual civic [[Remembrance Day]] ceremonies. Both auditoriums operate 365 days a year and are run by the provincial government. Both received major renovations as part of the province's centennial in 2005.<ref name="jubileeauditorium" />[[File:Epcor Centre 5.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Arts Commons]] is a multi-venue [[arts centre]] in [[Downtown Calgary]].]]
The city is also home to a number of performing arts spaces, such as [[Arts Commons]], which is a 400,000 square foot performing arts complex housing the Jack Singer Concert Hall, Martha Cohen Theatre, Max Bell Theatre, Big Secret Theatre, and Motel Theatre, the Pumphouse Theatre, which houses the Victor Mitchell and Joyce Doolittle theatres, The GRAND, the Bella Concert Hall, the Wright Theatre, Vertigo Theatre, Stage West Theatre, Lunchbox Theatre, and several other smaller venues.
===Theatre===
Some large theatre companies share Calgary's [[Arts Commons]] building, including [[One Yellow Rabbit]], [[Theatre Calgary]], and [[Alberta Theatre Projects]]. [[The Grand (Calgary)|The Grand]] is a culture house dedicated to the contemporary live arts. Other companies, groups, and collectives operate in niche theatres, such as Storybook Theatre (children's theatre), Sundog Storytellers (immersive theatre), and The Shakespeare Company.
Calgary is the birthplace of the [[Theatresports]], which are [[improvisational theatre]] games.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.keithjohnstone.com/improv.php | title=The origins of Theatresports | author= Keith Johnstone | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627092251/http://www.keithjohnstone.com/improv.php | access-date= January 27, 2022 | archive-date=June 27, 2007 }}</ref>
==
Every three years, Calgary hosts the [[Honens International Piano Competition]] (formerly known as the Esther Honens International Piano Competition). The finalists of the competition perform piano concerti with the [[Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra]]; the laureate is awarded a cash prize ($100,000 {{as of|2013|lc=on}}, the largest cash award of any international piano competition), and a three-year career development program. Honens is an integral component of the classical music scene in Calgary.
A number of [[marching band]]s are based in Calgary. They include the [[Calgary Round-Up Band]], the Calgary Stetson Show Band, the Our Lady of the Rockies Marching Ghosts, and the six-time World Association for Marching Show Bands champions, the Calgary Stampede Showband, as well as military bands including the Band of HMCS ''Tecumseh'', the King's Own Calgary Regiment Band, and the [[Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders (10th Canadians)]]. There are many other civilian pipe bands in the city, notably the [[Calgary Police Service]] Pipe Band.<ref>Calgary Marching Bands: [http://www.roundupband.org/ Round-Up Band] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101101509/http://www.roundupband.org/ |date=January 1, 2007 }}, [http://www.stetsonband.org/ Stetson Show Band] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103163051/http://www.stetsonband.org/ |date=January 3, 2007 }}, [http://www.stampedeshowband.com/ Calgary Stampede Showband] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206095342/http://www.stampedeshowband.com/ |date=December 6, 2006 }}, [http://www.wamsb.org/ World Association for Marching Show Bands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205034627/http://wamsb.org/ |date=December 5, 2006 }}</ref>
Calgary is also home to a choral music community, including a variety of amateur, community, and semi-professional groups. Some of the mainstays include the Mount Royal Choirs from the [[Mount Royal University]] Conservatory, the [[Calgary Boys' Choir]], the Calgary Girls Choir, the Youth Singers of Calgary, the Cantaré Children's Choir, Luminous Voices Music Society, Spiritus Chamber Choir, and pop-choral group Revv52.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/featurereview-tim-shantz-spiritus-and-luminous-voices-have-changed-calgarys-choral-scene/|title=Feature/Review: Tim Shantz, Spiritus and Luminous Voices bring a special resonance to Calgary's choral scene|date=April 17, 2014|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/local-arts/calgary-pop-choir-revving-up-for-first-show-with-new-artistic-director/|title=Calgary pop choir revving up for first show with new artistic director|last=Jarvie|first=Michele|date=January 14, 2020|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/city-choir-helps-boys-find-their-voice-for-43-years/|title=City choir helps boys find their voice for forty-three years|last=Jarvie|first=Michele|date=January 13, 2017|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref>
===Dance===
The Alberta Ballet is Canada's third-largest dance company. Under Jean Grand-Maître's artistic direction, the Alberta Ballet is at the forefront both at home and internationally. Jean Grand-Maître is well known for his successful portrait series collaborations with pop artists like Joni Mitchell, Elton John, and Sarah McLachlan. The Alberta Ballet resides in the Nat Christie Centre.<ref>[[Alberta Ballet Company]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/grand-matre-the-king-of-pop-ballet/article4392480/|title=Grand-Maître: the king of pop ballet|date=August 23, 2012|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=August 22, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225155/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/grand-matre-the-king-of-pop-ballet/article4392480/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|___location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DeMello |first1=Jessica |title=Ballet Review: The Alberta Ballet's Fumbling Towards Ecstacy[sic] |url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/06/ballet-review-the-alberta-ballets-fumbling-towards-ecstacy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130506032444/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/05/06/ballet-review-the-alberta-ballets-fumbling-towards-ecstacy/ |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |access-date=March 21, 2015}}</ref>
Other dance companies include Springboard Performance, which hosts the annual Fluid Movement Arts Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/contemporary-art-and-dance-at-forefront-of-fluid-fest/|title=Contemporary Art and Dance at Forefront of Fluid Fest|first=Louis|last=Hobson|date=October 18, 2018|website=Calgary Herald|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, which opened its new $25-million facility in 2016 in collaboration with the Kahanoff Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/decidedly+jazz+danceworks+breaks+ground+million+space/9793087/story.html|title=Decidedly Jazz Danceworks breaks ground on $25 million art space|last=Hunt|first=Stephen|website=www.calgaryherald.com|language=en-ca|access-date=April 16, 2020|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727062847/http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/theatre/decidedly+jazz+danceworks+breaks+ground+million+space/9793087/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as a host of others, including European folk dance ensembles, Afro-based dance companies, and diasporic dance companies.
===Film and television===
Numerous films have been shot in Calgary and the surrounding area, including ''[[The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford|The Assassination of Jesse James]]'', ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'', ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'', ''[[Hello, Love, Again]]'', ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'', ''[[Inception]]'', ''[[Legends of the Fall]]'', ''[[Unforgiven]]'', ''[[The Revenant (2015 film)|The Revenant]],'' and ''[[Cool Runnings]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveincalgary.ca/jobs/employment-in-calgary/key-industries/film |title=Calgary's Film Industry |publisher=Calgary Economic Development |access-date=September 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907123132/http://www.liveincalgary.ca/jobs/employment-in-calgary/key-industries/film |archive-date=September 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GALBRAITH |first=JANE |date=September 30, 1993 |title=From Real Life to Screen Proved Tough Sledding : Movies: Despite being dropped by Columbia and two directors, 'Cool Runnings,' the film about Jamaican bobsledders, makes it across the finish line. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-30-ca-40417-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409210920/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-30-ca-40417-story.html |archive-date=April 9, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Ghostbusters: Afterlife]]'' was filmed in downtown Calgary and Inglewood in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyhive.com/calgary/paul-rudd-hudsons-pub-calgary|title=Paul Rudd was just spotted at this downtown Calgary pub (Photos)|website=dailyhive.com|date=September 8, 2019 |language=en|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> Television shows include ''[[Fargo (TV series)|Fargo]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/Find+Calgary+buildings+while+watching+Fargo+series/9767194/story.html|title=Find Calgary's buildings while watching the Fargo TV series|last=Volmers|first=Eric|website=www.calgaryherald.com|language=en-ca|access-date=January 16, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128040751/http://www.calgaryherald.com/find+calgary+buildings+while+watching+fargo+series/9767194/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Black Summer (TV series)|Black Summer]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyhive.com/calgary/netflix-black-summer-filmed-calgary-area|title=Netflix's new 'Black Summer' series was filmed in the Calgary area {{!}} Etcetera|website=dailyhive.com|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> ''[[Wynonna Earp (TV series)|Wyonna Earp]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/television/embargoed-after-months-of-delays-amid-rumours-of-financial-troubles-calgary-based-wynonna-earp-to-begin-production-of-season-4|title=Calgary-based Wynonna Earp overcomes financial woes, shooting to begin on Season 4|first=Eric|last=Volmers|date=July 2, 2019|website=Calgary Herald|language=en|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> ''[[Wild Roses (TV series)|Wild Roses]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/calgary-herald/20090105/282269546269861|title=Wild Roses Country|via=PressReader|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> and ''[[The Last of Us (TV series)|The Last of Us]]''.
===Print media===
The ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' and the ''[[Calgary Sun]]'' are the main newspapers in Calgary. [[Global Television Network|Global]], [[City (TV network)|City]], [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] and [[CBC Television|CBC]] television networks have local studios in the city.
===Visual art===
Visual and conceptual artists like the art collective [[United Congress]] are active in the city. There are a number of [[Art gallery|art galleries]] in the downtown along Stephen Avenue; the SoDo (South of Downtown) Design District; the 17 Avenue corridor; the neighbourhood of Inglewood, including the Esker Foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://uptown17.ca/default.asp?webpage=285 | title= Hip to Haute | access-date= May 22, 2007 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000216/http://uptown17.ca/default.asp?webpage=285 | archive-date= September 29, 2007 | df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designquarterly.ca/CalgarysDesignDistrict.aspx |title=Calgary's Design District |publisher=Design Quarterly |access-date=April 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526223000/http://www.designquarterly.ca/CalgarysDesignDistrict.aspx |archive-date=May 26, 2013 }}</ref> There are also various art installations in the +15 system in downtown Calgary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Recreation/Pages/Public-Art/Civic-Art-collection.aspx|title=Public Art Collection|date=May 16, 2011|website=www.calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref>
===Libraries===
[[File:Calgary Central Library (48002281806).jpg|alt=|thumb|Calgary's [[Calgary Central Library|Central Library]] has won numerous international architectural and urban design awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards Won by Central Library|url=https://calgarylibrary.ca/about-the-library/media-centre/awards-won-by-central-library/}}</ref>]]
The [[Calgary Public Library]] is the city's public library network, with 21 branches loaning books, e-books, CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, audiobooks, and more. Based on borrowing, the library is Canada's second-largest and North America's sixth-largest municipal library. The new flagship branch, the {{convert|240000|sqft|order=flip|abbr=on}} [[Calgary Central Library]] in [[Downtown East Village, Calgary|Downtown East Village]], opened on November 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McGregor|first1=Lisa|title=Calgary Public Library reinvents itself|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1752548/calgary-public-library-reinvents-itself/|access-date=January 8, 2015|publisher=Global News|date=January 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107061032/http://globalnews.ca/news/1752548/calgary-public-library-reinvents-itself/|archive-date=January 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Museums===
Several museums are in the city. The [[Glenbow Museum]] is western Canada's largest and includes an [[Art museum|art gallery]] and [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] gallery.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.calgarykiosk.ca/calgary-tour/Glenbow-Museum.php| archive-url= https://archive.today/20120702215257/http://www.calgarykiosk.ca/calgary-tour/Glenbow-Museum.php| url-status= dead| archive-date= July 2, 2012| title= Glenbow Museum| author= Calgary Kiosk| year= 2006| access-date= June 28, 2007}}</ref> Other major museums include the [[Chinese Cultural Centre, Calgary|Chinese Cultural Centre]] (at {{convert|70000|sqft|abbr=on|order=flip}}, the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.where.ca/calgary/guide_listing~listing_id~652.htm |title=Calgary Chinese Cultural Centre |work=[[Where (magazine)|Where]] |year=2007 |access-date=June 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006095301/http://www.where.ca/calgary/guide_listing~listing_id~652.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2006 }}</ref> [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]] (at [[Canada Olympic Park]]), [[The Military Museums]], the [[National Music Centre]] and [[The Hangar Flight Museum]].
===Festivals===
[[File:2017 Calgary Stampede - Day Eight (9) (35890971326).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[Calgary Stampede]] draws in over a million visitors every year.<ref name=":4" />|left]]
[[File:Calgary Pride Parade 2016 (29427625056).jpg|thumb|Calgary has held an [[LGBT pride|LGBT+ Pride]] event every year since 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History - Calgary Pride - 30 Years of Pride in Calgary|url=https://www.calgarypride.ca/about/ourhistory/|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=Calgary Pride 2020 Reimagined|language=en-US}}</ref>|alt=|left]]
Calgary hosts a [[List of festivals in Calgary|number of annual festivals and events]]. These include the Calgary International Film Festival, the [[Calgary Folk Music Festival]], the Calgary Performing Arts Festival (formerly [[Kiwanis Music Festival]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/festival-guide/kiwanis+music+festival+gets+name+change/9622993/story.html|title=Kiwanis Music Festival gets a name change|last=Hunt|first=Stephen|website=www.calgaryherald.com|language=en-ca|access-date=April 16, 2020|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073116/http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/festival-guide/kiwanis+music+festival+gets+name+change/9622993/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> FunnyFest Calgary Comedy Festival, Calgary International Blues Festival, [[Sled Island]] music festival, [[Beakerhead]], the [[Greek festival]], Carifest, [[Wordfest]], the [[Lilac Festival (Calgary)|Lilac Festival]], [[GlobalFest]], [[Otafest]], the [[Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo]], [[FallCon]], the [[Calgary Fringe Festival]], [[Summerstock Conservatory|Summerstock]], Expo Latino, [[Calgary Pride]], Calgary International Spoken Word Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.calgaryspokenwordfestival.com/ |title= Calgary Spoken Word Festival |publisher= calgaryspokenwordfestival.com |access-date= August 29, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110831140633/http://www.calgaryspokenwordfestival.com/ |archive-date= August 31, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. The [[Calgary International Film Festival]] is also held annually as well as the [[International Festival of Animated Objects]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puppetfestival.ca/about/|title=About Us {{!}} Festival of Animated Objects|website=www.puppetfestival.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318004634/http://www.puppetfestival.ca/about/|archive-date=March 18, 2017|access-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref>
Calgary's best-known event is the [[Calgary Stampede]], which has occurred each July, with the exception of the year 2020, since 1912. It is one of the largest [[List of festivals in Canada|festivals in Canada]], with a 2005 attendance of 1,242,928 at the 10-day [[rodeo]] and exhibition.<ref name=":4">{{cite web| url= http://www.stampede.coolattractions.com/history.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060613054127/http://stampede.coolattractions.com/history.html| archive-date= June 13, 2006 | title= History of the Stampede | author= Calgary Stampede | author-link= Calgary Stampede | year= 2006 | access-date= May 8, 2006}}</ref>
===Arts education===
Calgary is also home to several post-secondary institutions that provide credit and non-credit instruction in the arts, including the [[Alberta University of the Arts]] (formerly Alberta College of Art and Design),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/acad-becomes-alberta-university-of-the-arts/|title=New name, new direction: ACAD becomes Alberta University of the Arts|last=Ferguson|first=Ava|date=January 18, 2019|website=calgaryherald.com|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> the School of Creative and Performing Arts at the University of Calgary,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cda-acd.ca/news-media/first-combined-dance-and-kinesiology-degree-in-canada|title=First combined Dance and Kinesiology Degree in Canada|website=www.cda-acd.ca|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> the Mount Royal University Conservatory,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/mount-royal-university-conservatory|title=Mount Royal University Conservatory {{!}} l'Encyclopédie Canadienne|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> and Ambrose University.
== Attractions ==
{{Main|List of attractions and landmarks in Calgary}}
{{See also|List of Calgary parks}}
[[File:Stephen Avenue Walk. Calgary. (28278179767).jpg|alt=|thumb|Featuring a mix of boutiques, high-end retailers and restaurants, [[Stephen Avenue]] is a major [[Pedestrian zone|pedestrian mall]] and tourist attraction in Calgary.]]
[[File:Calgary Tower (222091642).jpg|alt=|thumb|Despite no longer being the tallest structure in the city, the [[Calgary Tower]] remains a prominent attraction and symbol of Calgary's culture.]]
Downtown Calgary features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, public squares and shopping. Downtown attractions include the [[Calgary Tower]], [[Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo]], [[National Music Centre]], [[Calgary Telus Convention Centre]], Chinatown district, Arts Commons, [[Calgary Central Library|Central Library]], St. Patrick's Island, Glenbow Museum, the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC), [[Olympic Plaza (Calgary)|Olympic Plaza]], the [[Calgary Stampede]] grounds and military museums, and various other [[List of tallest buildings in Calgary|high rises]]. Notable shopping areas include the [[The Core Shopping Centre (Calgary)|Core Centre]], Stephen Avenue and the [[Eau Claire, Calgary#Eau Claire Market|Eau Claire Market]]. The [[Peace Bridge (Calgary)|Peace Bridge]] spans the [[Bow River]] in the downtown region. The region is also home to [[Prince's Island Park (Calgary)|Prince's Island Park]], an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. At {{convert|2.5|acre|ha|order=flip|abbr=on}}, the [[Devonian Gardens (Calgary)|Devonian Gardens]] is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_780_247_0_43/http%3B/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Parks+and+Cemeteries/Parks/Devonian+Gardens/Devonian+Gardens.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191918/http://calgary.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_780_247_0_43/http;/content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Parks+and+Cemeteries/Parks/Devonian+Gardens/Devonian+Gardens.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 13, 2007| title= Devonian Gardens|author=City of Calgary|access-date=September 25, 2007}}</ref> on the top floor of the Core Centre. Directly south of the city's downtown is the [[Beltline, Calgary|Beltline]], an urban community known for its bars, nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. At the Beltline's core is ''17 Avenue SW'', the community's primary entertainment and [[nightlife]] strip, lined with a high concentration of bars and entertainment. During the Calgary Flames' [[2003–04 Calgary Flames season|Stanley Cup run in 2004]], 17 Avenue SW was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the "[[Red Mile]]". Downtown Calgary is easily accessed using the [[CTrain]] transit system with 9 train stations in the city's downtown core. The train is also fare-free while downtown.
Attractions in other areas of the city include the [[Heritage Park Historical Village]], depicting life in pre-1914 Alberta and featuring working historic vehicles such as a [[steam locomotive|steam train]], [[paddle steamer]] and [[Tram|electric streetcar]]. The village itself comprises a mixture of replica buildings and historic structures relocated from southern Alberta. Just west of the city limits is [[Calaway Park]], Western Canada's largest outdoor family amusement park, and just north of the park across the Trans Canada Highway is the YBV Springbank Airport, where the Wings over Springbank Airshow is held every July. Other major city attractions include Canada Olympic Park (which features [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]]) and [[Spruce Meadows]]. On top of the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in the city. Among the largest are [[Chinook Centre]] and [[Southcentre Mall]] in the south, Westhills and [[Signal Hill, Calgary|Signal Hill]] in the southwest, South Trail Crossing and Deerfoot Meadows in the southeast, [[Market Mall]] in the northwest, [[Sunridge Mall]] in the northeast, and the newly built [[CrossIron Mills]] and [[New Horizon Mall]] just north of the Calgary city limits, and south of the City of Airdrie.
== Sports and recreation ==
{{Main|Sport in Calgary}}[[File:Calgary from Nose hill park (15811489540).jpg|alt=|thumb|The grassy fields of [[Nose Hill Park]] overlooking [[Canada Olympic Park]] and the [[Canadian Rockies]] ]]
Within Calgary, there are approximately {{convert|8000|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of parkland available for public usage and recreation.<ref name="Parks">{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/home.aspx|title=Calgary Parks|date=March 7, 2011|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114203330/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/home.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> These parks include [[Fish Creek Provincial Park]], Inglewood Bird Sanctuary, [[Bowness Park, Calgary|Bowness Park]], [[Edworthy Park]], [[Confederation Park, Calgary|Confederation Park]], [[Prince's Island Park (Calgary)|Prince's Island Park]], [[Nose Hill Park]], and [[Central Memorial Park]]. Nose Hill Park is one of the largest municipal parks in Canada at {{convert|1129|ha|acre|abbr=on}}. The park has been subject to a revitalization plan that began in 2006. Its trail system is currently undergoing rehabilitation in accordance with this plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Locations/NW-parks/Nose-Hill-Park.aspx|title=Nose Hill Park|date=January 11, 2011|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170701/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Locations/NW-parks/Nose-Hill-Park.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Construction/Nose-Hill-Park-Trail-and-Pathway-improvement-plan.aspx|title=Nose Hill Park Trail and Pathway improvement plan|date=November 15, 2010|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170616/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/Construction/Nose-Hill-Park-Trail-and-Pathway-improvement-plan.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest park in Calgary, Central Memorial Park, dates back to 1911. Similar to Nose Hill Park, revitalization also took place in Central Memorial Park in 2008–2009 and reopened to the public in 2010 while still maintaining its Victorian style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/History/Parks-history.aspx|title=Parks history|date=November 3, 2010|website=calgary.ca|language=en-CAN|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170545/http://www.calgary.ca/CSPS/Parks/Pages/History/Parks-history.aspx|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> An {{convert|800|km|abbr=on}} pathway system connects these parks and various neighbourhoods.<ref name="Parks" /><ref name="pathway">{{cite web |author=City of Calgary |title=Calgary Pathways and Trails |url=https://www.calgary.ca/bike-walk-roll/pathways.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111235153/http://www.calgary.ca/CS/IIS/Documents/emaps/bicycle_pathways_map.pdf |archive-date=November 11, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2023}}</ref> Calgary also has multiple private sporting clubs including the [[The Glencoe Club|Glencoe Club]] and the Calgary Winter Club.
[[File:The peace bridge Calgary.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|The [[Peace Bridge (Calgary)|Peace Bridge]] is a pedestrian and cycling bridge at [[Eau Claire, Calgary|Eau Claire Park]], suspended over the [[Bow River]].]]
In large part due to its proximity to the Rocky Mountains, Calgary has traditionally been a popular destination for winter sports. Since hosting the [[1988 Winter Olympics]], the city has also been home to a number of major winter sporting facilities such as [[Canada Olympic Park]] (bobsleigh, [[luge]], [[cross-country skiing (sport)|cross-country skiing]], [[ski jumping]], [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill skiing]], [[snowboarding]], and some summer sports) and the [[Olympic Oval]] ([[speed skating]] and [[ice hockey|hockey]]). These facilities serve as the primary training venues for a number of competitive athletes. Also, Canada Olympic Park serves as a [[mountain biking]] trail in the summer months. Calgary unsuccessfully bid to host the 2026 Winter Olympics, losing to Milan/Cortina Italy.
In the summer, the Bow River is frequented by river rafters<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.avenuecalgary.com/Things-to-Do/Rafting-Down-the-Bow-River/|title=Planning on Rafting Down the Bow River This Summer? Here's How to Stay Safe|access-date=November 21, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204225/https://www.avenuecalgary.com/Things-to-Do/Rafting-Down-the-Bow-River/|archive-date=November 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Fly fishing|fly-fishermen]]. Golfing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians, and the region has a large number of courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/canada/ab/calgary/ |title=Calgary, Alberta Golf Courses |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=GolfLink}}</ref> The [[Century Downs Racetrack and Casino]] is a {{convert|5+1/2|furlong|km|adj=on}} horse track located just north of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnty.com/centurydowns/ |title=Century Downs Racetrack and Casino |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326183005/https://www.cnty.com/centurydowns/ |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
As part of the wider [[Battle of Alberta]], the city's sports teams enjoy a popular rivalry with their Edmonton counterparts, most notably the rivalries between the [[National Hockey League]]'s [[Calgary Flames]] and [[Edmonton Oilers]], and the [[Canadian Football League]]'s [[Calgary Stampeders]] and [[Edmonton Elks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5704835/edmonton-eskimos-battle-alberta-cfl-july/ |title=Edmonton Eskimos prepare for Round 1 of 2019 Battle of Alberta in Calgary |last=Campbell |first=Dave |date=July 30, 2019 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/print?id=2191048&type=story |title=Bile back in Battle of Alberta |date=October 14, 2005 |first=George |last=Johnson |publisher=ESPN |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:2020 Calgary Saddledome.jpg|thumb|The [[Scotiabank Saddledome]] is a multi-use [[indoor arena]] that is home to the [[National Hockey League|NHL]]'s [[Calgary Flames]] and the [[National Lacrosse League|NLL]]'s [[Calgary Roughnecks]].]]
[[File:McMahon Stadium 5.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[McMahon Stadium]] is the home stadium for the [[Canadian Football League|CFL]]'s [[Calgary Stampeders]] and of the [[Northern Super League|NSL]]'s [[Calgary Wild FC]] and was the [[Olympic Stadium]] for the [[1988 Winter Olympics]].]]
Calgary is the hometown of the [[Hart wrestling family]] and the ___location of the Hart family "[[Hart Dungeon|Dungeon]]", where the patriarch of the Hart Family, [[Stu Hart]],<ref name="hart">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/stuhart|title=Stu Hart|work=WWE|access-date=November 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031020805/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/stuhart|archive-date=October 31, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> trained numerous professional wrestlers including [[Superstar Billy Graham]], [[Brian Pillman]], the [[British Bulldogs]], [[Edge (wrestler)|Adam Copeland]], [[Christian (wrestler)|Christian Cage]], [[Greg Valentine]], [[Chris Jericho]], [[Jushin Thunder Liger]] and many more. Also among the trainees were the Hart family members themselves, including WWE Hall of Fame member and former WWE champion [[Bret Hart]] and his brother, the 1994 WWF [[King of the Ring]], [[Owen Hart]].<ref name="hart"/>
Notable sporting events held by Calgary include:
* [[1972 World Figure Skating Championships]]
* [[1985 IBF World Championships]]
* [[1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] (co-hosted with Edmonton and Red Deer), [[2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] (co-hosted with Edmonton)
* 1997 [[World Police and Fire Games]]
* [[FIBT World Championships 2005]]
* [[2006 World Figure Skating Championships]]
* 2007 [[North American Outgames]]
* [[2008 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship]]
* 2009 [[List of Water Ski World Championships champions|Water Ski World Championships]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iwwfed-ea.org/competition.php?cc=T-09IWSF02&page=men_slalom_results |title=2009 Waterski World Championships |access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=IWWF}}</ref>
* [[2021 Women's Ice Hockey World Championships]]
* [[2023 World Junior Figure Skating Championships]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Professional sports teams
|-
! Club!!League!!Venue!!Established!!Championships
|-
| [[Calgary Stampeders]]
| [[Canadian Football League]]
| [[McMahon Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |1945
| style="text-align:center" |8
|-
| [[Calgary Flames]]
| [[National Hockey League]]
| [[Scotiabank Saddledome]]
| style="text-align:center" |1980
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
| [[Calgary Roughnecks]]
| [[National Lacrosse League]]
| [[Scotiabank Saddledome]]
| style="text-align:center" |2001
| style="text-align:center" |3
|-
| [[Cavalry FC]]
| [[Canadian Premier League]]
| [[ATCO Field]]
| style="text-align:center" |2018
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
| [[Calgary Wranglers]]
| [[American Hockey League]]
| [[Scotiabank Saddledome]]
| style="text-align:center" |2022
| style="text-align:center" |0
|-
| [[Calgary Surge]]
| [[Canadian Elite Basketball League]]
| [[Winsport Arena]]
| style="text-align:center" |2023
| style="text-align:center" |0
|-
|[[Calgary RATH]]
|[[National Ringette League]]
|Winsport Arena
| style="text-align:center" |2007
| style="text-align:center" |3
|-
| [[Calgary Wild FC]]
| [[Northern Super League]]
| [[McMahon Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2025
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Amateur and junior clubs
|-
! Club!!League!!Venue!!Established!!Championships
|-
|
| [[Alberta Junior Hockey League]]
| Henry Viney Arena
|
| style="text-align:center" |9
|-
| [[Calgary Hitmen]]
| [[Western Hockey League]]
| [[Scotiabank Saddledome]]
| style="text-align:center" |1995
| style="text-align:center" |2
|-
| [[Calgary Mavericks]]
| [[Rugby Canada National Junior Championship]]
| Calgary Rugby Park
| style="text-align:center" |1998
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
| [[Prairie Wolf Pack]]
| [[Canadian Rugby Championship]]
| Calgary Rugby Park
| style="text-align:center" |2009
| style="text-align:center" |1
|-
|[[Calgary Rage]]
|[[Western Women's Canadian Football League]]
|Shouldice Athletic Park
| style="text-align:center" |2009
| style="text-align:center" |0
|}
== Government ==
The city is a corporate power centre with a high percentage of the workforce is employed in [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] jobs. The high concentration of oil and gas corporations led to the rise of [[Peter Lougheed]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservative Party]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/1971poli.html |title=Calgary's Politics 1971–1991 |publisher=University of Calgary |year=1997 |access-date=June 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601065912/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/1971poli.html |archive-date=June 1, 2007 }}</ref> However, as Calgary's population has increased, so has the diversity of its politics.
=== Municipal politics ===
[[File:Calgary city hall1.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Calgary Municipal Building]] is the [[seat of local government]] for the City of Calgary. Attached to the building is the historic [[Calgary City Hall]] built in 1911.]]
The City of Calgary is a [[municipal corporation]] with a [[council–manager government]] structure consisting of the fifteen-member [[Calgary City Council]] elected every four years. The council itself consists of an at-large [[List of mayors of Calgary|mayor]] and fourteen councillors who represent geographic regions of the city. The legal authority to govern as a "creature of the province" is derived from various regulations and legislation of the [[Alberta Legislature]], of which the [[Municipal Government Act]] and the ''City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation'' provide many of the powers and responsibilities for the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal Government Act, R.S.A. 2000 |url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/acts/m26.pdf |website=alberta.ca |publisher=Alberta Queen's Printer |access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation AR 40/2018 |url=http://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/Regs/2018_040.pdf |website=alberta.ca |publisher=Alberta Queen’s Printer |access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> The current mayor, [[Jyoti Gondek]], was first elected in the [[2021 Calgary municipal election|2021 municipal election]].
Three school boards operate independently of each other in Calgary, the public, the separate (Catholic) and francophone systems. Both the public and separate boards have 7 elected trustees each representing 2 of 14 wards. The school boards are considered part of municipal politics in Calgary, as they are elected at the same time as City Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election and Information Services|url=http://www.calgary.ca/election|publisher=City of Calgary|access-date=September 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714203720/http://www.calgary.ca/election/|archive-date=July 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
Calgary's first municipal political party, [[A Better Calgary Party|A Better Calgary]], was established in June 2024, as a centre-right group focused on common sense and fiscal responsibility. This followed the Alberta Legislature's Bill 20, allowing municipal political parties in Calgary and Edmonton. Despite initial backlash against provisions that would have allowed the premier to remove mayors and councillors, the pilot project for municipal political parties remained. Cheryl Munson, representing A Better Calgary, cited dissatisfaction with [[Jyoti Gondek]] as motivations for the party's formation. Although some members had ties to the [[United Conservative Party]], Munson clarified there were no formal links.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown |first=Jim |title=Calgary's first municipal political party launches |date=June 19, 2024 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/municipal-political-party-a-better-calgary-1.7240285 |access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref>
=== Provincial politics ===
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Calgary federal election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e |title=Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Calgary)|date=April 7, 2022 |publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Green Party of Canada|Green]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}|
! [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 22%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''128,163''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''53%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''304,926''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 17%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''95,538''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''10,113''
|-
! [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 18%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''111,329''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | '''66%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''405,171''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 10%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''60,850''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 4%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''22,736''
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Calgary provincial election results'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Results |url=https://officialresults.elections.ab.ca/orResultsPGE.cfm?EventId=101 |access-date=June 12, 2023 |publisher=Elections Alberta}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[United Conservative Party|United Cons.]]
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP}}|
! [[2023 Alberta general election|2023]]
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}} | '''49.3%'''
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''272,344''
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} | <span style="color:#FFFFFF">48.3%</span>
| style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF">''266,425''</span>
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP}}|
! [[2019 Alberta general election|2019]]
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|NDP|background}} | 33.9%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''188,731''
| {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} | <span style="color:#FFFFFF">'''53.0%'''</span>
| style="text-align:right; background:#005D7C;"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF">''294,999''</span>
|-
|}
As a result of the [[2023 Alberta general election|2023 provincial election]], Calgary is represented by 26 [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta|MLAs]], comprising 14 members of the [[New Democratic Party of Alberta|New Democratic Party (NDP)]] and 12 members of the [[United Conservative Party|United Conservative Party (UCP)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Results |url=http://www.elections.ab.ca/voters/voterlink/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=Elections Alberta |language=en |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327150528/https://www.elections.ab.ca/voters/voterlink/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Federal politics ===
Calgary is currently split between 10 ridings in the [[House of Commons of Canada]].
Historically, all or most of Calgary's federal seats have been held by the major centre-right party of the day, presently the [[Conservative Party of Canada]]. Before 2015, the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberals]] had only elected three MPs from Calgary ridings in their entire history-- [[Manley Justin Edwards|Manley Edwards]] (1940–1945),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a0f8dbd6-a310-4dd8-a89a-5dcdd30f0517&Language=E |title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – EDWARDS, Manley Justin, LL.B. |work=parl.gc.ca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220171316/http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a0f8dbd6-a310-4dd8-a89a-5dcdd30f0517&Language=E |archive-date=December 20, 2013 }}</ref> [[Harry Hays]] (1963–1965)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=457be46e-750a-4cf2-bbd6-699fdd7238b7&Language=E&Section=ALL|title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Complete File – HAYS, The Hon. Harry William, P.C.|work=parl.gc.ca|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424211434/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=457be46e-750a-4cf2-bbd6-699fdd7238b7&Language=E&Section=ALL|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Pat Mahoney]] (1968–1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=6d8a7f87-00c8-4beb-98a6-a6a13772c7e1&Language=E&Section=ALL|title=PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Complete File – MAHONEY, The Hon. Patrick Morgan, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B.|work=parl.gc.ca|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424211439/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=6d8a7f87-00c8-4beb-98a6-a6a13772c7e1&Language=E&Section=ALL|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
On October 19, 2015, Calgary elected its first two Liberal MPs since 1968, [[Darshan Kang]] for [[Calgary Skyview]] and [[Kent Hehr]] for [[Calgary Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|title = Two new Liberal MPs in Calgary are the first carrying the red banner in cowtown since 1968|url = http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/two-new-liberal-mps-in-calgary-are-the-first-carrying-the-red-banner-in-cowtown-since-1968|website = National Post|access-date = October 26, 2015|date = October 20, 2015|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160319030504/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian%2Dpolitics/two%2Dnew%2Dliberal%2Dmps%2Din%2Dcalgary%2Dare%2Dthe%2Dfirst%2Dcarrying%2Dthe%2Dred%2Dbanner%2Din%2Dcowtown%2Dsince%2D1968|archive-date = March 19, 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> The Tories held the other eight. The Tories won back Calgary Skyview and Calgary Centre in 2019, but the Liberals took back Calgary Skyview in 2021. No Liberal has ever held a Calgary-based riding for more than one term.
The federal riding of [[Calgary Heritage]] was held by former [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] and CPC leader [[Stephen Harper]]. That seat was also held by [[Preston Manning]], the leader of the [[Reform Party of Canada]]; it was known as [[Calgary Southwest]] at the time. Harper is the second Prime Minister to represent a Calgary riding; the first was [[R. B. Bennett]] from [[Calgary West]], who held that position from 1930 to 1935. [[Joe Clark]], former Prime Minister and former leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the riding of [[Calgary Centre]] during his second stint in Parliament from 2000 to 2004.
The [[Green Party of Canada]] has also made inroads in Calgary, exemplified by results of the [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011 federal election]] where they achieved 7.7% of the vote across the city, ranging from 4.7% in [[Calgary Northeast]] to 13.1% in [[Calgary Centre-North]].<ref>[http://enr.elections.ca/DownloadResults.aspx Event results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204034141/http://enr.elections.ca/DownloadResults.aspx |date=February 4, 2012 }} from Elections Canada</ref>
=== Crime ===
{{Main|Calgary Police Service}}
[[File:Calgary Police (2011).jpg|alt=|thumb|Members of the [[Calgary Police Service]] on duty in [[Rideau Park, Calgary|Rideau Park]]]]
The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 60.4 in 2013, which is lower than the national average of 68.7.<ref name=2013crime>{{cite web | url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/14040-eng.pdf | title=Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2013 | first1=Jillian |last1=Boyce |first2=Adam |last2=Cotter |first3=Samuel |last3=Perreault | publisher=Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics | pages=13 & 30 | date=July 23, 2014 | access-date=May 3, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123141555/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/14040-eng.pdf | archive-date=November 23, 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> A slight majority of the other CMAs in Canada had crime severity indexes greater than Calgary's 60.4.<ref name=2013crime/> Calgary had the sixth-most homicides in 2013 at 24.<ref name=2013crime/> However, Calgary set a record high 40 homicides in 2015, a 66.6% increase from 2013, giving the city a homicide rate of 3.6 per 100,000 people, a homicide rate relatively similar to that of New York for the same year (4.1 per 100,000). 2020 saw another close peak in murders with 38 being reported, with Calgary having a slightly lower homicide rate of 3.06 per 100,00, along with a record total of 112 shootings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2023 |title=Data: Looking back at Calgary's 2022 homicides |url=https://livewirecalgary.com/2023/01/08/data-looking-back-at-calgarys-2022-homicides/ |access-date=July 17, 2023 |website=LiveWire Calgary |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2022 |title='I don't feel great about it': Calgary police chief reflects on 97 shootings |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/calgary/article/i-dont-feel-great-about-it-calgary-police-chief-reflects-on-97-shootings/ |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=Calgary |language=en}}</ref>
In 2022, Calgary had a crime severity index of 75.2 which is an increase of 4% from the previous year, but still is lower than the national average of 78.1<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2022 |title='Police-reported Crime Severity Index and crime rate, by census metropolitan area, 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230727/t004b-eng.htm |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=Statistics Canada |language=en}}</ref>
===
{{Main|Military in Calgary}}
The presence of the Canadian military has been part of the local economy and culture since the early years of the 20th century, beginning with the assignment of a squadron of [[Strathcona's Horse]]. A cavalry regiment, [[15th Light Horse]], was authorized on July 3, 1905.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2018|title=The South Alberta Light Horse|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/armour-regiments/south-alberta-light-horse.html|access-date=October 3, 2021|website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> After many failed attempts to create the city's own infantry unit, the [[103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)]] was finally authorized on April 1, 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carsted|first=Douglas|title=103rd Regiment 1910-21|url=https://calgaryhighlanders.com/about-the-regiment/detailed-history/103rd-regiment-1910-21/|access-date=September 25, 2020|website=The Calgary Highlanders|language=en-US}}</ref> [[CFB Calgary|Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Calgary]] was established as Currie Barracks and Harvie Barracks following the Second World War. The base remained the most significant [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence (DND)]] institution in the city until it was decommissioned in 1998, when most of the units moved to [[CFB Edmonton]]. Despite this closure there is still a number of [[Canadian Forces]] Reserve units, and cadet units garrisoned throughout the city. They include {{HMCS|Tecumseh}} [[Canadian Forces Naval Reserve|Naval Reserve]] unit, [[The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)|The King's Own Calgary Regiment]], [[The Calgary Highlanders]], both headquartered at the [[Mewata Armouries]], [[41 Signal Regiment]] 3 Squadron Calgary, [[41 Canadian Brigade Group]], headquartered at the former ___location of CFB Calgary, 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, [[15 Field Ambulance|15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary]], 14 (Edmonton) Military Police Platoon Calgary, [[41 Combat Engineer Regiment]] detachment Calgary (33 Engineer Squadron), along with a small cadre of [[Regular Force]] support. Several units have been granted [[Freedom of the City]].
The [[Calgary Soldiers' Memorial]] commemorates those who died during wartime or while serving overseas. Along with those from units currently stationed in Calgary, it represents the [[10th Battalion, CEF|10th]] and [[50th Battalion, CEF|50th]] Battalions of the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]].
== Infrastructure ==
=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in Calgary|CTrain}}
{{see also|List of airports in the Calgary area}}
====Public transit====
[[File:Downtown Calgary June 2018 (42856099521).jpg|alt=|thumb|The [[CTrain]] is Calgary's [[light rail]] transit system, boasting the second-highest ridership in North America.]]
[[Calgary Transit]] provides public transportation services throughout the city with regular bus service, [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT), and [[light rail transit]] (LRT). Calgary's light rail system, known as the [[CTrain]], was the second [[Light rail in North America|light rail system in North America]] (behind the [[Edmonton LRT]]). It currently consists of two lines ([[Red Line (Calgary)|Red Line]] and [[Blue Line (Calgary)|Blue Line]]), with 44 stations and {{convert|58.2|km|abbr=on}} of track. Most of the CTrain runs on both dedicated tracks with partial grade separation across suburban areas, and a street-level section across downtown. The CTrain is North America's second busiest LRT system, carrying 270,000 passengers per weekday and approximately half of Calgary downtown workers take the transit to work. The CTrain is also North America's first and only rapid transit system to run on 100% renewable, [[Wind power|wind-generated]] energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jun12/eco-conscious_communting2.asp|title=Eco-conscious commuting (page 2) – Canadian Geographic|work=canadiangeographic.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903153650/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jun12/eco-conscious_communting2.asp|archive-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> In early 2020, city council approved construction of the [[Green Line (Calgary)|Green Line]], the third light rail line in the city's rapid transit network. It will be the first rail line in Calgary to operate low-floor trains and is the largest public works project in the history of Calgary, about three-and-a-half times bigger than the second-largest project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Line LRT: Calgary councillors approve alternative Stage 1 route|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7074430/calgary-council-green-line-stage-one-route-approved-june/|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=Global News|language=en-CA}}</ref>
====Airports====
[[File:WestJet 737-800 in front of Calgary skyline (Quintin Soloviev).png|alt=|thumb|Calgary International Airport is the gateway to Canada's [[Canadian Rockies|Rocky Mountains]].]]
[[Calgary International Airport]] (YYC), in the city's northeast, is a major transportation and cargo hub for much of central and western Canada. It is [[List of the busiest airports in Canada|Canada's fourth busiest airport]], serving 18 million passengers in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yyc.com/en-us/media/factsfigures/passengerstatistics.aspx|title=YYC > Media > Facts & Figures > Passenger Statistics|website=yyc.com|access-date=February 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005030/http://www.yyc.com/en-us/media/factsfigures/passengerstatistics.aspx|archive-date=June 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport serves as the primary gateway into [[Banff National Park]], located 90 minutes west, and the entire [[Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site|Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks]] system.<ref name=Getting2Banff>{{cite web | url=http://www.banff.ca/visiting-banff/maps-directions/banff-directions.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331145555/http://www.banff.ca/visiting-banff/maps-directions/banff-directions.htm | archive-date=March 31, 2010 | title=Getting to Banff | publisher=Town of Banff | access-date=September 22, 2011}}</ref> [[Non-stop flight|Non-stop]] destinations include cities throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, Central America, and Asia. [[Calgary/Springbank Airport]], Canada's eleventh busiest,<ref name="move">{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2011001/t002-eng.htm|title=Aircraft movement Statistics: NAV CANADA Towers and Flight Service Stations: Annual Report (TP 577): Table 2-1 – Total aircraft movements by class of operation – NAV CANADA towers|work=statcan.gc.ca|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907160633/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/51-209-x/2011001/t002-eng.htm|archive-date=September 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> serves as a reliever for the Calgary International taking the [[general aviation]] traffic and is also a base for [[aerial firefighting]] aircraft.
==== Pedestrian and cycling ====
[[File:9A Street LRT bridge - Bow River Pathway - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|Calgary has the largest paved pathway network in North America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pathways and bikeways|url=https://www.calgary.ca/csps/parks/pathways/pathways-in-calgary.html|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=www.calgary.ca|language=en}}</ref>]]
Spanning over {{convert|1,000|km|abbr=on}}, Calgary has the most extensive walking and cycling pathway network in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2024 |title=Pathways and Trails |url=https://www.calgary.ca/bike-walk-roll/pathways.html#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20Calgary%20has%20the,and%2096%20km%20of%20trails. |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=The City of Calgary - Home Page}}</ref> There are also {{convert|290|km|abbr=on}} of on-street bikeways and {{convert|96|km|abbr=on}} of publicly maintained trails.<ref name=pathway/> As of 2017, 140,000 Calgarians cycle at least once a week and about 400,000 cycle occasionally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Planning |first=Transportation |title=Bike Data |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/planning/transportation/bicycle-data.html |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=www.calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> 40% of cyclists in Calgary ride no matter how cold it gets and 96% ride when temperatures are above 0 °C.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winter cycling in Alberta growing more popular {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9362154/alberta-winter-cycling-edmonton-calgary/ |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=globalnews.ca |language=en-US}}</ref> The Peace Bridge provides pedestrians and cyclists access to the downtown core from the north side of the Bow River. The bridge ranked among the top 10 architectural projects in 2012 and among the top 10 public spaces of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designboom.com/architecture/designboom-2012-top-ten-public-spaces/|title=designboom 2012 top ten: public spaces|work=designboom – architecture & design magazine|date=December 28, 2012|access-date=January 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109095300/http://www.designboom.com/architecture/designboom-2012-top-ten-public-spaces/|archive-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Skyway====
[[File:Calgary +15 (28201581821).jpg|alt=|thumb|Calgary's [[+15]] [[skyway]] network is the world's most extensive elevated pedestrian skywalk system.]]
In the 1960s, Calgary started to develop a series of pedestrian bridges connecting many downtown buildings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/pd/Pages/Centre-City/Calgarys-Plus15-Skywalk.aspx |title=Calgary's +15 Skywalk |publisher=[[City of Calgary]] |year=2013 |access-date=November 28, 2013 |archive-date=December 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225234852/http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/pd/Pages/Centre-City/Calgarys-Plus15-Skywalk.aspx |url-status=dead |quote=The first +15 bridge was installed on January 21, 1970, connecting Calgary Place to the Calgary Inn (now the Westin Hotel). By 1984, Calgary's +15 Skywalk consisted of 38 bridges, {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} of walkways and numerous public spaces. Today there are more than 62 bridges and {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=on}} of walkways.}}</ref>
Today, these bridges connect between most of the city's downtown office towers and make up the world's most extensive [[skyway]] network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the [[+15]]. The system shields pedestrians from the city's extremely cold winter temperatures. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} above ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Living/Recreation+and+Leisure/Activities/Walking/Plus+15.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821194436/http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%2BLiving/Recreation%2Band%2BLeisure/Activities/Walking/Plus%2B15.htm|archive-date=August 21, 2007|title=Plus 15|author=The City of Calgary|date=February 2007|access-date=September 25, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
====Roads and highways====
Calgary lies at the crossroads of [[Alberta Highway 2|Highway 2]] and the [[Alberta Highway 1|Trans-Canada Highway]], making it an important hub for the transit of goods across Canada and along the [[CANAMEX Corridor]]. [[Stoney Trail]] encircles the city, completing a full [[ring road]]. The last segment in west Calgary was completed in December 2023, and is now open to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=89498F04A511D-FBBF-403E-0487060D79B49B3E |title=Christmas comes early for Calgary drivers |date=December 18, 2023|access-date=January 11, 2024 }}</ref> Freeways and expressways are mostly called "trails". Highway 2, named [[Deerfoot Trail]], is the main north–south route through Calgary and one of the busiest highways in Canada.<ref name=revenge>{{Cite web |url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/Deerfoot+Revenge/6752087/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102013541/http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Deerfoot%2BRevenge/6752087/story.html |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |date=June 7, 2012 |last=Klaszus |first=Jeremy |title=Deerfoot's Revenge |work=Calgary Herald |access-date=October 20, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Much of Calgary's street network is on a grid where roads are numbered with avenues running east–west and streets running north–south. Until 1904 the streets were named; after that date, all streets were given numbers radiating outwards from the city centre.<ref name="The Odd History of Calgary's City Streets">{{cite web
| title = The Odd History of Calgary's City Streets
| publisher = SmartCalgaryHomes.com
| url = http://www.smartcalgaryhomes.com/blog/the-odd-history-of-calgarys-city-streets1.html
| access-date = June 23, 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100618132858/http://www.smartcalgaryhomes.com/blog/the-odd-history-of-calgarys-city-streets1.html
| archive-date = June 18, 2010
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Roads in predominantly residential areas, as well as freeways and expressways, do not generally conform to the grid and are usually not numbered. However, it is a developer and city convention in Calgary that non-numbered streets within a new community have the same name prefix as the community itself.<ref>{{Google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@51.0254188,-114.1079941,11z |title=Calgary |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>
==
Calgary's presence along the Canadian Pacific Kansas City mainline (which includes the [[CPKC Alyth Yard]]) makes the city an important hub of freight rail throughout the province. There is no inter-city or regional passenger train serving the city. In June 2020, the [[Canada Infrastructure Bank]] signed a memorandum of understanding with the [[Government of Alberta]] to build a {{convert|130|km|adj=on}} inter-city rail line from downtown Calgary to Banff, and an express line from Calgary International Airport to downtown Calgary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calgary-Banff Rail|url=https://cib-bic.ca/en/projects/calgary-banff-rail/|access-date=September 3, 2020|website=Canada Infrastructure Bank - Banque de l'infrastructure du Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> A {{convert|350|-|400|km/h|abbr=on}} [[high-speed rail]] line running from Downtown Calgary to Downtown Edmonton is planned as well. In July 2021, [[EllisDon]] signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Alberta to build the line, and it is expected to open sometime between 2030 and 2032.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Province on board with building high-speed Calgary-Edmonton rail link: developer|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/province-on-board-with-building-high-speed-calgary-edmonton-rail-link-developer|access-date=July 29, 2021|website=calgaryherald|language=en-CA}}</ref>
Between 1955 and 1978, CPR operated a transcontinental passenger rail service called the ''[[Canadian (train)|Canadian]]'', running between Toronto and Vancouver via CPR's right-of-way through Calgary. In 1978, [[Via Rail]] assumed responsibility over CPR's passenger services. In the aftermath of another round of deep budget cuts made to Via Rail on January 15, 1990, Via permanently discontinued the ''[[Super Continental]]'' and rerouted the ''Canadian'' along the ''Super Continental''{{'s}} [[Canadian National|CN]] route, bypassing Regina and Calgary in favour of Saskatoon and Edmonton. Since then, there has been no intercity passenger rail service to or from Calgary. But two new rail-tour lines have opened along the CPR right-of-way: [[Rocky Mountaineer]] and [[Royal Canadian Pacific]]. The latter still operates rail-tour services to Calgary, while the former has terminated its westbound services at Banff, 130 km to the west.
=== Health care ===
;Medical centres and hospitals
{{Main|Health care in Calgary}}
[[File:Foothills Hospital.JPG|alt=|thumb|Located in Calgary, [[Foothills Medical Centre]] is the largest hospital in the province of Alberta.|left]]
Calgary has four major adult [[acute care]] hospitals and one major pediatric acute care site: the [[Alberta Children's Hospital]], the [[Foothills Medical Centre]], the [[Peter Lougheed Centre]], the [[Rockyview General Hospital]] and the [[South Health Campus]]. They are all overseen by the Calgary Zone of the [[Alberta Health Services]], formerly the [[Calgary Health Region]]. Calgary is also home to the [[Arthur J.E. Child Comprehensive Cancer Centre]] (at the Foothills Medical Centre), the Grace Women's Health Centre, which provides a variety of care, and the [[Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta|Libin Cardiovascular Institute]]. In addition, the [[Sheldon M. Chumir Centre]] (a large 24-hour assessment clinic), and the Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre (RRDTC), as well as hundreds of smaller medical and dental clinics operate in Calgary. The [[Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary]] also operates in partnership with Alberta Health Services, by researching cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, joint injury, arthritis and genetics.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://medicine.ucalgary.ca/about/facts| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140622132810/http://medicine.ucalgary.ca/about/facts| archive-date= June 22, 2014 | title= Faculty of Medicine Quick Facts | author= Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary | year= 2011 | access-date = January 26, 2007}}</ref> The Alberta children's hospital, built in 2006, replaced the old Children's Hospital.
The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,100 beds, and employ over 11,500 people.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health/calgaryHospitals.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208204157/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/liveWorkPlay/Live/health/calgaryHospitals.cfm| archive-date=February 8, 2009 | title= Calgary Hospitals | author= Calgary Economic Development | year= 2006 | access-date= March 13, 2007}}</ref>
== Education ==
=== Primary and secondary ===
In the 2011–2012 school year, 100,632 [[K–12 (education)|K-12]] students enrolled in 221 schools in the English language public school system run by the [[Calgary Board of Education]].<ref name=CBEfacts/> With other students enrolled in the associated [[CBe-learn]] and Chinook Learning Service programs, the school system's total enrolment is 104,182 students.<ref name=CBEfacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbe.ab.ca/media/facts.asp |publisher=Calgary Board of Education |title=Quick Facts |date=January 11, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131185111/http://www.cbe.ab.ca/Media/facts.asp |archive-date=January 31, 2012 }}</ref> Another 43,000 attend about 95 schools in the separate English language [[Calgary Catholic School District]] board.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cssd.ab.ca/schools/index.shtml| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111021338/http://www.cssd.ab.ca/schools/index.shtml| archive-date=January 11, 2006| title=Calgary Schools| author=Calgary Catholic District School Board| author-link=Calgary Catholic School District| access-date=January 7, 2006}}</ref> The much smaller Francophone community has their own French language school board ([[The Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4]]), which is also based in Calgary, but serves a larger regional district. There are also several public [[Alberta charter schools|charter schools]] in the city. Calgary has the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic-calibre athletes, the [[National Sport School (Canada)|National Sport School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsportschool.ca/|title=National Sport School|work=nationalsportschool.ca|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204164820/http://www.nationalsportschool.ca/|archive-date=February 4, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest school in Calgary that is still in operation is [[St. Mary's High School (Calgary)|St. Mary's High School]]. Calgary is also home to many private schools including Mountain View Academy, Rundle College, [[Rundle Academy]], [[Clear Water Academy]], [[Calgary French and International School]], [[Chinook Winds Adventist Academy]], [[Webber Academy]], Delta West Academy, Masters Academy, [[Calgary Islamic School]], Menno Simons Christian School, [[West Island College]], [[Edge School]], Calgary Christian School, [[Heritage Christian Academy (Calgary)|Heritage Christian Academy]], and Bearspaw Christian School.
Calgary is also home to what was Western Canada's largest public high school, [[Lord Beaverbrook High School]], with 2,241 students enrolled in the 2005–2006 [[Academic term|school year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbe.ab.ca/schools/view.asp?id=75 |title=Lord Beaverbrook High School |author=Calgary Board of Education |author-link=Calgary Board of Education |year=2007 |access-date=May 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417010829/http://www.cbe.ab.ca/schools/view.asp?id=75 |archive-date=April 17, 2007 }}</ref> Currently the student population of Lord Beaverbrook is 1,812 students (September 2012) and several other schools are equally as large; [[Western Canada High School]] with 2,035 students (2009) and [[Sir Winston Churchill High School]] with 1,983 students (2009).
=== Post-secondary ===
The publicly funded [[University of Calgary]] (U of C) is a [[Public Research University|research university]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/ |title=University of Calgary |accessdate=August 27, 2023}}</ref> It is Calgary's largest [[Academic degree|degree-granting]] post-secondary institution, with an enrolment of approximately 34,000 students in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ucalgary.ca/about/our-organization/facts-and-figures |title=Facts and figures (UCalgary by the numbers) |publisher=University of Calgary|access-date=August 27, 2023}}</ref> [[Mount Royal University]], with over 14,000 students, grants degrees in a number of fields. [[SAIT Polytechnic]], with over 14,000 students, provides polytechnic and apprentice education, granting certificates, diplomas and applied degrees. [[Athabasca University]] provides [[distance education]] programs. Both [[SAIT/AUArts/Jubilee station|SAIT]]<ref name="LRT">{{cite web |url=https://www.calgarytransit.com/content/transit/en/home/rider-information/lrt-and-bus-station-maps.html |title=LRT Station, Bus Terminal and System Maps |publisher=[[Calgary Transit]] |accessdate=August 27, 2023}}</ref> and the [[University station (Calgary)|University of Calgary]]<ref name="LRT" /> have [[CTrain]] light-rail stations on or near their campuses.
Other publicly funded post-secondary institutions based in Calgary include the [[Alberta University of the Arts]], [[Ambrose University]] (associated with the [[Christian and Missionary Alliance]] and the [[Church of the Nazarene]]), [[Bow Valley College]], and [[St. Mary's University, Calgary|St. Mary's University]].<ref name="PublicPostSec">{{cite web | url=http://eae.alberta.ca/post-secondary/institutions/public.aspx | title=Publicly Funded Institutions | publisher=Alberta Enterprise and Advanced Education | access-date=November 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206023215/http://eae.alberta.ca/post-secondary/institutions/public.aspx | archive-date=December 6, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref> The publicly funded [[Athabasca University]], [[Northern Alberta Institute of Technology]] (NAIT), and the [[University of Lethbridge]]<ref name=PublicPostSec/> also have campuses in Calgary.<ref name=AULocations>{{cite web | url=http://lss.athabascau.ca/advising/learning_centres.php | title=UA Locations | publisher=[[Athabasca University]] | access-date=November 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125234858/http://lss.athabascau.ca/advising/learning_centres.php | archive-date=November 25, 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NAITCalgary>{{cite web | url=http://www.nait.ca/71636.htm | title=NAIT Calgary | publisher=[[Northern Alberta Institute of Technology]] | access-date=December 3, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204232713/http://www.nait.ca/71636.htm | archive-date=December 4, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=UofLCalgary>{{cite web | url=http://www.uleth.ca/edmonton/ | title=Faculty of Management Edmonton Campus | publisher=[[University of Lethbridge]] | access-date=November 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115151423/http://www.uleth.ca/edmonton/ | archive-date=January 15, 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Several independent private institutions are in the city. These include [[ABM College]], [[Alberta Bible College]], [[CDI College]], [[Columbia College (Alberta)|Columbia College]], [[MaKami College]], [[Reeves College]], [[Robertson College]], and Sundance College.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://sundancecollege.com/ |title=Sundance College |accessdate=August 27, 2023}}</ref>
== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Calgary}}
Calgary's daily newspapers include the ''[[Calgary Herald]]'', and ''[[Calgary Sun]]'', and formerly ''[[StarMetro (newspaper)|StarMetro]]''.
Calgary is the sixth largest television market in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvb.ca/page_files/pdf/infocentre/tvbasics.pdf|title=Television Bureau of Canada: TV Basics 2014–2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910195433/http://www.tvb.ca/page_files/pdf/InfoCentre/TVBasics.pdf|archive-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> Broadcasts stations serving Calgary include [[CICT-DT|CICT 2]] ([[Global Television Network|Global]]), [[CFCN-DT|CFCN 4]] ([[CTV Television Network|CTV]]), [[CKAL-DT|CKAL 5]] ([[City (TV network)|City]]), [[CBRT-DT|CBRT 9]] ([[CBC Television|CBC]]), [[CKCS-DT|CKCS 32]] ([[Yes TV|YesTV]]), and [[CJCO-DT|CJCO 38]] ([[Omni Television|Omni]]). Network affiliate programming from the United States originates from [[Spokane, Washington]].
There are a wide range of radio stations, including a station for First Nations and the Asian Canadian community.
== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Calgary}}
== International relations ==
The City of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural and educational partnerships in [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinning]] agreements with six cities:<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/AboutCED/CEDdetails/sisterCities.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120058/http://www.calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com/about/initiatives/calgaryconnect| archive-date=July 22, 2011| author=Calgary Economic Development| title=Sister Cities|access-date=January 6, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Common/Municipal+Handbook/+Welcome+to+Calgary/Welcome+to+Calgary.htm#sister| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601181554/http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City%2BCommon/Municipal%2BHandbook/%2BWelcome%2Bto%2BCalgary/Welcome%2Bto%2BCalgary.htm#sister| archive-date=June 1, 2008| author=City of Calgary| title=Welcome to Calgary| access-date=July 4, 2009| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! City
! Province/State
! Country
! Date
|-
| [[Quebec City]]
| Quebec
| Canada
| 1956
|-
| [[Jaipur]]
| Rajasthan
| India
| 1973
|-
| [[Daqing]]
| Heilongjiang
| China
| 1985
|-
| [[Naucalpan]]
| Mexico State
| Mexico
| 1994
|-
| [[Tarui]]
| Gifu
| Japan
| 1996
|-
| [[Daejeon]]
| Daejeon
| South Korea
| 1996
|-
| [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]<ref name="Phoenix sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixsistercities.org|title = Phoenix Sister Cities|access-date=August 6, 2013|publisher=Phoenix Sister Cities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085207/http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/|archive-date = July 24, 2013}}</ref>
| Arizona
| US
| 1997
|}
Calgary is one of nine Canadian cities, out of the total of 98 cities internationally, that is in the New York City Global Partners, Inc. organization,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml |title=NYC's Partner Cities |work=Government of New York City |access-date=March 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201221257/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/partner/partner.shtml |archive-date=February 1, 2013 }}</ref> which was formed in 2006 from the former Sister City program of the City of New York, Inc.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/scphome/home.shtml| title=New York City Global Partners| work=[[Government of New York City]]| access-date=March 14, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309121237/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/scphome/home.shtml| archive-date=March 9, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{portal|Canada}}
* [[List of cities in Alberta]]
* [[List of communities in Alberta]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Calgary]]
* [[Calgary Awards]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=David |title=The Limits of Labour: Class Formation and the Labour Movement in Calgary, 1883-1929 |date=1999 |publisher=UBC Press |___location=Vancouver, British Columbia |isbn=9780774852364 |url=https://archive.org/details/limitsoflabourcl0000brig |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
*{{Citation |last1=Dixon |first1=Joan |last2=Read |first2=Tracey |year=2005 |title=Celebrating the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede |publisher=Altitude Publishing Canada Ltd. |___location=Canmore, Alberta |isbn=1-55153-939-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kalman |first1=Harold |title=A History of Canadian Architecture |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |___location=Toronto |isbn=9780195406962 |page=530 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcanadia0002kalm |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |volume=2}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Reasons |editor1-first=Charles E. |title=Stampede City: Power and Politics in the West |date=1984 |publisher=Between the Lines |___location=Toronto |isbn=0919946461 |ol=2580912M}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |last=McGinnis |first=J.P. Dickin |chapter=Building in Calgary 1875-1914}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |last=Thorner |first=T. |chapter=Crime and Criminal Justice in Calgary}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration |last=Dawson |first=J. Brian |chapter=The Chinese Experience in Frontier Calgary: 1885-1910}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse/page/153 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |chapter-url-access=registration |last=Stamp |first=Robert M. |chapter=The Bureaucratization of Public Education in Calgary}}
**{{cite book |editor1-last=Rasporich |editor1-first=Anthony W. |editor2-last=Klassen |editor2-first=Henry C. |title=Frontier Calgary: Town, City, and Region 1875-1914 |date=1975 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart West |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210175 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/frontiercalgaryt0000unse/page/203 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |chapter-url-access=registration |last=Foran |first=Max |chapter=Land Speculation and Urban Development: Calgary 1884-1912}}
*{{cite book |last1=MacEwan |first1=Grant |author-link1=Grant MacEwan |title=Calgary Cavalcade from Fort to Fortune |date=1975 |publisher=Western Producer Book Service |___location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |isbn=0919306500 |url=https://archive.org/details/calgarycavalcade0000mace_a2n4 |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=MacEwan |first1=Grant |author-link1=Grant MacEwan |title=Poking into Politics |date=1966 |publisher=The Institute of Applied Art, Ltd. |___location=Edmonton, Alberta |url=https://archive.org/details/pokingintopoliti0000mace |access-date=November 20, 2020 |oclc=14408511 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Stenson |first=Fred |title=The Story of Calgary |publisher=Fifth House Ltd. |year=1994 |___location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |isbn=1-895618-36-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcalgary00sten |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Tom |title=Cowtown: An Album of Early Calgary |date=1975 |publisher=City of Calgary Electric System & McClelland and Stewart West Limited |___location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=0771210124 |url=https://archive.org/details/cowtownalbumofea0000ward |access-date=November 20, 2020 |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Janz |first=Darrel |year=2001 |title=Calgary: Heart of the New West |url=https://archive.org/details/calgaryheartofne0000sche |url-access=registration |publisher=Towery Pub |___location=Memphis, Tennessee |isbn=978-1-881096-93-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kozub |first1=Mark |last2=Kozub |first2=Janice |year=2001 |title=A Calgary Album: Glimpses of the Way We Were |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Foo2g5a0LIC&q=Calgary&pg=PP1 |publisher= Dundurn Press |isbn=978-0-88882-224-6 |access-date= April 6, 2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=James |year=2002|edition=revised |title=Calgary: The Unknown City |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r-krRZlq9oC&q=Calgary&pg=PA1 |publisher= [[Arsenal Pulp Press]] |isbn= 978-1-55152-111-4 |access-date= April 6, 2011 |ol=3746623M}}
* {{Cite book |last1=McMorran |first1=Jennifer |last2=Brodeur |first2=François |year=1999 |title=Calgary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkkKn5wT8akC&q=Calgary&pg=PA1 |publisher=Éditions Ulysse |isbn= 978-2-89464-171-2 |access-date= April 6, 2011}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Calgary|Calgary}}
* {{official website}}
{{Geographic ___location
|Centre = Calgary
|Northwest = [[Cochrane, Alberta|Cochrane]]
|North
|Northeast = [[Rocky View
|East = [[Chestermere]]<br />[[Cheadle, Alberta|Cheadle]]<br
|Southeast = [[Municipal District of
|South
|Southwest = [[Tsuu T'ina Nation 145, Alberta|Tsuu T'ina Nation 145]]<br />[[Bragg Creek, Alberta|Bragg Creek]]
|West
}}
{{Navboxes
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}}
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[[Category:Calgary| ]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in the Northwest Territories]]
[[Category:Cities in Alberta]]
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1884]]
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