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[[File:20220822 Distinguishing introversion and extraversion (extroversion) - comparison chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.5 |Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum
{{Psychology sidebar}}
'''Extraversion''' and '''introversion''' are a central [[trait theory|trait]] dimension in human [[personality psychology|personality]] theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by [[Carl Jung]],<ref name="Psychologist he">{{cite book | vauthors = Jung
== History ==
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His relations with other people become warm only when safety is guaranteed, and when he can lay aside his defensive distrust. All too often he cannot, and consequently the number of friends and acquaintances is very restricted.<ref name=":02" /></blockquote>
In the 1950s, British psychologist [[Hans Eysenck]] theorized that the trait of introversion-extraversion could be explained in terms of Clark Hull's [[drive theory]] of motivation. He later developed his own arousal theory to explain individual differences in the trait, suggesting that the brains of extraverts were chronically under-aroused, leading them to seek out stimulation from the environment. Introverts, being more cortically aroused, avoid overstimulating environments.<ref>Revelle, W. & Oehlberg, K. (2008). Integrating experimental and observational personality research – the contributions of Hans Eysenck. ''Journal of Personality'', ''76'', 1387-1414.</ref> The trait of introversion-extraversion would become one of three central traits in Eysenck's [[Hans Eysenck#Model of personality|PEN theory]] of personality.<ref>Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). ''Psychoticism as a dimension of personality.'' London: Hodder & Stoughton.</ref>
==Varieties==
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===Introversion===
[[File:20220801 Introversion - Shyness - Social anxiety disorder - comparative chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.6| Introversion is a personality trait distinct from [[shyness]] and [[social anxiety disorder]].<ref name=compare>{{cite web | vauthors = Peterson AL |title=Introversion, Shyness & Social Anxiety: What's the Difference? |url=https://mentalhealthathome.org/2019/04/11/introversion-shyness-anxiety/ |website=Mental Health at Home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801053921/https://mentalhealthathome.org/2019/04/11/introversion-shyness-anxiety/ |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |date=April 11, 2019 |url-status=live }} See also: ● {{cite web | vauthors = Brown A |title=Social Anxiety? Introvert? Or Shy? |url=https://themindsjournal.com/social-anxiety-introvert-or-shy/ |website=Mind Journal |date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801054324/https://themindsjournal.com/social-anxiety-introvert-or-shy/ |archive-date=August 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Introversion is the state of primarily obtaining gratification from one's own mental life.<ref name= "mw"/> Introverts are typically perceived as more [[wikt:reserved|reserved]] or [[wikt:reflective|reflective]].<ref name="Extraversion or Introversion"/> Some popular psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose [[Energy (psychological)|energy]] tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on mental energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction. Introverts often take pleasure in [[wikt:solitary|solitary]] activities such as reading, writing, or meditating. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people. Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even been defined by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating external environment.<ref name="CainQuiet">{{cite book | vauthors = Cain
* {{cite magazine | vauthors = Szalavitz * {{cite web | vauthors = [[Gareth Cook|Cook [[File:ExtrovertIntrovertSpectrum.png|thumb|''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking|Quiet: The Power of Introverts...]]'' author [[Susan Cain]] defines introversion and extraversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation—distinguishing it from shyness (fear of social judgment and humiliation).<ref name=TimeHealthland20120127>{{cite
Mistaking introversion for [[shyness]] is a common error. Introversion is a preference, while shyness stems from distress. Introverts prefer solitary to social activities, but do not necessarily fear social encounters like shy people do.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Whitten M | url = http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm | title = All About Shyness | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160912041228/http://psychcentral.com/library/shyness.htm | archive-date=September 12, 2016
=== Ambiversion ===
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The relative importance of [[nature versus nurture|nature versus environment]] in determining the level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies. [[Twin studies]] have found a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tellegen A, Lykken DT, Bouchard TJ, Wilcox KJ, Segal NL, Rich S | title = Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 54 | issue = 6 | pages = 1031–1039 | date = June 1988 | pmid = 3397862 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1031 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.318.4777 }}</ref>
Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts. That extraverts require more external stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in response to a drop of lemon juice. This is due to increased activity in their ARAS, which responds to stimuli like food or social contact.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Larsen RJ
Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the [[Mesolimbic pathway|mesolimbic dopamine system]] to potentially rewarding stimuli.<ref name="pmid-11301519">{{cite journal | vauthors = Depue RA, Collins PF | title = Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion | journal = The Behavioral and Brain Sciences | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 491–517; discussion 518–69 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 11301519 | doi = 10.1017/S0140525X99002046 | s2cid = 8217084 }}</ref> This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for [[positive reinforcement]], since the reward itself is experienced as greater.
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==Implications==
Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more extraverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Myers
Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of [[self-esteem]] than introverts.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00080-1 |title=Direct or indirect, that is the question: A re-evaluation of extraversion's influence on self-esteem |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2004-01_36_1/page/207 |year=2004 | vauthors = Swickert R, Hittner JB, Kitos N, Cox-Fuenzalida LE |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=207–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8 |title=Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2003-04_34_6/page/921 |year=2003 | vauthors = Cheng H, Furnham A |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=921–42}}</ref> Others suggest that such results reflect [[Cultural anthropology|socio-cultural]] bias in the survey itself.<ref name="
Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in antisocial or [[Juvenile delinquency|delinquent]] behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Extraversion, neurotiscism, psychoticism and self-reported delinquency: evidence from eight separate samples |year=1981 | vauthors = Rushton P, Chrisjohn R |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(81)90047-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ryckman R |year=2004 |title=Theories of Personality |___location=Belmont, CA |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]]}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> In line with this, certain evidence suggest that the trait of extraversion may also be related to that of [[psychopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Newman JP, Widom CS, Nathan S | title = Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 1316–1327 | date = May 1985 | pmid = 3998992 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1316 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Survey of the relationship between five factor model and psychopathic personality in a sample of male prisoners in Iran |year=2011 | vauthors = Ghaderi D, Borjali A, Bahrami H, Sohrabi F |journal=Annals of Biological Research |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=116–122 | url = https://www.academia.edu/download/94163415/survey-the-relationship-between-five-factor-model-and-psychopathic-personality-in-a-sample-of-male-prisoners-in-iran.pdf }}</ref> Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00169-4 |title=Personality and intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_1998-02_24_2/page/187 |year=1998 | vauthors = Furnham A, Forde L, Cotter T |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=187–92}}</ref> and "giftedness."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallagher SA |year=1990 |title=Personality patterns of the gifted |journal=Understanding Our Gifted |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoehn L, Birely M |year=1988 |title=Mental process preferences of gifted children |journal=Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal |volume=7 |pages=28–31}}</ref> Though more recent, large-scale meta-analyses have found that the activity facet of extraversion has the most sizable positive relations with cognitive abilities.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stanek KC, Ones DS | title = Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 120 | issue = 23 | pages = e2212794120 | date = June 2023 | pmid = 37252971 | pmc = 10266031 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2212794120 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2023PNAS..12012794S }}</ref> For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Eysenck HJ |year=1971 |title=Readings in Extraversion-Introversion |___location=New York |publisher=Wiley}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref>
Research shows that [[behavioral immune system]], the psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues and respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, may influence gregariousness. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes like higher levels of happiness, those extraverted people are also more likely to be exposed to [[communicable diseases]], such as [[Airborne disease|airborne infections]], as they tend to have more contact with people. When individuals are more vulnerable to infection, the cost of being social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people tend to be less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa.<ref name="Schaller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schaller M | title = The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 366 | issue = 1583 | pages = 3418–3426 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22042918 | pmc = 3189350 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 }}</ref>
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==Regional variation==
Some claim that Americans live in an "extraverted society"<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Therapeutic Power of Sleep |date=November 7, 2008 | vauthors = Diamond SA |journal=[[Psychology Today]] |url= http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evil-deeds/200811/the-therapeutic-power-sleep|access-date=February 4, 2012}}</ref> that rewards extravert behavior and rejects introversion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/01/30/145930229/quiet-please-unleashing-the-power-of-introverts?ps=cprs |publisher=NPR |date= January 30, 2012 |title=Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Power Of Introverts' |access-date=February 4, 2012}}</ref> This is because the U.S. is a culture of external personality, whereas in some other cultures people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude".<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Cain S |title=The Power of Introverts |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html |publisher=TED |access-date=December 27, 2012 |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315111809/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Other cultures, such as those in [[China]], [[India]], [[Japan]], and regions where [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Sufism]] etc. prevail, prize introversion.<ref name="
Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extraverted (more introverted) than those living on the mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extraverted than more recent arrivals. Furthermore, people who emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extraverted than people that stay on islands, and those that immigrate to islands.<ref name="Fulmer et al 2010" />
In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Illinois]] score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion. [[Utah]] and the southeastern states of [[Florida]] and [[Georgia (U. S. state)|Georgia]] also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the U.S. are [[Maryland]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Alaska]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], and [[Vermont]]. People who live in the northwestern states of [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], and [[Wyoming]] are also relatively introverted.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD, Potter J | title = A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics | journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 339–369 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 26158954 | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x | s2cid = 17059908 }}
* {{cite news | vauthors = Simon S |date=September 23, 2008 |title=The United States of Mind |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122211987961064719}}</ref>
A study comparing regions in the United States found that mountainous terrain was associated with lower extraversion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oishi |first1=Shigehiro |last2=Talhelm |first2=Thomas |last3=Lee |first3=Minha |date=2015-10-01 |title=Personality and geography: Introverts prefer mountains |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092656615300027 |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=58 |pages=55–68 |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2015.07.001 |issn=0092-6566|url-access=subscription }}</ref> That study also asked people to choose whether they preferred mountains or the beach. People who chose mountains were less extraverted on average than people who chose the beach.
==Relation to happiness==
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An influential review article concluded that personality, specifically extraversion and emotional stability, was the best predictor of subjective well-being.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 |title=Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1999-03_125_2/page/276 |year=1999 | vauthors = Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=276–302}}</ref> As examples, [[Michael Argyle (psychologist)|Argyle]] and Lu (1990)<ref name=Argyle>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E |title=The happiness of extraverts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_1990_11_10/page/1011 |year=1990 | vauthors = Argyle M, Lu L |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1011–7}}</ref> found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of the [[Eysenck Personality Questionnaire]] (EPQ), was positively and significantly correlated with positive affect, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same positive affect and extraversion scales, Hills and [[Michael Argyle (psychologist)|Argyle]] (2001)<ref name=Hills>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00229-4 |title=Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2001-12_31_8/page/1357 |year=2001 | vauthors = Hills P, Argyle M |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1357–64}}</ref> found that positive affect was again significantly [[Correlation and dependence|correlated]] with extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons and [[Ed Diener|Diener]] (1986)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1211 |title=Influence of impulsivity and sociability on subjective well-being |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1986-06_50_6/page/1211 |year=1986 | vauthors = Emmons RA, Diener E |journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1211–5}}</ref> showed that extraversion correlates positively and significantly with [[Positive affectivity|positive affect]] but not with [[Negative affectivity|negative affect]]. Similar results were found in a large [[longitudinal study]] by [[Ed Diener|Diener]], Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992),<ref name=Diener>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0092-6566(92)90039-7 |title=Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. National probability sample |year=1992 | vauthors = Diener E, Sandvik E, Pavot W, Fujita F |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=205–215}}</ref> which assessed 14,407 participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well-Being Schedule, which tapped positive and negative affects, and [[Paul Costa Jr|Costa]] and McCrae's (1986).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa PT, McCrae RR | title = Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample: 1. Development and validation of survey measures | journal = Psychology and Aging | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 140–143 | date = June 1986 | pmid = 3267390 | doi = 10.1037/0882-7974.1.2.140 }}</ref> short version of the [[Revised NEO Personality Inventory|NEO]]'s Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extraverts experienced greater [[well-being]] at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later between 1981 and 1984. However, the latter study did not control for neuroticism, an important covariate when investigating relationships between extraversion and positive affect or wellbeing.<ref name="Vittersø, J. 2002">Vittersø, J., & Nilsen, F. (2002). The conceptual and relational structure of subjective well-being, neuroticism, and extraversion: Once again, neuroticism is the important predictor of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 57(1), 89-118.</ref> Studies that controlled for neuroticism have found no significant relationship between extraversion and subjective well-being.<ref name="Vittersø, J. 2002"/> Larsen and Ketelaar (1991)<ref name=Larsen>{{cite journal | vauthors = Larsen RJ, Ketelaar T | title = Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 132–140 | date = July 1991 | pmid = 1890584 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132 | s2cid = 12665279 }}</ref> showed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative affect, since they exhibit more positive-affect reactivity to the positive-affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative-affect induction.<ref name=Zelenski>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zelenski JM, Larsen RJ | title = Susceptibility to affect: a comparison of three personality taxonomies | journal = Journal of Personality | volume = 67 | issue = 5 | pages = 761–791 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10540757 | doi = 10.1111/1467-6494.00072 }}</ref>
Recent longitudinal research by Joshanloo (2023),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joshanloo |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Within-Person Associations Between Subjective Well-Being and Big Five Personality Traits |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-023-00673-z |journal=Journal of Happiness Studies |language=en |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=2111–2126 |doi=10.1007/s10902-023-00673-z |issn=1573-7780|url-access=subscription }}</ref> using a U.S. national dataset over two decades found that the increase in subjective well-being (SWB) predicted increases in extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness over time. Openness also predicted future increases in SWB, suggesting a reciprocal relationship. Joshanloo suggests that this challenges the traditional assumptions that personality traits solely predict well-being and suggests instead a bidirectional relationship. The same study found that neuroticism, while strongly correlated with SWB in cross-sectional data, showed no within-person temporal relationship with well-being.
===Instrumental view===
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====Pleasure-arousal relation====
A study by Peter Kuppens (2008)<ref name=Kuppens>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.007 |title=Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal |year=2008 | vauthors = Kuppens P |journal=Journal of Research in Personality |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=1053–9}}</ref> showed that extraverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when feeling pleasant, which may explain underestimation of the frequency and intensity of happiness exhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008)<ref name="Kuppens"/> found that arousal and pleasantness are positively [[Correlation and dependence|correlated]] for extraverts, which means that pleasant feelings are more likely to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts. On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively [[Correlation and dependence|correlated]] for introverts, resulting in introverts exhibiting low arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a source of pleasant feelings, extraverts see such a situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit, which brings about an active, aroused pleasant state. When everything is going well for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let down their guard, resulting in them feeling relaxed and content.<ref name="Kuppens"/>
=== Internalization and Self-Deception ===
Recent research has explored how [[Self-perception theory|self-perception]] can shift following intentional [[self-presentation]]. A study by Ueda, Yamagata, and Kiyokawa (2024)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ueda |first1=Sasuke |last2=Yamagata |first2=Shinji |last3=Kiyokawa |first3=Sachiko |date=2024 |title=High Self-Deceivers Internalize Self-Presentation of Extraversion Through Biased Evaluation of Their Performance |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpr.12393 |journal=Japanese Psychological Research |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1111/jpr.12393 |issn=1468-5884|doi-access=free }}</ref> found that individuals instructed to present themselves as extraverted later rated themselves as more extraverted, even when external observers did not perceive them as such.
The study showed that:
* Internalization occurred primarily for extraversion, not introversion
* [[Self-deception|High self-deceivers]] - individuals who tend to hold unrealistically positive self-beliefs-- were more likely to internalize extraversion based on how well they believed they performed, not on actual performance.
This phenomenon, called ''internalization of self-presentation'' (IOSP),<ref name=":1" /> is thought to be driven by self-presentation efficacy--a person's belief that they have effectively conveyed a desired impression.
===Complications to the extraversion-happiness correlation===
Extraversion is positively associated with subjective well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Richard E. |last2=Fujita |first2=Frank |date=2000 |title=Factors influencing the relation between extraversion and pleasant affect. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.1039 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=1039–1056 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1039 |issn=0022-3514|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Extraverts typically report greater life satisfaction and more frequent positive emotions. However, this may also reflect self-enhancing biases among individuals high in self-deception.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Shelley E. |last2=Brown |first2=Jonathon D. |date=1988 |title=Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.103.2.193 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=193–210 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 |issn=0033-2909|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Other personality traits, such as neuroticism, also influence well-being and may interact with extraversion in complex ways.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Costa |first1=Paul T. |title=The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) |date=2008 |work=The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Volume 2 — Personality Measurement and Testing |pages=179–198 |url=https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849200479.n9 |access-date=2025-04-25 |place=1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |last2=McCrae |first2=Robert R. |doi=10.4135/9781849200479.n9 |isbn=978-1-4129-4652-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
====Neuroticism and extraversion====
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====Other Big 5 factors and extraversion====
Though extraversion and neuroticism seem to have the largest effect on personal happiness, other [[Big
Similarly, interactions between extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness have demonstrated significant impacts on subjective well-being. In one study, researchers used three scales to assess subjective well-being. They found that extraversion only served as a predictor for one assessment, in conjunction with neuroticism, while the other two assessment outcomes were better predicted by conscientiousness and neuroticism.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hayes N, Joseph S |title=Big 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_personality-and-individual-differences_2003-03_34_4/page/723|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=34|issue=4|pages=723–727|doi=10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00057-0|year=2003}}</ref> In addition to the importance of including other factors in happiness assessments, this study also demonstrates the manner in which an operational definition of well-being changes whether extraversion emerges as a salient predictive factor.
====Other contributing personality factors====
There is also evidence that other non-trait elements of personality may correlate with happiness. For instance, one study demonstrated that various features of one's goals, such as progress towards important goals or conflicts between them, can affect both emotional and cognitive well-being.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Emmons RA |title= Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_1986-11_51_5/page/1058|journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=1986|volume=51|issue=5|pages=1058–68|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058}}</ref> Several other researchers have also suggested that, at least in more individualistic cultures, having a coherent sense of one's personality (and acting in a way that conforms to that self-concept) is positively related to well-being.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Cantor N, Sanderson CA |title=Life task participation and well-being: the importance of taking part in daily life|journal=Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology|date=1999|pages=230–243 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232519505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Higgins ET, Grant H, Shah J|title=Self regulation and quality of life: emotional and non-emotional life experiences | date = 1999 | veditors = Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N |journal=Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology|pages=244–266}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Scheier MF, Carver CS |title=On the power of positive thinking: the benefits of being optimistic|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|date=1993|volume=2|issue=1|pages=26–30|doi=10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572|s2cid=145393172}}</ref> Thus, focusing solely on extraversion—or even extraversion and neuroticism—is likely to provide an incomplete picture of the relationship between happiness and personality.
====Culture====
In addition, one's culture may also influence happiness and overall subjective well-being. The overall level of happiness fluctuates from culture to culture, as does preferred expression of happiness. Comparing various international surveys across countries reveals that different nations, and different ethnic groups within nations, exhibit differences in average [[life satisfaction]].
For example, one researcher found that between 1958 and 1987, Japanese life satisfaction fluctuated around 6 on a 10-point scale, while Denmark's fluctuated around 8.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Veenhoven R |title=Happiness in Nations: Subjective Appreciation of Life in 56 Nations 1946–1992|date=1993|publisher=Erasmus University|___location=Rotterdam, The Netherlands | url = https://personal.eur.nl/veenhoven/Pub1990s/93b-part1.pdf }}</ref> Comparing ethnic groups within the United States, another study found that European Americans reported being "significantly happier" with their lives than Asian Americans.<ref>{{cite
Researchers have hypothesized a number of factors that could be responsible for these differences between countries, including national differences in overall income levels, self-serving biases and self-enhancement, and approach and avoidance orientations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE | title = Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life | journal = Annual Review of Psychology | volume = 54 | pages = 403–425 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12172000 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056 }}</ref> Taken together, these findings suggest that while extraversion-introversion does have a strong correlation with happiness, it does not stand alone as a sole predictor of subjective well-being, and that other factors must be accounted for when trying to determine the correlates of happiness.
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* [[Analytical psychology]]
* [[Big Five personality traits]]
* [[Introspection]]
* [[Personality psychology|Personality]]▼
* [[Reinforcement sensitivity theory]]
* [[Trait theory]]
* [[Personality test]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==
{{refbegin|30}}
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=extraversion and introversion}}▼
* {{cite web | vauthors = Cain S | url = http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/06/living/successful-introverts-o/index.html | title = Secrets of a super successful introvert | work = CNN Living | date = February 6, 2012 }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Cain S | url = http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html | work = TED talks | title = The power of introverts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315111809/http://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts.html | archive-date=March 15, 2012 }} talk by [[Susan Cain]], author of ''[[Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking]]'' (January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourage introversion
* {{cite web | vauthors = Helgoe L | date = September 1, 2010 | url = http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201008/revenge-the-introvert | title = Revenge of the Introvert | work = Psychology Today }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Jung CG | orig-date = 1921 | translator-last = Baynes HG | work = Classics in the History of Psychology | publisher = York University | ___location = Toronto, Ontario | url = http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jung/types.htm | title = General description of the types }}▼
* {{cite web | vauthors = Jones D | date = September 3, 2011 | url = https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2006-06-06-shy-ceo-usat_x.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110903170525/https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2006-06-06-shy-ceo-usat_x.htm | archive-date = September 3, 2011 | work = USA Today | title = Not all successful CEOs are extroverts }}
▲* {{cite web | vauthors = Jung CG | orig-date = 1921 | translator-last = Baynes HG | work = Classics in the History of Psychology | publisher = York University | ___location = Toronto, Ontario | url = http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jung/types.htm | title = General description of the types }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Rauch J | url = https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200303/rauch | title = Caring for Your Introvert | work = [[The Atlantic]] | date = March 2003 }}▼
* {{cite web | vauthors = Kaufman SB | date = June 9, 2014 | title = Will the Real Introverts Please Stand Up | url = http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/2014/06/09/will-the-real-introvert-stand-up/? | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701084131/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/2014/06/09/will-the-real-introvert-stand-up/ | archive-date = July 1, 2014 | work = Scientific American }}
* {{cite web | vauthors = Kaufman SB | date = September 29, 2014 | title = What Kind of Introvert Are You? | url = http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/2014/09/29/what-kind-of-introvert-are-you/? | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008142035/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/2014/09/29/what-kind-of-introvert-are-you/ | archive-date = 8 October 2014 | work = Scientific American }}
▲* {{cite web | vauthors = Rauch J | url = https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200303/rauch | title = Caring for Your Introvert | work = [[The Atlantic]] | date = March 2003 }}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
▲{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=extraversion and introversion}}
{{Big Five}}
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[[Category:Personality typologies]]
[[Category:Carl Jung]]
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